1
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Kumar U, Fang CY, Roan HY, Hsu SC, Wang CH, Chen CH. Whole-body replacement of larval myofibers generates permanent adult myofibers in zebrafish. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00136-y. [PMID: 38839992 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Drastic increases in myofiber number and size are essential to support vertebrate post-embryonic growth. However, the collective cellular behaviors that enable these increases have remained elusive. Here, we created the palmuscle myofiber tagging and tracking system for in toto monitoring of the growth and fates of ~5000 fast myofibers in developing zebrafish larvae. Through live tracking of individual myofibers within the same individuals over extended periods, we found that many larval myofibers readily dissolved during development, enabling the on-site addition of new and more myofibers. Remarkably, whole-body surveillance of multicolor-barcoded myofibers further unveiled a gradual yet extensive elimination of larval myofiber populations, resulting in near-total replacement by late juvenile stages. The subsequently emerging adult myofibers are not only long-lasting, but also morphologically and functionally distinct from the larval populations. Furthermore, we determined that the elimination-replacement process is dependent on and driven by the autophagy pathway. Altogether, we propose that the whole-body replacement of larval myofibers is an inherent yet previously unnoticed process driving organismic muscle growth during vertebrate post-embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kumar
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yuh Roan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hui Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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2
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Qin P, Li Q, Zu Q, Dong R, Qi Y. Natural products targeting autophagy and apoptosis in NSCLC: a novel therapeutic strategy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1379698. [PMID: 38628670 PMCID: PMC11019012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1379698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the predominant type. The roles of autophagy and apoptosis in NSCLC present a dual and intricate nature. Additionally, autophagy and apoptosis interconnect through diverse crosstalk molecules. Owing to their multitargeting nature, safety, and efficacy, natural products have emerged as principal sources for NSCLC therapeutic candidates. This review begins with an exploration of the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis, proceeds to examine the crosstalk molecules between these processes, and outlines their implications and interactions in NSCLC. Finally, the paper reviews natural products that have been intensively studied against NSCLC targeting autophagy and apoptosis, and summarizes in detail the four most retrieved representative drugs. This paper clarifies good therapeutic effects of natural products in NSCLC by targeting autophagy and apoptosis and aims to promote greater consideration by researchers of natural products as candidates for anti-NSCLC drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Qin
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qingchen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Zu
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ruxue Dong
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanfu Qi
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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3
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Agrawal K, Prabhakar S, Bakthavachalu B, Chaturvedi D. Distinct developmental patterns in Anopheles stephensi organ systems. Dev Biol 2024; 508:107-122. [PMID: 38272285 PMCID: PMC7615899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Anatomical profiles of insects inform vector biology, comparative development and evolutionary studies with applications in forensics, agriculture and disease control. This study presents a comprehensive, high-resolution developmental profile of Anopheles stephensi, encompassing larval, pupal, and adult stages, obtained through microCT scanning. The results indicate in situ anatomical changes in most organ systems, including the central nervous system, eyes, musculature, alimentary canal, salivary glands, and ovaries, among other organ systems, except for the developing heart. We find significant differences in the mosquito gut, body-wall, and flight muscle development during metamorphosis from other dipterans like Drosophila. Specifically, indirect flight muscle specification and growth can be traced back at least to the 4th instar A. stephensi larvae, as opposed to post-puparial development in other Dipterans like Drosophila and Calliphora. Further, while Drosophila larval body-wall muscles and gut undergo histolysis, changes to these organs during mosquito metamorphosis are less pronounced. These observations, and raw data therein may serve as a reference for studies on the development and the genetics of mosquitoes. Overall, the detailed developmental profile of A. stephensi presented here illuminates the unique anatomy and developmental processes of Culicidae, with important implications for vector biology, disease control, and comparative evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Agrawal
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society Centre at inStem, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India; School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Prabhakar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Baskar Bakthavachalu
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society Centre at inStem, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India; School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, 175005, India.
| | - Dhananjay Chaturvedi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, 560065, India; CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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4
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Tucker SK, Ghosal R, Swartz ME, Zhang S, Eberhart JK. Zebrafish raptor mutation inhibits the activity of mTORC1, inducing craniofacial defects due to autophagy-induced neural crest cell death. Development 2024; 151:dev202216. [PMID: 38512806 PMCID: PMC11006402 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates metabolism and cell growth with environmental inputs. mTOR forms two functional complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. Proper development requires both complexes but mTORC1 has unique roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell growth, survival and autophagy. Here, we investigate the function of mTORC1 in craniofacial development. We created a zebrafish raptor mutant via CRISPR/Cas9, to specifically disrupt mTORC1. The entire craniofacial skeleton and eyes were reduced in size in mutants; however, overall body length and developmental timing were not affected. The craniofacial phenotype associates with decreased chondrocyte size and increased neural crest cell death. We found that autophagy is elevated in raptor mutants. Chemical inhibition of autophagy reduced cell death and improved craniofacial phenotypes in raptor mutants. Genetic inhibition of autophagy, via mutation of the autophagy gene atg7, improved facial phenotypes in atg7;raptor double mutants, relative to raptor single mutants. We conclude that finely regulated levels of autophagy, via mTORC1, are crucial for craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ritika Ghosal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mary E. Swartz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Johann K. Eberhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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5
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Tan JYK, Chew LY, Juhász G, Yu F. Interplay between autophagy and CncC regulates dendrite pruning in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310740121. [PMID: 38408233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310740121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the turnover of damaged organelles and long-lived proteins. It is responsible for many biological processes such as maintaining brain functions and aging. Impaired autophagy is often linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases in humans. However, the role of autophagy in neuronal pruning during development remains poorly understood. Here, we report that autophagy regulates dendrite-specific pruning of ddaC sensory neurons in parallel to local caspase activation. Impaired autophagy causes the formation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates in ddaC neurons, dependent on the autophagic receptor Ref(2)P. Furthermore, the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase and the insulin-target of rapamycin pathway act upstream to regulate autophagy during dendrite pruning. Importantly, autophagy is required to activate the transcription factor CncC (Cap "n" collar isoform C), thereby promoting dendrite pruning. Conversely, CncC also indirectly affects autophagic activity via proteasomal degradation, as impaired CncC results in the inhibition of autophagy through sequestration of Atg8a into ubiquitinated protein aggregates. Thus, this study demonstrates the important role of autophagy in activating CncC prior to dendrite pruning, and further reveals an interplay between autophagy and CncC in neuronal pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Yu Kelly Tan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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6
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Wang L, Zhang X, Shen J, Wei Y, Zhao T, Xiao N, Lv X, Qin D, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Xie J, Li Z, Xie Z. Models of gouty nephropathy: exploring disease mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1305431. [PMID: 38487029 PMCID: PMC10937455 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1305431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Gouty nephropathy (GN) is a metabolic disease with persistently elevated blood uric acid levels. The main manifestations of GN are crystalline kidney stones, chronic interstitial nephritis, and renal fibrosis. Understanding the mechanism of the occurrence and development of GN is crucial to the development of new drugs for prevention and treatment of GN. Currently, most studies exploring the pathogenesis of GN are primarily based on animal and cell models. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death mediated by uric acid and sodium urate are involved in the pathogenesis of GN. In this article, we first review the mechanisms underlying the abnormal intrinsic immune activation and programmed cell death in GN and then describe the characteristics and methods used to develop animal and cell models of GN caused by elevated uric acid and deposited sodium urate crystals. Finally, we propose potential animal models for GN caused by abnormally high uric acid levels, thereby provide a reference for further investigating the methods and mechanisms of GN and developing better prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Xie
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaofu Li
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaohu Xie
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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7
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Umargamwala R, Manning J, Dorstyn L, Denton D, Kumar S. Understanding Developmental Cell Death Using Drosophila as a Model System. Cells 2024; 13:347. [PMID: 38391960 PMCID: PMC10886741 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death plays an essential function in organismal development, wellbeing, and ageing. Many types of cell deaths have been described in the past 30 years. Among these, apoptosis remains the most conserved type of cell death in metazoans and the most common mechanism for deleting unwanted cells. Other types of cell deaths that often play roles in specific contexts or upon pathological insults can be classed under variant forms of cell death and programmed necrosis. Studies in Drosophila have contributed significantly to the understanding and regulation of apoptosis pathways. In addition to this, Drosophila has also served as an essential model to study the genetic basis of autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and other relatively rare types of context-dependent cell deaths. Here, we summarise what is known about apoptosis, ADCD, and other context-specific variant cell death pathways in Drosophila, with a focus on developmental cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Umargamwala
