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Fernie AR, de Vries S, de Vries J. Evolution of plant metabolism: the state-of-the-art. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230347. [PMID: 39343029 PMCID: PMC11449224 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Immense chemical diversity is one of the hallmark features of plants. This chemo-diversity is mainly underpinned by a highly complex and biodiverse biochemical machinery. Plant metabolic enzymes originated and were inherited from their eukaryotic and prokaryotic ancestors and further diversified by the unprecedentedly high rates of gene duplication and functionalization experienced in land plants. Unlike prokaryotic microbes, which display frequent horizontal gene transfer events and multiple inputs of energy and organic carbon, land plants predominantly rely on organic carbon generated from CO2 and have experienced relatively few gene transfers during their recent evolutionary history. As such, plant metabolic networks have evolved in a stepwise manner using existing networks as a starting point and under various evolutionary constraints. That said, until recently, the evolution of only a handful of metabolic traits had been extensively investigated and as such, the evolution of metabolism has received a fraction of the attention of, the evolution of development, for example. Advances in metabolomics and next-generation sequencing have, however, recently led to a deeper understanding of how a wide range of plant primary and specialized (secondary) metabolic pathways have evolved both as a consequence of natural selection and of domestication and crop improvement processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm14476, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, Goettingen37077, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, Goettingen37077, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, Goettingen37077, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goldschmidtstr. 1, Goettingen37077, Germany
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2
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Atkins E, Scialò E, Catalano C, Hernández CC, Wegel E, Hill L, Licciardello C, Peña L, Garcia-Lor A, Martin C, Butelli E. Distinctive acidity in citrus fruit is linked to loss of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. iScience 2024; 27:110923. [PMID: 39398238 PMCID: PMC11467675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The distinctive acidity of citrus fruit is determined by a regulatory complex of MYB and bHLH transcription factors together with a WDR protein (MBW complex) which operates in the unique juice vesicles of the fruit. We describe a mutation affecting the MYB protein, named Nicole, in sweet orange and identify its target genes that determine hyperacidification, specifically. We propose that the acidity, typical of citrus fruits, was the result of a loss of the ability of Nicole to activate the gene encoding anthocyanidin reductase, an enzyme essential for the synthesis of proanthocyanidins, which are absent in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eva Wegel
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Concetta Licciardello
- CREA, Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Leandro Peña
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Garcia-Lor
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Wang Y, Li S, Shi Y, Lv S, Zhu C, Xu C, Zhang B, Allan AC, Grierson D, Chen K. The R2R3 MYB Ruby1 is activated by two cold responsive ethylene response factors, via the retrotransposon in its promoter, to positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in citrus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38922743 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural pigments and dietary antioxidants that play multiple biological roles in plants and are important in animal and human nutrition. Low temperature (LT) promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in many species including blood orange. A retrotransposon in the promoter of Ruby1, which encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, controls cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation in blood orange flesh. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we characterized two LT-induced ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (CsERF054 and CsERF061). Both CsERF054 and CsERF061 can activate the expression of CsRuby1 by directly binding to a DRE/CRT cis-element within the retrotransposon in the promoter of CsRuby1, thereby positively regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further investigation indicated that CsERF061 also forms a protein complex with CsRuby1 to co-activate the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, providing a dual mechanism for the upregulation of the anthocyanin pathway. These results provide insights into how LT mediates anthocyanin biosynthesis and increase the understanding of the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in blood orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shaojia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shouzheng Lv
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Changjie Xu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donald Grierson
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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Li T, Wang J, Zhang Z, Fan Y, Qin H, Yin Y, Dai G, Cao Y, Tang L. Anthocyanin biosynthesis in goji berry is inactivated by deletion in a bHLH transcription factor LrLAN1b promoter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1461-1474. [PMID: 38431527 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Black goji berry (Lycium ruthenicum Murray) contains a rich source of health-promoting anthocyanins which are used in herbal medicine and nutraceutical foods in China. A natural variant producing white berries allowed us to identify two key genes involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in goji berries: one encoding a MYB transcription factor (LrAN2-like) and one encoding a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (LrAN1b). We previously found that LrAN1b expression was lost in the white berry variant, but the molecular basis for this phenotype was unknown. Here, we identified the molecular mechanism for loss of anthocyanins in white goji berries. In white goji, the LrAN1b promoter region has a 229 bp deletion that removes three MYB-binding elements and one bHLH-binding element, which are key to its expression. Complementation of the white goji berry LrAN1b allele with the LrAN1b promoter restored pigmentation. Virus-induced gene silencing of LrAN1b in black goji berry reduced fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. Molecular analyses showed that LrAN2-like and another bHLH transcription factor LrJAF13 can activate LrAN1b by binding directly to the MYB-recognizing element and bHLH-recognizing element of its promoter-deletion region. LrAN1b expression is enhanced by the interaction of LrAN2-like with LrJAF13 and the WD40 protein LrAN11. LrAN2-like and LrAN11 interact with either LrJAF13 or LrAN1b to form two MYB-bHLH-WD40 complexes, which hierarchically regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in black goji berry. This study on a natural variant builds a comprehensive anthocyanin regulatory network that may be manipulated to tailor goji berry traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, China
| | - Jingjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, China
| | - Yunfang Fan
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750002, China
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750002, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750002, China
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750002, China
| | - Guoli Dai
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750002, China
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750002, China
| | - Youlong Cao
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750002, China
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750002, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, China
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Ma X, Sheng L, Li F, Zhou T, Guo J, Chang Y, Yang J, Jin Y, Chen Y, Lu X. Seasonal drought promotes citrate accumulation in citrus fruit through the CsABF3-activated CsAN1-CsPH8 pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1131-1145. [PMID: 38482565 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Plenty of rainfall but unevenly seasonal distribution happens regularly in southern China. Seasonal drought from summer to early autumn leads to citrus fruit acidification, but how seasonal drought regulates citrate accumulation remains unknown. Herein, we employed a set of physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches to reveal that CsABF3 responds to seasonal drought stress and modulates citrate accumulation in citrus fruits by directly regulating CsAN1 and CsPH8. Here, we demonstrated that irreversible acidification of citrus fruits is caused by drought lasting for > 30 d during the fruit enlargement stage. We investigated the transcriptome characteristics of fruits affected by drought and corroborated the pivotal roles of a bHLH transcription factor (CsAN1) and a P3A-ATPase gene (CsPH8) in regulating citrate accumulation in response to drought. Abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element binding factor 3 (CsABF3) was upregulated by drought in an ABA-dependent manner. CsABF3 activated CsAN1 and CsPH8 expression by directly and specifically binding to the ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in the promoters and positively regulated citrate accumulation. Taken together, this study sheds new light on the regulatory module ABA-CsABF3-CsAN1-CsPH8 responsible for citrate accumulation under drought stress, which advances our understanding of quality formation of citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Sheng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, 410125, Changsha, China
| | - Tie Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
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Mota APZ, Dossa K, Lechaudel M, Cornet D, Mournet P, Santoni S, Lopez D, Chaïr H. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal candidate genes associated with quality traits in Dioscorea alata. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:248. [PMID: 38443859 PMCID: PMC10916269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality traits are essential determinants of consumer preferences. Dioscorea alata (Greater Yam), is a starchy tuber crop in tropical regions. However, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying yam tuber quality remains elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we employed population genomics and candidate gene association approaches to unravel the genetic factors influencing the quality attributes of boiled yam. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparative genomics analysis of 45 plant species revealed numerous novel genes absent in the existing D. alata gene annotation. This approach, adding 48% more genes, significantly enhanced the functional annotation of three crucial metabolic pathways associated with boiled yam quality traits: pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. In addition, the whole-genome sequencing of 127 genotypes identified 27 genes under selection and 22 genes linked to texture, starch content, and color through a candidate gene association analysis. Notably, five genes involved in starch content and cell wall composition, including 1,3-beta Glucan synthase, β-amylase, and Pectin methyl esterase, were common to both approaches and their expression levels were assessed by transcriptomic data. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the whole-genome of 127 genotypes of D. alata and the study of three specific pathways allowed the identification of important genes for tuber quality. Our findings provide insights into the genetic basis of yam quality traits and will help the enhancement of yam tuber quality through breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Zotta Mota
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, PACA, 06903, France
| | - Komivi Dossa
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, 97170, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Mathieu Lechaudel
- UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, F97130, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France
- QualiSud, Université Montpellier, Institut Agro, CIRAD, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Cornet
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Mournet
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Santoni
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - David Lopez
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France.
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Hana Chaïr
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France.
