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Peterson EA, Sun J, Chen X, Wang J. Neutrophils facilitate the epicardial regenerative response after zebrafish heart injury. Dev Biol 2024; 508:93-106. [PMID: 38286185 PMCID: PMC10923159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on endogenous heart regeneration within the past 20 years, the players involved in initiating early regeneration events are far from clear. Here, we assessed the function of neutrophils, the first-responder cells to tissue damage, during zebrafish heart regeneration. We detected rapid neutrophil mobilization to the injury site after ventricular amputation, peaking at 1-day post-amputation (dpa) and resolving by 3 dpa. Further analyses indicated neutrophil mobilization coincides with peak epicardial cell proliferation, and recruited neutrophils associated with activated, expanding epicardial cells at 1 dpa. Neutrophil depletion inhibited myocardial regeneration and significantly reduced epicardial cell expansion, proliferation, and activation. To explore the molecular mechanism of neutrophils on the epicardial regenerative response, we performed scRNA-seq analysis of 1 dpa neutrophils and identified enrichment of the FGF and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of FGF signaling indicated its' requirement for epicardial expansion, while neutrophil depletion blocked MAPK/ERK signaling activation in epicardial cells. Ligand-receptor analysis indicated the EGF ligand, hbegfa, is released from neutrophils and synergizes with other FGF and MAPK/ERK factors for induction of epicardial regeneration. Altogether, our studies revealed that neutrophils quickly motivate epicardial cells, which later accumulate at the injury site and contribute to heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Peterson
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jisheng Sun
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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2
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Xu X, Foley E. Vibrio cholerae arrests intestinal epithelial proliferation through T6SS-dependent activation of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113750. [PMID: 38340318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain an effective barrier, intestinal progenitor cells must divide at a rate that matches the loss of dead and dying cells. Otherwise, epithelial breaches expose the host to systemic infection by gut-resident microbes. Unlike most pathogens, Vibrio cholerae blocks tissue repair by arresting progenitor proliferation in the Drosophila model. At present, we do not understand how V. cholerae circumvents such a critical antibacterial defense. We find that V. cholerae blocks epithelial repair by activating the growth inhibitor bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in progenitors. Specifically, we show that interactions between V. cholerae and gut commensals initiate BMP signaling via host innate immune defenses. Notably, we find that V. cholerae also activates BMP and arrests proliferation in zebrafish intestines, indicating an evolutionarily conserved link between infection and failure in tissue repair. Our study highlights how enteric pathogens engage host immune and growth regulatory pathways to disrupt intestinal epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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3
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Soliman AM, Barreda DR. The acute inflammatory response of teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 146:104731. [PMID: 37196851 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation is crucial to the immune responses of fish. The process protects the host from infection and is central to induction of subsequent tissue repair programs. Activation of proinflammatory signals reshapes the microenvironment within an injury/infection site, initiates leukocyte recruitment, promotes antimicrobial mechanisms and contributes to the resolution of inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators are primary contributors to these processes. Uncontrolled or persistent induction results in delayed tissue healing. The kinetics by which inducers and regulators of acute inflammation exert their actions is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of fish diseases and identifying potential treatments. Although, a number of these are well-conserved across, others are not, reflecting the unique physiologies and life histories of members of this unique animal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada.
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4
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Basheer F, Sertori R, Liongue C, Ward AC. Zebrafish: A Relevant Genetic Model for Human Primary Immunodeficiency (PID) Disorders? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076468. [PMID: 37047441 PMCID: PMC10095346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency (PID) disorders, also commonly referred to as inborn errors of immunity, are a heterogenous group of human genetic diseases characterized by defects in immune cell development and/or function. Since these disorders are generally uncommon and occur on a variable background profile of potential genetic and environmental modifiers, animal models are critical to provide mechanistic insights as well as to create platforms to underpin therapeutic development. This review aims to review the relevance of zebrafish as an alternative genetic model for PIDs. It provides an overview of the conservation of the zebrafish immune system and details specific examples of zebrafish models for a multitude of specific human PIDs across a range of distinct categories, including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), combined immunodeficiency (CID), multi-system immunodeficiency, autoinflammatory disorders, neutropenia and defects in leucocyte mobility and respiratory burst. It also describes some of the diverse applications of these models, particularly in the fields of microbiology, immunology, regenerative biology and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Robert Sertori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Elsaid HOA, Tjeldnes H, Rivedal M, Serre C, Eikrem Ø, Svarstad E, Tøndel C, Marti HP, Furriol J, Babickova J. Gene Expression Analysis in gla-Mutant Zebrafish Reveals Enhanced Ca 2+ Signaling Similar to Fabry Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:358. [PMID: 36613802 PMCID: PMC9820748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked inborn metabolic disorder due to partial or complete lysosomal α-galactosidase A deficiency. FD is characterized by progressive renal insufficiency and cardio- and cerebrovascular involvement. Restricted access on Gb3-independent tissue injury experimental models has limited the understanding of FD pathophysiology and delayed the development of new therapies. Accumulating glycosphingolipids, mainly Gb3 and lysoGb3, are Fabry specific markers used in clinical follow up. However, recent studies suggest there is a need for additional markers to monitor FD clinical course or response to treatment. We used a gla-knockout zebrafish (ZF) to investigate alternative biomarkers in Gb3-free-conditions. RNA sequencing was used to identify transcriptomic signatures in kidney tissues discriminating gla-mutant (M) from wild type (WT) ZF. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways analysis showed upregulation of immune system activation and downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation pathways in kidneys from M ZF. In addition, upregulation of the Ca2+ signaling pathway was also detectable in M ZF kidneys. Importantly, disruption of mitochondrial and lysosome-related pathways observed in M ZF was validated by immunohistochemistry. Thus, this ZF model expands the pathophysiological understanding of FD, the Gb3-independent effects of gla mutations could be used to explore new therapeutic targets for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Osman Alhassan Elsaid
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Tjeldnes
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariell Rivedal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Camille Serre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Eikrem
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Einar Svarstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Tøndel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans-Peter Marti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jessica Furriol
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Janka Babickova
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
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6
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Alesci A, Capillo G, Fumia A, Messina E, Albano M, Aragona M, Lo Cascio P, Spanò N, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Confocal Characterization of Intestinal Dendritic Cells from Myxines to Teleosts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1045. [PMID: 36101424 PMCID: PMC9312193 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that regulate the beginning of adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms of tolerance to antigens moving through the digestive tract are known to be regulated by intestinal DCs. Agnatha and Gnathostoma are descendants of a common ancestor. The Ostracoderms gave rise to Cyclostomes, whereas the Placoderms gave rise to Chondrichthyes. Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii are two evolutionary lines of bony fishes. Brachiopterygii and Neopterygii descend from the Actinopterygii. From Neopterygii, Holostei and Teleostei evolved. Using immunohistochemistry with TLR-2, Langerin/CD207, and MHC II, this study aimed to characterize intestinal DCs, from myxines to teleosts. The findings reveal that DCs are positive for the antibodies tested, highlighting the presence of DCs and DC-like cells phylogenetically from myxines, for the first time, to teleosts. These findings may aid in improving the level of knowledge about the immune system's evolution and these sentinel cells, which are crucial to the body's defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico “G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.M.); (M.A.); (P.L.C.); (S.P.); (E.R.L.)
