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Gao X, Li J, Yin J, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Ma L, Zhang B, Zhang H, Huang J. The protein phosphatase qGL3/OsPPKL1 self-regulates its degradation to orchestrate brassinosteroid signaling in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100849. [PMID: 38384133 PMCID: PMC11211515 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development. In previous studies, we cloned and identified PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE WITH KELCH-LIKE1 (OsPPKL1) as the causal gene for the quantitative trait locus GRAIN LENGTH3 (qGL3) in rice (Oryza sativa). We also showed that qGL3/OsPPKL1 is mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and negatively regulates BR signaling and grain length. Because qGL3 is a negative regulator of BR signaling, its turnover is critical for rapid response to changes in BRs. Here, we demonstrate that qGL3 interacts with the WD40-domain-containing protein WD40-REPEAT PROTEIN48 (OsWDR48), which contains a nuclear export signal (NES). The NES signal is crucial for the cytosolic localization of OsWDR48 and also functions in the self-turnover of qGL3. We show that OsWDR48 physically interacts with and genetically acts through qGL3 to modulate BR signaling. Moreover, qGL3 may indirectly promote the phosphorylation of OsWDR48 at the Ser-379 and Ser-386 sites. Substitutions of both phosphorylation sites in OsWDR48 to non-phosphorylatable alanine enhanced the strength of the OsWDR48-qGL3 interaction. Furthermore, we found that brassinolide can promote the accumulation of non-phosphorylated OsWDR48, leading to strong interaction intensity between qGL3 and OsWDR48. Taken together, our results show that OsWDR48 facilitates qGL3 retention and induces degradation of qGL3 in the cytoplasm. These findings suggest that qGL3 self-modulates its turnover by binding to OsWDR48 to regulate its cytoplasmic localization and stability, leading to efficient orchestration of BR signal transduction in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Baoyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ji Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Fu Y, Zhu W, Zhou Y, Su Y, Li Z, Zhang D, Zhang D, Shen J, Liang J. RACK1A promotes hypocotyl elongation by scaffolding light signaling components in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:956-972. [PMID: 38558526 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plants deploy versatile scaffold proteins to intricately modulate complex cell signaling. Among these, RACK1A (Receptors for Activated C Kinase 1A) stands out as a multifaceted scaffold protein functioning as a central integrative hub for diverse signaling pathways. However, the precise mechanisms by which RACK1A orchestrates signal transduction to optimize seedling development remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RACK1A facilitates hypocotyl elongation by functioning as a flexible platform that connects multiple key components of light signaling pathways. RACK1A interacts with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF)3, enhances PIF3 binding to the promoter of BBX11 and down-regulates its transcription. Furthermore, RACK1A associates with ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) to repress HY5 biochemical activity toward target genes, ultimately contributing to hypocotyl elongation. In darkness, RACK1A is targeted by CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP)1 upon phosphorylation and subjected to COP1-mediated degradation via the 26 S proteasome system. Our findings provide new insights into how plants utilize scaffold proteins to regulate hypocotyl elongation, ensuring proper skoto- and photo-morphogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yeling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yujing Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dayan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Zhang Z, Gangurde SS, Chen S, Mandlik RR, Liu H, Deshmukh R, Xu J, Wu Z, Hong Y, Li Y. Overexpression of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) AhGRFi gene enhanced root growth inhibition under exogenous NAA treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184058. [PMID: 37416889 PMCID: PMC10321354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 protein is a kind of evolutionary ubiquitous protein family highly conserved in eukaryotes. Initially, 14-3-3 proteins were reported in mammalian nervous tissues, but in the last decade, their role in various metabolic pathways in plants established the importance of 14-3-3 proteins. In the present study, a total of 22 14-3-3 genes, also called general regulatory factors (GRF), were identified in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) genome, out of which 12 belonged to the ε group, whereas 10 of them belonged to the non- ε-group. Tissue-specific expression of identified 14-3-3 genes were studied using transcriptome analysis. The peanut AhGRFi gene was cloned and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The investigation of subcellular localization indicated that AhGRFi is localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of the AhGRFi gene in transgenic Arabidopsis showed that under exogenous 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) treatment, root growth inhibition in transgenic plants was enhanced. Further analysis indicated that the expression of auxin-responsive genes IAA3, IAA7, IAA17, and SAUR-AC1 was upregulated and GH3.2 and GH3.3 were downregulated in transgenic plants, but the expression of GH3.2, GH3.3, and SAUR-AC1 showed opposite trends of change under NAA treatment. These results suggest that AhGRFi may be involved in auxin signaling during seedling root development. An in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of this process remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sunil S. Gangurde
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Songbin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rushil Ramesh Mandlik
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Jialing Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongkang Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Hong
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Song L, Liu J, Cao B, Liu B, Zhang X, Chen Z, Dong C, Liu X, Zhang Z, Wang W, Chai L, Liu J, Zhu J, Cui S, He F, Peng H, Hu Z, Su Z, Guo W, Xin M, Yao Y, Yan Y, Song Y, Bai G, Sun Q, Ni Z. Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat. Nature 2023; 617:118-124. [PMID: 37100915 PMCID: PMC10156601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Modern green revolution varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) confer semi-dwarf and lodging-resistant plant architecture owing to the Reduced height-B1b (Rht-B1b) and Rht-D1b alleles1. However, both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b are gain-of-function mutant alleles encoding gibberellin signalling repressors that stably repress plant growth and negatively affect nitrogen-use efficiency and grain filling2-5. Therefore, the green revolution varieties of wheat harbouring Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b usually produce smaller grain and require higher nitrogen fertilizer inputs to maintain their grain yields. Here we describe a strategy to design semi-dwarf wheat varieties without the need for Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b alleles. We discovered that absence of Rht-B1 and ZnF-B (encoding a RING-type E3 ligase) through a natural deletion of a haploblock of about 500 kilobases shaped semi-dwarf plants with more compact plant architecture and substantially improved grain yield (up to 15.2%) in field trials. Further genetic analysis confirmed that the deletion of ZnF-B induced the semi-dwarf trait in the absence of the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles through attenuating brassinosteroid (BR) perception. ZnF acts as a BR signalling activator to facilitate proteasomal destruction of the BR signalling repressor BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (TaBKI1), and loss of ZnF stabilizes TaBKI1 to block BR signalling transduction. Our findings not only identified a pivotal BR signalling modulator but also provided a creative strategy to design high-yield semi-dwarf wheat varieties by manipulating the BR signal pathway to sustain wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Beilu Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqun Dong
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangqing Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoheng Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxi Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Chai
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shubin Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei He
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqi Su
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yan
- National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinming Song
- National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guihua Bai
- USDA-ARS, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Qixin Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Lv J, Wu W, Ma T, Yang B, Khan A, Fu P, Lu J. Kinase Inhibitor VvBKI1 Interacts with Ascorbate Peroxidase VvAPX1 Promoting Plant Resistance to Oomycetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065106. [PMID: 36982179 PMCID: PMC10049515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew caused by oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola is a devastating disease of grapevine. P. viticola secretes an array of RXLR effectors to enhance virulence. One of these effectors, PvRXLR131, has been reported to interact with grape (Vitis vinifera) BRI1 kinase inhibitor (VvBKI1). BKI1 is conserved in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the role of VvBKI1 in plant immunity is unknown. Here, we found transient expression of VvBKI1 in grapevine and N. benthamiana increased its resistance to P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. Furthermore, ectopic expression of VvBKI1 in Arabidopsis can increase its resistance to downy mildew caused by Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Further experiments revealed that VvBKI1 interacts with a cytoplasmic ascorbate peroxidase, VvAPX1, an ROS-scavenging protein. Transient expression of VvAPX1 in grape and N. benthamiana promoted its resistance against P. viticola, and P. capsici. Moreover, VvAPX1 transgenic Arabidopsis is more resistant to H. arabidopsidis. Furthermore, both VvBKI1 and VvAPX1 transgenic Arabidopsis showed an elevated ascorbate peroxidase activity and enhanced disease resistance. In summary, our findings suggest a positive correlation between APX activity and resistance to oomycetes and that this regulatory network is conserved in V. vinifera, N. benthamiana, and A. thaliana.