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Jantina Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Loretta Dorstyn
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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8
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Nicolson S, Manning JA, Lim Y, Jiang X, Kolze E, Dayan S, Umargamwala R, Xu T, Sandow JJ, Webb AI, Kumar S, Denton D. The Drosophila ZNRF1/2 homologue, detour, interacts with HOPS complex and regulates autophagy. Commun Biol 2024; 7:183. [PMID: 38360932 PMCID: PMC10869362 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of elimination of cellular components by lysosomal degradation, is essential for animal development and homeostasis. Using the autophagy-dependent Drosophila larval midgut degradation model we identified an autophagy regulator, the RING domain ubiquitin ligase CG14435 (detour). Depletion of detour resulted in increased early-stage autophagic vesicles, premature tissue contraction, and overexpression of detour or mammalian homologues, ZNRF1 and ZNRF2, increased autophagic vesicle size. The ablation of ZNRF1 or ZNRF2 in mammalian cells increased basal autophagy. We identified detour interacting proteins including HOPS subunits, deep orange (dor/VPS18), Vacuolar protein sorting 16A (VPS16A), and light (lt/VPS41) and found that detour promotes their ubiquitination. The detour mutant accumulated autophagy-related proteins in young adults, displayed premature ageing, impaired motor function, and activation of innate immunity. Collectively, our findings suggest a role for detour in autophagy, likely through regulation of HOPS complex, with implications for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Nicolson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jantina A Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Yoon Lim
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Xin Jiang
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Erica Kolze
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Sonia Dayan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Ruchi Umargamwala
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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9
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Restrepo LJ, Baehrecke EH. Regulation and Functions of Autophagy During Animal Development. J Mol Biol 2024:168473. [PMID: 38311234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is used to degrade cytoplasmic materials, and is critical to maintain cell and organismal health in diverse animals. Here we discuss the regulation, utilization and impact of autophagy on development, including roles in oogenesis, spermatogenesis and embryogenesis in animals. We also describe how autophagy influences postembryonic development in the context of neuronal and cardiac development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. We describe recent studies of selective autophagy during development, including mitochondria-selective autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-selective autophagy. Studies of developing model systems have also been used to discover novel regulators of autophagy, and we explain how studies of autophagy in these physiologically relevant systems are advancing our understanding of this important catabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Restrepo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
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10
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Nassour J, Przetocka S, Karlseder J. Telomeres as hotspots for innate immunity and inflammation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 133:103591. [PMID: 37951043 PMCID: PMC10842095 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Aging is marked by the gradual accumulation of deleterious changes that disrupt organ function, creating an altered physiological state that is permissive for the onset of prevalent human diseases. While the exact mechanisms governing aging remain a subject of ongoing research, there are several cellular and molecular hallmarks that contribute to this biological process. This review focuses on two factors, namely telomere dysfunction and inflammation, which have emerged as crucial contributors to the aging process. We aim to discuss the mechanistic connections between these two distinct hallmarks and provide compelling evidence highlighting the loss of telomere protection as a driver of pro-inflammatory states associated with aging. By reevaluating the interplay between telomeres, innate immunity, and inflammation, we present novel perspectives on the etiology of aging and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Nassour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Przetocka
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jan Karlseder
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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11
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Stojanović J, Savić-Zdravković D, Jovanović B, Vitorović J, Bašić J, Stojanović I, Popović AŽ, Duran H, Kolarević MK, Milošević Đ. Histopathology of chironomids exposed to fly ash and microplastics as a new biomarker of ecotoxicological assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166042. [PMID: 37543338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, industrial pollution has gained extensive attention in terms of its effect on the aquatic environment. This imposes the need to develop sensitive biomarkers for early detection of pollutant toxicity in ecotoxicological assessment. The advantages of histopathological biomarkers are many, including quick reaction to the presence of contaminants, and the small number of individuals needed for efficient analysis. The present study analyzed the negative effect of lignite coal fly ash (LCFA) and microplastic particles (MPs) on Chironomus riparius, a suggested model organism by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This study aimed to perform histological analyses of larval tissues and target potential changes in treated groups that could serve as promising histopathological biomarkers of the contaminant's negative effects. Following that, other known sensitive sub-organismal biomarkers were analyzed and paired with the histopathological ones. Histological analysis of larvae showed a significantly decreased length of microvilli in midgut regions II and III in both treatments. Treatments with MPs affected oxidative stress parameters: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and hemoglobin levels, while LCFA significantly affected all tested sub-organismal biomarkers (DNA damage, levels of AOPP, SOD, and hemoglobin), except catalase (CAT) and TBARS. When observing histological slides, a significant shortage of brush border length in the posterior parts of the midgut was detected in all treatments. In the case of LCFA, the appearance of intensive vacuolization of digestive cells with inclusions resembling apoptotic bodies, in mentioned regions was also detected. This study demonstrated high sensitivity of brush border length to the MPs and LCFA exposure, complementary to other tested sub-organismal biomarkers. Revealing the great potential of this histopathological biomarker in ecotoxicological studies contributes to the international standard ecotoxicology assessment of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Stojanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Dimitrija Savić-Zdravković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
| | - Boris Jovanović
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jelena Vitorović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Bašić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stojanović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Andrea Žabar Popović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
| | - Hatice Duran
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Söğütözü Cad. 43, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye; UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Margareta Kračun Kolarević
- Department of Hydroecology and water protection, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurađ Milošević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
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12
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Chen WF, Chi XP, Song HY, Wang HF, Wang Y, Liu ZG, Xu BH. Ame-miR-980-3p participates in autophagy-mediated midgut remodelling in Apis mellifera via targeting Atg2B. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:748-760. [PMID: 37658706 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that serves to degrade damaged proteins and organelles, thereby promoting cell homeostasis, differentiation, development and survival. Many miRNAs have been found to have regulatory roles in autophagy. In insects, it has been shown that autophagy is involved in hormone-regulated programmed cell death during metamorphic midgut remodelling. However, whether this is also true during the remodelling of the honey bee midgut is unclear. In the present study, we explored the relationship between autophagy and midgut remodelling and sought to identify miRNAs involved in this physiological process. We found that autophagy occurred during midgut remodelling and that the inhibition of autophagy resulted in midgut dysplasia in prepupae. Differentially expressed miRNAs enriched in the autophagy signalling pathway during midgut remodelling were identified by small RNA-seq. Ame-miR-980-3p, which targets the autophagy-related gene Atg2B, was screened out. Furthermore, abnormal expression of ame-miR-980-3p in the pupal stage led to the thinning of the midgut wall of newly emerged bees (NE). When ame-miR-980-3p expression was inhibited, the intestinal villi of NE bees became significantly shorter and sparse, and the lipid signal in the peritrophic matrix of Pb almost disappeared, indicating that the adult midgut was underdeveloped and the lipid absorption ability was weakened. Taken together, ame-miR-980-3p targeted Atg2B to participate in the regulation of midgut autophagy in the pupae, and the abnormal expression of ame-miR-980-3p would interfere with cell proliferation and death in the process of midgut remodelling, hinder the formation of adult midgut and eventually lead to adult midgut dysplasia and affect the lipid absorption function of the midgut in Apis mellifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xue-Peng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hong-Yu Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hong-Fang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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13
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Pino-Jiménez B, Giannios P, Casanova J. Polyploidy-associated autophagy promotes larval tracheal histolysis at Drosophila metamorphosis. Autophagy 2023; 19:2972-2981. [PMID: 37424089 PMCID: PMC10549192 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2231828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is an extended phenomenon in biology. However, its physiological significance and whether it defines specific cell behaviors is not well understood. Here we study its connection to macroautophagy/autophagy, using the larval respiratory system of Drosophila as a model. This system comprises cells with the same function yet with notably different ploidy status, namely diploid progenitors and their polyploid larval counterparts, the latter destined to die during metamorphosis. We identified an association between polyploidy and autophagy and found that higher endoreplication status correlates with elevated autophagy. Finally, we report that tissue histolysis in the trachea during Drosophila metamorphosis is mediated by autophagy, which triggers the apoptosis of polyploid cells.Abbreviations: APF: after pupa formation; Atg: autophagy related; btl: breathless; CycE: Cyclin E; DT: dorsal trunk; fzr: fizzy-related; L3: larval stage 3; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; RI: RNAi; Tr: tracheal metamere; yki: yorkie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pino-Jiménez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Panagiotis Giannios