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7
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Antigen Presentation and Autophagy in Teleost Adaptive Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094899. [PMID: 35563287 PMCID: PMC9103719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a burden for aquaculture. Antigen processing and presentation (APP) to the immune effector cells that fight pathogens is key in the adaptive immune response. At the core of the adaptive immunity that appeared in lower vertebrates during evolution are the variable genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I molecules mainly present peptides processed in the cytosol by the proteasome and transported to the cell surface of all cells through secretory compartments. Professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC) also express MHC class II molecules, which normally present peptides processed from exogenous antigens through lysosomal pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is conserved in all eukaryotes and is induced by starvation to contribute to cellular homeostasis. Self-digestion during autophagy mainly occurs by the fusion of autophagosomes, which engulf portions of cytosol and fuse with lysosomes (macroautophagy) or assisted by chaperones (chaperone-mediated autophagy, CMA) that deliver proteins to lysosomes. Thus, during self-degradation, antigens can be processed to be presented by the MHC to immune effector cells, thus, linking autophagy to APP. This review is focused on the essential components of the APP that are conserved in teleost fish and the increasing evidence related to the modulation of APP and autophagy during pathogen infection.
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8
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Robertson TF, Huttenlocher A. Real-time imaging of inflammation and its resolution: It's apparent because it's transparent. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:258-270. [PMID: 35023170 PMCID: PMC8855992 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to directly observe leukocyte behavior in vivo has dramatically expanded our understanding of the immune system. Zebrafish are particularly amenable to the high-resolution imaging of leukocytes during both homeostasis and inflammation. Due to its natural transparency, intravital imaging in zebrafish does not require any surgical manipulation. As a result, zebrafish are particularly well-suited for the long-term imaging required to observe the temporal and spatial events during the onset and resolution of inflammation. Here, we review major insights about neutrophil and macrophage function gained from real-time imaging of zebrafish. We discuss neutrophil reverse migration, the process whereby neutrophils leave sites of tissue damage and resolve local inflammation. Further, we discuss the current tools available for investigating immune function in zebrafish and how future studies that simultaneously image multiple leukocyte subsets can be used to further dissect mechanisms that regulate both the onset and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner F. Robertson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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9
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Xie Y, Papadopoulou P, de Wit B, d’Engelbronner JC, van Hage P, Kros A, Schaaf MJM. Two Types of Liposomal Formulations Improve the Therapeutic Ratio of Prednisolone Phosphate in a Zebrafish Model for Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040671. [PMID: 35203318 PMCID: PMC8870436 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are effective anti-inflammatory drugs, but their clinical use is limited by their side effects. Using liposomes to target GCs to inflammatory sites is a promising approach to improve their therapeutic ratio. We used zebrafish embryos to visualize the biodistribution of liposomes and to determine the anti-inflammatory and adverse effects of the GC prednisolone phosphate (PLP) encapsulated in these liposomes. Our results showed that PEGylated liposomes remained in circulation for long periods of time, whereas a novel type of liposomes (which we named AmbiMACs) selectively targeted macrophages. Upon laser wounding of the tail, both types of liposomes were shown to accumulate near the wounding site. Encapsulation of PLP in the PEGylated liposomes and AmbiMACs increased its potency to inhibit the inflammatory response. However, encapsulation of PLP in either type of liposome reduced its inhibitory effect on tissue regeneration, and encapsulation in PEGylated liposomes attenuated the activation of glucocorticoid-responsive gene expression throughout the body. Thus, by exploiting the unique possibilities of the zebrafish animal model to study the biodistribution as well as the anti-inflammatory and adverse effects of liposomal formulations of PLP, we showed that PEGylated liposomes and AmbiMACs increase the therapeutic ratio of this GC drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xie
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.X.); (B.d.W.); (J.C.d.); (P.v.H.)
| | - Panagiota Papadopoulou
- Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (P.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Björn de Wit
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.X.); (B.d.W.); (J.C.d.); (P.v.H.)
| | - Jan C. d’Engelbronner
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.X.); (B.d.W.); (J.C.d.); (P.v.H.)
| | - Patrick van Hage
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.X.); (B.d.W.); (J.C.d.); (P.v.H.)