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Wei Q, Liu J, Guo F, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yuan L, Ali K, Qiang F, Wen Y, Li W, Zheng B, Bai Q, Li G, Ren H, Wu G. Kinase regulators evolved into two families by gain and loss of ability to bind plant steroid receptors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1167-1185. [PMID: 36494097 PMCID: PMC9922406 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All biological functions evolve by fixing beneficial mutations and removing deleterious ones. Therefore, continuously fixing and removing the same essential function to separately diverge monophyletic gene families sounds improbable. Yet, here we report that brassinosteroid insensitive1 kinase inhibitor1 (BKI1)/membrane-associated kinase regulators (MAKRs) regulating a diverse function evolved into BKI1 and MAKR families from a common ancestor by respectively enhancing and losing ability to bind brassinosteroid receptor brassinosteroid insensitive1 (BRI1). The BKI1 family includes BKI1, MAKR1/BKI1-like (BKL) 1, and BKL2, while the MAKR family contains MAKR2-6. Seedless plants contain only BKL2. In seed plants, MAKR1/BKL1 and MAKR3, duplicates of BKL2, gained and lost the ability to bind BRI1, respectively. In angiosperms, BKL2 lost the ability to bind BRI1 to generate MAKR2, while BKI1 and MAKR6 were duplicates of MAKR1/BKL1 and MAKR3, respectively. In dicots, MAKR4 and MAKR5 were duplicates of MAKR3 and MAKR2, respectively. Importantly, BKI1 localized in the plasma membrane, but BKL2 localized to the nuclei while MAKR1/BKL1 localized throughout the whole cell. Importantly, BKI1 strongly and MAKR1/BKL1 weakly inhibited plant growth, but BKL2 and the MAKR family did not inhibit plant growth. Functional study of the chimeras of their N- and C-termini showed that only the BKI1 family was partially reconstructable, supporting stepwise evolution by a seesaw mechanism between their C- and N-termini to alternately gain an ability to bind and inhibit BRI1, respectively. Nevertheless, the C-terminal BRI1-interacting motif best defines the divergence of BKI1/MAKRs. Therefore, BKI1 and MAKR families evolved by gradually gaining and losing the same function, respectively, extremizing divergent evolution and adding insights into gene (BKI1/MAKR) duplication and divergence.
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Song P, Yang Z, Guo C, Han R, Wang H, Dong J, Kang D, Guo Y, Yang S, Li J. 14-3-3 proteins regulate photomorphogenesis by facilitating light-induced degradation of PIF3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:140-159. [PMID: 36110045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3s are highly conserved phosphopeptide-binding proteins that play important roles in various developmental and signaling pathways in plants. However, although protein phosphorylation has been proven to be a key mechanism for regulating many pivotal components of the light signaling pathway, the role of 14-3-3 proteins in photomorphogenesis remains largely obscure. PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) is an extensively studied transcription factor repressing photomorphogenesis, and it is well-established that upon red (R) light exposure, photo-activated phytochrome B (phyB) interacts with PIF3 and induces its rapid phosphorylation and degradation. PHOTOREGULATORY PROTEIN KINASES (PPKs), a family of nuclear protein kinases, interact with phyB and PIF3 in R light and mediate multisite phosphorylation of PIF3 in vivo. Here, we report that two members of the 14-3-3 protein family, 14-3-3λ and κ, bind to a serine residue in the bHLH domain of PIF3 that can be phosphorylated by PPKs, and act as key positive regulators of R light-induced photomorphogenesis. Moreover, 14-3-3λ and κ preferentially interact with photo-activated phyB and promote the phyB-PIF3-PPK complex formation, thereby facilitating phyB-induced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF3 upon R light exposure. Together, our data demonstrate that 14-3-3λ and κ work in close concert with the phyB-PIF3 module to regulate light signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zidan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Can Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huaichang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dingming Kang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Luo J, Jiang J, Sun S, Wang X. Brassinosteroids promote thermotolerance through releasing BIN2-mediated phosphorylation and suppression of HsfA1 transcription factors in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100419. [PMID: 35927943 PMCID: PMC9700127 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High temperature adversely affects plant growth and development. The steroid phytohormones brassinosteroids (BRs) are recognized to play important roles in plant heat stress responses and thermotolerance, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), a negative component in the BR signaling pathway, interacts with the master heat-responsive transcription factors CLASS A1 HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (HsfA1s). Furthermore, BIN2 phosphorylates HsfA1d on T263 and S56 to suppress its nuclear localization and inhibit its DNA-binding ability, respectively. BR signaling promotes plant thermotolerance by releasing the BIN2 suppression of HsfA1d to facilitate its nuclear localization and DNA binding. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms by which BRs promote plant thermotolerance by strongly regulating HsfA1d through BIN2 and suggests potential ways to improve crop yield under extreme high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China.
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9
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Zhang Z, Quan S, Niu J, Guo C, Kang C, Liu J, Yuan X. Comprehensive Identification and Analyses of the GRF Gene Family in the Whole-Genome of Four Juglandaceae Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012663. [PMID: 36293519 PMCID: PMC9604165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The GRF gene family plays an important role in plant growth and development as regulators involved in plant hormone signaling and metabolism. However, the Juglandaceae GRF gene family remains to be studied. Here, we identified 15, 15, 19, and 20 GRF genes in J. regia, C. illinoinensis, J. sigillata, and J. mandshurica, respectively. The phylogeny shows that the Juglandaceae family GRF is divided into two subfamilies, the ε-group and the non-ε-group, and that selection pressure analysis did not detect amino acid loci subject to positive selection pressure. In addition, we found that the duplications of the Juglandaceae family GRF genes were all segmental duplication events, and a total of 79 orthologous gene pairs and one paralogous homologous gene pair were identified in four Juglandaceae families. The Ka/KS ratios between these homologous gene pairs were further analyzed, and the Ka/KS values were all less than 1, indicating that purifying selection plays an important role in the evolution of the Juglandaceae family GRF genes. The codon bias of genes in the GRF family of Juglandaceae species is weak, and is affected by both natural selection pressure and base mutation, and translation selection plays a dominant role in the mutation pressure in codon usage. Finally, expression analysis showed that GRF genes play important roles in pecan embryo development and walnut male and female flower bud development, but with different expression patterns. In conclusion, this study will serve as a rich genetic resource for exploring the molecular mechanisms of flower bud differentiation and embryo development in Juglandaceae. In addition, this is the first study to report the GRF gene family in the Juglandaceae family; therefore, our study will provide guidance for future comparative and functional genomic studies of the GRF gene family in the Juglandaceae specie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrong Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shaowen Quan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jianxin Niu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Caihua Guo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xing Yuan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, China
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10
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Brassinosteroid Signaling Downstream Suppressor BIN2 Interacts with SLFRIGIDA-LIKE to Induce Early Flowering in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911264. [PMID: 36232562 PMCID: PMC9570299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is very important in plant developmental processes. Its various components interact to form a signaling cascade. These components are widely studied in Arabidopsis; however, very little information is available on tomatoes. Brassinosteroid Insensitive 2 (BIN2), the downstream suppressor of BR signaling, plays a critical role in BR signal pathway, while FRIGIDA as a key suppressor of Flowering Locus C with overexpression could cause early flowering; however, how the BR signaling regulates FRIGIDA homologous protein to adjust flowering time is still unknown. This study identified 12 FRIGIDA-LIKE proteins with a conserved FRIGIDA domain in tomatoes. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC confirmed that SlBIN2 interacts with 4 SlFRLs, which are sub-cellularly localized in the nucleus. Tissue-specific expression of SlFRLs was observed highly in young roots and flowers. Biological results revealed that SlFRLs interact with SlBIN2 to regulate early flowering. Further, the mRNA level of SlBIN2 also increased in SlFRL-overexpressed lines. The relative expression of SlCPD increased upon SlFRL silencing, while SlDWF and SlBIN2 were decreased, both of which are important for BR signaling. Our research firstly provides molecular evidence that BRs regulate tomato flowering through the interaction between SlFRLs and SlBIN2. This study will promote the understanding of the specific pathway essential for floral regulation.