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Casanova
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Liu S, Yao S, Yang H, Liu S, Wang Y. Autophagy: Regulator of cell death. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:648. [PMID: 37794028 PMCID: PMC10551038 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins and organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Generally, autophagy plays a protective role in cells, but disruption of autophagy mechanisms or excessive autophagic flux usually leads to cell death. Despite recent progress in the study of the regulation and underlying molecular mechanisms of autophagy, numerous questions remain to be answered. How does autophagy regulate cell death? What are the fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms underlying autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and autophagy-mediated cell death (AMCD)? In this article, we highlight the different roles of autophagy in cell death and discuss six of the main autophagy-related cell death modalities, with a focus on the metabolic changes caused by excessive endoplasmic reticulum-phagy (ER-phagy)-induced cell death and the role of mitophagy in autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. Finally, we discuss autophagy enhancement in the treatment of diseases and offer a new perspective based on the use of autophagy for different functional conversions (including the conversion of autophagy and that of different autophagy-mediated cell death modalities) for the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiZuo Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - ShuaiJie Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huan Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - ShuaiJie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - YanJiao Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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15
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Zhang T, Bhambri A, Zhang Y, Barbosa D, Bae HG, Xue J, Wazir S, Mulinyawe SB, Kim JH, Sun LO. Autophagy collaborates with apoptosis pathways to control oligodendrocyte number. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112943. [PMID: 37543947 PMCID: PMC10529879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the sole myelin-producing cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocyte number is tightly controlled across diverse brain regions to match local axon type and number, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that promotes cell survival under physiological conditions, elicits premyelinating oligodendrocyte apoptosis during development. Autophagy flux is increased in premyelinating oligodendrocytes, and its genetic blockage causes ectopic oligodendrocyte survival throughout the entire brain. Autophagy functions cell autonomously in the premyelinating oligodendrocyte to trigger cell apoptosis, and it genetically interacts with the TFEB pathway to limit oligodendrocyte number across diverse brain regions. Our results provide in vivo evidence showing that autophagy promotes apoptosis in mammalian cells under physiological conditions and reveal key intrinsic mechanisms governing oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aksheev Bhambri
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniela Barbosa
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jumin Xue
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabeen Wazir
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sara B Mulinyawe
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jun Hee Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lu O Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Demir E, Kacew S. Drosophila as a Robust Model System for Assessing Autophagy: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:682. [PMID: 37624187 PMCID: PMC10458868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process through which a body breaks down and recycles its own cellular components, primarily inside lysosomes. It is a cellular response to starvation and stress, which plays decisive roles in various biological processes such as senescence, apoptosis, carcinoma, and immune response. Autophagy, which was first discovered as a survival mechanism during starvation in yeast, is now known to serve a wide range of functions in more advanced organisms. It plays a vital role in how cells respond to stress, starvation, and infection. While research on yeast has led to the identification of many key components of the autophagy process, more research into autophagy in more complex systems is still warranted. This review article focuses on the use of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a robust testing model in further research on autophagy. Drosophila provides an ideal environment for exploring autophagy in a living organism during its development. Additionally, Drosophila is a well-suited compact tool for genetic analysis in that it serves as an intermediate between yeast and mammals because evolution conserved the molecular machinery required for autophagy in this species. Experimental tractability of host-pathogen interactions in Drosophila also affords great convenience in modeling human diseases on analogous structures and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esref Demir
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sam Kacew
- R. Samuel McLaughllin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart (320), Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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17
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Wu M, Chen Z, Jiang M, Bao B, Li D, Yin X, Wang X, Liu D, Zhu LQ. Friend or foe: role of pathological tau in neuronal death. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2215-2227. [PMID: 36918705 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal death is one of the most common pathological hallmarks of diverse neurological diseases, which manifest varying degrees of cognitive or motor dysfunction. Neuronal death can be classified into multiple forms with complicated and unique regulatory signaling pathways. Tau is a key microtubule-associated protein that is predominantly expressed in neurons to stabilize microtubules under physiological conditions. In contrast, pathological tau always detaches from microtubules and is implicated in a series of neurological disorders that are characterized by irreversible neuronal death, such as necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy-dependent neuronal death and phagocytosis by microglia. However, recent studies have also revealed that pathological tau can facilitate neuron escape from acute apoptosis, delay necroptosis through its action on granulovacuolar degeneration bodies (GVBs), and facilitate iron export from neurons to block ferroptosis. In this review, we briefly describe the current understanding of how pathological tau exerts dual effects on neuronal death by acting as a double-edged sword in different neurological diseases. We propose that elucidating the mechanism by which pathological tau affects neuronal death is critical for exploring novel and precise therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moxin Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Bing Bao
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Dongling Li
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
| | - Xueren Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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18
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Sun C, Wei D, Pan Y, Xiao X, Wang F. BmCaspase-8-like regulates autophagy by suppressing BmDREDD-mediated cleavage of BmATG6. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:365-374. [PMID: 36044542 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in tissue remodeling during insect development. The interplay between autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and caspases regulates the autophagic activity of ATGs, thereby modulating the process of autophagy. Our previous study characterized BmCaspase-8-like (BmCasp8L) as a caspase suppressor that inhibits apoptosis and immune signaling by suppressing the activation of death-related ced-3/Nedd2-like caspase (DREDD), a caspase-8 homolog in silkworm. In this study, we explored the regulatory role of BmCasp8L in autophagy. We found that the expression of Bmcasp8l increased from the late spinning stage to the pupa stage in the posterior silk gland (PSG), correlating with the expression patterns of Bmatg8 and Bmatg6. RNA interference-mediated downregulation of BmCasp8L expression significantly decreased starvation-induced autophagic influx as determined by the levels of BmATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine and the percentage of cells displaying punctate enhanced green fluorescent protein-BmATG8. Conversely, the overexpression of BmCasp8L significantly increased autophagic influx. We also found that BmCasp8L underwent autophagic degradation induced by starvation and that it was colocalized with BmATG8. Lastly, we demonstrated that BmDREDD attenuated autophagy and BmCasp8L suppressed BmDREDD-mediated cleavage of BmATG6. Taken together, our results demonstrated that BmCasp8L is a novel proautophagic molecule which suppresses BmDREDD-mediated cleavage of BmATG6 and is a target for autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yumeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Alberto Duque TL, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li FJ, de Menezes JPB, Menna-Barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2149211. [PMID: 37064813 PMCID: PMC10104450 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore 21205, MD, USA
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology.University of Bern. Baltzerstr. 4 3012 Bern
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Betiana Nebai Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
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20
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Autophagy Is Required to Sustain Increased Intestinal Cell Proliferation during Phenotypic Plasticity Changes in Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031926. [PMID: 36768248 PMCID: PMC9916008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue phenotypic plasticity facilitates rapid adaptation of organisms to biotic and/or abiotic pressure. The reproductive capacity of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera) is plastic and responsive to pheromones produced by broods and the queen. Egg laying workers (ELWs), which could reactivate their ovaries and lay haploid eggs upon queen lost, have been commonly discussed from many aspects. However, it remains unclear whether midgut homeostasis in ELWs is affected during plastic changes. Here, we found that the expression of nutrition- and autophagy-related genes was up-regulated in the midguts of ELWs, compared with that in nurse workers (NWs) by RNA-sequencing. Furthermore, the area and number of autophagosomes were increased, along with significantly increased cell death in the midguts of ELWs. Moreover, cell cycle progression in the midguts of ELWs was increased compared with that in NWs. Consistent with the up-regulation of nutrition-related genes, the body and midgut sizes, and the number of intestinal proliferation cells of larvae reared with royal jelly (RJ) obviously increased more than those reared without RJ in vitro. Finally, cell proliferation was dramatically suppressed in the midguts of ELWs when autophagy was inhibited. Altogether, our data suggested that autophagy was induced and required to sustain cell proliferation in ELWs' midguts, thereby revealing the critical role of autophagy played in the intestines during phenotypic plasticity changes.