| | - Alexander Kros
- Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (P.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Marcel J. M. Schaaf
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.X.); (B.d.W.); (J.C.d.); (P.v.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-715274975; Fax: +31-715275088
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10
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Wu L, Li L, Gao A, Ye J, Li J. Antimicrobial roles of phagocytosis in teleost fish: Phagocytic B cells vs professional phagocytes. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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George SM, Lu F, Rao M, Leach LL, Gross JM. The retinal pigment epithelium: Development, injury responses, and regenerative potential in mammalian and non-mammalian systems. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100969. [PMID: 33901682 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that result in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are among the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Atrophic (dry) AMD is the most prevalent form of AMD and there are currently no effective therapies to prevent RPE cell death or restore RPE cells lost from AMD. An intriguing approach to treat AMD and other RPE degenerative diseases is to develop therapies focused on stimulating endogenous RPE regeneration. For this to become feasible, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying RPE development, injury responses and regenerative potential is needed. In mammals, RPE regeneration is extremely limited; small lesions can be repaired by the expansion of adjacent RPE cells, but large lesions cannot be repaired as remaining RPE cells are unable to functionally replace lost RPE tissue. In some injury paradigms, RPE cells proliferate but do not regenerate a morphologically normal monolayer, while in others, proliferation is pathogenic and results in further disruption to the retina. This is in contrast to non-mammalian vertebrates, which possess tremendous RPE regenerative potential. Here, we discuss what is known about RPE formation during development in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, we detail the processes by which RPE cells respond to injury, and we describe examples of RPE-to-retina and RPE-to-RPE regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates. Finally, we outline barriers to RPE-dependent regeneration in mammals that could potentially be overcome to stimulate a regenerative response from the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M George
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fangfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Mishal Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lyndsay L Leach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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12
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Infection of zebrafish larvae with human norovirus and evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1830-1849. [PMID: 33837302 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have recently established that human norovirus (HuNoV) replicates efficiently in zebrafish larvae after inoculation of a clinical sample into the yolk, providing a simple and robust in vivo system in which to study HuNoV. In this Protocol Extension, we present a detailed description of virus inoculation by microinjection, subsequent daily monitoring and harvesting of larvae, followed by viral RNA quantification. This protocol can be used to study viral replication of genogroup (G)I and GII HuNoVs in vivo within 3-4 d. Additionally, we describe how to evaluate the in vivo antiviral effect and toxicity of small molecules using HuNoV-infected zebrafish larvae, in multi-well plates and without the need for specific formulations. This constitutes a great advantage for drug discovery efforts, as no specific antivirals or vaccines currently exist to treat or prevent norovirus gastroenteritis.
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13
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Wang W, Wang J, Lei L, Xu J, Qin Y, Gao Q, Zou J. Characterisation of IL-15 and IL-2Rβ in grass carp: IL-15 upregulates cytokines and transcription factors of type 1 immune response and NK cell activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:104-117. [PMID: 32971272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) -15 belongs to the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γC) family and has diverse functions in regulating the development, proliferation and activation of NK and T cells. It activates a hetero-trimeric receptor complex consisting of IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ and a common γ chain (γC). In this study, the full-length cDNA sequences of IL-15 and IL-2Rβ were identified in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Ci) and their expression profiles analysed. The CiIL-15 and CiIL-2Rβ were shown to be broadly expressed in tissues, with the highest levels detected in the spleen. Moreover, the CiIL-15 and CiIL-2Rβ were modulated in primary head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) and splenocytes by immunostimulants and cytokines, and in the head kidney and spleen of fish after infection of Flavobacterium columnare and grass carp reovirus. The bioactivity of bacteria derived recombinant CiIL-15 protein was evaluated in the primary leucocytes. The CiIL-15 was shown to induce signature genes of type 1 immune response (IFN-γ and T-bet) and NK cell activation (perforin and Eomesa), whilst exhibiting inhibitory effects on the genes involved in the type 2 immune response (IL-4/13, IL-10 and Gata3). Our data suggest that IL-15 is a key regulator in promoting the type 1 immune response and NK cell activation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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14
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Midttun HLE, Vindas MA, Whatmore PJ, Øverli Ø, Johansen IB. Effects of Pseudoloma neurophilia infection on the brain transcriptome in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:863-875. [PMID: 32542843 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory zebrafish are commonly infected with the intracellular, brain-infecting microsporidian parasite Pseudoloma neurophilia. Chronic P. neurophilia infections induce inflammation in meninges, brain and spinal cord, and have been suggested to affect neural functions since parasite clusters reside inside neurons. However, underlying neural and immunological mechanisms associated with infection have not been explored. Utilizing RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that P. neurophilia infection upregulated 175 and downregulated 45 genes in the zebrafish brain, compared to uninfected controls. Four biological pathways were enriched by the parasite, all of which were associated with immune function. In addition, 14 gene ontology (GO) terms were enriched, eight of which were associated with immune responses and five with circadian rhythm. Surprisingly, no differentially expressed genes or enriched pathways were specific for nervous system function. Upregulated immune-related genes indicate that the host generally show a pro-inflammatory immune response to infection. On the other hand, we found a general downregulation of immune response genes associated with anti-pathogen functions, suggesting an immune evasion strategy by the parasite. The results reported here provide important information on host-parasite interaction and highlight possible pathways for complex effects of parasite infections on zebrafish phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene L E Midttun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul J Whatmore
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida B Johansen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Stagaman K, Sharpton TJ, Guillemin K. Zebrafish microbiome studies make waves. Lab Anim (NY) 2020; 49:201-207. [PMID: 32541907 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-020-0573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish have a 50-year history as a model organism for studying vertebrate developmental biology and more recently have emerged as a powerful model system for studying vertebrate microbiome assembly, dynamics and function. In this Review, we discuss the strengths of the zebrafish model for both observational and manipulative microbiome studies, and we highlight some of the important insights gleaned from zebrafish gut microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Stagaman