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11
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Shi H, Li X, Lv M, Li J. BES1/BZR1 Family Transcription Factors Regulate Plant Development via Brassinosteroid-Dependent and Independent Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710149. [PMID: 36077547 PMCID: PMC9478962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BES1/BZR1 family is a plant-specific small group of transcription factors possessing a non-canonical bHLH domain. Genetic and biochemical analyses within the last two decades have demonstrated that members of this family are key transcription factors in regulating the expression of brassinosteroid (BR) response genes. Several recent genetic and evolutionary studies, however, have clearly indicated that the BES1/BZR1 family transcription factors also function in regulating several aspects of plant development via BR-independent pathways, suggesting they are not BR specific. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of this family of transcription factors, the mechanisms regulating their activities, DNA binding motifs, and target genes. We selectively discuss a number of their biological functions via BR-dependent and particularly independent pathways, which were recently revealed by loss-of-function genetic analyses. We also highlight a few possible future directions.
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12
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Sun Q, Xi Y, Lu P, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Genome-wide analysis of the G-box regulating factors protein family reveals its roles in response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:986635. [PMID: 36035692 PMCID: PMC9412199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.986635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The G-box regulating factors (GRFs) are involved in a wide array of signal transduction pathway and play important roles in plant physiological and developmental processes and stress responses. The GRF proteins have previously been described in several plant species, but not in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In this study, we carried out genome-wide analysis of GRFs in B. napus based on the available genome sequence information, and analyzed their expression in different tissues under different hormone treatments and after inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We identified 46 putative BnaGRF genes in rapeseed, unevenly distributed on 18 chromosomes. Like the 14-3-3 proteins in other plant species, the 46 putative BnaGRFs could be classified into two major evolutionary branches: epsilon (ε) group and non-epsilon (non-ε) group. Evolutionary analysis indicated that the BnaGRF gene family expanded in both groups much before speciation. We discovered an expansion of the 14-3-3 gene family that likely occurred during a recent gene duplication event. Collinearity analysis revealed that most of the BnaGRF genes shared syntenic relationships. Global gene expression profiling of BnaGRFs by RNA-seq analysis showed 41.3% (19/46) response to S. sclerotiorum infection, and this response was probably mediated through jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways. These results provide key insights into the role of 14-3-3s in the biotic stress response and enhance our understanding of their multiple functions in B. napus.
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13
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Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses of Illicium difengpi to Drought Stress. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Illicium difengpi Kib and Kim, an endangered plant unique to karst areas in China, has evolved an extremely high tolerance to arid environments. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the response to drought stress in I. difengpi, physiological index determination and transcriptome sequencing experiments were conducted in biennial seedlings grown under different soil moisture conditions (70~80%, 40~50% and 10~20%). With increasing drought stress, the leaf chlorophyll content decreased, while the proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities also increased. Transcriptome sequencing and pairwise comparisons of the treatments revealed 2489, 4451 and 753 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CK70~80 vs. XP40~50, CK70~80 vs. XP10~20 and XP40~50 vs. XP10~20, respectively. These DEGs were divided into seven clusters according to their expression trends, and the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment results of different clusters indicated that genes in the hormone signal transduction and osmotic regulation pathways were greatly activated under mild drought stress. When drought stress increased, the DEGs related to membrane system and protein modification and folding were all upregulated; simultaneously, chitin catabolism- and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis-related genes were continuously upregulated throughout drought stress, while the genes involved in photosynthesis were downregulated. Here, 244 transcription factors derived from 10 families were also identified. These results lay a foundation for further research on the adaptation of I. difengpi to arid environments in karst areas and the establishment of a core regulatory relationship in its drought resistance mechanism.
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14
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Huang Y, Wang W, Yu H, Peng J, Hu Z, Chen L. The role of 14-3-3 proteins in plant growth and response to abiotic stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:833-852. [PMID: 34773487 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins widely exist in almost all plant species. They specifically recognize and interact with phosphorylated target proteins, including protein kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors and functional proteins, offering an array of opportunities for 14-3-3s to participate in the signal transduction processes. 14-3-3s are multigene families and can form homo- and heterodimers, which confer functional specificity of 14-3-3 proteins. They are widely involved in regulating biochemical and cellular processes and plant growth and development, including cell elongation and division, seed germination, vegetative and reproductive growth, and seed dormancy. They mediate plant response to environmental stresses such as salt, alkaline, osmotic, drought, cold and other abiotic stresses, partially via hormone-related signalling pathways. Although many studies have reviewed the function of 14-3-3 proteins, recent research on plant 14-3-3s has achieved significant advances. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental properties of 14-3-3 proteins and systematically summarize and dissect the emerging advances in understanding the roles of 14-3-3s in plant growth and development and abiotic stress responses. Some ambiguous questions about the roles of 14-3-3s under environmental stresses are reviewed. Interesting questions related to plant 14-3-3 functions that remain to be elucidated are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenshu Wang
- Institute of Crop Science of Wuhan Academy of Agriculture Science, Wuhan, 430345, China
| | - Hua Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junhua Peng
- Huazhi Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Zhengrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Gao X, Zhang J, Cai G, Du H, Li J, Wang R, Wang Y, Yin J, Zhang W, Zhang H, Huang J. qGL3/OsPPKL1 induces phosphorylation of 14-3-3 protein OsGF14b to inhibit OsBZR1 function in brassinosteroid signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:624-636. [PMID: 34662408 PMCID: PMC8774794 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play essential roles in regulating plant growth and development, however, gaps still remain in our understanding of the BR signaling network. We previously cloned a grain length quantitative trait locus qGL3, encoding a rice (Oryza sativa L.) protein phosphatase with Kelch-like repeat domain (OsPPKL1), that negatively regulates grain length and BR signaling. To further explore the BR signaling network, we performed phosphoproteomic analysis to screen qGL3-regulated downstream components. We selected a 14-3-3 protein OsGF14b from the phosphoproteomic data for further analysis. qGL3 promoted the phosphorylation of OsGF14b and induced the interaction intensity between OsGF14b and OsBZR1. In addition, phosphorylation of OsGF14b played an important role in regulating nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of OsBZR1. The serine acids (Ser258Ser259) residues of OsGF14b play an essential role in BR-mediated responses and plant development. Genetic and molecular analyses indicated that OsGF14b functions as a negative regulator in BR signaling and represses the transcriptional activation activity of OsBZR1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that qGL3 induces the phosphorylation of OsGF14b, which modulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and transcriptional activation activity of OsBZR1, to eventually negatively regulate BR signaling and grain length in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huaying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ji Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Cui LH, Min HJ, Yu SG, Byun MY, Oh TR, Lee A, Yang HW, Kim WT. OsATL38 mediates mono-ubiquitination of the 14-3-3 protein OsGF14d and negatively regulates the cold stress response in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:307-323. [PMID: 34436579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major regulatory pathways that permits plants to convert an external stimulus into an internal cellular response within a short period of time is the ubiquitination pathway. In this study, OsATL38 was identified as a low temperature-induced gene that encodes a rice homolog of Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura RING-type E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase, which was predominantly localized to the plasma membrane. OsATL38-overexpressing transgenic rice plants exhibited decreased tolerance to cold stress as compared with wild-type rice plants. In contrast, RNAi-mediated OsATL38 knockdown transgenic progeny exhibited markedly increased tolerance to cold stress relative to that of wild-type plants, which indicated a negative role of OsATL38 in response to cold stress. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that OsATL38 physically interacted with OsGF14d, a rice 14-3-3 protein. An in vivo target ubiquitination assay indicated that OsGF14d was mono-ubiquitinated by OsATL38. osgf14d knockout mutant plants were more sensitive to cold stress than wild-type rice plants, indicating that OsGF14d is a positive factor in the response to cold stress. These results provide evidence that the RING E3 Ub ligase OsATL38 negatively regulates the cold stress response in rice via mono-ubiquitination of OsGF14d 14-3-3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hua Cui
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hye Jo Min
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seong Guan Yu
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Mi Young Byun
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tae Rin Oh
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Andosung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hee Woong Yang
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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17