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
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Mao Z, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Xu Q, Liu JH, Li C. Vacuolar proteomic analysis reveals tonoplast transporters for accumulation of citric acid and sugar in citrus fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad249. [PMID: 38288255 PMCID: PMC10822839 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Vacuole largely dictates the fruit taste and flavor, as most of the sugars and organic acids are stored in the vacuoles of the fruit. However, difficulties associated with vacuole separation severely hinder identification and characterization of vacuolar proteins in fruit species. In this study, we established an effective approach for separating vacuoles and successfully purified vacuolar protein from six types of citrus fruit with varying patterns of sugar and organic acid contents. By using label-free LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis, 1443 core proteins were found to be associated with the essential functions of vacuole in citrus fruit. Correlation analysis of metabolite concentration with proteomic data revealed a transporter system for the accumulation of organic acid and soluble sugars in citrus. Furthermore, we characterized the physiological roles of selected key tonoplast transporters, ABCG15, Dict2.1, TMT2, and STP7 in the accumulation of citric acid and sugars. These findings provide a novel perspective and practical solution for investigating the transporters underlying the formation of citrus taste and flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolin Mao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zeqi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunlong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Zhang RX, Liu Y, Zhang X, Chen X, Sun J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Yao JL, Liao L, Zhou H, Han Y. Two adjacent NAC transcription factors regulate fruit maturity date and flavor in peach. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:632-649. [PMID: 37933224 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Although maturity date (MD) is an essential factor affecting fresh fruit marketing and has a pleiotropic effect on fruit taste qualities, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we functionally characterized two adjacent NAM-ATAF1/2-CUC2 (NAC) transcription factors (TFs), PpNAC1 and PpNAC5, both of which were associated with fruit MD in peach. PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 were found capable of activating transcription of genes associated with cell elongation, cell wall degradation and ethylene biosynthesis, suggesting their regulatory roles in fruit enlargement and ripening. Furthermore, PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 had pleiotropic effects on fruit taste due to their ability to activate transcription of genes for sugar accumulation and organic acid degradation. Interestingly, both PpNAC1 and PpNAC5 orthologues were found in fruit-producing angiosperms and adjacently arranged in all 91 tested dicots but absent in fruitless gymnosperms, suggesting their important roles in fruit development. Our results provide insight into the regulatory roles of NAC TFs in MD and fruit taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Xi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yudi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juanli Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement and Eco-Physiology of Anhui Province, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Liao Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement and Eco-Physiology of Anhui Province, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Zumajo-Cardona C, Gabrieli F, Anire J, Albertini E, Ezquer I, Colombo L. Evolutionary studies of the bHLH transcription factors belonging to MBW complex: their role in seed development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:383-400. [PMID: 37467144 PMCID: PMC10667011 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The MBW complex consist of proteins belonging to three major families (MYB, bHLH and WDR) involved in various processes throughout plant development: epidermal cell development, mucilage secretory cells and flavonoid biosynthesis. Recently, it has been reported that TT8, encoding a bHLH transcription factor, is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in the seed coat and it also plays a role in bypassing the postzygotic barrier resulting from an unbalance in genetic loads of the parental lines. Here, we focus on the functional evolution, in seed development, of the bHLH proteins that are part of the MBW complex, complemented with a literature review. METHODS Phylogenetic analyses performed across seed plants and expression analyses in the reproductive tissues of four selected angiosperms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Capsella rubella and Solanum lycopersicum) allow us to hypothesize on the evolution of its functions. KEY RESULTS TT8 expression in the innermost layer of the seed coat is conserved in the selected angiosperms. However, except for Arabidopsis, TT8 is also expressed in ovules, carpels and fruits. The homologues belonging to the sister clade of TT8, EGL3/GL3, involved in trichome development, are expressed in the outermost layer of the seed coat, suggesting potential roles in mucilage. CONCLUSIONS The ancestral function of these genes appears to be flavonoid biosynthesis, and the conservation of TT8 expression patterns in the innermost layer of the seed coat in angiosperms suggests that their function in postzygotic barriers might also be conserved. Moreover, the literature review and the results of the present study suggest a sophisticated association, linking the mechanisms of action of these genes to the cross-communication activity between the different tissues of the seed. Thus, it provides avenues to study the mechanisms of action of TT8 in the postzygotic triploid block, which is crucial because it impacts seed development in unbalanced crosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Flavio Gabrieli
- Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale DII, University of Padua, via Gradenigo, 6/a, Padova, Italy
| | - Jovannemar Anire
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Coconut Research Center – Visayas, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Department of BioScience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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10
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Huang Y, He J, Xu Y, Zheng W, Wang S, Chen P, Zeng B, Yang S, Jiang X, Liu Z, Wang L, Wang X, Liu S, Lu Z, Liu Z, Yu H, Yue J, Gao J, Zhou X, Long C, Zeng X, Guo YJ, Zhang WF, Xie Z, Li C, Ma Z, Jiao W, Zhang F, Larkin RM, Krueger RR, Smith MW, Ming R, Deng X, Xu Q. Pangenome analysis provides insight into the evolution of the orange subfamily and a key gene for citric acid accumulation in citrus fruits. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1964-1975. [PMID: 37783780 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The orange subfamily (Aurantioideae) contains several Citrus species cultivated worldwide, such as sweet orange and lemon. The origin of Citrus species has long been debated and less is known about the Aurantioideae. Here, we compiled the genome sequences of 314 accessions, de novo assembled the genomes of 12 species and constructed a graph-based pangenome for Aurantioideae. Our analysis indicates that the ancient Indian Plate is the ancestral area for Citrus-related genera and that South Central China is the primary center of origin of the Citrus genus. We found substantial variations in the sequence and expression of the PH4 gene in Citrus relative to Citrus-related genera. Gene editing and biochemical experiments demonstrate a central role for PH4 in the accumulation of citric acid in citrus fruits. This study provides insights into the origin and evolution of the orange subfamily and a regulatory mechanism underpinning the evolution of fruit taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxian He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuizhi Yang
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishuang Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziang Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Yue
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Gao
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyan Zhou
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunrui Long
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zeng
- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Fruit Trees Scientific Observation Test Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lhasa, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jie Guo
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Fu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaocheng Ma
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Jiao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert R Krueger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Malcolm W Smith
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Xu L, Zang E, Sun S, Li M. Main flavor compounds and molecular regulation mechanisms in fruits and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11859-11879. [PMID: 35816297 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2097195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables (F&V) are an indispensable part of a healthy diet. The volatile and nonvolatile compounds present in F&V constitute unique flavor substances. This paper reviews the main flavor substances present in F&V, as well as the biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation mechanisms of these compounds. A series of compounds introduced include aromatic substances, soluble sugars and organic acids, which constitute the key flavor substances of F&V. Esters, phenols, alcohols, amino acids and terpenes are the main volatile aromatic substances, and nonvolatile substances are represented by amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates; The combination of these ingredients is the cause of the sour, sweet, bitter, astringent and spicy taste of these foods. This provides a theoretical basis for the study of the interaction between volatile and nonvolatile substances in F&V, and also provides a research direction for the healthy development of food in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Erhuan Zang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Shuying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Minhui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, China
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12
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Wang J, Xu R, Qiu S, Wang W, Zheng F. CsTT8 regulates anthocyanin accumulation in blood orange through alternative splicing transcription. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad190. [PMID: 37927409 PMCID: PMC10623405 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A homologous gene of basic-helix-loop-helix AtTT8 in Arabidopsis thaliana was identified in juice sac cells of pulp tissues from blood orange (Citrus sinensis cv 'Tarocco'), which was designated as CsTT8 in this study. Additionally, the mRNA levels of TT8 with the full-length open reading frame were significantly higher in 'Tarocco' than in mutant fruit lacking pigment in pulp or peel tissues. However, an alternative splicing transcript, Δ15-TT8, with the fourth exon skipped, was also identified from transcripts different in length from that in 'Tarocco'. The mRNA levels of Δ15-TT8 were higher in mutant fruit lacking pigment in pulp or peel tissues than in the wild type. Therefore, the TT8/Δ15-TT8 mRNA level ratio was found to be crucial for sufficient pigment in either pulp or peel tissues. TT8 from blood orange fruit demonstrated the capacity for nucleus localization and binding to other proteins. In contrast, Δ15-TT8, lacking the fourth exon, lost its ability to interact with RUBY1 and to localize at the nucleus. Using a dual luciferase reporter assay and transient overexpression in tobacco, we proved that two regulatory complexes formed by a functional TT8 with different MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)-type partners significantly promoted expression of an anthocyanin biosynthetic gene and a proton pumping gene, leading to anthocyanin and citrate production. Our findings suggest that TT8, rather than dysfunctional Δ15-TT8, is possibly involved in modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and its transport into vacuoles by proton gradients. However, increased mRNA levels of the dysfunctional alternative splicing transcript may act as a negative feedback to downregulate TT8 expression and limit anthocyanin accumulation in blood oranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Zhang Lan Honors College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shuangping Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Weichun Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Zhang Lan Honors College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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13
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Alabd A, Cheng H, Ahmad M, Wu X, Peng L, Wang L, Yang S, Bai S, Ni J, Teng Y. ABRE-BINDING FACTOR3-WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN44 module promotes salinity-induced malate accumulation in pear. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1982-1996. [PMID: 36932703 PMCID: PMC10315288 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Malate impacts fruit acidity and plays a vital role in stress tolerance. Malate accumulation is induced by salinity in various plants as a metabolite in coping with this stress. However, the exact molecular mechanism responsible for salinity-induced malate accumulation remains unclear. Here, we determined that salinity treatment induces malate accumulation in pear (Pyrus spp.) fruit, calli, and plantlets compared to the control. Genetic and biochemical analyses established the key roles of PpWRKY44 and ABRE-BINDING FACTOR3 (PpABF3) transcription factors in promoting malate accumulation in response to salinity. We found that PpWRKY44 is involved in salinity-induced malate accumulation by directly binding to a W-box on the promoter of the malate-associated gene aluminum-activated malate transporter 9 (PpALMT9) to activate its expression. A series of in-vivo and in-vitro assays revealed that the G-box cis-element in the promoter of PpWRKY44 was targeted by PpABF3, which further enhanced salinity-induced malate accumulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that PpWRKY44 and PpABF3 play positive roles in salinity-induced malate accumulation in pears. This research provides insights into the molecular mechanism by which salinity affects malate accumulation and fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alabd
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mudassar Ahmad
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lin Peng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Songling Bai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Junbei Ni
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuanwen Teng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
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14
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Jin Y, Liao M, Li N, Ma X, Zhang H, Han J, Li D, Yang J, Lu X, Long G, Deng Z, Sheng L. Weighted gene coexpression correlation network analysis reveals the potential molecular regulatory mechanism of citrate and anthocyanin accumulation between postharvest 'Bingtangcheng' and 'Tarocco' blood orange fruit. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:296. [PMID: 37268922 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic acids and anthocyanins are the most important compounds for the flavor and nutritional quality of citrus fruit. However, there are few reports on the involvement of co-regulation of citrate and anthocyanin metabolism. Here, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis to elucidate the genes and pathways involved in both citrate and anthocyanin accumulation in postharvest citrus fruit with 'Tarocco' blood orange (TBO; high accumulation) and 'Bingtangcheng' sweet orange (BTSO; low accumulation). RESULTS A robust core set of 825 DEGs were found to be temporally associated with citrate and anthocyanin accumulation throughout the storage period through transcriptome analysis. Further according to the results of weighted gene coexpression correlation network analysis (WGCNA), the turquoise and brown module was highly positively correlated with both of the content of citrate and anthocyanin, and p-type ATPase (PH8), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCK), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and glutathione S transferase (GST) were considered key structural genes. Moreover, MYB family transcription factor (PH4), Zinc finger PHD-type transcription factor (CHR4, HAC12), Zinc finger SWIM-type transcription factor (FAR1) and Zinc finger C3H1-type transcription factor (ATC3H64) were considered hub genes related to these structural genes. Further qRT-PCR analysis verified that these transcription factors were highly expressed in TBO fruit and their expression profiles were significantly positively correlated with the structural genes of citrate and anthocyanin metabolism as well as the content of citrate and anthocyanin content. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the CHR4, FAR1, ATC3H64 and HAC12 may be the new transcription regulators participate in controlling the level of citrate and anthocyanin in postharvest TBO fruit in addition to PH4. These results may providing new insight into the regulation mechanism of citrate and anthocyanin accumulation in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Manyu Liao
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Na Li
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Jian Han
- Hunan Horticultural Research Institute, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Dazhi Li
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Guiyou Long
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Ziniu Deng
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Ling Sheng
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China.