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. .,Humans and the Microbiome Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Flores EM, Nguyen AT, Odem MA, Eisenhoffer GT, Krachler AM. The zebrafish as a model for gastrointestinal tract-microbe interactions. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13152. [PMID: 31872937 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a widely used vertebrate model for bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoan infections. Due to its genetic tractability, large clutch sizes, ease of manipulation, and optical transparency during early life stages, it is a particularly useful model to address questions about the cellular microbiology of host-microbe interactions. Although its use as a model for systemic infections, as well as infections localised to the hindbrain and swimbladder having been thoroughly reviewed, studies focusing on host-microbe interactions in the zebrafish gastrointestinal tract have been neglected. Here, we summarise recent findings regarding the developmental and immune biology of the gastrointestinal tract, drawing parallels to mammalian systems. We discuss the use of adult and larval zebrafish as models for gastrointestinal infections, and more generally, for studies of host-microbe interactions in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Flores
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Max A Odem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - George T Eisenhoffer
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas.,Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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17
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Kordon AO, Kalindamar S, Majors K, Abdelhamed H, Tan W, Karsi A, Pinchuk LM. Effects of Live Attenuated Vaccine and Wild Type Strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri on Phagocytosis, Bacterial Killing, and Survival of Catfish B Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2383. [PMID: 31649682 PMCID: PMC6794446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). The innate functions of B cells have been demonstrated in several teleost fish, including zebrafish, rainbow trout, and channel catfish. Recently, our group has developed several protective E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). However, the innate role of catfish B cells to phagocytose and destroy E. ictaluri wild-type (WT) and live attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains has not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of E. ictaluri WT and two LAVs on phagocytosis, microbial killing, and survival of catfish anterior kidney (AK) B cells. Initially, we documented active uptake of E. ictaluri WT and two LAVs in B cells by flow cytometry and light microscopy. Then, we observed the E. ictaluri strains-induced phagosome and/or phagolysosome formation in the cytoplasm of catfish magnetically sorted IgM+ B cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AK B cells were able to destroy the internalized E. ictaluri WT and LAV strains efficiently. Finally, we documented early and late apoptotic/necrotic manifestations induced by E. ictaluri in catfish AK B cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that both LAVs and WT strain initiate similar innate immune responses such as active phagocytic uptake, induced bactericidal activity as well as promote early and late apoptotic changes in catfish B cells. Our data suggest that phagocytic and microbicidal B cells may serve as professional APCs in initiation of protective adaptive immune responses against ESC in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adef O. Kordon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Safak Kalindamar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Kara Majors
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Lesya M. Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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18
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Van Dycke J, Ny A, Conceição-Neto N, Maes J, Hosmillo M, Cuvry A, Goodfellow I, Nogueira TC, Verbeken E, Matthijnssens J, de Witte P, Neyts J, Rocha-Pereira J. A robust human norovirus replication model in zebrafish larvae. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008009. [PMID: 31536612 PMCID: PMC6752765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most common cause of foodborne illness, with a societal cost of $60 billion and 219,000 deaths/year. The lack of robust small animal models has significantly hindered the understanding of norovirus biology and the development of effective therapeutics. Here we report that HuNoV GI and GII replicate to high titers in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae; replication peaks at day 2 post infection and is detectable for at least 6 days. The virus (HuNoV GII.4) could be passaged from larva to larva two consecutive times. HuNoV is detected in cells of the hematopoietic lineage and the intestine, supporting the notion of a dual tropism. Antiviral treatment reduces HuNoV replication by >2 log10, showing that this model is suited for antiviral studies. Zebrafish larvae constitute a simple and robust replication model that will largely facilitate studies of HuNoV biology and the development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelii Ny
- KU Leuven–Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Maes
- KU Leuven–Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- University of Cambridge–Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arno Cuvry
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- University of Cambridge–Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiane C. Nogueira
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- KU Leuven–Department of Imaging & Pathology, Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- KU Leuven–Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Centers of Excellence
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven–Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Zhong B, Jiang Z, Chen Z, Ishihara K, Mao H, Wang S, Lin G, Hu C. Overexpression of CiIKKβ enhances CIK cell viability against ER stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:706-711. [PMID: 31276789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, studies have shown that IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a critical kinase in the nucleus factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, participates in inflammatory responses associated with unfolded protein response (UPR) and plays an important role in ER stress-induced cell death. The unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a regulatory system to restore cellular homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as oxidative stress, bacterial infection, and virus invasion. The UPR pathways have been reported to be involved in immune responses in mammals, including the classical NF-κB pathway. However, the molecular mechanism of their crosstalk remains to be elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that IKKβ also has some conserved functions between fish and human, as grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) IKKβ (CiIKKβ) can activate NF-κB pathway. In this study, we found that CiIKKβ level in nucleus was elevated under ER stress and CiIKKβ can interact with grass carp X-box-binding protein 1 (CiXBP1S), a key transcription factor in UPR. Consistently, fluorescent histochemical analysis of grass carp kidney (CIK) cells indicated that CiIKKβ and CiXBP1S colocalized under ER stress. Furthermore, overexpression of CiIKKβ in CIK cells enhanced ER stress tolerance by regulating UPR signaling and resulted in the significant increase of cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhong
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zeyin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhenhuang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kazue Ishihara
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Huilin Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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20