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Lee KH, Wang S, Du Q, Chhetri GT, Qi L, Wang H. The XVP/ NAC003 protein associates with the plasma membrane through KR rich regions and translocates to the nucleus by changing phosphorylation status. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1970449. [PMID: 34498541 PMCID: PMC8525969 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1970449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane localized transcription factors play essential roles in various plant developmental processes. The XVP/NAC003 protein is a NAC domain transcription factor associated with the plasma membrane and involved in the TDIF-PXY signaling during vascular development. We report here the mechanisms of XVP membrane localization and its nuclear translocation. Using a transient transformation approach, we found that XVP is associated with the plasma membrane through positively charged KR-rich regions. Mutagenesis studies found that the threonine amino acid at position 354 (T354) is critical for XVP translocation to the nucleus. In particular, the threonine to alanine mutation (T354A) resulted in a partial nucleus localization, while threonine to aspartic acid (T354D) mutation showed no effect on protein localization, indicating that dephosphorylation at T354 may serve as a nucleus translocation signal. This research sheds new light on the nucleus partitioning of plasma membrane-associated transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hee Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sining Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Gaurav Thapa Chhetri
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Liying Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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18
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Novikova DD, Korosteleva AL, Mironova V, Jaillais Y. Meet your MAKR: the membrane-associated kinase regulator protein family in the regulation of plant development. FEBS J 2021; 289:6172-6186. [PMID: 34288456 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A small family composed of BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR1 (BKI1) and MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED KINASE REGULATORS (MAKRs) has recently captured the attention of plant biologists, due to their involvement in developmental processes downstream of hormones and Receptor-Like Kinases (RLK) signalling. BKI1/MAKRs are intrinsically disordered proteins (so-called unstructured proteins) and as such lack specific domains. Instead, they are defined by the presence of two conserved linear motifs involved in the interaction with lipids and proteins, respectively. Here, we first relate the discovery of the MAKR gene family. Then, we review the individual function of characterized family members and discuss their shared and specific modes of action. Finally, we explore and summarize the structural, comparative and functional genomics data available on this gene family. Together, this review aims at building a comprehensive reference about BKI1/MAKR protein function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria D Novikova
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia L Korosteleva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Mironova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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19
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Wang W, Mao Z, Guo T, Kou S, Yang HQ. The involvement of the N-terminal PHR domain of Arabidopsis cryptochromes in mediating light signaling. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:146-155. [PMID: 36304752 PMCID: PMC9590466 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light is a key environmental cue that fundamentally regulates all aspects of plant growth and development, which is mediated by the multiple photoreceptors including the blue light photoreceptors cryptochromes (CRYs). In Arabidopsis, there are two well-characterized homologous CRYs, CRY1 and CRY2. Whereas CRYs are flavoproteins, they lack photolyase activity and are characterized by an N-terminal photolyase-homologous region (PHR) domain and a C-terminal extension domain. It has been established that the C-terminal extension domain of CRYs is involved in mediating light signaling through direct interactions with the master negative regulator of photomorphogenesis, COP1. Recent studies have revealed that the N-terminal PHR domain of CRYs is also involved in mediating light signaling. In this review, we mainly summarize and discuss the recent advances in CRYs signaling mediated by the N-terminal PHR domain, which involves the N-terminal PHR domain-mediated dimerization/oligomerization of CRYs and physical interactions with the pivotal transcription regulators in light and phytohormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
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20
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Li L, Li B, Zhu S, Wang L, Song L, Chen J, Ming Z, Liu X, Li X, Yu F. TMK4 receptor kinase negatively modulates ABA signaling by phosphorylating ABI2 and enhancing its activity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1161-1178. [PMID: 33811744 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2CAs) have emerged as major players in abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated stress responses by inhibiting protein kinase activity. However, how different internal and external environmental signals modulate the activity of PP2CAs are not well known. The transmembrane kinase (TMK) protein 4 (TMK4), one member of a previously identified receptor kinase subfamily on the plasma membrane that plays vital roles in plant cell growth, directly interacts with PP2CAs member (ABA-Insensitive 2, ABI2). tmk4 mutant is hypersensitive to ABA in both ABA-inhibited seed germination and primary root growth, indicating that TMK4 is a negative regulator in ABA signaling pathway. Further analyses indicate that TMK4 phosphorylates ABI2 at three conserved Ser residues, thus enhancing the activity of ABI2. The phosphorylation-mimic ABI2S139DS140DS266D can complement but non-phosphorylated form ABI2S139AS140AS266A cannot complement ABA hypersensitive phenotype of the loss-of-function mutant abi1-2abi2-2. This study provides a previously unidentified mechanism for positively regulating ABI2 by a plasma membrane protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Limei Song
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiushan Li
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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21
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Zhang K, Huang Y, Shi Q. Genome-wide identification and characterization of 14-3-3 genes in fishes. Gene 2021; 791:145721. [PMID: 34010706 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family genes are highly conserved regulatory factors in eukaryotes with involvement in multiple important cellular processes. However, detailed investigations of this family in fishes are very limited. Here, a comparative genomic and transcriptomic survey were performed to investigate the 14-3-3 family in fishes. We confirmed that the numbers of 14-3-3 genes ranged from 5 to 7 in non-teleost fishes, as well as additional 14-3-3 genes (9 to 11) in teleost fishes. In addition, some special teleost fishes possess 17 to 25 14-3-3s, which undergone the fourth whole-genome duplication (WGD). We also found that six pairs of fish 14-3-3 genes were clustered with mammalian ε, γ, ς, η, τand β isotypes, respectively, while σ was absent with a potential specificity within mammals, on the basis of their phylogenetic and synteny analyses. According to our results, we inferred that the diversity of 14-3-3 genes in fishes seems to be generated from a combination of WGD and gene loss. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that there are differences in tissue distribution, and we speculated that 14-3-3 genes may contribute to terrestrial adaptations in mudskippers. In addition, protein sequence alignments of 14-3-3s supported their differential roles in fishes. In summary, our present comparative genomic and transcriptomic survey will benefit for further functional investigations of these fish genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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22
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Dou D, Han S, Cao L, Ku L, Liu H, Su H, Ren Z, Zhang D, Zeng H, Dong Y, Liu Z, Zhu F, Zhao Q, Xie J, Liu Y, Cheng H, Chen Y. CLA4 regulates leaf angle through multiple hormone signaling pathways in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1782-1794. [PMID: 33270106 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaf angle is an important agronomic trait in cereals and shares a close relationship with crop architecture and grain yield. Although it has been previously reported that ZmCLA4 can influence leaf angle, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used the Gal4-LexA/UAS system and transactivation analysis to demonstrate in maize (Zea mays) that ZmCLA4 is a transcriptional repressor that regulates leaf angle. DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-Seq) analysis revealed that ZmCLA4 mainly binds to promoters containing the EAR motif (CACCGGAC) as well as to two other motifs (CCGARGS and CDTCNTC) to inhibit the expression of its target genes. Further analysis of ZmCLA4 target genes indicated that ZmCLA4 functions as a hub of multiple plant hormone signaling pathways: ZmCLA4 was found to directly bind to the promoters of multiple genes including ZmARF22 and ZmIAA26 in the auxin transport pathway, ZmBZR3 in the brassinosteroid signaling pathway, two ZmWRKY genes involved in abscisic acid metabolism, ZmCYP genes (ZmCYP75B1, ZmCYP93D1) related to jasmonic acid metabolism, and ZmABI3 involved in the ethylene response pathway. Overall, our work provides deep insights into the ZmCLA4 regulatory network in controlling leaf angle in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Dou
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengbo Han
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liru Cao
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Ku
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huihui Su
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haixia Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yahui Dong
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhixie Liu
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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23
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Zuo X, Wang S, Xiang W, Yang H, Tahir MM, Zheng S, An N, Han M, Zhao C, Zhang D. Genome-wide identification of the 14-3-3 gene family and its participation in floral transition by interacting with TFL1/FT in apple. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:41. [PMID: 33419402 PMCID: PMC7796649 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a popular cultivated fruit crop with high economic value in China. Apple floral transition is an important process but liable to be affected by various environmental factors. The 14-3-3 proteins are involved in regulating diverse biological processes in plants, and some 14-3-3 members play vital roles in flowering. However, little information was available about the 14-3-3 members in apple. RESULTS In the current study, we identified eighteen 14-3-3 gene family members from the apple genome database, designated MdGF14a to MdGF14r. The isoforms possess a conserved core region comprising nine antiparallel α-helices and divergent N and C termini. According to their structural and phylogenetic features, Md14-3-3 proteins could be classified into two major evolutionary branches, the epsilon (ɛ) group and the non-epsilon (non-ɛ) group. Moreover, expression profiles derived from transcriptome data and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis showed diverse expression patterns of Md14-3-3 genes in various tissues and in response to different sugars and hormone treatments during the floral transition phase. Four Md14-3-3 isoforms (MdGF14a, MdGF14d, MdGF14i, and MdGF14j) exhibiting prominent transcriptional responses to sugars and hormones were selected for further investigation. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments showed that the four Md14-3-3 proteins interact with key floral integrators, MdTFL1 (TERMINAL FLOWER1) and MdFT (FLOWERING LOCUS T). Subcellular localization of four selected Md14-3-3 proteins demonstrated their localization in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. CONCLUSION We identified the Md14-3-3 s family in apple comprehensively. Certain Md14-3-3 genes are expressed predominantly during the apple floral transition stage, and may participate in the regulation of flowering through association with flower control genes. Our results provide a preliminary framework for further investigation into the roles of Md14-3-3 s in floral transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wen Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Huiru Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | | | - Shangong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Na An