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21
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Albishi NM, Palli SR. Autophagy genes AMBRA1 and ATG8 play key roles in midgut remodeling of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1113871. [PMID: 38469502 PMCID: PMC10926384 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The function of two autophagy genes, an activating molecule BECN1 regulated autophagy (AMBRA1) and autophagy-related gene 8 (ATG8) in the midgut remodeling of Aedes aegypti was investigated. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of RNA samples collected from the last instar larvae and pupae showed that these two genes are predominantly expressed during the last 12 h and first 24 h of the last larval and pupal stages, respectively. Stable ecdysteroid analog induced and juvenile hormone (JH) analog suppressed these genes. RNA interference (RNAi) studies showed that the ecdysone-induced transcription factor E93 is required for the expression of these genes. JH-induced transcription factor krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) suppressed the expression of these genes. RNAi-mediated silencing of AMBRA1 and ATG8 blocked midgut remodeling. Histological studies of midguts from insects at 48 h after ecdysis to the final larval stage and 12 h after ecdysis to the pupal stage showed that ATG gene knockdown blocked midgut remodeling. AMBRA1 and ATG8 double-stranded (dsRNA)-treated insects retained larval midgut cells and died during the pupal stage. Together, these results demonstrate that ecdysteroid induction of ATG genes initiates autophagy programmed cell death during midgut remodeling. JH inhibits midgut remodeling during metamorphosis by interfering with the expression of ATG genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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22
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Zhang T, Bae HG, Bhambri A, Zhang Y, Barbosa D, Xue J, Wazir S, Mulinyawe SB, Kim JH, Sun LO. Autophagy collaborates with apoptosis pathways to control myelination specificity and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.12.31.522394. [PMID: 36712125 PMCID: PMC9881874 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.31.522394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the sole myelin producing cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocyte numbers are tightly controlled across diverse brain regions to match local axon type and number, but the underlying mechanisms and functional significance remain unclear. Here, we show that autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that promotes cell survival under canonical settings, elicits premyelinating oligodendrocyte apoptosis during development and regulates critical aspects of nerve pulse propagation. Autophagy flux is increased in premyelinating oligodendrocytes, and its genetic blockage causes ectopic oligodendrocyte survival throughout the entire brain. Autophagy acts in the TFEB-Bax/Bak pathway and elevates PUMA mRNA levels to trigger premyelinating oligodendrocyte apoptosis cell-autonomously. Autophagy continuously functions in the myelinating oligodendrocytes to limit myelin sheath numbers and fine-tune nerve pulse propagation. Our results provide in vivo evidence showing that autophagy promotes apoptosis in mammalian cells under physiological conditions and reveal key intrinsic mechanisms governing oligodendrocyte number. HIGHLIGHTS Autophagy flux increases in the premyelinating and myelinating oligodendrocytesAutophagy promotes premyelinating oligodendrocyte (pre-OL) apoptosis to control myelination location and timing Autophagy acts in the TFEB-PUMA-Bax/Bak pathway and elevates PUMA mRNA levels to determine pre-OL fate Autophagy continuously functions in the myelinating oligodendrocytes to limit myelin sheath thickness and finetune nerve pulse propagation.
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23
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Cheng X, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zheng H, Zheng K, Zhang H, Zhang H. Proteotoxic stress disrupts epithelial integrity by inducing MTOR sequestration and autophagy overactivation. Autophagy 2023; 19:241-255. [PMID: 35521960 PMCID: PMC9809964 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved degradation system, serves to clear intracellular components through the lysosomal pathway. Mounting evidence has revealed cytoprotective roles of autophagy; however, the intracellular causes of overactivated autophagy, which has cytotoxic effects, remain elusive. Here we show that sustained proteotoxic stress induced by loss of the RING and Kelch repeat-containing protein C53A5.6/RIKE-1 induces sequestration of LET-363/MTOR complex and overactivation of autophagy, and consequently impairs epithelial integrity in C. elegans. In C53A5.6/RIKE-1-deficient animals, blocking autophagosome formation effectively prevents excessive endosomal degradation, mitigates mislocalization of intestinal membrane components and restores intestinal lumen morphology. However, autophagy inhibition does not affect LET-363/MTOR aggregation in animals with compromised C53A5.6/RIKE-1 function. Improving proteostasis capacity by reducing DAF-2 insulin/IGF1 signaling markedly relieves the aggregation of LET-363/MTOR and alleviates autophagy overactivation, which in turn reverses derailed endosomal trafficking and rescues epithelial morphogenesis defects in C53A5.6/RIKE-1-deficient animals. Hence, our studies reveal that C53A5.6/RIKE-1-mediated proteostasis is critical for maintaining the basal level of autophagy and epithelial integrity.Abbreviations: ACT-5: actin 5; ACTB: actin beta; ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; AJM-1: apical junction molecule; ATG: autophagy related; C. elegans: Caenorhabditis elegans; CPL-1: cathepsin L family; DAF: abnormal dauer formation; DLG-1: Drosophila discs large homolog; ERM-1: ezrin/radixin/moesin; EPG: ectopic P granule; GFP: freen fluorescent protein; HLH-30: helix loop helix; HSP: heat shock protein; LAAT-1: lysosome associated amino acid transporter; LET: lethal; LGG-1: LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family; LMP-1: LAMP (lysosome-associated membrane protein) homolog; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NUC-1: abnormal nuclease; PEPT-1/OPT-2: Peptide transporter family; PGP-1: P-glycoprotein related; RAB: RAB family; RIKE-1: RING and Kelch repeat-containing protein; SLCF-1: solute carrier family; SQST-1: sequestosome related; SPTL-1: serine palmitoyl transferase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Cheng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China,MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China,CONTACT Hongjie Zhang Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau999078, China
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Yang MJ, Song H, Shi P, Liang J, Hu Z, Zhou C, Hu PP, Yu ZL, Zhang T. Integrated mRNA and miRNA transcriptomic analysis reveals the response of Rapana venosa to the metamorphic inducer (juvenile oysters). Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:702-715. [PMID: 36659925 PMCID: PMC9826900 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis, as a critical developmental event, controls the population dynamics of most marine invertebrates, especially some carnivorous gastropods that feed on bivalves, whose population dynamics not only affect the maintenance of the ecological balance but also impact the protection of bivalve resources; therefore, the metamorphosis of carnivorous gastropods deserve attention. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the response of the carnivorous gastropod Rapana venosa to its metamorphic inducer juvenile oysters through integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA profiles. According to the results, we speculated that the AMPK signaling pathway may be the critical regulator in the response to juvenile oysters in R. venosa competent larvae. The NF-kB and JAK-STAT signaling pathways that regulated apoptosis were also activated by the metamorphic inducer, which may result in the degeneration of the velum. Additionally, the significant changes in the expression of the SARP-19 precursor gene and protein cibby homolog 1-like gene may indicate that these signaling pathways also regulate growth and development during metamorphosis. This study provides further evidence that juvenile oysters can induce metamorphosis of R. venosa at the transcriptional level, which expands our understanding of the metamorphosis mechanism in carnivorous gastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Fisheries College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peng-Peng Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Yu
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China,Correspondence to: 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
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25
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The role of autophagic cell death in cardiac disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 173:16-24. [PMID: 36084743 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.08.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes undergo various forms of cell death during heart disease such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. Understanding the mechanisms of cell death in cardiomyocytes is one of the most fundamental issues in the treatment of heart failure. Among the several kinds of cell death mechanisms, this review will focus on autophagy-related cardiomyocyte cell death. Although autophagy plays an essential role in mediating cellular quality control mechanisms for cell survival, dysregulation of autophagy can cause cell death, referred to as autophagy-dependent cell death or type II programmed cell death. The recent discovery of autosis as a modality of autophagy-dependent cell death with unique morphological and biochemical features has allowed us to broaden our understanding of the mechanistic role of autophagy in cell death. Here, we discuss autophagy-dependent cardiomyocyte cell death, including autosis, in pathophysiological conditions of the heart.