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Ferrer V, Paymal N, Costantino G, Paoli M, Quinton C, Tomi F, Luro F. Correspondence between the Compositional and Aromatic Diversity of Leaf and Fruit Essential Oils and the Pomological Diversity of 43 Sweet Oranges ( Citrus x aurantium var sinensis L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:990. [PMID: 36903852 PMCID: PMC10005092 DOI: 10.3390/plants12050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Orange (Citrus x aurantium var sinensis) is the most widely consumed citrus fruit, and its essential oil, which is made from the peel, is the most widely used in the food, perfume, and cosmetics industries. This citrus fruit is an interspecific hybrid that would have appeared long before our era and would result from two natural crosses between mandarin and pummelo hybrids. This single initial genotype was multiplied by apomictic reproduction and diversified by mutations to produce hundreds of cultivars selected by men essentially based on phenotypic characteristics of appearance, spread of maturity, and taste. Our study aimed to assess the diversity of essential oil composition and variability in the aroma profile of 43 orange cultivars representing all morphotypes. In agreement with the mutation-based evolution of orange trees, the genetic variability tested with 10 SSR genetic markers was null. The oils from peels and leaves extracted by hydrodistillation were analyzed for composition by GC (FID) and GC/MS and for aroma profile by the CATA (Check All That Apply) method by panelists. Oil yield varied between varieties by a factor of 3 for PEO and a factor of 14 for LEO between maximum and minimum. The composition of the oils was very similar between cultivars and was mainly dominated by limonene (>90%). However, small variations were observed as well as in the aromatic profile, with some varieties clearly distinguishing themselves from the others. This low chemical diversity contrasts with the pomological diversity, suggesting that aromatic variability has never been a selection criterion in orange trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ferrer
- INRAE, UMR AGAP Institut, INRAE, Institut Agro, Cirad, University Montpellier, 20230 San Giuliano, France
- Rémy Cointreau–Les Molières, 49124 Saint-Barthélemy-d’Anjou, France
| | - Noémie Paymal
- Rémy Cointreau–Les Molières, 49124 Saint-Barthélemy-d’Anjou, France
| | - Gilles Costantino
- INRAE, UMR AGAP Institut, INRAE, Institut Agro, Cirad, University Montpellier, 20230 San Giuliano, France
| | - Mathieu Paoli
- CNRS, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, UMR SPE 6134, Université de Corse, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - Carole Quinton
- Rémy Cointreau–Les Molières, 49124 Saint-Barthélemy-d’Anjou, France
| | - Félix Tomi
- CNRS, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, UMR SPE 6134, Université de Corse, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - François Luro
- INRAE, UMR AGAP Institut, INRAE, Institut Agro, Cirad, University Montpellier, 20230 San Giuliano, France
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16
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Yang J, Wu X, Aucapiña CB, Zhang D, Huang J, Hao Z, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Miao Y. NtMYB12 requires for competition between flavonol and (pro)anthocyanin biosynthesis in Narcissus tazetta tepals. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:2. [PMID: 37789446 PMCID: PMC10515073 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The color of flowers is one of the main characteristics adopted for plants to attract pollinators to ensure the reproductive success of the plant, they are also important in their ornamental appeal in Narcissus plant. In this study, we identified a NtMYB12 locus encoding an R2R3-MYB transcription factor. Comparative transcriptome analysis of loss- and gain- of NtMYB12 tissue relative to wild-type narcissus showed NtMYB12 was mainly involved in flavonol and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways. Biochemical evidences of dual-luciferase activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay supported that MYB12 directly bound to promoters of NtFLS, NtLAR, and NtDFR that were cloned by genome walking assay, and activated NtFLS and NtLAR expression but repressed NtDFR expression. More interestingly, NtMYB12 can interact with NtbHLH1 and NtWD40-1 proteins via R3 domain that were selected by transcriptome-based WGCNA and confirmed by yeast two hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assay. Interaction of NtMYB12 with NtbHLH1 and NtWD40-1 forming MYB-bHLH-WD40 triplex specially activated NtDFR and NtANS expression and promoted (pro)anthocyanin accumulation, while NtMYB12 alone activated NtFLS and NtLAR expression and accumulated flavonols, but repressed NtDFR expression. These results indicated that NtMYB12 alone or NtMYB12-bHLH1-WD40-1 triplex requires for competition of metabolism fluxes between flavonol and (pro)anthocyanin biosynthesis. NtMYB12 dually functions on flavonol and proanthocyanin biogenesis via physically binding to NtFLS and NtLAR promoter activating their expression and on (pro)anthocyanin biosynthesis via NtMYB12-NtWD40-NtbHLH (MBW) triplex activating NtDFR and NtANS expression. Requirement of NtMYB12 alone or MBW complex for the competition between flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis results in narcissus colorized petal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xi Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Cristina belen Aucapiña
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jiazhi Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Ziyuan Hao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yujun Ren
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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17
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Nerva L, Dalla Costa L, Ciacciulli A, Sabbadini S, Pavese V, Dondini L, Vendramin E, Caboni E, Perrone I, Moglia A, Zenoni S, Michelotti V, Micali S, La Malfa S, Gentile A, Tartarini S, Mezzetti B, Botta R, Verde I, Velasco R, Malnoy MA, Licciardello C. The Role of Italy in the Use of Advanced Plant Genomic Techniques on Fruit Trees: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:977. [PMID: 36674493 PMCID: PMC9861864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is deeply impacting the food chain production, lowering quality and yield. In this context, the international scientific community has dedicated many efforts to enhancing resilience and sustainability in agriculture. Italy is among the main European producers of several fruit trees; therefore, national research centers and universities undertook several initiatives to maintain the specificity of the 'Made in Italy' label. Despite their importance, fruit crops are suffering from difficulties associated with the conventional breeding approaches, especially in terms of financial commitment, land resources availability, and long generation times. The 'new genomic techniques' (NGTs), renamed in Italy as 'technologies for assisted evolution' (TEAs), reduce the time required to obtain genetically improved cultivars while precisely targeting specific DNA sequences. This review aims to illustrate the role of the Italian scientific community in the use of NGTs, with a specific focus on Citrus, grapevine, apple, pear, chestnut, strawberry, peach, and kiwifruit. For each crop, the key genes and traits on which the scientific community is working, as well as the technological improvements and advancements on the regeneration of local varieties, are presented. Lastly, a focus is placed on the legal aspects in the European and in Italian contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nerva
- Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Angelo Ciacciulli
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabbadini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vera Pavese
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Dondini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Vendramin
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Caboni
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Vania Michelotti
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 29017 Fiorenzuola D’Arda, Italy
| | - Sabrina Micali
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano La Malfa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Ignazio Verde
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Mickael Arnaud Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Concetta Licciardello
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 95024 Acireale, Italy
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18
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Bian R, Yu S, Song X, Yao J, Zhang J, Zhang Z. An Integrated Metabolomic and Gene Expression Analysis of 'Sachinoka' Strawberry and Its Somaclonal Mutant Reveals Fruit Color and Volatiles Differences. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:82. [PMID: 36616212 PMCID: PMC9824559 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissue culture produces a wide range of genetic variations which are useful for quality improvement of the plant species. However, the differences in metabolic components and the key genes responsible for the difference in metabolic components between somaclonal variation and the original parent are still largely unknown. In this study, a mutant named 'Mixue' was identified with somaclonal variation of the 'Sachinoka' strawberry. The contents of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in the red fruit of 'Mixue' were significantly decreased compared with 'Sachinoka'. In comparison with 'Sachinoka', the expression levels of FaMYB10, FaMYB11.2, FaWD40 and FaTT19 in the turning fruit of 'Mixue' were significantly down-regulated, while the expression of FaMYB1 was significantly up-regulated in the red fruit. 'Sachinoka' and 'Mixue' fruits were found to have 110 volatile components. Among them, 15 volatile components in the red fruit of 'Mixue' were significantly increased compared with 'Sachinoka', such as nerolidol, benzaldehyde, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl isovalerate, which led to an enhanced aroma in 'Mixue' and might result from the up-regulated expression of FaNES1, FaCNL and FaAATs in 'Mixue'. These results provide useful information on the effect of somaclonal variation on metabolic components of strawberry fruit and lay the foundation for the improvement in quality of strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Bian
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jinxiang Yao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