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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24
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Zhang B, Wang M, Sun Y, Zhao P, Liu C, Qing K, Hu X, Zhong Z, Cheng J, Wang H, Peng Y, Shi J, Zhuang L, Du S, He M, Wu H, Liu M, Chen S, Wang H, Chen X, Fan W, Tian K, Wang Y, Chen Q, Wang S, Dong F, Yang C, Zhang M, Song Q, Li Y, Wang X. Glycine max NNL1 restricts symbiotic compatibility with widely distributed bradyrhizobia via root hair infection. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:73-86. [PMID: 33452487 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between soybean (Glycine max) and rhizobia is essential for efficient nitrogen fixation. Rhizobial effectors secreted through the type-III secretion system are key for mediating the interactions between plants and rhizobia, but the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, our genome-wide association study for nodule number identified G. max Nodule Number Locus 1 (GmNNL1), which encodes a new R protein. GmNNL1 directly interacts with the nodulation outer protein P (NopP) effector from Bradyrhizobium USDA110 to trigger immunity and inhibit nodulation through root hair infection. The insertion of a 179 bp short interspersed nuclear element (SINE)-like transposon into GmNNL1 leads to the loss of function of GmNNL1, enabling bradyrhizobia to successfully nodulate soybeans through the root hair infection route and enhancing nitrogen fixation. Our findings provide important insights into the coevolution of soybean-bradyrhizobia compatibility and offer a way to design new legume-rhizobia interactions for efficient symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ke Qing
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhedong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiajia Shi
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lili Zhuang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Si Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao He
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengcai Chen
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kewei Tian
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Faming Dong
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Youguo Li
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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25
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Abstract
In this Primer, Kim and Russinova provide an overview of brassinosteroid signalling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
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26
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Ramirez VE, Poppenberger B. Modes of Brassinosteroid Activity in Cold Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583666. [PMID: 33240301 PMCID: PMC7677411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a significant environmental factor that negatively affects plant growth and development in particular when it occurs during the growth phase. Plants have evolved means to protect themselves from damage caused by chilling or freezing temperatures and some plant species, in particular those from temperate geographical zones, can increase their basal level of freezing tolerance in a process termed cold acclimation. Cold acclimation improves plant survival, but also represses growth, since it inhibits activity of the growth-promoting hormones gibberellins (GAs). In addition to GAs, the steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) also take part in growth promotion and cold stress signaling; however, in contrast to Gas, BRs can improve cold stress tolerance with fewer trade-offs in terms of growth and yields. Here we summarize our current understanding of the roles of BRs in cold stress responses with a focus on freezing tolerance and cold acclimation pathways.
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27
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Wang H, Song S, Cheng H, Tan YW. State-of-the-Art Technologies for Understanding Brassinosteroid Signaling Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8179. [PMID: 33142942 PMCID: PMC7662629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids, the steroid hormones of plants, control physiological and developmental processes through its signaling pathway. The major brassinosteroid signaling network components, from the receptor to transcription factors, have been identified in the past two decades. The development of biotechnologies has driven the identification of novel brassinosteroid signaling components, even revealing several crosstalks between brassinosteroid and other plant signaling pathways. Herein, we would like to summarize the identification and improvement of several representative brassinosteroid signaling components through the development of new technologies, including brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1), BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1), BR-insensitive 2 (BIN2), BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (BKI1), BRI1-suppressor 1 (BSU1), BR signaling kinases (BSKs), BRI1 ethyl methanesulfonate suppressor 1 (BES1), and brassinazole resistant 1 (BZR1). Furthermore, improvement of BR signaling knowledge, such as the function of BKI1, BES1 and its homologous through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), the regulation of BIN2 through single-molecule methods, and the new in vivo interactors of BIN2 identified by proximity labeling are described. Among these technologies, recent advanced methods proximity labeling and single-molecule methods will be reviewed in detail to provide insights to brassinosteroid and other phytohormone signaling pathway studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China;
| | - Song Song
- Department of Basic Courses, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Huaqiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Yan-Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
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28
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Synergistic Interaction of Phytohormones in Determining Leaf Angle in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145052. [PMID: 32709150 PMCID: PMC7404121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf angle (LA), defined as the angle between the plant stem and leaf adaxial side of the blade, generally shapes the plant architecture into a loosen or dense structure, and thus influences the light interception and competition between neighboring plants in natural settings, ultimately contributing to the crop yield and productivity. It has been elucidated that brassinosteroid (BR) plays a dominant role in determining LA, and other phytohormones also positively or negatively participate in regulating LA. Accumulating evidences have revealed that these phytohormones interact with each other in modulating various biological processes. However, the comprehensive discussion of how the phytohormones and their interaction involved in shaping LA is relatively lack. Here, we intend to summarize the advances in the LA regulation mediated by the phytohormones and their crosstalk in different plant species, mainly in rice and maize, hopefully providing further insights into the genetic manipulation of LA trait in crop breeding and improvement in regarding to overcoming the challenge from the continuous demands for food under limited arable land area.
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29
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Mao J, Li J. Regulation of Three Key Kinases of Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4340. [PMID: 32570783 PMCID: PMC7352359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that regulate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. The BR signals are perceived by two cell surface-localized receptor kinases, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (BRI1) and BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase (BAK1), and reach the nucleus through two master transcription factors, bri1-EMS suppressor1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1). The intracellular transmission of the BR signals from BRI1/BAK1 to BES1/BZR1 is inhibited by a constitutively active kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive2 (BIN2) that phosphorylates and negatively regulates BES1/BZR1. Since their initial discoveries, further studies have revealed a plethora of biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate their protein abundance, subcellular localizations, and signaling activities. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current literature concerning activation, inactivation, and other regulatory mechanisms of three key kinases of the BR signaling cascade, BRI1, BAK1, and BIN2, and discuss some unresolved controversies and outstanding questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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30
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Oh MH, Honey SH, Tax FE. The Control of Cell Expansion, Cell Division, and Vascular Development by Brassinosteroids: A Historical Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051743. [PMID: 32143305 PMCID: PMC7084555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are important signaling molecules in plants and animals. The plant steroid hormone brassinosteroids were first isolated and characterized in the 1970s and have been studied since then for their functions in plant growth. Treatment of plants or plant cells with brassinosteroids revealed they play important roles during diverse developmental processes, including control of cell expansion, cell division, and vascular differentiation. Molecular genetic studies, primarily in Arabidopsis thaliana, but increasingly in many other plants, have identified many genes involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and responses. Here we review the roles of brassinosteroids in cell expansion, cell division, and vascular differentiation, comparing the early physiological studies with more recent results of the analysis of mutants in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling genes. A few representative examples of other molecular pathways that share developmental roles with brassinosteroids are described, including pathways that share functional overlap or response components with the brassinosteroid pathway. We conclude by briefly discussing the origin and conservation of brassinosteroid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ho Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Saxon H. Honey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Frans E. Tax
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Roles of Brassinosteroids in Plant Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030872. [PMID: 32013254 PMCID: PMC7037687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid hormones, essentially important for plant development and growth. BR signaling functions to promote cell expansion and cell division, and plays a role in etiolation and reproduction. As the phytohormone originally identified in the pollen grains of Brassica napus, BR promotes the elongation of stigma. Recent studies have revealed that BR is also critical for floral transition, inflorescence stem architecture formation and other aspects of plant reproductive processes. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of BRs in plant reproduction, the spatial and temporal control of BR signaling, and the downstream molecular mechanisms in both the model plant Arabidopsis and crops. The crosstalk of BR with environmental factors and other hormones in reproduction will also be discussed.