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Chen F, Zhang XQ, Wu JJ, Jin L, Li GQ. Requirement of Myoglianin for metamorphosis in the beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:671-685. [PMID: 35661293 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a serious defoliating beetle attacking Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae plants in many Asian countries. In the present paper, we identified a putative myoglianin (myo) gene. Hvmyo was actively transcribed throughout development, from embryo to adult. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of Hvmyo delayed larval development by more than 2 days, reduced larval body size, inhibited the growth of antennae, wings and legs and disturbed gut purge. Knockdown of Hvmyo impaired the larval-pupal transition. All the Hvmyo RNAi larvae arrested at the larval stage or formed misshapen pupae or adults. The deformed pupae and adults were partially wrapped with exuviae, bearing separated wings. Moreover, the expression levels of five ecdysteroidogenesis genes (Hvspo, Hvphm, Hvdib, Hvsad and Hvshd), a prothocicotropic hormone (PTTH)/Torso pathway gene (Hvtorso), two 20E receptor genes (HvEcR and HvUSP), and two 20E signalling genes (HvE93 and HvFTZ-F1) were as a result of HvMyo RNAi significantly lowered. Conversely, the expression of a JH biosynthesis gene (Hvjhamt), a JH receptor gene HvMet and a JH signalling gene HvKr-h1 was greatly enhanced. Although ingestion of 20E and Hal rescued the 20E signal, it could not alleviate larval performance and defective phenotypes. Our results suggest that Myo exerts four distinctive roles in ecdysteroidogenesis, JH production, organ growth and larva-pupa-adult transformation in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jian Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Toni ASB, Fialho VS, Cossolin JFS, Serrão JE. Larval and adult digestive tract of the carrion beetle Oxelytrum discicolle (Brullé, 1840) (Coleoptera: Silphidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 71:101213. [PMID: 36208618 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxelytrum discicolle is a necrophagous beetle occurring in Central and South America, with potential use in forensic entomology for investigations in the context of legal medicine. The present work aimed to describe the morphology of the digestive tract of larvae and adults and contributes to the knowledge about the digestion associated with necrophagy. In the three larval instars, the foregut is short and narrow, the midgut is a dilated tube, elongated with a smooth surface, and the hindgut is narrow and long, with small lateral projections and a dilated terminal region. The gut epithelium in the second and third instar larvae is vacuolated in the mid- and hindgut, with high production of apocrine secretions in the midgut lumen. In adults, the foregut is short, with small spines in the cuticular intima that covers the flattened epithelium. The midgut is dilated, with many short gastric caeca with regenerative cells in the blind portion, which differentiate in digestive columnar cells towards the midgut lumen. The hindgut is long and narrow, with an enlarged distal portion with folded epithelium lined by a thin cuticle. The histochemical tests reveal the absence of protein storage granules in the gut epithelium of larvae and adults. The gut characteristics of the carrion beetle O. discicolle are similar to those of other predatory and phytophagous Coleoptera, which may indicate that ancestry may influence the alimentary canal morphology more than the feeding habits.
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Yu G, Klionsky DJ. Life and Death Decisions—The Many Faces of Autophagy in Cell Survival and Cell Death. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070866. [PMID: 35883421 PMCID: PMC9313301 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process conserved from yeast to humans. Since the discovery of autophagy, its physiological role in cell survival and cell death has been intensively investigated. The inherent ability of the autophagy machinery to sequester, deliver, and degrade cytoplasmic components enables autophagy to participate in cell survival and cell death in multiple ways. The primary role of autophagy is to send cytoplasmic components to the vacuole or lysosomes for degradation. By fine-tuning autophagy, the cell regulates the removal and recycling of cytoplasmic components in response to various stress or signals. Recent research has shown the implications of the autophagy machinery in other pathways independent of lysosomal degradation, expanding the pro-survival role of autophagy. Autophagy also facilitates certain forms of regulated cell death. In addition, there is complex crosstalk between autophagy and regulated cell death pathways, with a number of genes shared between them, further suggesting a deeper connection between autophagy and cell death. Finally, the mitochondrion presents an example where the cell utilizes autophagy to strike a balance between cell survival and cell death. In this review, we consider the current knowledge on the physiological role of autophagy as well as its regulation and discuss the multiple functions of autophagy in cell survival and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA;
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA;
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
- Correspondence:
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Agrawal Y, Sharma T, Islam S, Nadkarni KS, Santra MK. F-box protein FBXO41 suppresses breast cancer growth by inducing autophagic cell death through facilitating proteasomal degradation of oncogene SKP2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 147:106228. [PMID: 35598880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
F-box proteins form SCF (Cullin1, SKP1 and F-box-protein) ubiquitin ligase complexes to ubiquitinate cellular proteins. They play key role in several biological processes, including cell cycle progression, cellular signaling, stress response and cell death pathways. Therefore, deregulation of F-box proteins is closely associated with cancer progression. However, the role of most of the F-box proteins, including FBXO41, in cancer progression remains elusive. Here, we unravel the role of FBXO41 in cancer progression. We show that FBXO41 suppresses cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by inducing autophagic cell death through an alternative pathway. Results revealed that FBXO41-mediated autophagic cell death induction is dependent on accumulation of cell cycle checkpoint protein p21. We found that FBXO41 increases the expression levels of p21 at the post-translational level by promoting the proteasomal degradation of SKP2, an oncogenic F-box protein. Mechanistically, FBXO41 along with p21 disrupts the inhibitory BCL2 (anti-apoptotic protein)-Beclin1 (autophagy initiating factor) complex of autophagy induction to release Beclin1, thereby inducing autophagy. Overall, the present study establishes a new FBXO41-SKP2-p21 axis for induction of autophagic cell death to prevent cancer growth, which could be explored to develop promising cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Agrawal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007 India
| | - Tanisha Sharma
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007 India
| | - Sehbanul Islam
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Kaustubh S Nadkarni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007 India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Host Organs for Microbial Symbiosis in Tortoise Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). mBio 2022; 13:e0369121. [PMID: 35073753 PMCID: PMC8787481 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03691-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse insects host specific microbial symbionts that play important roles for their growth, survival, and reproduction. They often develop specialized symbiotic organs for harboring the microbial partners. While such intimate associations tend to be stably maintained over evolutionary time, the microbial symbionts may have been lost or replaced occasionally. How symbiont acquisitions, replacements, and losses are linked to the development of the host's symbiotic organs is an important but poorly understood aspect of microbial symbioses. Cassidine leaf beetles are associated with a specific gammaproteobacterial lineage, Stammera, whose reduced genome is streamlined for producing pectin-degrading enzymes to assist the host's digestion of food plants. We investigated the symbiotic system of 24 Japanese cassidine species and found that (i) most species harbored Stammera within paired symbiotic organs located at the foregut-midgut junction, (ii) the host phylogeny was largely congruent with the symbiont phylogeny, indicating stable host-symbiont association over evolutionary time, (iii) meanwhile, the symbiont was not detected in three distinct host lineages, uncovering recurrent losses of the ancient microbial mutualist, (iv) the symbiotic organs were vestigial but present in the symbiont-free lineages, indicating evolutionary persistence of the symbiotic organs even in the absence of the symbiont, and (v) the number of the symbiotic organs was polymorphic among the cassidine species, either two or four, unveiling a dynamic evolution of the host organs for symbiosis. These findings are discussed as to what molecular mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories underpin the recurrent symbiont losses and the morphogenesis of the symbiotic organs in the herbivorous insect group. IMPORTANCE Insects represent the biodiversity of the terrestrial ecosystem, and their prosperity is attributable to their association with symbiotic microorganisms. By sequestering microbial functionality into their bodies, organs, tissues, or cells, diverse insects have successfully exploited otherwise inaccessible ecological niches and resources, including herbivory enabled by utilization of indigestible plant cell wall components. In leaf beetles of the subfamily Cassininae, an ancient symbiont lineage, Stammera, whose genome is extremely reduced and specialized for encoding pectin-degrading enzymes, is hosted in gut-associated symbiotic organs and contributes to the host's food plant digestion. Here, we demonstrate that multiple symbiont losses and recurrent structural switching of the symbiotic organs have occurred in the evolutionary course of cassidine leaf beetles, which sheds light on the evolutionary and developmental dynamics of the insect's symbiotic organs and provides a model system to investigate how microbial symbionts affect the host's development and morphogenesis and vice versa.