- Analytical and Testing Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Salonia F, Ciacciulli A, Pappalardo HD, Poles L, Pindo M, Larger S, Caruso P, Caruso M, Licciardello C. A dual sgRNA-directed CRISPR/Cas9 construct for editing the fruit-specific β-cyclase 2 gene in pigmented citrus fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975917. [PMID: 36582639 PMCID: PMC9792771 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is a modern biotechnological approach used to improve plant varieties, modifying only one or a few traits of a specific variety. However, this technology cannot be easily used to improve fruit quality traits in citrus, due to the lack of knowledge of key genes, long juvenile stage, and the difficulty regenerating whole plants of specific varieties. Here, we introduce a genome editing approach with the aim of producing citrus plantlets whose fruits contain both lycopene and anthocyanins. Our method employs a dual single guide RNA (sgRNA)-directed genome editing approach to knockout the fruit-specific β-cyclase 2 gene, responsible for the conversion of lycopene to beta-carotene. The gene is targeted by two sgRNAs simultaneously to create a large deletion, as well as to induce point mutations in both sgRNA targets. The EHA105 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to transform five different anthocyanin-pigmented sweet oranges, belonging to the Tarocco and Sanguigno varietal groups, and 'Carrizo' citrange, a citrus rootstock as a model for citrus transformation. Among 58 plantlets sequenced in the target region, 86% of them were successfully edited. The most frequent mutations were deletions (from -1 to -74 nucleotides) and insertions (+1 nucleotide). Moreover, a novel event was identified in six plantlets, consisting of the inversion of the region between the two sgRNAs. For 20 plantlets in which a single mutation occurred, we excluded chimeric events. Plantlets did not show an altered phenotype in vegetative tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first example of the use of a genome editing approach to potentially improve qualitative traits of citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Salonia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angelo Ciacciulli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Helena Domenica Pappalardo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Lara Poles
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Trento with S. Michele all’ Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Larger
- Research and Innovation Centre, Trento with S. Michele all’ Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Caruso
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Marco Caruso
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Concetta Licciardello
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
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20
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Long T, Wang S, Yang J. Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains. Metabolites 2022; 12:871. [PMID: 36144275 PMCID: PMC9506007 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains are known as the three major pigments in the plant kingdom. Anthocyanins are flavonoids derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They undergo acylation and glycosylation in the cytoplasm to produce anthocyanin derivatives and deposits in the cytoplasm. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is regulated by the MBW (comprised by R2R3-MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40) complex. Carotenoids are fat-soluble terpenoids whose synthetic genes also are regulated by the MBW complex. As precursors for the synthesis of hormones and nutrients, carotenoids are not only synthesized in plants, but also synthesized in some fungi and bacteria, and play an important role in photosynthesis. Betalains are special water-soluble pigments that exist only in Caryophyllaceae plants. Compared to anthocyanins and carotenoids, the synthesis and regulation mechanism of betalains is simpler, starting from tyrosine, and is only regulated by MYB (myeloblastosis). Recently, a considerable amount of novel information has been gathered on the regulation of plant pigment biosynthesis, specifically with respect to aspects. In this review, we summarize the knowledge and current gaps in our understanding with a view of highlighting opportunities for the development of pigment-rich plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zhao
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yueran Zhang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tuan Long
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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21
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Perez-Roman E, Borredá C, Tadeo FR, Talon M. Transcriptome analysis of the pulp of citrus fruitlets suggests that domestication enhanced growth processes and reduced chemical defenses increasing palatability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:982683. [PMID: 36119632 PMCID: PMC9478336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.982683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To identify key traits brought about by citrus domestication, we have analyzed the transcriptomes of the pulp of developing fruitlets of inedible wild Ichang papeda (Citrus ichangensis), acidic Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin (C. reticulata) and three palatable segregants of a cross between commercial Clementine (C. x clementina) and W. Murcott (C. x reticulata) mandarins, two pummelo/mandarin admixtures of worldwide distribution. RNA-seq comparison between the wild citrus and the ancestral sour mandarin identified 7267 differentially expressed genes, out of which 2342 were mapped to 117 KEGG pathways. From the remaining genes, a set of 2832 genes was functionally annotated and grouped into 45 user-defined categories. The data suggest that domestication promoted fundamental growth processes to the detriment of the production of chemical defenses, namely, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, glucosinolates and cyanogenic glucosides. In the papeda, the generation of energy to support a more active secondary metabolism appears to be dependent upon upregulation of glycolysis, fatty acid degradation, Calvin cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP-citrate lyase and GABA pathways. In the acidic mandarin, downregulation of cytosolic citrate degradation was concomitant with vacuolar citrate accumulation. These changes affected nitrogen and carbon allocation in both species leading to major differences in organoleptic properties since the reduction of unpleasant secondary metabolites increases palatability while acidity reduces acceptability. The comparison between the segregants and the acidic mandarin identified 357 transcripts characterized by the occurrence in the three segregants of additional downregulation of secondary metabolites and basic structural cell wall components. The segregants also showed upregulation of genes involved in the synthesis of methyl anthranilate and furaneol, key substances of pleasant fruity aroma and flavor, and of sugar transporters relevant for sugar accumulation. Transcriptome and qPCR analysis in developing and ripe fruit of a set of genes previously associated with citric acid accumulation, demonstrated that lower acidity is linked to downregulation of these regulatory genes in the segregants. The results suggest that the transition of inedible papeda to sour mandarin implicated drastic gene expression reprograming of pivotal pathways of the primary and secondary metabolism, while palatable mandarins evolved through progressive refining of palatability properties, especially acidity.
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22
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Lu Z, Huang Y, Mao S, Wu F, Liu Y, Mao X, Adhikari PB, Xu Y, Wang L, Zuo H, Rao MJ, Xu Q. The high-quality genome of pummelo provides insights into the tissue-specific regulation of citric acid and anthocyanin during domestication. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac175. [PMID: 36238347 PMCID: PMC9552194 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid and anthocyanin contents were co-selected during Citrus domestication. Pummelo is a founding species in the Citrus genus, but the domestication of pummelo has not been well studied. Here, we compared the citric acid and anthocyanin contents of a low citric acid pummelo (Citrus maxima LCA) and its high citric acid variety (HCA) from the same cultivation area in China. Our study revealed that, unlike the LCA type, the HCA variety accumulated anthocyanin in the pericarp early in fruit development. To investigate the genetic basis of acid and anthocyanin enrichment in HCA pulp and pericarp, respectively, we generated a chromosome-scale HCA genome using long-read sequence reads and Hi-C sequencing data. Transcriptome analysis and transient overexpression assays showed that the accumulation of citric acid and anthocyanin was associated with high expression of CgANTHOCYANIN1 (CgAN1), and two different MYBs transcription factors (CgPH4 and CgRuby1), respectively. Moreover, the CgAN1 promoter was more methylated in the LCA pulp than in the HCA pulp. Treatment with a DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, alleviated the CgAN1 promoter hypermethylation in the LCA pulp, leading to increased CgAN1 expression and citric acid content. This study provides a new high-quality pummelo genome and insight into the molecular mechanism behind the change in tissue-specific citric acid and anthocyanin accumulation during pummelo domestication and provides a conceptual basis for precise genetic manipulation in fruit flavor breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sangyin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Research Center of Majia Pummelo, Guangfeng, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiangqing Mao
- Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Area, Guangfeng, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334000, China
| | - Prakash Babu Adhikari
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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23
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Wang X, Chen X, Luo S, Ma W, Li N, Zhang W, Tikunov Y, Xuan S, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zheng G, Yu P, Bai Y, Bovy A, Shen S. Discovery of a DFR gene that controls anthocyanin accumulation in the spiny Solanum group: roles of a natural promoter variant and alternative splicing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1096-1109. [PMID: 35749258 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important pigments that impart color in plants. In Solanum, different species display various fruit or flower colors due to varying degrees of anthocyanin accumulation. Here we identified two anthocyanin-free mutants from an ethylmethane sulfonate-induced mutant library and naturally occurring mutants in Solanum melongena, with mutations in the 5' splicing site of the second intron of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) - leading to altered splicing. Further study revealed that alternative splicing of the second intron was closely related to anthocyanin accumulation in 17 accessions from three cultivated species: S. melongena, Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum aethiopicum, and their wild related species. Analysis of natural variations of DFR, using an expanded population including 282 accessions belonging to the spiny Solanum group, identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MYB recognition site in the promoter region, which causes differential expression of DFR and affects anthocyanin accumulation in fruits of the detected accessions. Our study suggests that, owing to years of domestication, the natural variation in the DFR promoter region and the alternative splicing of the DFR gene account for altered anthocyanin accumulation during spiny Solanum domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Gengdi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuxing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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24