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14-3-3 proteins contribute to leaf and root development via brassinosteroid insensitive 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:347-354. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jiang H, Tang B, Xie Z, Nolan T, Ye H, Song GY, Walley J, Yin Y. GSK3-like kinase BIN2 phosphorylates RD26 to potentiate drought signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:923-937. [PMID: 31357236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate plant growth and development at many different levels. Recent research has revealed that stress-responsive NAC (petunia NAM and Arabidopsis ATAF1, ATAF2, and CUC2) transcription factor RD26 is regulated by BR signaling and antagonizes BES1 in the interaction between growth and drought stress signaling. However, the upstream signaling transduction components that activate RD26 during drought are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the function of RD26 is modulated by GSK3-like kinase BIN2 and protein phosphatase 2C ABI1. We show that ABI1, a negative regulator in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, dephosphorylates and destabilizes BIN2 to inhibit BIN2 kinase activity. RD26 protein is stabilized by ABA and dehydration in a BIN2-dependent manner. BIN2 directly interacts and phosphorylates RD26 in vitro and in vivo. BIN2 phosphorylation of RD26 is required for RD26 transcriptional activation on drought-responsive genes. RD26 overexpression suppressed the brassinazole (BRZ) insensitivity of BIN2 triple mutant bin2 bil1 bil2, and BIN2 function is required for the drought tolerance of RD26 overexpression plants. Taken together, our data suggest a drought signaling mechanism in which drought stress relieves ABI1 inhibition of BIN2, allowing BIN2 activation. Sequentially, BIN2 phosphorylates and stabilizes RD26 to promote drought stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Buyun Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Zhouli Xie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Trevor Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Huaxun Ye
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Gao-Yuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Justin Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Salicylic acid-mediated plasmodesmal closure via Remorin-dependent lipid organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21274-21284. [PMID: 31575745 PMCID: PMC6800329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911892116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) create cytoplasmic and membrane continuities between adjacent cells to facilitate cell–cell communication and virus movement. Plant cells have evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate PD plasticity against plant pathogens, including the accumulation of the defense hormone, salicylic acid (SA). However, the mechanism of how this occurs is not well understood. Here, we uncover a mechanism by which SA triggers Remorin-dependent membrane lipid nanodomain assembly, leading to enhancement of the liquid-ordered phase. The higher-ordered lipids, which are particularly enriched at PD membrane, decreased PD membrane plasticity, and thus restricted PD opening and impeded virus spreading. Our findings address a knowledge gap in plant defense mechanisms at the membrane level that rely on SA-controlled lipid order and PD closure. Plasmodesmata (PD) are plant-specific membrane-lined channels that create cytoplasmic and membrane continuities between adjacent cells, thereby facilitating cell–cell communication and virus movement. Plant cells have evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate PD plasticity in response to numerous environmental stimuli. In particular, during defense against plant pathogens, the defense hormone, salicylic acid (SA), plays a crucial role in the regulation of PD permeability in a callose-dependent manner. Here, we uncover a mechanism by which plants restrict the spreading of virus and PD cargoes using SA signaling by increasing lipid order and closure of PD. We showed that exogenous SA application triggered the compartmentalization of lipid raft nanodomains through a modulation of the lipid raft-regulatory protein, Remorin (REM). Genetic studies, superresolution imaging, and transmission electron microscopy observation together demonstrated that Arabidopsis REM1.2 and REM1.3 are crucial for plasma membrane nanodomain assembly to control PD aperture and functionality. In addition, we also found that a 14-3-3 epsilon protein modulates REM clustering and membrane nanodomain compartmentalization through its direct interaction with REM proteins. This study unveils a molecular mechanism by which the key plant defense hormone, SA, triggers membrane lipid nanodomain reorganization, thereby regulating PD closure to impede virus spreading.
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Song S, Wang H, Sun M, Tang J, Zheng B, Wang X, Tan YW. Reactive oxygen species-mediated BIN2 activity revealed by single-molecule analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:692-704. [PMID: 30597572 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate several plant hormone signaling cascades, but little is known about the real-time kinetics and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the target proteins in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. In this study, we used single-molecule techniques to investigate the true signaling timescales of the major BR signaling components BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The rate constants of BIN2 associating with ATP and phosphorylating BES1 were determined to be 0.7 ± 0.4 mM-1 s-1 and 2.3 ± 1.4 s-1 , respectively. Interestingly, we found that the interaction of BIN2 and BES1 was oxygen-dependent, and oxygen can directly modify BIN2. The activity of BIN2 was switched on via modification of specific cysteine (Cys) residues, including C59, C95, C99 and C162. The mutation of these Cys residues inhibited the BR signaling outputs. These findings demonstrate the power of using single-molecule techniques to study the dynamic interactions of signaling components, which is difficult to be discovered by conventional physiological and biochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Binglian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan-Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Multiscale Research Institute for Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Wu J, Wang W, Xu P, Pan J, Zhang T, Li Y, Li G, Yang H, Lian H. phyB Interacts with BES1 to Regulate Brassinosteroid Signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:353-366. [PMID: 30388258 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental factor, which mainly inhibits hypocotyl elongation through various photoreceptors. In contrast, brassinosteroids (BRs) are major hypocotyl elongation-promoting hormones in plants, which could optimize photomorphogenesis concurrent with external light. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonism of light and BR signaling remain largely unknown. Here we show that the Arabidopsis red light receptor phyB is involved in inhibition of BR signaling via its direct interaction with the BR transcription factor BES1. In our study, the phyB mutant displays BR hypersensitivity, which is repressed in transgenic plants overexpressing phyB, suggesting that phyB negatively regulates the BR signaling pathway. In addition, protein interaction results show that phyB directly interacts with dephosphorylated BES1, the physiologically active form of BES1 induced by BR, in a red light-dependent manner. Genetic analyses suggest that phyB may act partially through BES1 to regulate BR signaling. Transcriptomic data and quantitative real-time PCR assay further show that phyB-mediated red light inhibits BR signaling by repressing expression of BES1 target genes, including the BR biosynthesis genes DWF4, the SAUR family and the PRE family genes required for promoting cell elongation. Finally, we found that red light treatment inhibits the DNA-binding activity of BES1 and photoactivated phyB represses the transcriptional activity of BES1 under red light. Taken together, we suggest that the interaction of phyB with dephosphorylated BES1 may allow plants to balance light and BR signaling by repressing transcriptional activity of BES1 to regulate expression of its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengbo Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongquan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Xiong F, Zhuo F, Reiter RJ, Wang L, Wei Z, Deng K, Song Y, Qanmber G, Feng L, Yang Z, Li F, Ren M. Hypocotyl Elongation Inhibition of Melatonin Is Involved in Repressing Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1082. [PMID: 31616446 PMCID: PMC6775476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin functions as a plant hormone/regulator in the regulation of growth and development. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we found that a high dose of melatonin inhibited hypocotyl elongation in a dose-dependent manner in Arabidopsis. An expression profile analysis showed that hypocotyl growth inhibition by melatonin was involved in reprograming the expression of cell elongation genes and brassinosteroid (BRs) biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, similar to BR biosynthetic inhibitor brassinazole (BRZ), a high concentration of melatonin upregulated BR-biosynthetic genes and downregulated BR-induced genes involved in cell elongation, while melatonin was inefficient in brassinazole-resistant mutants like the bzr1-1D and bes1-D in hypocotyl inhibition. The comparative expression profile analysis showed an opposite expression mode in the co-regulated genes between melatonin and BZR1 or melatonin and brassinolide (BL). Additionally, exogenous BL rescued the repressive phenotype of BR biosynthesis-deficient mutant like det2-1 even in the presence of high-dose melatonin, but not BR receptor mutant bri1-5 or signal transduction mutant bin2-1. A biochemical analysis further confirmed that melatonin reduced endogenous BR levels in a dose-dependent manner in Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that melatonin inhibits BR biosynthesis but does not block BR signaling in the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and extends insights on the role of melatonin in cross-talking with plant hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengping Zhuo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Lingling Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Kexuan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Song
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Ghulam Qanmber
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Li Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Fuguang Li, ; Maozhi Ren,
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Fuguang Li, ; Maozhi Ren,