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31
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The complex interplay between autophagy and cell death pathways. Biochem J 2022; 479:75-90. [PMID: 35029627 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal cellular homeostatic process, required for the clearance of dysfunctional macromolecules or organelles. This self-digestion mechanism modulates cell survival, either directly by targeting cell death players, or indirectly by maintaining cellular balance and bioenergetics. Nevertheless, under acute or accumulated stress, autophagy can also contribute to promote different modes of cell death, either through highly regulated signalling events, or in a more uncontrolled inflammatory manner. Conversely, apoptotic or necroptotic factors have also been implicated in the regulation of autophagy, while specific factors regulate both processes. Here, we survey both earlier and recent findings, highlighting the intricate interaction of autophagic and cell death pathways. We, Furthermore, discuss paradigms, where this cross-talk is disrupted, in the context of disease.
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Gorbunova AS, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B. A Balance Between Autophagy and Other Cell Death Modalities in Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2445:3-24. [PMID: 34972982 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2071-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular self-digestive process involved in catabolic degradation of damaged proteins, and organelles, and the elimination of cellular pathogens. Initially, autophagy was considered as a prosurvival mechanism, but the following insights shed light on its prodeath function. Nowadays, autophagy is established as a crucial player in the development of various diseases through interaction with other molecular pathways within a cell. Additionally, disturbance in autophagy is one of the main pathological alterations that lead to resistance of cancer cells to treatment. These autophagy-related pathologies gave rise to the development of new therapeutic drugs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the autophagic role in disease pathogenesis, particularly in cancer, and the interplay between autophagy and other cell death modalities in order to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Gorbunova
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ikeda S, Zablocki D, Sadoshima J. The role of autophagy in death of cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 165:1-8. [PMID: 34919896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy mediates cellular quality control mechanisms and energy homeostasis through lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is typically viewed as an adaptive process that allows cells to survive against stress, such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. However, autophagy also mediates cell death during development and in response to stress. Cell death accompanied by autophagy activation and accumulation of autophagosomes has been classified as type II programmed cell death. Compared to the wealth of knowledge regarding the adaptive role of autophagy, however, the molecular mechanisms through which autophagy induces cell death and its functional significance are poorly understood. Autophagy is activated excessively under some conditions, causing uncontrolled degradation of cellular materials and cell death. An imbalance between autophagosome formation and lysosomal degradation causes a massive accumulation of autophagosomes, which subsequently causes cellular dysfunction and death. Dysregulation of autophagy induces a unique form of cell death, termed autosis, with defined morphological and biochemical features distinct from other forms of programmed cell death, such as apoptosis and necrosis. In the heart, dysregulated autophagy induces death of cardiomyocytes and actively mediates cardiac injury and dysfunction in some conditions, including reperfusion injury, doxorubicin cardiomyopathy, and lysosomal storage disorders. The goal in this review is to introduce the concept of autophagic cell death and discuss its functional significance in various cardiac conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Bata N, Cosford NDP. Cell Survival and Cell Death at the Intersection of Autophagy and Apoptosis: Implications for Current and Future Cancer Therapeutics. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1728-1746. [PMID: 34927007 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are functionally distinct mechanisms for cytoplasmic and cellular turnover. While these two pathways are distinct, they can also regulate each other, and central components of the apoptosis or autophagy pathway regulate both processes directly. Furthermore, several upstream stress-inducing signaling pathways can influence both autophagy and apoptosis. The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis has an integral role in pathological processes, including those related to cancer, homeostasis, and aging. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, tightly regulated by various cellular and biochemical mechanisms, some of which have been the focus of drug discovery efforts targeting cancer therapeutics. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway whereby cells recycle macromolecules and organelles to generate energy when subjected to stress. Autophagy can act as either a prodeath or a prosurvival process and is both tissue and microenvironment specific. In this review we describe five groups of proteins that are integral to the apoptosis pathway and discuss their role in regulating autophagy. We highlight several apoptosis-inducing small molecules and biologics that have been developed and advanced into the clinic and discuss their effects on autophagy. For the most part, these apoptosis-inducing compounds appear to elevate autophagy activity. Under certain circumstances autophagy demonstrates cytoprotective functions and is overactivated in response to chemo- or radiotherapy which can lead to drug resistance, representing a clinical obstacle for successful cancer treatment. Thus, targeting the autophagy pathway in combination with apoptosis-inducing compounds may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bata
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Tzou FY, Wen JK, Yeh JY, Huang SY, Chen GC, Chan CC. Drosophila as a model to study autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases and digestive tract. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:339-360. [PMID: 34874101 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy regulates cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling cytosolic components and damaged organelles. Disruption of autophagic flux has been shown to induce or facilitate neurodegeneration and accumulation of autophagic vesicles is overt in neurodegenerative diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila has been used as a model system to identify new factors that regulate physiology and disease. Here we provide a historical perspective of how the fly models have offered mechanistic evidence to understand the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, and polyglutamine disorders. Autophagy also plays a pivotal role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and protecting organism health. The gastrointestinal tract regulates organism health by modulating food intake, energy balance, and immunity. Growing evidence is strengthening the link between autophagy and digestive tract health in recent years. Here, we also discuss how the fly models have advanced the understanding of digestive physiology regulated by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yang Tzou
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Kun Wen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Chao Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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36
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Valko A, Perez-Pandolfo S, Sorianello E, Brech A, Wappner P, Melani M. Adaptation to hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster requires autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 18:909-920. [PMID: 34793268 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1991191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy, a mechanism of degradation of intracellular material required to sustain cellular homeostasis, is exacerbated under stress conditions like nutrient deprivation, protein aggregation, organelle senescence, pathogen invasion, and hypoxia, among others. Detailed in vivo description of autophagic responses triggered by hypoxia is limited. We have characterized the autophagic response induced by hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that this process is essential for Drosophila adaptation and survival because larvae with impaired autophagy are hypersensitive to low oxygen levels. Hypoxia triggers a bona fide autophagic response, as evaluated by several autophagy markers including Atg8, LysoTracker, Lamp1, Pi3K59F/Vps34 activity, transcriptional induction of Atg genes, as well as by transmission electron microscopy. Autophagy occurs in waves of autophagosome formation and maturation as hypoxia exposure is prolonged. Hypoxia-triggered autophagy is induced cell autonomously, and different tissues are sensitive to hypoxic treatments. We found that hypoxia-induced autophagy depends on the basic autophagy machinery but not on the hypoxia master regulator sima/HIF1A. Overall, our studies lay the foundation for using D. melanogaster as a model system for studying autophagy under hypoxic conditions, which, in combination with the potency of genetic manipulations available in this organism, provides a platform for studying the involvement of autophagy in hypoxia-associated pathologies and developmentally regulated processes.Abbreviations: Atg: autophagy-related; FYVE: zinc finger domain from Fab1 (yeast ortholog of PIKfyve); GFP: green fluorescent protein; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor; hsf: heat shock factor; Hx: hypoxia; mCh: mCherry; PtdIns: phosphatidylinositol; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in brain; sima: similar; Stv: Starvation; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; Tor: target of rapamycin; UAS: upstream activating sequence; Vps: vacuolar protein sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Valko
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Perez-Pandolfo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Sorianello
- Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio De Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto De Medicina Y Biología Experimental (Ibyme-conicet), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pablo Wappner
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Melani
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Speir M, Chan AH, Simpson DS, Khan T, Saunders TL, Poon IK, Atkin-Smith GK. The Australasian Cell Death Society (ACDS): celebrating 50 years of Australasian cell death research. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:9-14. [PMID: 34761822 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Speir