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Xie Y, Tolmeijer S, Oskam JM, Tonkens T, Meijer AH, Schaaf MJM. Glucocorticoids inhibit macrophage differentiation towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype upon wounding without affecting their migration. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.037887. [PMID: 31072958 PMCID: PMC6550045 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid drugs are widely used to treat immune-related diseases, but their use is limited by side effects and by resistance, which especially occurs in macrophage-dominated diseases. In order to improve glucocorticoid therapies, more research is required into the mechanisms of glucocorticoid action. In the present study, we have used a zebrafish model for inflammation to study glucocorticoid effects on the innate immune response. In zebrafish larvae, the migration of neutrophils towards a site of injury is inhibited upon glucocorticoid treatment, whereas migration of macrophages is glucocorticoid resistant. We show that wounding-induced increases in the expression of genes that encode neutrophil-specific chemoattractants (Il8 and Cxcl18b) are attenuated by the synthetic glucocorticoid beclomethasone, but that beclomethasone does not attenuate the induction of the genes encoding Ccl2 and Cxcl11aa, which are required for macrophage recruitment. RNA sequencing on FACS-sorted macrophages shows that the vast majority of the wounding-induced transcriptional changes in these cells are inhibited by beclomethasone, whereas only a small subset is glucocorticoid-insensitive. As a result, beclomethasone decreases the number of macrophages that differentiate towards a pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype, which we demonstrated using a tnfa:eGFP-F reporter line and analysis of macrophage morphology. We conclude that differentiation and migration of macrophages are regulated independently, and that glucocorticoids leave the chemotactic migration of macrophages unaffected, but exert their anti-inflammatory effect on these cells by inhibiting their differentiation to an M1 phenotype. The resistance of macrophage-dominated diseases to glucocorticoid therapy can therefore not be attributed to an intrinsic insensitivity of macrophages to glucocorticoids. Summary: In a zebrafish model for inflammation, glucocorticoids do not affect the migration of macrophages, but inhibit their differentiation towards an M1 phenotype, by strongly attenuating transcriptional responses in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xie
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Tolmeijer
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle M Oskam
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tijs Tonkens
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J M Schaaf
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Martins RR, Ellis PS, MacDonald RB, Richardson RJ, Henriques CM. Resident Immunity in Tissue Repair and Maintenance: The Zebrafish Model Coming of Age. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 30805338 PMCID: PMC6370978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has emerged as an exciting vertebrate model to study different aspects of immune system development, particularly due to its transparent embryonic development, the availability of multiple fluorescent reporter lines, efficient genetic tools and live imaging capabilities. However, the study of immunity in zebrafish has largely been limited to early larval stages due to an incomplete knowledge of the full repertoire of immune cells and their specific markers, in particular, a lack of cell surface antibodies to detect and isolate such cells in living tissues. Here we focus on tissue resident or associated immunity beyond development, in the adult zebrafish. It is our view that, with our increasing knowledge and the development of improved tools and protocols, the adult zebrafish will be increasingly appreciated for offering valuable insights into the role of immunity in tissue repair and maintenance, in both health and disease throughout the lifecourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rua Martins
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pam S Ellis
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Martins Henriques
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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22
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Luukinen H, Hammarén MM, Vanha-Aho LM, Parikka M. Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30346391 DOI: 10.3791/58299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this bacterium causes a wide disease spectrum in humans ranging from a sterilized infection to an actively progressing deadly disease. The most common form is the latent tuberculosis, which is asymptomatic, but has the potential to reactivate into a fulminant disease. Adult zebrafish and its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum have recently proven to be an applicable model to study the wide disease spectrum of tuberculosis. Importantly, spontaneous latency and reactivation as well as adaptive immune responses in the context of mycobacterial infection can be studied in this model. In this article, we describe methods for the experimental infection of adult zebrafish, the collection of internal organs for the extraction of nucleic acids for the measurement of mycobacterial loads and host immune responses by quantitative PCR. The in-house-developed, M. marinum-specific qPCR assay is more sensitive than the traditional plating methods as it also detects DNA from non-dividing, dormant or recently dead mycobacteria. As both DNA and RNA are extracted from the same individual, it is possible to study the relationships between the diseased state, and the host and pathogen gene-expression. The adult zebrafish model for tuberculosis thus presents itself as a highly applicable, non-mammalian in vivo system to study host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Luukinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere;
| | | | | | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere; Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital
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23
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of lymphocytes expressing recombination-activating gene (RAG)-dependent antigen receptors and the MHC. These features are found in all jawed vertebrates, including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibians and reptiles and are most likely also found in the oldest class of jawed vertebrates, the extinct placoderms. However, with the discovery of an adaptive immune system in jawless fish based on an entirely different set of antigen receptors - the variable lymphocyte receptors - the divergence of T and B cells, and perhaps innate-like lymphocytes, goes back to the origin of all vertebrates. This Review explores how recent developments in comparative immunology have furthered our understanding of the origins and function of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Paiola M, Knigge T, Duflot A, Pinto PIS, Farcy E, Monsinjon T. Oestrogen, an evolutionary conserved regulator of T cell differentiation and immune tolerance in jawed vertebrates? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:48-61. [PMID: 29408048 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In teleosts, as in mammals, the immune system is tightly regulated by sexual steroid hormones, such as oestrogens. We investigated the effects of 17β-oestradiol on the expression of several genes related to T cell development and resulting T cell subpopulations in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, for a primary lymphoid organ, the thymus, and two secondary lymphoid organs, the head-kidney and the spleen. In parallel, the oxidative burst capacity was assessed in leucocytes of the secondary lymphoid organs. Apoptosis- and proliferation-related genes, indicative of B and T cell clonal selection and lymphoid progenitor activity, were not affected by elevated oestrogen-levels. Sex-related oestrogen-responsiveness in T cell and antigen-presenting cell markers was observed, the expression of which was differentially induced by oestrogen-exposure in the three lymphoid organs. Remarkably, in the spleen, oestrogen increased regulatory T cell-related gene expression was associated with a decrease in oxidative burst capacity. To the best of our knowledge, this study indicates for the first time that physiological levels of oestrogen are likely to promote immune tolerance by modulating thymic function (i.e., T cell development and output) and peripheral T cells in teleosts, similar to previously reported oestrogenic effects in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Paiola
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Thomas Knigge
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Emilie Farcy
- Montpellier University, UMR MARBEC (UM, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD), 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France.