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Shoji T, Umemoto N, Saito K. Genetic divergence in transcriptional regulators of defense metabolism: insight into plant domestication and improvement. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:401-411. [PMID: 34114167 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of mutational changes in transcriptional regulators of defense metabolism have occurred during plant domestication and improvement. Plant domestication and improvement entail genetic changes that underlie divergence in development and metabolism, providing a tremendous model of biological evolution. Plant metabolism produces numerous specialized alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and cyanogenic glucosides with indispensable roles in defense against herbivory and microbial infection. Many compounds toxic or deterrent to predators have been eliminated through domestication and breeding. Series of genes involved in defense metabolism are coordinately regulated by transcription factors that specifically recognize cis-regulatory elements in promoter regions of downstream target genes. Recent developments in DNA sequencing technologies and genomic approaches have facilitated studies of the metabolic and genetic changes in chemical defense that have occurred via human-mediated selection, many of which result from mutations in transcriptional regulators of defense metabolism. In this article, we review such examples in almond (Prunus dulcis), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), pepper (Capsicum spp.), potato (Solanum tuberosum), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and related species and discuss insights into the evolution and regulation of metabolic pathways for specialized defense compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shoji
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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25
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He J, Xu Y, Huang D, Fu J, Liu Z, Wang L, Zhang Y, Xu R, Li L, Deng X, Xu Q. TRIPTYCHON-LIKE regulates aspects of both fruit flavor and color in citrus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3610-3624. [PMID: 35263759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of organoleptic traits is critical for improving the quality of fruits, which greatly shapes their appeal to consumers. Here, we characterize the citrus R3-MYB transcription factor TRIPTYCHON-LIKE (CitTRL), which is closely associated with the levels of citric acid, proanthocyanidins (PAs), and anthocyanins. Overexpression of CitTRL lowered acidity levels and PA contents in citrus calli as well as anthocyanin and PA contents in Arabidopsis leaves and seeds. CitTRL interacts with the two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins CitbHLH1 and ANTHOCYANIN 1 (CitAN1) to regulate fruit quality. We show that CitTRL competes with the R2R3-MYB CitRuby1 for binding to CitbHLH1 or CitAN1, thereby repressing their activation of anthocyanin structural genes. CitTRL also competes with a second R2R3-MYB, CitPH4, for binding to CitAN1, thus altering the expression of the vacuolar proton-pump gene PH5 and Leucoanthocyanidin reductase, responsible for vacuolar acidification and proanthocyanidins biosynthesis, respectively. Moreover, CitPH4 activates CitTRL transcription, thus forming an activator-repressor loop to prevent the overaccumulation of citric acid and PAs. Overall, this study demonstrates that CitTRL acts as a repressor of the accumulation of citric acid, PAs, and anthocyanins by a cross-regulation mechanism. Our results provide an opportunity to simultaneously manipulate these key traits as a means to produce citrus fruits that are both visually and organoleptically appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ding Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jialing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Li
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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26
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Buck R, Flores-Rentería L. The Syngameon Enigma. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:895. [PMID: 35406874 PMCID: PMC9002738 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite their evolutionary relevance, multispecies networks or syngameons are rarely reported in the literature. Discovering how syngameons form and how they are maintained can give insight into processes such as adaptive radiations, island colonizations, and the creation of new hybrid lineages. Understanding these complex hybridization networks is even more pressing with anthropogenic climate change, as syngameons may have unique synergistic properties that will allow participating species to persist. The formation of a syngameon is not insurmountable, as several ways for a syngameon to form have been proposed, depending mostly on the magnitude and frequency of gene flow events, as well as the relatedness of its participants. Episodic hybridization with small amounts of introgression may keep syngameons stable and protect their participants from any detrimental effects of gene flow. As genomic sequencing becomes cheaper and more species are included in studies, the number of known syngameons is expected to increase. Syngameons must be considered in conservation efforts as the extinction of one participating species may have detrimental effects on the survival of all other species in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Buck
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
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Liu S, Liu X, Gou B, Wang D, Liu C, Sun J, Yin X, Grierson D, Li S, Chen K. The Interaction Between CitMYB52 and CitbHLH2 Negatively Regulates Citrate Accumulation by Activating CitALMT in Citrus Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:848869. [PMID: 35386675 PMCID: PMC8978962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.848869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid plays significant roles in numerous physiological processes in plants, including carbon metabolism, signal transduction, and tolerance to environmental stress. For fruits, it has a major effect on fruit organoleptic quality by directly influencing consumer taste. Citric acid in citrus is mainly regulated by the balance between synthesis, degradation, and vacuolar storage. The genetic and molecular regulations of citric acid synthesis and degradation have been comprehensively elucidated. However, the transporters for citric acid in fruits are less well understood. Here, an aluminum-activated malate transporter, CitALMT, was characterized. Transient overexpression and stable transformation of CitALMT significantly reduced citrate concentration in citrus fruits and transgenic callus. Correspondingly, transient RNA interference-induced silencing of CitALMT and increased citrate significantly, indicating that CitALMT plays an important role in regulating citrate concentration in citrus fruits. In addition, dual-luciferase assays indicated that CitMYB52 and CitbHLH2 could trans-activate the promoter of CitALMT. EMSA analysis showed that CitbHLH2 could physically interact with the E-box motif in the CitALMT promoter. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation and transient overexpression, and RNAi assay indicated that the interaction between CitMYB52 and CitbHLH2 could synergistically trans-activate CitALMT to negatively regulate citrate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bangrui Gou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chunrong Liu
- Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Quzhou, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueren Yin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Shaojia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Albert NW, Lafferty DJ, Moss SMA, Davies KM. Flavonoids – flowers, fruit, forage and the future. J R Soc N Z 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2034654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Declan J. Lafferty
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M. A. Moss
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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29
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Wang Q, Cao K, Cheng L, Li Y, Guo J, Yang X, Wang J, Khan IA, Zhu G, Fang W, Chen C, Wang X, Wu J, Xu Q, Wang L. Multi-omics approaches identify a key gene, PpTST1, for organic acid accumulation in peach. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac026. [PMID: 35184194 PMCID: PMC9171119 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic acid content in fruit is an important determinant of peach organoleptic quality, which undergoes considerable variations during development and maturation. However, its molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. In this study, an integrative approach of genome-wide association studies and comparative transcriptome analysis were applied to identify candidate genes involved in organic acid accumulation in peach. A key gene PpTST1, encoding tonoplast sugar transporter, was identified and the genotype of PpTST1 with a single-base transversion (G1584T) in the third exon which leads to a single amino acid substitution (Q528H) was associated with low level of organic acid content in peach. Overexpression of PpTST1His resulted in reduced organic acid content along with increased sugar content both in peach and tomato fruits, suggesting its dual function in sugar accumulation and organic acid content reduction. Two V-type proton ATPases interact with PpTST1 in yeast two-hybridization assay. In addition, the G1584T transversion appeared and gradually accumulated during domestication and improvement, which indicated that PpTST1 was under selection. The identification and characterization of PpTST1 would facilitate the improvement of peach fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Xuanwen Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Irshad Ahmad Khan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Gengrui Zhu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Weichao Fang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Changwen Chen
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jinlong Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
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30
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Abstract
Rootstock choice has important effects on the horticultural and pathological traits of the citrus cultivars. Thus, the scion/rootstock combination can affect tree vigour, nutrition, and stress resistance; it can also have positive influences on the fruit quality traits. Although the study of rootstock effects has been a relevant research topic in citrus for many years, the main body of such study has been conducted at the biochemical level, while little effort has been directed to the determination of the rootstock influences at the molecular level. A comparative study of three combinations of scion and rootstock shows a positive correlation between the regulation of the fruit quality-related genes and the accumulations of bioactive compounds, as well as with acid degradation. Monitoring the anthocyanin accumulation during ripening shows the scion/rootstock combination can increase anthocyanin synthesis in the fruit, as well as vitamin C accumulation and acid degradation. Our results show that the rootstock genotype can exert important influences on citrus fruit quality by affecting gene expression in the scion. New insights into the molecular interactions between scion and rootstock may help unravel the systems through which rootstocks exert their influences on the regulatory networks in the scion, so as to influence relevant agronomic traits. This information should result in an improved rootstock breeding selection and definition of scion/rootstock combinations to enhance fruit quality traits.