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy H Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel S Simpson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tashbib Khan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tahnee L Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivan Kh Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Lee SH, Goo TW, Yun EY. Allomyrina dichotoma larval extract has protective effects against gut permeability of dextran sulfate sodium-fed Drosophila by E-cadherin and armadillo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:113786. [PMID: 33421598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Larvae of the rhinoceros beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) (ADL) are used ethnopharmacologically to treat gut-related disorders in Korea and China since 1596 and are also approved as a safe novel food with high nutritional value. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the protective effects of ADL extract against leaky gut disease using a Drosophila model and sought to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the protective effects of ADL extract (2 mg/mL) against the leaky gut disease using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced leaky gut Drosophila melanogaster model. RESULTS We found that oral administration of ADL extracts significantly increase the survival rate of DSS-fed Drosophila. Under conditions of DSS-induced gut damage, ADL extract reduced gut cell apoptosis and gut permeability, resulting in the maintenance of gut tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, we observed that oral administration of ADL extract can induce high levels of E-cadherin gene expression and also restored the original membrane localization of DSS-disrupted E-cadherin contiguous with the armadillo. CONCLUSION We concluded that ADL extract plays an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis through the up-regulation of E-cadherin and that it may have a protective effect against leaky gut syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Kyeongbuk, 38066, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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Martens MD, Karch J, Gordon JW. The molecular mosaic of regulated cell death in the cardiovascular system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1868:166297. [PMID: 34718119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is now understood to be a highly regulated process that contributes to normal development and tissue homeostasis, alongside its role in the etiology of various pathological conditions. Through detailed molecular analysis, we have come to know that all cells do not always die in the same way, and that there are at least 7 processes involved, including: apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and autophagy-mediated cell death. These processes act as pieces in the mosaic of cardiomyocyte cell death, which come together depending on context and stimulus. This review details each individual process, as well as highlights how they come together to produce various cardiac pathologies. By knowing how the pieces go together we can aim towards the development of efficacious therapeutics, which will enable us to prevent cardiomyocyte loss in the face of stress, both reducing mortality and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martens
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Canada.
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Gordevicius J, Li P, Marshall LL, Killinger BA, Lang S, Ensink E, Kuhn NC, Cui W, Maroof N, Lauria R, Rueb C, Siebourg-Polster J, Maliver P, Lamp J, Vega I, Manfredsson FP, Britschgi M, Labrie V. Epigenetic inactivation of the autophagy-lysosomal system in appendix in Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5134. [PMID: 34446734 PMCID: PMC8390554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract may be a site of origin for α-synuclein pathology in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Disruption of the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) may contribute to α-synuclein aggregation. Here we examined epigenetic alterations in the ALP in the appendix by deep sequencing DNA methylation at 521 ALP genes. We identified aberrant methylation at 928 cytosines affecting 326 ALP genes in the appendix of individuals with PD and widespread hypermethylation that is also seen in the brain of individuals with PD. In mice, we find that DNA methylation changes at ALP genes induced by chronic gut inflammation are greatly exacerbated by α-synuclein pathology. DNA methylation changes at ALP genes induced by synucleinopathy are associated with the ALP abnormalities observed in the appendix of individuals with PD specifically involving lysosomal genes. Our work identifies epigenetic dysregulation of the ALP which may suggest a potential mechanism for accumulation of α-synuclein pathology in idiopathic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Gordevicius
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Peipei Li
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lee L Marshall
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bryan A Killinger
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sean Lang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ensink
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nazia Maroof
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Lauria
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Rueb
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Siebourg-Polster
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maliver
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jared Lamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Irving Vega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Markus Britschgi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Labrie
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Ye W, Bian D, Mao T, Dai M, Feng P, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Li F, Gu Z, Li B. Cloning and functional analysis of autophagy-related gene 7 in Bombyx mori, silkworm. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21827. [PMID: 34173258 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important economic insect and an attractive model system. A series of autophagy-related genes (Atgs) are involved in the autophagic process, and these Atgs have been proved to play important roles in the development. Atg7 stands at the hub of two ubiquitin-like systems involving Atg8 and Atg12 in the autophagic vesicle. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a BmAtg7 gene in Bombyx mori. The open reading frame (ORF) of BmAtg7 was 1908 bp in length, and it encoded a polypeptide of 635 amino acids. BmAtg7 was highly expressed in the posterior silk gland, fatbody, and epidermis. The expression profile of BmAtg7 in the fatbody showed an increasing tendency from day 1 of the 5th instar to the prepupal stage. After chlorantraniliprole (CAP) exposure, the transcriptional level of BmAtg7 was continuously decreased. After depletion of BmAtg7 by RNAi, the expressions of BmAtg7, BmAtg8, and BmEcr were all downregulated, while the expression of BmJHBP2 was upregulated. However, depletion of BmAtg7 did not prevent the metamorphosis of silkworm from larvae to pupae, while the occurrence of such process was delayed. After the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) treatment, the expression characteristics of these four genes (BmAtg7, BmAtg8, BmEcr and BmJHBP2) were contrary to the results after depletion of BmAtg7. Our results suggested that although CAP exposure could significantly inhibit the expression of BmAtg7 continuously, the changes of BmAtg7 was not the key factor in CAP-induced metamorphosis defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ye
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Bian
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Mao
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Piao Feng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuying Ren
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiya Gu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Sericulture Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Shu YH, Yuan HH, Xu MT, Hong YT, Gao CC, Wu ZP, Han HT, Sun X, Gao RL, Yang SF, Li SX, Tian JK, Zhang JB. A novel Diels-Alder adduct of mulberry leaves exerts anticancer effect through autophagy-mediated cell death. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:780-790. [PMID: 32814819 PMCID: PMC8115316 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Guangsangon E (GSE) is a novel Diels-Alder adduct isolated from leaves of Morus alba L, a traditional Chinese medicine widely applied in respiratory diseases. It is reported that GSE has cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. In our research, we investigated its anticancer effect on respiratory cancer and revealed that GSE induces autophagy and apoptosis in lung and nasopharyngeal cancer cells. We first observed that GSE inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in A549 and CNE1 cells. Meanwhile, the upregulation of autophagosome marker LC3 and increased formation of GFP-LC3 puncta demonstrates the induction of autophagy in GSE-treated cells. Moreover, GSE increases the autophagy flux by enhancing lysosomal activity and the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Next, we investigated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in autophagy induction by GSE. GSE activates the ER stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which can be blocked by ROS scavenger NAC. Finally, inhibition of autophagy attenuates GSE-caused cell death, termed as "autophagy-mediated cell death." Taken together, we revealed the molecular mechanism of GSE against respiratory cancer, which demonstrates great potential of GSE in the treatment of representative cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Shu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hua-Hua Yuan
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng-Ting Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ye-Ting Hong
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Gao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao-Te Han
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Rui-Lan Gao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Si-Fu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shou-Xin Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing-Kui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jian-Bin Zhang
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Abstract
This protocol describes the embedding and processing of Drosophila pupae in paraffin to monitor tissue changes during development. Although multiple methods are available to evaluate developmental changes in Drosophila embryos, imaging detailed changes during metamorphosis is challenging as the animal is enclosed in the cuticle, rendering it inaccessible to whole mount imaging. Here, we present a protocol that focuses on developmental clearance of the larval salivary glands in Drosophila pupae that can be extended to examine other tissues/stages for similar purposes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Velentzas et al. (2018). Paraffin embedding and processing allows monitoring of tissue changes Histology can be used to monitor tissue changes at different stages of development Clearance of Drosophila larval salivary glands can be evaluated through histology
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis D Velentzas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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DNase II mediates a parthanatos-like developmental cell death pathway in Drosophila primordial germ cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2285. [PMID: 33863891 PMCID: PMC8052343 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During Drosophila embryonic development, cell death eliminates 30% of the primordial germ cells (PGCs). Inhibiting apoptosis does not prevent PGC death, suggesting a divergence from the conventional apoptotic program. Here, we demonstrate that PGCs normally activate an intrinsic alternative cell death (ACD) pathway mediated by DNase II release from lysosomes, leading to nuclear translocation and subsequent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs activate the DNA damage-sensing enzyme, Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and the ATR/Chk1 branch of the DNA damage response. PARP-1 and DNase II engage in a positive feedback amplification loop mediated by the release of PAR polymers from the nucleus and the nuclear accumulation of DNase II in an AIF- and CypA-dependent manner, ultimately resulting in PGC death. Given the anatomical and molecular similarities with an ACD pathway called parthanatos, these findings reveal a parthanatos-like cell death pathway active during Drosophila development.