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25
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Wu XM, Chen WQ, Hu YW, Cao L, Nie P, Chang MX. RIP2 Is a Critical Regulator for NLRs Signaling and MHC Antigen Presentation but Not for MAPK and PI3K/Akt Pathways. Front Immunol 2018; 9:726. [PMID: 29692779 PMCID: PMC5903030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RIP2 is an adaptor protein which is essential for the activation of NF-κB and NOD1- and NOD2-dependent signaling. Although NOD-RIP2 axis conservatively existed in the teleost, the function of RIP2 was only reported in zebrafish, goldfish, and rainbow trout in vitro. Very little is known about the role and mechanisms of piscine NOD-RIP2 axis in vivo. Our previous study showed the protective role of zebrafish NOD1 in larval survival through CD44a-mediated activation of PI3K-Akt signaling. In this study, we examined whether RIP2 was required for larval survival with or without pathogen infection, and determined the signaling pathways modulated by RIP2. Based on our previous report and the present study, our data demonstrated that NOD1-RIP2 axis was important for larval survival in the early ontogenesis. Similar to NOD1, RIP2 deficiency significantly affected immune system processes. The significantly enriched pathways were mainly involved in immune system, such as “Antigen processing and presentation” and “NOD-like receptor signaling pathway” and so on. Furthermore, both transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that RIP2 was a critical regulator for expression of NLRs (NOD-like receptors) and those genes involved in MHC antigen presentation. Different from NOD1, the present study showed that NOD1, but not RIP2 deficiency significantly impaired protein levels of MAPK pathways. Although RIP2 deficiency also significantly impaired the expression of CD44a, the downstream signaling of CD44a-Lck-PI3K-Akt pathway remained unchanged. Collectively, our works highlight the similarity and discrepancy of NOD1 and RIP2 in the regulation of immune signaling pathways in the zebrafish early ontogenesis, and confirm the crucial role of RIP2 in NLRs signaling and MHC antigen presentation, but not for MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Qin Chen
- Hubei Vocational College of Bio-Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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26
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Salinas I, Magadán S. Omics in fish mucosal immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:99-108. [PMID: 28235585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system of fish is a complex network of immune cells and molecules that are constantly surveilling the environment and protecting the host from infection. A number of "omics" tools are now available and utilized to understand the complexity of mucosal immune systems in non-traditional animal models. This review summarizes recent advances in the implementation of "omics" tools pertaining to the four mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in teleosts. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and "omics" in microbiome research require interdisciplinary collaboration and careful experimental design. The data-rich datasets generated are proving really useful at discovering new innate immune players in fish mucosal secretions, identifying novel markers of specific mucosal immune responses, unraveling the diversity of the B and T cell repertoires and characterizing the diversity of the microbial communities present in teleost mucosal surfaces. Bioinformatics, data analysis and storage platforms should be developed to facilitate rapid processing of large datasets, especially when mammalian tools such as bioinformatics analysis software are not available in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Susana Magadán
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Pontevedra 36310, Spain.
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27
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Hu YW, Wu XM, Ren SS, Cao L, Nie P, Chang MX. NOD1 deficiency impairs CD44a/Lck as well as PI3K/Akt pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2979. [PMID: 28592872 PMCID: PMC5462776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial for host defense and tissue homeostasis against infecting pathogens. PRRs are highly conserved cross species, suggesting their key roles in fundamental biological processes. Though much have been learned for NOD1 receptor in the innate and adaptive immune responses, the roles of NOD1 during embryonic and larval stages remain poorly understood. Here, we report that NOD1 is necessary for the modulation of PI3K-Akt pathway and larval survival in zebrafish. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the significantly enriched pathways in NOD1 -/- zebrafish larvae were mainly involved in metabolism and immune system processes. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that NOD1 was required for the expression of CD44a that, in turn, activated the PI3K-Akt pathway during larval development. Conversely, over-expression of CD44a in NOD1-deficient zebrafish restored the modulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and improved larval survival. Collectively, our work indicates that NOD1 plays a previously undetected protective role in larval survival through CD44a-mediated activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shi Si Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
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28
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Wu XM, Hu YW, Xue NN, Ren SS, Chen SN, Nie P, Chang MX. Role of zebrafish NLRC5 in antiviral response and transcriptional regulation of MHC related genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:58-68. [PMID: 27876605 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are emerging as critical regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the NLR family member NLRC5 is functionally defined, the role of NLRC5 in regulating innate immune signaling has been controversial in mammals, and is poorly understood in teleost fish. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of zebrafish NLRC5. The cloned NLRC5 consists of 6435 bp which encodes 1746 amino acids. The N-terminal effector-binding domain of zebrafish NLRC5 is absent which is different from all other human NLRs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that zebrafish NLRC5 is located throughout the entire cell. The higher expression of zebrafish NLRC5 in embryo than in larvae was observed, suggesting the action phase of NLRC5 in zebrafish ontogenetic stages. When the modulation of NLRC5 in pathogen infection was analyzed, it was found that zebrafish NLRC5 was upregulated by both bacterial and viral infection. Overexpression of zebrafish NLRC5 resulted in significant inhibition of SVCV replication in vivo and in vitro, but failed to activate interferon (IFN) promoters and type I IFN signaling pathway. Interestingly, NLRC5 overexpression could activate mhc2dab promoter, and induce the expression of MHC class II genes. All together, these results demonstrate that zebrafish NLRC5 is involved in IFN-independent antiviral response, and also functions as a transcriptional regulator of MHC class II genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shi Si Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China.