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Chen T, Chen JH, Zhang W, Yang G, Yu LJ, Li DM, Li B, Sheng HM, Zhang H, An LZ. BYPASS1-LIKE, A DUF793 Family Protein, Participates in Freezing Tolerance via the CBF Pathway in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31297122 PMCID: PMC6607965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR signaling pathway is strictly modulated by numerous factors and is essential in the cold response of plants. Here, we show that the DUF793 family gene BYPASS1-LIKE modulates freezing tolerance through the CBFs in Arabidopsis. The expression of B1L was rapidly induced under cold treatment. Comparing to wild type, B1L knockout mutants were more sensitive to freezing treatment, whereas B1L-overexpressing lines were more tolerant. The expression of CBFs and CBF target genes was significantly decreased in b1l mutant. Using yeast two-hybrid screening system, 14-3-3λ was identified as one of proteins interacting with B1L. The interaction was confirmed with bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay. Biochemical assays revealed that b1l mutation promoted the degradation of CBF3 compared to wild type, whereas 14-3-3κλ mutant and b1l 14-3-3κλ mutant suppressed the degradation of CBF3. Consistently, 14-3-3κλ and b1l 14-3-3κλ mutants showed enhanced freezing tolerance compared to wild type. These results indicate that B1L enhances the freezing tolerance of plants, at least partly through stabilizing CBF. Our findings improve our understanding of the regulation of CBF in response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ming Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Zhang,
| | - Li-Zhe An
- School of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Li-Zhe An,
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Liu Z, Qanmber G, Lu L, Qin W, Liu J, Li J, Ma S, Yang Z, Yang Z. Genome-wide analysis of BES1 genes in Gossypium revealed their evolutionary conserved roles in brassinosteroid signaling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1566-1582. [PMID: 30607883 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs), which are essential phytohormones for plant growth and development, are important for cotton fiber development. Additionally, BES1 transcription factors are critical for BR signal transduction. However, cotton BES1 family genes have not been comprehensively characterized. In this study, we identified 11 BES1 genes in G. arboreum, 11 in G. raimondii, 16 in G. barbadense, and 22 in G. hirsutum. The BES1 sequences were significantly conserved in the Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, and upland cotton genomes. A total of 94 BES1 genes from 10 different plant species were divided into three clades according to the neighbor-joining and minimum-evolution methods. Moreover, the exon/intron patterns and motif distributions were highly conserved among the A. thaliana and cotton BES1 genes. The collinearity among the orthologs from the At and Dt subgenomes was estimated. Segmental duplications in the At and Dt subgenomes were primarily responsible for the expansion of the cotton BES1 gene family. Of the GhBES1 genes, GhBES1.4_At/Dt exhibited BL-induced expression and was predominantly expressed in fibers. Furthermore, Col-0/mGhBES1.4_At plants produced curled leaves with long and bent petioles. These transgenic plants also exhibited decreased hypocotyl sensitivity to brassinazole and constitutive BR induced/repressed gene expression patterns. The constitutive BR responses of the plants overexpressing mGhBES1.4_At were similar to those of the bes1-D mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ghulam Qanmber
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wenqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shuya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. .,School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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41
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Li C, Liu X, Qiang X, Li X, Li X, Zhu S, Wang L, Wang Y, Liao H, Luan S, Yu F. EBP1 nuclear accumulation negatively feeds back on FERONIA-mediated RALF1 signaling. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006340. [PMID: 30339663 PMCID: PMC6195255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FERONIA (FER), a plasma membrane receptor-like kinase, is a central regulator of cell growth that integrates environmental and endogenous signals. A peptide ligand rapid alkalinization factor 1 (RALF1) binds to FER and triggers a series of downstream events, including inhibition of Arabidopsis H+-ATPase 2 activity at the cell surface and regulation of gene expression in the nucleus. We report here that, upon RALF1 binding, FER first promotes ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) mRNA translation and then interacts with and phosphorylates the EBP1 protein, leading to EBP1 accumulation in the nucleus. There, EBP1 associates with the promoters of previously identified RALF1-regulated genes, such as CML38, and regulates gene transcription in response to RALF1 signaling. EBP1 appears to inhibit the RALF1 peptide response, thus forming a transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) similar to that found in circadian rhythm control. The plant RALF1-FER-EBP1 axis is reminiscent of animal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, in which EGF peptide induces EGFR to interact with and phosphorylate EBP1, promoting EBP1 nuclear accumulation to control cell growth. Thus, we suggest that in response to peptide signals, plant FER and animal EGFR use the conserved key regulator EBP1 to control cell growth in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiushan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hongdong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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Huang X, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Yang C, Wang Q, Li L. Shade-induced nuclear localization of PIF7 is regulated by phosphorylation and 14-3-3 proteins in Arabidopsis. eLife 2018; 7:31636. [PMID: 29926790 PMCID: PMC6037483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome enables shaded plants to grow and compete effectively against their neighbors. In Arabidopsis, the shade-induced de-phosphorylation of the transcription factor PIF7 (PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7) is the key event linking light perception to stem elongation. However, the mechanism through which phosphorylation regulates the activity of PIF7 is unclear. Here, we show that shade light induces the de-phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of PIF7. Phosphorylation-resistant site mutations in PIF7 result in increased nuclear localization and shade-induced gene expression, and consequently augment hypocotyl elongation. PIF7 interacts with 14-3-3 proteins. Blocking the interaction between PIF7 and 14-3-3 proteins or reducing the expression of 14-3-3 proteins accelerates shade-induced nuclear localization and de-phosphorylation of PIF7, and enhances the shade phenotype. By contrast, the 14-3-3 overexpressing line displays an attenuated shade phenotype. These studies demonstrate a phosphorylation-dependent translocation of PIF7 when plants are in shade and a novel mechanism involving 14-3-3 proteins, mediated by the retention of PIF7 in the cytoplasm that suppresses the shade response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yupei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Huang X, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Yang C, Wang Q, Li L. Shade-induced nuclear localization of PIF7 is regulated by phosphorylation and 14-3-3 proteins in Arabidopsis. eLife 2018; 7:31636. [PMID: 29926790 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31636.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome enables shaded plants to grow and compete effectively against their neighbors. In Arabidopsis, the shade-induced de-phosphorylation of the transcription factor PIF7 (PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7) is the key event linking light perception to stem elongation. However, the mechanism through which phosphorylation regulates the activity of PIF7 is unclear. Here, we show that shade light induces the de-phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of PIF7. Phosphorylation-resistant site mutations in PIF7 result in increased nuclear localization and shade-induced gene expression, and consequently augment hypocotyl elongation. PIF7 interacts with 14-3-3 proteins. Blocking the interaction between PIF7 and 14-3-3 proteins or reducing the expression of 14-3-3 proteins accelerates shade-induced nuclear localization and de-phosphorylation of PIF7, and enhances the shade phenotype. By contrast, the 14-3-3 overexpressing line displays an attenuated shade phenotype. These studies demonstrate a phosphorylation-dependent translocation of PIF7 when plants are in shade and a novel mechanism involving 14-3-3 proteins, mediated by the retention of PIF7 in the cytoplasm that suppresses the shade response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yupei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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BRI1 and BAK1 interact with G proteins and regulate sugar-responsive growth and development in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1522. [PMID: 29670153 PMCID: PMC5906681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugars function as signal molecules to regulate growth, development, and gene expression in plants, yeasts, and animals. A coordination of sugar availability with phytohormone signals is crucial for plant growth and development. The molecular link between sugar availability and hormone-dependent plant growth are largely unknown. Here we report that BRI1 and BAK1 are involved in sugar-responsive growth and development. Glucose influences the physical interactions and phosphorylations of BRI1 and BAK1 in a concentration-dependent manner. BRI1 and BAK1 physically interact with G proteins that are essential for mediating sugar signaling. Biochemical data show that BRI1 can phosphorylate G protein β subunit and γ subunits, and BAK1 can phosphorylate G protein γ subunits. Genetic analyses suggest that BRI1 and BAK1 function in a common pathway with G-protein subunits to regulate sugar responses. Thus, our findings reveal an important genetic and molecular mechanism by which BR receptors associate with G proteins to regulate sugar-responsive growth and development. G-proteins regulate sugar-responsive growth in plants. Here the authors show that brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is also involved in sugar responses and present evidence that the BR receptor BRI1 and its co-receptor BAK1 can phosphorylate G-protein subunits to regulate sugar signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Genome-Wide Analysis of the GRF Family Reveals Their Involvement in Abiotic Stress Response in Cassava. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020110. [PMID: 29461467 PMCID: PMC5852606 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GENERAL REGULATORY FACTOR (GRF) proteins play vital roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress. However, little information is known for this gene family in cassava (Manihot esculenta). In this study, 15 MeGRFs were identified from the cassava genome and were clustered into the ε and the non-ε groups according to phylogenetic, conserved motif, and gene structure analyses. Transcriptomic analyses showed eleven MeGRFs with constitutively high expression in stems, leaves, and storage roots of two cassava genotypes. Expression analyses revealed that the majority of GRFs showed transcriptional changes under cold, osmotic, salt, abscisic acid (ABA), and H2O2 treatments. Six MeGRFs were found to be commonly upregulated by abiotic stress, ABA, and H2O2 treatments, which may be the converging points of multiple signaling pathways. Interaction network analysis identified 18 possible interactors of MeGRFs. Taken together, this study elucidates the transcriptional control of MeGRFs in tissue development and the responses of abiotic stress and related signaling in cassava. Some constitutively expressed, tissue-specific, and abiotic stress-responsive candidate MeGRF genes were identified for the further genetic improvement of crops.