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31
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Gonzalez-Ibeas D, Ibanez V, Perez-Roman E, Borredá C, Terol J, Talon M. Shaping the biology of citrus: II. Genomic determinants of domestication. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20133. [PMID: 34464512 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We performed genomic analyses on species and varieties of the genus Citrus to identify several determinants of domestication, based on the pattern of pummelo [Citrus maxima (Burr. f) Merr] and mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) admixture into the ancestral genome, as well as population genetic tests at smaller scales. Domestication impacted gene families regulating pivotal components of citrus flavor (such as acidity) because in edible mandarin varieties, chromosome areas with negative Tajimas values were enriched with genes associated with the regulation of citric acid. Detection of sweeps in edible mandarins that diverged from wild relatives indicated that domestication reduced chemical defenses involving cyanogenesis and alkaloid synthesis, thus increasing palatability. Also, a cluster of SAUR genes in domesticated mandarins derived from the pummelo genome appears to contain candidate genes controlling fruit size. Similarly, conserved stretches of pure mandarin areas were likely important as well for domestication, as, for example, a fragment in chromosome 1 that is involved in the apomictic reproduction of most edible mandarins. Interestingly, our results also support the hypothesis that various genes subject to selective pressure during evolution or derived from whole genome duplication events later became potential targets of domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonzalez-Ibeas
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada CV-315, Km 10, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Victoria Ibanez
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada CV-315, Km 10, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Estela Perez-Roman
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada CV-315, Km 10, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Carles Borredá
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada CV-315, Km 10, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada CV-315, Km 10, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada CV-315, Km 10, Valencia, 46113, Spain
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32
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Munro LJ, Kell DB. Intelligent host engineering for metabolic flux optimisation in biotechnology. Biochem J 2021; 478:3685-3721. [PMID: 34673920 PMCID: PMC8589332 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimising the function of a protein of length N amino acids by directed evolution involves navigating a 'search space' of possible sequences of some 20N. Optimising the expression levels of P proteins that materially affect host performance, each of which might also take 20 (logarithmically spaced) values, implies a similar search space of 20P. In this combinatorial sense, then, the problems of directed protein evolution and of host engineering are broadly equivalent. In practice, however, they have different means for avoiding the inevitable difficulties of implementation. The spare capacity exhibited in metabolic networks implies that host engineering may admit substantial increases in flux to targets of interest. Thus, we rehearse the relevant issues for those wishing to understand and exploit those modern genome-wide host engineering tools and thinking that have been designed and developed to optimise fluxes towards desirable products in biotechnological processes, with a focus on microbial systems. The aim throughput is 'making such biology predictable'. Strategies have been aimed at both transcription and translation, especially for regulatory processes that can affect multiple targets. However, because there is a limit on how much protein a cell can produce, increasing kcat in selected targets may be a better strategy than increasing protein expression levels for optimal host engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan J. Munro
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Mellizyme Biotechnology Ltd, IC1, Liverpool Science Park, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5TF, U.K
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33
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Cappellini F, Marinelli A, Toccaceli M, Tonelli C, Petroni K. Anthocyanins: From Mechanisms of Regulation in Plants to Health Benefits in Foods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748049. [PMID: 34777426 PMCID: PMC8580863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins represent the major red, purple, and blue pigments in many flowers, fruits, vegetables, and cereals. They are also recognized as important health-promoting components in the human diet with protective effects against many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and cancer. Anthocyanin biosynthesis has been studied extensively, and both biosynthetic and key regulatory genes have been isolated in many plant species. Here, we will provide an overview of recent progress in understanding the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in plants, focusing on the transcription factors controlling activation or repression of anthocyanin accumulation in cereals and fruits of different plant species, with special emphasis on the differences in molecular mechanisms between monocot and dicot plants. Recently, new insight into the transcriptional regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis, including positive and negative feedback control as well as epigenetic and post-translational regulation of MYB-bHLH-WD40 complexes, has been gained. We will consider how knowledge of regulatory mechanisms has helped to produce anthocyanin-enriched foods through conventional breeding and metabolic engineering. Additionally, we will briefly discuss the biological activities of anthocyanins as components of the human diet and recent findings demonstrating the important health benefits of anthocyanin-rich foods against chronic diseases.
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34
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Liao L, Zhang W, Zhang B, Fang T, Wang XF, Cai Y, Ogutu C, Gao L, Chen G, Nie X, Xu J, Zhang Q, Ren Y, Yu J, Wang C, Deng CH, Ma B, Zheng B, You CX, Hu DG, Espley R, Lin-Wang K, Yao JL, Allan AC, Khan A, Korban SS, Fei Z, Ming R, Hao YJ, Li L, Han Y. Unraveling a genetic roadmap for improved taste in the domesticated apple. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1454-1471. [PMID: 34022440 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although taste is an important aspect of fruit quality, an understanding of its genetic control remains elusive in apple and other fruit crops. In this study, we conducted genomic sequence analysis of 497 Malus accessions and revealed erosion of genetic diversity caused by apple breeding and possible independent domestication events of dessert and cider apples. Signatures of selection for fruit acidity and size, but not for fruit sugar content, were detected during the processes of both domestication and improvement. Furthermore, we found that single mutations in major genes affecting fruit taste, including Ma1, MdTDT, and MdSOT2, dramatically decrease malate, citrate, and sorbitol accumulation, respectively, and correspond to important domestication events. Interestingly, Ma1 was identified to have pleiotropic effects on both organic acid content and sugar:acid ratio, suggesting that it plays a vital role in determining fruit taste. Fruit taste is unlikely to have been negatively affected by linkage drag associated with selection for larger fruit that resulted from the pyramiding of multiple genes with minor effects on fruit size. Collectively, our study provides new insights into the genetic basis of fruit quality and its evolutionary roadmap during apple domestication, pinpointing several candidate genes for genetic manipulation of fruit taste in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weihan Zhang
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Yaming Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Collins Ogutu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoqing Nie
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinsheng Xu
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quanyan Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Yiran Ren
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Chukun Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Cecilia H Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Baiquan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Beibei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Richard Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Awais Khan
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Schuyler S Korban
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China.
| | - Li Li
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuepeng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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35
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Diversification of mandarin citrus by hybrid speciation and apomixis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4377. [PMID: 34312382 PMCID: PMC8313541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin and dispersal of cultivated and wild mandarin and related citrus are poorly understood. Here, comparative genome analysis of 69 new east Asian genomes and other mainland Asian citrus reveals a previously unrecognized wild sexual species native to the Ryukyu Islands: C. ryukyuensis sp. nov. The taxonomic complexity of east Asian mandarins then collapses to a satisfying simplicity, accounting for tachibana, shiikuwasha, and other traditional Ryukyuan mandarin types as homoploid hybrid species formed by combining C. ryukyuensis with various mainland mandarins. These hybrid species reproduce clonally by apomictic seed, a trait shared with oranges, grapefruits, lemons and many cultivated mandarins. We trace the origin of apomixis alleles in citrus to mangshanyeju wild mandarins, which played a central role in citrus domestication via adaptive wild introgression. Our results provide a coherent biogeographic framework for understanding the diversity and domestication of mandarin-type citrus through speciation, admixture, and rapid diffusion of apomictic reproduction.
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Albert NW, Butelli E, Moss SM, Piazza P, Waite CN, Schwinn KE, Davies KM, Martin C. Discrete bHLH transcription factors play functionally overlapping roles in pigmentation patterning in flowers of Antirrhinum majus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:849-863. [PMID: 33616943 PMCID: PMC8248400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral pigmentation patterning is important for pollinator attraction as well as aesthetic appeal. Patterning of anthocyanin accumulation is frequently associated with variation in activity of the Myb, bHLH and WDR transcription factor complex (MBW) that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis. Investigation of two classic mutants in Antirrhinum majus, mutabilis and incolorata I, showed they affect a gene encoding a bHLH protein belonging to subclade bHLH-2. The previously characterised gene, Delila, which encodes a bHLH-1 protein, has a bicoloured mutant phenotype, with residual lobe-specific pigmentation conferred by Incolorata I. Both Incolorata I and Delila induce expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene DFR. Rosea 1 (Myb) and WDR1 proteins compete for interaction with Delila, but interact positively to promote Incolorata I activity. Delila positively regulates Incolorata I and WDR1 expression. Hierarchical regulation can explain the bicoloured patterning of delila mutants, through effects on both regulatory gene expression and the activity of promoters of biosynthetic genes like DFR that mediate MBW regulation. bHLH-1 and bHLH-2 proteins contribute to establishing patterns of pigment distribution in A. majus flowers in two ways: through functional redundancy in regulating anthocyanin biosynthetic gene expression, and through differences between the proteins in their ability to regulate genes encoding transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick W. Albert