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29
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Rességuier J, Delaune E, Coolen AL, Levraud JP, Boudinot P, Le Guellec D, Verrier B. Specific and Efficient Uptake of Surfactant-Free Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanovaccine Vehicles by Mucosal Dendritic Cells in Adult Zebrafish after Bath Immersion. Front Immunol 2017; 8:190. [PMID: 28289416 PMCID: PMC5326745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of mucosal immunity is a key milestone for next-generation vaccine development. Biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs) are promising vectors and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination. However, their in vivo uptake by mucosae and their biodistribution in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) need to be better understood to optimize mucosal nanovaccine designs. Here, we assessed if APCs are efficiently targeted in a spontaneous manner by surfactant-free poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles (PLA-NPs) after mucosal administration. Combining histology and flow imaging approaches, we describe and quantify the mucosal uptake of 200 nm PLA-NPs in adult zebrafish. Following bath administration, PLA-NPs penetrated and crossed epithelial barriers from all exposed mucosae. In mucosae, PLA-NPs accumulated in APCs, which were identified as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and IgZ+ B cells in gills and skin. PLA-NP uptake by phagocytes was specific to these cell types, as PLA-NPs were not detected in neutrophils. Importantly, quantitative analyses in gills revealed that DCs take up PLA-NPs with specifically high efficiency. This study shows that surfactant-free PLA-NPs, which display optimal biocompatibility, can spontaneously target DCs with high efficiency in vivo following mucosal administration, and highlights PLA-NPs as powerful platforms for mucosal vaccine delivery in the medical and veterinary fields, and particularly in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rességuier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Emilie Delaune
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Anne-Line Coolen
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Dominique Le Guellec
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
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30
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Milligan-McClellan K, Small CM, Mittge EK, Agarwal M, Currey M, Cresko WA, Guillemin K. Innate immune responses to gut microbiota differ between oceanic and freshwater threespine stickleback populations. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:187-98. [PMID: 26681746 PMCID: PMC4770144 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal hosts must co-exist with beneficial microbes while simultaneously being able to mount rapid, non-specific, innate immune responses to pathogenic microbes. How this balance is achieved is not fully understood, and disruption of this relationship can lead to disease. Excessive inflammatory responses to resident microbes are characteristic of certain gastrointestinal pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The immune dysregulation of IBD has complex genetic underpinnings that cannot be fully recapitulated with single-gene-knockout models. A deeper understanding of the genetic regulation of innate immune responses to resident microbes requires the ability to measure immune responses in the presence and absence of the microbiota using vertebrate models with complex genetic variation. Here, we describe a new gnotobiotic vertebrate model to explore the natural genetic variation that contributes to differences in innate immune responses to microbiota. Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, has been used to study the developmental genetics of complex traits during the repeated evolution from ancestral oceanic to derived freshwater forms. We established methods to rear germ-free stickleback larvae and gnotobiotic animals monoassociated with single bacterial isolates. We characterized the innate immune response of these fish to resident gut microbes by quantifying the neutrophil cells in conventionally reared monoassociated or germ-free stickleback from both oceanic and freshwater populations grown in a common intermediate salinity environment. We found that oceanic and freshwater fish in the wild and in the laboratory share many intestinal microbial community members. However, oceanic fish mount a strong immune response to residential microbiota, whereas freshwater fish frequently do not. A strong innate immune response was uniformly observed across oceanic families, but this response varied among families of freshwater fish. The gnotobiotic stickleback model that we have developed therefore provides a platform for future studies mapping the natural genetic basis of the variation in immune response to microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Milligan-McClellan
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Clayton M Small
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Erika K Mittge
- Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Meghna Agarwal
- Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Mark Currey
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - William A Cresko
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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31
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Saralahti A, Rämet M. Zebrafish and Streptococcal Infections. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:174-83. [PMID: 26095827 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcal bacteria are a versatile group of gram-positive bacteria capable of infecting several host organisms, including humans and fish. Streptococcal species are common colonizers of the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, but they also cause some of the most common life-threatening, invasive infections in humans and aquaculture. With its unique characteristics and efficient tools for genetic and imaging applications, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model for infectious diseases. Several zebrafish models introduced so far have shown that zebrafish are suitable models for both zoonotic and human-specific infections. Recently, several zebrafish models mimicking human streptococcal infections have also been developed. These models show great potential in providing novel information about the pathogenic mechanisms and host responses associated with human streptococcal infections. Here, we review the zebrafish infection models for the most relevant streptococcal species: the human-specific Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes, and the zoonotic Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus agalactiae. The recent success and the future potential of these models for the study of host-pathogen interactions in streptococcal infections are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saralahti
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Center, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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32
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Fischer U, Dijkstra JM. Along the Axis between Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity; Principles Conserved in Evolution from Fish to Mammals. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:814-59. [PMID: 26593954 PMCID: PMC4690019 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations occur at opposite ends of an "immune 1-2 axis" (i1-i2 axis) of possible conditions. Additional polarizations of helper/regulatory T cells were discovered later, such as for example TH17 and Treg phenotypes; although these polarizations are not selected by the axis-end conditions, they are affected by i1-i2 axis factors, and may retain more potential for change than the relatively stable TH1 and TH2 phenotypes. I1-i2 axis conditions are also relevant for polarizations of other types of leukocytes, such as for example macrophages. Tissue milieus with "type 1 immunity" ("i1") are biased towards cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while the term "type 2 immunity" ("i2") is used for a variety of conditions which have in common that they inhibit type 1 immunity. The immune milieus of some tissues, like the gills in fish and the uterus in pregnant mammals, probably are skewed towards type 2 immunity. An i2-skewed milieu is also created by many tumors, which allows them to escape eradication by type 1 immunity. In this review we compare a number of i1-i2 axis factors between fish and mammals, and conclude that several principles of the i1-i2 axis system seem to be ancient and shared between all classes of jawed vertebrates. Furthermore, the present study is the first to identify a canonical TH2 cytokine locus in a bony fish, namely spotted gar, in the sense that it includes RAD50 and bona fide genes of both IL-4/13 and IL-3/ IL-5/GM-CSF families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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33