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45
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Schwartz LM. Autophagic Cell Death During Development - Ancient and Mysterious. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656370. [PMID: 33898457 PMCID: PMC8063034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While cell death is a normal and essential component of development and homeostasis, dysregulation of this process underlies most human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. The best characterized mechanism for cell death is apoptosis, although some cells die by a distinct process known as autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD). Autophagy is mediated by the formation of double membrane vesicles that contain protein aggregates, damaged organelles like mitochondria, and bulk cytoplasm, which then fuse with lysosomes to degrade and recycle their contents. Autophagy is typically viewed as an adaptive process that allows cells to survive stresses like nutrient deprivation, although increasing evidence suggests that it may also mediate cell death during development and pathogenesis. An aggressive form of autophagy termed autosis has been described in cells following either ischemia/reperfusion injury or in response to autophagy-inducing proteins like Tat-Beclin 1. Despite an extensive literature on autophagic cell death in a variety of contexts, there are still fundamental gaps in our understanding of this process. As examples: Does autophagy directly kill cells and if so how? Is ADCD activated concurrently when cells are triggered to die via apoptosis? And is ADCD essentially a more protracted version of autosis or a distinct pathway? The goal of this mini-review is to summarize the field and to identify some of the major gaps in our knowledge. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate ADCD will not only provide new insights into development, they may facilitate the creation of better tools for both the diagnostics and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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Allen EA, Amato C, Fortier TM, Velentzas P, Wood W, Baehrecke EH. A conserved myotubularin-related phosphatase regulates autophagy by maintaining autophagic flux. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152081. [PMID: 32915229 PMCID: PMC7594499 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) targets cytoplasmic cargoes to the lysosome for degradation. Like all vesicle trafficking, autophagy relies on phosphoinositide identity, concentration, and localization to execute multiple steps in this catabolic process. Here, we screen for phosphoinositide phosphatases that influence autophagy in Drosophila and identify CG3530. CG3530 is homologous to the human MTMR6 subfamily of myotubularin-related 3-phosphatases, and therefore, we named it dMtmr6. dMtmr6, which is required for development and viability in Drosophila, functions as a regulator of autophagic flux in multiple Drosophila cell types. The MTMR6 family member MTMR8 has a similar function in autophagy of higher animal cells. Decreased dMtmr6 and MTMR8 function results in autophagic vesicle accumulation and influences endolysosomal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Allen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Clelia Amato
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tina M Fortier
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Panagiotis Velentzas
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Will Wood
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Shanmugam K, Boovarahan SR, Prem P, Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. Fisetin Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:566470. [PMID: 33762932 PMCID: PMC7982788 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.566470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unavoidable injury that occurs during revascularization procedures. In the previous study, we reported that fisetin is a natural flavonoid that attenuates I/R injury by suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Though fisetin is reported as a GSK3β inhibitor, it remains unclear whether it attenuates myocardial ischemia by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, thereby inhibiting the downstream GSK3β, or by directly interacting with GSK3β while rendering its cardioprotection. In this study, the research team investigates the possible mechanism of action of fisetin while rendering its cardioprotective effect against myocardial I/R injury in rats. For this investigation, the team utilized two myocardial I/R models: Ligation of the left anterior descending artery and Langendorff isolated heart perfusion system. The latter has no neurohormonal influences. The PI3K inhibitor (Wortmannin, 0.015 mg/kg), GSK3β inhibitor (SB216763, 0.7 mg/kg), and fisetin (20 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally before inducing myocardial I/R. The result of this study reveals that the administration of fisetin decreases the myocardial infarct size, apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase in serum\perfusate of the rat hearts subjected to I/R. However, the inhibition of PI3K with Wortmannin significantly reduced the cardioprotective effect of fisetin both in the ex vivo and vivo models. The administration of GSK3β inhibitor after the administration of fisetin and Wortmannin, re-establishing the cardioprotection, indicates the major role of PI3K in fisetin action. Changes in myocardial oxidative stress (level) and mitochondrial functional preservation of interfibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria support the above findings. Hence, the team here reports that fisetin conferred its cardioprotection against I/R injury by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway in rat hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthi Shanmugam
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Priyanka Prem
- Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Gino A Kurian
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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Carvalho PEGR, Martínez LC, Cossolin JFS, Plata-Rueda A, Viteri Jumbo LO, Fiaz M, Carvalho AG, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. The salivary glands of Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): Morphology and secretory cycle. Tissue Cell 2021; 70:101498. [PMID: 33545532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is a zoophytophagous insect used for biological control in agriculture and forest systems because its nymphs and adults feed on insects and plants. The predatory Pentatomidae insert the mouthparts into the prey, releasing saliva to paralysis and kills the insect, as well as digest body parts to be sucked in a preliminary extra-oral digestion. In a short period of time, this insect shows the ability to feed again, suggesting the existence of a constant and abundant secretory cycle in the salivary glands. This study evaluated the morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural changes of the salivary glands of B. tabidus in fed and starved insects. The salivary complex of this predatory bug has a pair of bilobed salivary glands and a pair of tubular accessory salivary glands. The accessory glands have the lumen lined by a thick non-cuticular layer rich in glycoproteins. The secretory cells of the B. tabidus principal salivary glands have constant secretory activity, with each lobe producing different substances. The physiological processes that occur in the salivary gland of B. tabidus indicate that the insect needs to feed constantly, corroborating the potential of this insect to be used in biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Carlos Martínez
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Angelica Plata-Rueda
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Muhammad Fiaz
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Acácio Geraldo Carvalho
- Department of Forest Products, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, 23851-970 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Redhai S, Boutros M. The Role of Organelles in Intestinal Function, Physiology, and Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:485-499. [PMID: 33551307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine maintains homeostasis by coordinating internal biological processes to adjust to fluctuating external conditions. The intestinal epithelium is continuously renewed and comprises multiple cell types, including absorptive cells, secretory cells, and resident stem cells. An important feature of this organ is its ability to coordinate many processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, damage/stress response, immune activity, feeding behavior, and age-related changes by using conserved signaling pathways. However, the subcellular spatial organization of these signaling events and the organelles involved has only recently been studied in detail. Here we discuss how organelles of intestinal cells serve to initiate, mediate, and terminate signals, that are vital for homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Redhai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lee G, Park JH. Programmed cell death reshapes the central nervous system during metamorphosis in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:39-45. [PMID: 33065339 PMCID: PMC10754214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metamorphosis is fascinating and dramatic stage of postembryonic development in insects [1]. The most prominent metamorphic changes seen in holometabolous insects involve destruction of most larval structures and concomitant generation of adult ones. Such diverse cellular events are orchestrated by ecdysone. The central nervous system (CNS) is also extensively remodeled to process new sensory inputs; to coordinate new types of locomotion; and to perform higher-order decision making [2]. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of the metamorphic development. It eliminates obsolete larval tissues and extra cells that are generated from the morphogenesis of adult tissues. In the CNS, PCD of selected neurons and glial cells as well as reshaping of persistent larval cells are essential for establishing the adult CNS. In this review, we summarize the ecdysone signaling, and then molecular and cellular events associated with PCD primarily in the metamorphosing CNS of Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyunghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, United States
| | - Jae H Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, United States.
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