- Plant & Food Research Food Industry Science CentreFitzherbert Science CentreBatchelar RoadPalmerston North4474New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah M.A. Moss
- Plant & Food Research Food Industry Science CentreFitzherbert Science CentreBatchelar RoadPalmerston North4474New Zealand
| | - Paolo Piazza
- Oxford Genomics CentreUniversity of OxfordRoosevelt DriveOxford,OX3 7BNUK
| | - Chethi N. Waite
- Plant & Food Research Food Industry Science CentreFitzherbert Science CentreBatchelar RoadPalmerston North4474New Zealand
| | - Kathy E. Schwinn
- Plant & Food Research Food Industry Science CentreFitzherbert Science CentreBatchelar RoadPalmerston North4474New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- Plant & Food Research Food Industry Science CentreFitzherbert Science CentreBatchelar RoadPalmerston North4474New Zealand
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Wang L, Huang Y, Liu Z, He J, Jiang X, He F, Lu Z, Yang S, Chen P, Yu H, Zeng B, Ke L, Xie Z, Larkin RM, Jiang D, Ming R, Buckler ES, Deng X, Xu Q. Somatic variations led to the selection of acidic and acidless orange cultivars. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:954-965. [PMID: 34140668 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Somatic variations are a major source of genetic diversification in asexual plants, and underpin clonal evolution and the breeding of asexual crops. Sweet orange is a model species for studying somatic variation because it reproduces asexually through apomixis and is propagated asexually through grafting. To dissect the genomic basis of somatic variation, we de novo assembled a reference genome of sweet orange with an average of three gaps per chromosome and a N50 contig of 24.2 Mb, as well as six diploid genomes of somatic mutants of sweet oranges. We then sequenced 114 somatic mutants with an average genome coverage of 41×. Categorization of the somatic variations yielded insights into the single-nucleotide somatic mutations, structural variations and transposable element (TE) transpositions. We detected 877 TE insertions, and found TE insertions in the transporter or its regulatory genes associated with variation in fruit acidity. Comparative genomic analysis of sweet oranges from three diversity centres supported a dispersal from South China to the Mediterranean region and to the Americas. This study provides a global view on the somatic variations, the diversification and dispersal history of sweet orange and a set of candidate genes that will be useful for improving fruit taste and flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - ZiAng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxian He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Fa He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuizhi Yang
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Huiwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Ke
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
Tremendous chemical diversity is the hallmark of plants and is supported by highly complex biochemical machinery. Plant metabolic enzymes originated and were transferred from eukaryotic and prokaryotic ancestors and further diversified by the unprecedented rates of gene duplication and functionalization experienced in land plants. Unlike microbes, which have frequent horizontal gene transfer events and multiple inputs of energy and organic carbon, land plants predominantly rely on organic carbon generated from CO2 and have experienced very few, if any, gene transfers during their recent evolutionary history. As such, plant metabolic networks have evolved in a stepwise manner and on existing networks under various evolutionary constraints. This review aims to take a broader view of plant metabolic evolution and lay a framework to further explore evolutionary mechanisms of the complex metabolic network. Understanding the underlying metabolic and genetic constraints is also an empirical prerequisite for rational engineering and redesigning of plant metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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Alseekh S, Scossa F, Wen W, Luo J, Yan J, Beleggia R, Klee HJ, Huang S, Papa R, Fernie AR. Domestication of Crop Metabolomes: Desired and Unintended Consequences. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:650-661. [PMID: 33653662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the crops and vegetables of today were domesticated from their wild progenitors within the past 12 000 years. Considerable research effort has been expended on characterizing the genes undergoing positive and negative selection during the processes of crop domestication and improvement. Many studies have also documented how the contents of a handful of metabolites have been altered during human selection, but we are only beginning to unravel the true extent of the metabolic consequences of breeding. We highlight how crop metabolomes have been wittingly or unwittingly shaped by the processes of domestication, and highlight how we can identify new targets for metabolite engineering for the purpose of de novo domestication of crop wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE),College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University Hubei, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University Hubei, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Romina Beleggia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-, CI), 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Harry J Klee
- Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture - Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
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Jia D, Wu P, Shen F, Li W, Zheng X, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Han Z. Genetic variation in the promoter of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor determines fruit malate content in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:549-568. [PMID: 33624810 PMCID: PMC8154052 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanism of malate accumulation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits can help to improve their flavor quality and enhance their benefits for human health. Here, we analyzed malate content as a quantitative trait that is determined mainly by genetic effects. In a previous study, we identified an R2R3-MYB transcription factor named MdMYB44 that was a candidate gene in qtl08.1 (quantitative trait locus mapped to chromosome 8) of fruit malate content. In the present study, we established that MdMYB44 negatively regulates fruit malate accumulation by repressing the promoter activity of the malate-associated genes Ma1 (Al-Activated Malate Transporter 9), Ma10 (P-type ATPase 10), MdVHA-A3 (V-type ATPase A3), and MdVHA-D2 (V-type ATPase D2). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MdMYB44 promoter, SNP A/G and SNP T/-, were experimentally shown to associate with fruit malate content. The TATA-box in the MdMYB44 promoter in the presence of SNP A enhances the basal activity of the MdMYB44 promoter. The binding of a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor MdbHLH49 to the MdMYB44 promoter was enhanced by the presence of SNP T, leading to increased MdMYB44 transcript levels and reduced malate accumulation. Furthermore, MdbHLH49 interacts with MdMYB44 and enhances MdMYB44 activity. The two SNPs could be used in combination to select for sour or non-sour apples, providing a valuable tool for the selection of fruit acidity by the apple breeding industry. This research is important for understanding the complex molecular mechanisms of fruit malate accumulation and accelerating the development of germplasm innovation in apple species and cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Jia
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Horticulture, Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongzhang Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu Y, Ma K, Qi Y, Lv G, Ren X, Liu Z, Ma F. Transcriptional Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis by MYB-bHLH-WDR Complexes in Kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3677-3691. [PMID: 33749265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The anthocyanin synthetic pathway is regulated centrally by an MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex. Anthocyanin pigmentation is an important fruit quality trait in red-fleshed kiwifruit; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms involving the MBW complex are not well understood. In this study, one R2R3MYB (AcMYBF110 expressed in fruit characteristically), one bHLH (AcbHLH1), two upstream regulators of AcbHLH1 (AcbHLH4 and AcbHLH5), and one WDR (AcWDR1) are characterized as being involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in kiwifruit. AcMYBF110 plays an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation by specifically activating the promoters of several anthocyanin pathway genes including AcCHS, AcF3'H, AcANS, AcUFGT3a, AcUFGT6b, and AcGST1. Coexpression of AcbHLH1, AcbHLH4, or AcbHLH5 together with AcMYBF110 induces much greater anthocyanin accumulation in both tobacco leaves and in Actinidia arguta fruit compared with AcMYBF110 alone. Moreover, this activation is further enhanced by adding AcWDR1. We found that both AcMYBF110 and AcWDR1 interact with all three AcbHLH factors, while AcMYBF110 also interacts with AcWDR1 to form three different MBW complexes that have different regulatory roles in anthocyanin accumulation of kiwifruit. The AcMYBF110-AcbHLH1-AcWDR1 complex directly targets the promoters of anthocyanin synthetic genes. Other features of the regulatory pathways identified include promotion of AcMYBF110, AcbHLH1,and AcWDR1 activities by this MBW complex, providing for both reinforcement and feedback regulation, whereas the AcMYBF110-AcbHLH4/5-AcWDR1 complex is indirectly involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis by activating the promoters of AcbHLH1 and AcWDR1 to amplify the regulation signals of the first MBW complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Kangxun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Yingwei Qi
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610 Guangdong, China
| | - Guowen Lv
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Zhande Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
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Genetic Mapping and Identification of the Candidate Gene for White Seed Coat in Cucurbita maxima. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062972. [PMID: 33804065 PMCID: PMC8000038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed coat color is an important agronomic trait of edible seed pumpkin in Cucurbita maxima. In this study, the development pattern of seed coat was detected in yellow and white seed coat accessions Wuminglv and Agol. Genetic analysis suggested that a single recessive gene white seed coat (wsc) is involved in seed coat color regulation in Cucurbita maxima. An F2 segregating population including 2798 plants was used for fine mapping and a candidate region containing nine genes was identified. Analysis of 54 inbred accessions revealed four main Insertion/Deletion sites in the promoter of CmaCh15G005270 encoding an MYB transcription factor were co-segregated with the phenotype of seed coat color. RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that some genes involved in phenylpropanoid/flavonoid metabolism pathway displayed remarkable distinction in Wuminglv and Agol during the seed coat development. The flanking InDel marker S1548 was developed to predict the seed coat color in the MAS breeding with an accuracy of 100%. The results may provide valuable information for further studies in seed coat color formation and structure development in Cucurbitaceae crops and help the molecular breeding of Cucurbita maxima.