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Sanderson LE, Chien AT, Astin JW, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Hall CJ. An inducible transgene reports activation of macrophages in live zebrafish larvae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:63-69. [PMID: 26123890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most functionally heterogenous cells of the hematopoietic system. Given many diseases are underpinned by inappropriate macrophage activation, macrophages have emerged as a therapeutic target to treat disease. A thorough understanding of what controls macrophage activation will likely reveal new pathways that can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit. Live imaging fluorescent macrophages within transgenic zebrafish larvae has provided a valuable window to investigate macrophage behavior in vivo. Here we describe the first transgenic zebrafish line that reports macrophage activation, as evidenced by induced expression of an immunoresponsive gene 1(irg1):EGFP transgene. When combined with existing reporter lines that constitutively mark macrophages, we reveal this unique transgenic line can be used to live image macrophage activation in response to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide and xenografted human cancer cells. We anticipate the Tg(irg1:EGFP) line will provide a valuable tool to explore macrophage activation and plasticity in the context of different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Sanderson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - An-Tzu Chien
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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34
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Neutrophil migration in the activation of the innate immune response to different Flavobacterium psychrophilum vaccines in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:515187. [PMID: 25815347 PMCID: PMC4359811 DOI: 10.1155/2015/515187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a Gram-negative bacterium, responsible for the bacterial cold-water disease and the rainbow trout fry syndrome in freshwater salmonid fish. At present, there is only one commercial vaccine in Chile, made with two Chilean F. psychrophilum isolates and another licensed in Europe. The present study analyzed neutrophil migration, as a marker of innate immune activation, in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in response to different F. psychrophilum bath vaccines, which is the first step in evaluating vaccine effectiveness and efficiency in fish. Results indicated that bacterins of the LM-02-Fp isolate were more immunogenic than those from the LM-13-Fp isolate. However, no differences were observed between the same bacteria inactivated by either formaldehyde or heat. Importantly, the same vaccine formulation without an adjuvant only triggered a mild neutrophil migration compared to the complete vaccine. Observations also found that, after a year of storage at 4°C, the activation of the innate immune system by the different vaccines was considerably decreased. Finally, new vaccine formulations prepared with heat and formaldehyde inactivated LM-02-Fp were significantly more efficient than the available commercial vaccine in regard to stimulating the innate immune system.
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35
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Abstract
As in mammals, cartilaginous and teleost fishes possess adaptive immune systems based on antigen recognition by immunoglobulins (Ig), T cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) I and MHC II molecules. Also it is well established that fish B cells and mammalian B cells share many similarities, including Ig gene rearrangements, and production of membrane Ig and secreted Ig forms. This chapter provides an overview of the IgH and IgL chains in cartilaginous and bony fish, including their gene organizations, expression, diversity of their isotypes, and development of the primary repertoire. Furthermore, when possible, we have included summaries of key studies on immune mechanisms such as allelic exclusion, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, class switching, and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
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36
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Oosterhof N, Boddeke E, van Ham TJ. Immune cell dynamics in the CNS: Learning from the zebrafish. Glia 2014; 63:719-35. [PMID: 25557007 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A major question in research on immune responses in the brain is how the timing and nature of these responses influence physiology, pathogenesis or recovery from pathogenic processes. Proper understanding of the immune regulation of the human brain requires a detailed description of the function and activities of the immune cells in the brain. Zebrafish larvae allow long-term, noninvasive imaging inside the brain at high-spatiotemporal resolution using fluorescent transgenic reporters labeling specific cell populations. Together with recent additional technical advances this allows an unprecedented versatility and scope of future studies. Modeling of human physiology and pathology in zebrafish has already yielded relevant insights into cellular dynamics and function that can be translated to the human clinical situation. For instance, in vivo studies in the zebrafish have provided new insight into immune cell dynamics in granuloma formation in tuberculosis and the mechanisms involving treatment resistance. In this review, we highlight recent findings and novel tools paving the way for basic neuroimmunology research in the zebrafish. GLIA 2015;63:719-735.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Oosterhof
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Reyes-Cerpa S, Reyes-López F, Toro-Ascuy D, Montero R, Maisey K, Acuña-Castillo C, Sunyer JO, Parra D, Sandino AM, Imarai M. Induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression by IPNV in persistent infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:172-182. [PMID: 25193394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) is the agent of a well-characterized acute disease that produces a systemic infection and high mortality in farmed fish species but also persistent infection in surviving fish after outbreaks. Because viral persistence of susceptible mammal hosts appears to be associated with the modulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, in this study we examined the expression levels of key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in kidney and spleen of trout, as well as humoral immune response (IgM and IgT) during experimental persistent viral infection and in the acute phase of infection as a comparison. IPNV infection in rainbow trout resulted in a distinct profile of cytokine expression depending on the type of infection, acute or persistent. Levels of early pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-8, did not increase in the head kidney of the fish with persistent asymptomatic infection but increased in some of the symptomatic infected fish. The antiviral cytokine IFNα was not significantly induced in any of the infected fish groups. The level of expression of the Th1-related cytokine IL-12 was significantly higher in trout with persistent asymptomatic infection than in symptomatic fish. This was also accompanied by an increase in IFNγ. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 had distinct expression profiles. While IL-10 expression increased in all infected fish, TGF-β1 was only up-regulated in fish with persistent infection. All infected fish had significantly lower total IgM levels than the non-infected fish whereas IgT levels did not change. Specific and neutralizing antibodies against IPNV were not observed in acute and persistent infection except in the group of fish with the lowest degree of clinical signs. Interestingly, the lack of humoral immune response could be associated with the high expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which might inhibit antibody production. The balance between pro-inflammatory Th1 type cytokines and the regulatory cytokines could explain the high percentage of survival and the resolution of the inflammatory response in the IPNV-infected fish but also the establishment of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ruth Montero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoterapia, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Parra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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