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Wang H, Tang J, Liu J, Hu J, Liu J, Chen Y, Cai Z, Wang X. Abscisic Acid Signaling Inhibits Brassinosteroid Signaling through Dampening the Dephosphorylation of BIN2 by ABI1 and ABI2. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:315-325. [PMID: 29275167 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR) antagonistically regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Previous physiological studies have revealed that the inhibition of BR signaling by ABA is largely dependent on ABI1 and ABI2. However, the genetic and molecular basis of how ABI1 and ABI2 are involved in inhibiting BR signaling remains unclear. Although it is known that in the BR signaling pathway the ABA-BR crosstalk occurs in the downstream of BR receptor complex but upstream of BIN2 kinase, a negative regulator of BR signaling, the component that acts as the hub to directly mediate their crosstalk remains a big mystery. Here, we found that ABI1 and ABI2 interact with and dephosphorylate BIN2 to regulate its activity toward the phosphorylation of BES1. By in vitro mimicking ABA signal transduction, we found that ABA can promote BIN2 phosphorylation by inhibiting ABI2 through ABA receptors. RNA-sequencing analysis further demonstrated that ABA inhibits BR signaling through the ABA primary signaling components, including its receptors and ABI2, and that ABA and GSK3s co-regulate a common set of stress-responsive genes. Because BIN2 can interact with and phosphorylate SnRK2s to activate its kinase activity, our study also reveals there is a module of PP2Cs-BIN2-SnRK2s in the ABA signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings provide significant insights into how plants balance growth and survival by coordinately regulating the growth-promoting signaling pathway and stress responses under abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Camoni L, Visconti S, Aducci P, Marra M. 14-3-3 Proteins in Plant Hormone Signaling: Doing Several Things at Once. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:297. [PMID: 29593761 PMCID: PMC5859350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight the advances achieved in the investigation of the role of 14-3-3 proteins in hormone signaling, biosynthesis, and transport. 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved molecules that target a number of protein clients through their ability to recognize well-defined phosphorylated motifs. As a result, they regulate several cellular processes, ranging from metabolism to transport, growth, development, and stress response. High-throughput proteomic data and two-hybrid screen demonstrate that 14-3-3 proteins physically interact with many protein clients involved in the biosynthesis or signaling pathways of the main plant hormones, while increasing functional evidence indicates that 14-3-3-target interactions play pivotal regulatory roles. These advances provide a framework of our understanding of plant hormone action, suggesting that 14-3-3 proteins act as hubs of a cellular web encompassing different signaling pathways, transducing and integrating diverse hormone signals in the regulation of physiological processes.
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48
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Mantilla-Perez MB, Salas Fernandez MG. Differential manipulation of leaf angle throughout the canopy: current status and prospects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5699-5717. [PMID: 29126242 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf angle is defined as the inclination between the midrib of the leaf blade and the vertical stem of a plant. This trait has been identified as a key component in the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal species, particularly maize, rice, wheat, and sorghum. The effect of leaf angle on light interception efficiency, photosynthetic rate, and yield has been investigated since the 1960s, yet, significant knowledge gaps remain in understanding the genetic control of this complex trait. Recent advances in physiology and modeling have proposed a plant ideotype with varying leaf angles throughout the canopy. In this context, we present historical and recent evidence of: (i) the effect of leaf angle on photosynthetic efficiency and yield; (ii) the hormonal regulation of this trait; (iii) the current knowledge on its quantitative genetic control; and (iv) the opportunity to utilize high-throughput phenotyping methods to characterize leaf angle at multiple canopy levels. We focus on research conducted on grass species of economic importance, with similar plant architecture and growth patterns. Finally, we present the challenges and strategies plant breeders will need to embrace in order to manipulate leaf angle differentially throughout the canopy and develop superior crops for food, feed, and fuel production.
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Zhang M, Zhao J, Li L, Gao Y, Zhao L, Patil SB, Fang J, Zhang W, Yang Y, Li M, Li X. The Arabidopsis U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB30 negatively regulates salt tolerance by facilitating BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (BKI1) degradation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2831-2843. [PMID: 28865087 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases play an important role in the ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation pathway. Recently, PUB30 has been reported to participate in the salt stress response during seed germination stage in abscisic acid (ABA)-independent manner, but the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we displayed that the pub30 mutant was more tolerant to salt stress during seed germination, whereas the mutant of its closest homologue PUB31 showed mild sensitivity to salt stress. PUB30 exhibited E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. PUB30 specifically interacted with BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (BKI1), a regulator playing dual roles in brassinosteroids signaling, in vitro and in vivo. We found that BKI1 protein was ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteasome. The degradation of BKI1 was slowed down in the pub30-1 mutant compared with that in the wild type. The bki1 mutant was sensitive to salt, whereas the transgenic plants overexpressing BKI1 showed salt tolerant phenotype. All these results indicate that PUB30 negatively regulates salt tolerance probably through regulating the degradation of BKI1 and brassinosteroids signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Industrial Crop Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Suyash Bhimgonda Patil
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Huang S, Nie S, Wang S, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang X. SlBIR3 Negatively Regulates PAMP Responses and Cell Death in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091966. [PMID: 28902164 PMCID: PMC5618615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bri1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1)-interacting receptor-like kinase (BIR) proteins have been shown to play important roles in regulating growth and development, pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, and cell death in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified four BIR family members in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), including SlBIR3, an ortholog of AtBIR3 from A. thaliana. SlBIR3 is predicted to encode a membrane localized non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) kinase that, based on protein sequence, does not have autophosphorylation activity but that can be phosphorylated in vivo. We established that SlBIR3 interacts with SlBAK1 and AtBAK1 using yeast two-hybrid assays and co-immunoprecipitation and maltose-binding protein pull down assays. We observed that SlBIR3 overexpression in tomato (cv. micro-tom) and A. thaliana has weak effect on growth and development through brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. SlBIR3 overexpression in A. thaliana suppressed flg22-induced defense responses, but did not affect infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (PstDC3000). This result was confirmed using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in tomato in conjunction with PstDC3000 infection. Overexpression of SlBIR3 in tomato (cv. micro-tom) and A. thaliana resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. In addition, co-silencing SlBIR3 with SlSERK3A or SlSERK3B using VIGS and the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-RNA2 vector containing fragments of both the SlSERK3 and SlBIR3 genes induced spontaneous cell death, indicating a cooperation between the two proteins in this process. In conclusion, our study revealed that SlBIR3 is the ortholog of AtBIR3 and that it participates in BR, PTI, and cell death signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shuming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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