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Wang L, Jiang X, Zhao L, Wang F, Liu Y, Zhou H, He H, Han Y. A candidate PpRPH gene of the D locus controlling fruit acidity in peach. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:321-332. [PMID: 33128723 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A candidate gene, designate PpRPH, in the D locus was identified to control fruit acidity in peach. Fruit acidity has a strong impact on organoleptic quality of fruit. Peach fruit acidity is controlled by a large-effect D locus on chromosome 5. In this study, the D locus was mapped to a 509-kb interval, with two markers, 5dC720 and 5C1019, co-segregating with the non-acid/acid trait of peach fruit. Within this interval, a candidate gene encoding a putative small protein, designated PpRPH, showed a consistency between gene expression and fruit acidity, with up- and down-regulation in non-acidic and acidic fruits, respectively. Transient ectopic expression of PpRPH in tobacco leaves caused an increase of pH by approximately 40% compared to the control transformed with empty vector. Whereas, the concentrations of citrate and malate decreased significantly by 22% and 37%, respectively, with respect to the empty vector control. All these results suggest that PpRPH is a strong candidate gene of the D locus. These findings contribute to our overall understanding of the complex mechanism underlying fruit acidity in peach as well as that in other fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Furong Wang
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430209, China
| | - Yudi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huaping He
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430209, China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Yu J, Gu K, Sun C, Zhang Q, Wang J, Ma F, You C, Hu D, Hao Y. The apple bHLH transcription factor MdbHLH3 functions in determining the fruit carbohydrates and malate. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:285-299. [PMID: 32757335 PMCID: PMC7868978 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Changes in carbohydrates and organic acids largely determine the palatability of edible tissues of horticulture crops. Elucidating the potential molecular mechanisms involved in the change in carbohydrates and organic acids, and their temporal and spatial crosstalk are key steps in understanding fruit developmental processes. Here, we used apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) as research materials and found that MdbHLH3, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH TF), modulates the accumulation of malate and carbohydrates. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that MdbHLH3 directly binds to the promoter of MdcyMDH that encodes an apple cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase, activating its transcriptional expression, thereby promoting malate accumulation in apple fruits. Additionally, MdbHLH3 overexpression increased the photosynthetic capacity and carbohydrate levels in apple leaves and also enhanced the carbohydrate accumulation in fruits by adjusting carbohydrate allocation from sources to sinks. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of how the bHLH TF MdbHLH3 modulates the fruit quality. It directly regulates the expression of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase MdcyMDH to coordinate carbohydrate allocation and malate accumulation in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Qiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
| | - Kai‐Di Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
| | - Cui‐Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
| | - Quan‐Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
| | - Jia‐Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
| | - Fang‐Fang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
| | - Chun‐Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
- MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm InnovationTai’anShandongChina
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTai’anShandongChina
| | - Da‐Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
- MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm InnovationTai’anShandongChina
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTai’anShandongChina
| | - Yu‐Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anShandongChina
- MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm InnovationTai’anShandongChina
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTai’anShandongChina
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Cautela D, De Sio F, Balestrieri ML, Casale R, Laratta B, Castaldo D, Pastore A, Servillo L, DʼOnofrio N. Amino acids, betaines and related ammonium compounds in Neapolitan limmo, a Mediterranean sweet lime, also known as lemoncetta Locrese. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:981-988. [PMID: 32761816 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The so-called 'Neapolitan limmo' or 'lemoncetta Locrese' is an old and now rare Mediterranean sweet lime, similar to lemon but smaller. It is a fruit distinguished from orange, lemon, mandarin, and lime for its sweeter, watery, and non-acidic taste, with a pH between 5.6 and 5.9. No compositional studies are currently available for this citrus fruit. Here we report, for the first time, the distribution in the limmo juice of free amino acids and their main derivatives such as betaines and related ammonium compounds. RESULTS Seven proteinogenic amino acids (proline, asparagine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamine, alanine, and threonine) and a non-protein amino acid (γ-aminobutyric acid) characterize Neapolitan limmo juice. Proline betaine is the predominant betaine. The data were compared with those of other important citrus juices. CONCLUSION The specific 'taste quality' of Neapolitan limmo juice can be attributed to its peculiar composition in amino acids. The species-specific presence of the ammonium compound derivatives of the amino acid proline, with proline betaine as the predominant betaine, characterize the non-acidic varieties of Mediterranean sweet lime. Our study constitutes an important step towards the repopulation of this ancient plant and its exploitation in food industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Cautela
- Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA) - Azienda Speciale CCIAA di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco De Sio
- Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Conserve Alimentari (SSICA) - Fondazione di Ricerca CCIAA di Parma, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Casale
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna Laratta
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Castaldo
- Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA) - Azienda Speciale CCIAA di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e ProdALscarl, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (MiSE), Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Servillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia DʼOnofrio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Rao MJ, Zuo H, Xu Q. Genomic insights into citrus domestication and its important agronomic traits. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100138. [PMID: 33511347 PMCID: PMC7816076 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrus originated in Southeast Asia, and it has become one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. Citrus has a long and obscure domestication history due to its clonal propagation, long life cycle, wide sexual compatibility, and complex genetic background. As the genomic information of both wild and cultivated citrus becomes available, their domestication history and underlying traits or genes are becoming clear. This review outlines the genomic features of wild and cultivated species. We propose that the reduction of citric acid is a critical trait for citrus domestication. The genetic model representing the change during domestication may be associated with a regulatory complex known as WD-repeat-MYB-bHLH-WRKY (WMBW), which is involved in acidification and anthocyanin accumulation. The reduction in or loss of anthocyanins may be due to a hitchhiking effect of fruit acidity selection, in which mutation occurs in the common regulator of these two pathways in some domesticated types. Moreover, we have summarized the domestication traits and candidate genes for breeding purposes. This review represents a comprehensive summary of the genes controlling key traits of interest, such as acidity, metabolism, and disease resistance. It also sheds light on recent advances in early flowering from transgenic studies and provides a new perspective for fast breeding of citrus. Our review lays a foundation for future research on fruit acidity, flavor, and disease resistance in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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Zhang QY, Gu KD, Wang JH, Yu JQ, Wang XF, Zhang S, You CX, Hu DG, Hao YJ. BTB-BACK-TAZ domain protein MdBT2-mediated MdMYB73 ubiquitination negatively regulates malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification in apple. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:151. [PMID: 32944259 PMCID: PMC7468283 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As an important primary metabolite, malate plays a key role in regulating osmotic pressure, pH homeostasis, stress tolerance, and fruit quality of apple. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF) MdMYB73 was identified as a protein that plays a critical role in determining malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification by directly regulating the transcription of aluminum-activated malate transporter 9 (MdALMT9), vacuolar ATPase subunit A (MdVHA-A), and vacuolar pyrophosphatase 1 (MdVHP1) in apple. In addition, the bHLH TF MdCIbHLH1 interacts with MdMYB73 and enhances the transcriptional activity of MdMYB73. Our previous studies demonstrated that the BTB-BACK-TAZ domain protein MdBT2 can degrade MdCIbHLH1 to influence malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification. However, the potential upstream regulators of MdMYB73 are currently unknown. In this study, we found that MdBT2 directly interacts with and degrades MdMYB73 through the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway to regulate malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification. A series of functional assays with apple calli and fruit showed that MdBT2 controls malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification in an MdMYB73-dependent manner. Overall, our findings shed light on the mechanism by which the BTB-BACK-TAZ domain protein MdBT2 regulates malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification by targeting MdMYB73 and MdCIbHLH1 for ubiquitination in apple. This information may help guide traditional breeding programs and fruit tree molecular breeding, and lead to improvements in fruit quality and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Kai-Di Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
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Archambeault SL, Bärtschi LR, Merminod AD, Peichel CL. Adaptation via pleiotropy and linkage: Association mapping reveals a complex genetic architecture within the stickleback Eda locus. Evol Lett 2020; 4:282-301. [PMID: 32774879 PMCID: PMC7403726 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic mapping of the loci associated with phenotypic evolution has revealed genomic "hotspots," or regions of the genome that control multiple phenotypic traits. This clustering of loci has important implications for the speed and maintenance of adaptation and could be due to pleiotropic effects of a single mutation or tight genetic linkage of multiple causative mutations affecting different traits. The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a powerful model for the study of adaptive evolution because the marine ecotype has repeatedly adapted to freshwater environments across the northern hemisphere in the last 12,000 years. Freshwater ecotypes have repeatedly fixed a 16 kilobase haplotype on chromosome IV that contains Ectodysplasin (Eda), a gene known to affect multiple traits, including defensive armor plates, lateral line sensory hair cells, and schooling behavior. Many additional traits have previously been mapped to a larger region of chromosome IV that encompasses the Eda freshwater haplotype. To identify which of these traits specifically map to this adaptive haplotype, we made crosses of rare marine fish heterozygous for the freshwater haplotype in an otherwise marine genetic background. Further, we performed fine-scale association mapping in a fully interbreeding, polymorphic population of freshwater stickleback to disentangle the effects of pleiotropy and linkage on the phenotypes affected by this haplotype. Although we find evidence that linked mutations have small effects on a few phenotypes, a small 1.4-kb region within the first intron of Eda has large effects on three phenotypic traits: lateral plate count, and both the number and patterning of the posterior lateral line neuromasts. Thus, the Eda haplotype is a hotspot of adaptation in stickleback due to both a small, pleiotropic region affecting multiple traits as well as multiple linked mutations affecting additional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Archambeault
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBern3012Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98195
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human BiologyFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington98109
| | - Luis R. Bärtschi
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBern3012Switzerland
| | | | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBern3012Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98195
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human BiologyFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington98109
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Zheng B, Zhao L, Jiang X, Cherono S, Liu J, Ogutu C, Ntini C, Zhang X, Han Y. Assessment of organic acid accumulation and its related genes in peach. Food Chem 2020; 334:127567. [PMID: 32707362 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fruit acidity is an important determinant of peach organoleptic quality, but its regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Measurement of organic acids in ripe fruits of seventy-five peach cultivars revealed the predominant components malate and citrate, accompanied by quinate. Organic acid accumulation increased at early stages of fruit growth, but exhibited a more dramatic reduction in low-acid cultivar during later stages of fruit development compared to high-acid cultivars. Low-acid cultivars showed citrate degradation and less transport of malate into the vacuole due to up- and down-regulation of a GABA pathway gene GAD and a malate transporter gene ALMT9, respectively. The NAD-MDH1 gene might control the rate-limiting step in malate synthesis, while three genes, PDK, PK, and ADH, could affect citrate synthesis through the pyruvate-to-acetyl-CoA-to-citrate pathway. Altogether, these results suggested that malate accumulation is controlled at the level of metabolism and vacuolar storage, while metabolism is crucial for citrate accumulation in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Sylvia Cherono
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - JingJing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Collins Ogutu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Charmaine Ntini
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuepeng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Citrus and Related Genera. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070807. [PMID: 32708660 PMCID: PMC7397085 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anthocyanin pigmentation characterizes a number of tissues of Citrus and its relatives. The gain and loss of pigmentation is intriguing and is inherited variously among species. Methods: Citrus germplasm was used to investigate the anthocyanin pigmentation of tissues never before considered, including stamen, style and stigma, and of young leaves, petals, rind and flesh of 28 genotypes belonging to 14 species. Citrus genotypes encompassed citron, lemon, sweet orange, lime, and Citrus relatives included Microcitrus, Murraya, and Severinia. A relative qRT-PCR analysis was carried out on the structural and regulatory genes: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3′-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), uridine diphosphate glucose flavonoid glucosyl-transferase (UFGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), Ruby and Noemi. Image analysis and a genomic approach were employed to evaluate how the red pigmentation is inherited among tissues and species. Results: Pigmentation of young leaves and petals is specific to citron and its hybrids. Ruby controls the pigmentation of petals, but not of leaves. The red color of the rind and flesh is a trait that particularly characterizes a diversity of sweet oranges, citron hybrids and Citrus relatives. Color expression depends on external factors and also on developmental stage. The coloration of stamen and style is citron-specific, while a red stigma is exclusive to Moro orange and its hybrids. Conclusion: It is hypothesized that there is a relationship among Citrus species and genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation.
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