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Asai R, Sinha S, Prakash VN, Mikawa T. Bilateral cellular flows display asymmetry prior to left-right organizer formation in amniote gastrulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.21.590437. [PMID: 38712212 PMCID: PMC11071402 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.21.590437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A bilateral body plan is predominant throughout the animal kingdom. Bilaterality of amniote embryos becomes recognizable as midline morphogenesis begins at gastrulation, bisecting an embryonic field into the left and right sides, and left-right asymmetry patterning follows. While a series of laterality genes expressed after the left-right compartmentalization has been extensively studied, the laterality patterning prior to and at the initiation of midline morphogenesis has remained unclear. Here, through a biophysical quantification in a high spatial and temporal resolution, applied to a chick model system, we show that a large-scale bilateral counter-rotating cellular flow, termed as 'polonaise movements', display left-right asymmetries in early gastrulation. This cell movement starts prior to the formation of the primitive streak, which is the earliest midline structure, and earlier than expression of laterality genes. The cellular flow speed and vorticity unravel the location and timing of the left-right asymmetries. The bilateral flows displayed a Right dominance after six hours since the start of cell movements. Mitotic arrest that diminishes primitive streak formation resulted in changes in the bilateral flow pattern, but the Right dominance persisted. Our data indicate that the left-right asymmetry in amniote gastrula becomes detectable prior to the point when the asymmetric regulation of the laterality signals at the node leads to the left-right patterning. More broadly, our results suggest that physical processes can play an unexpected but significant role in influencing left-right laterality during embryonic development. Significance Statement Bilaterians are defined by a bilaterally symmetrical body plan. Vertebrates exhibit external bilateral symmetry but display left-right (LR) asymmetry in their internal organs. In amniote embryos, the initiation of LR symmetry breaking is not well understood. Here, we study LR symmetry breaking in the chick embryo due to its easy accessibility and similarity to human development. Our biophysical approaches to quantify cellular flows inferred that LR symmetry breaking occurs prior to the formation of Hensen's node, a LR organizer, which serves as a signaling center for LR patterning programs. Our work demonstrates that quantitative biophysical parameters can help unravel the initiation of LR symmetry breaking, suggesting involvement of physical mechanisms in this critical biological patterning process.
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Serrano Nájera G, Plum AM, Steventon B, Weijer CJ, Serra M. Control of Modular Tissue Flows Shaping the Embryo in Avian Gastrulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.04.601785. [PMID: 39026830 PMCID: PMC11257462 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.04.601785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Avian gastrulation requires coordinated flows of thousands of cells to form the body plan. We quantified these flows using their fundamental kinematic units: one attractor and two repellers constituting its Dynamic Morphoskeleton (DM). We have also elucidated the mechanistic origin of the attractor, marking the primitive streak (PS), and controlled its shape, inducing gastrulation flows in the chick embryo that are typical of other vertebrates. However, the origins of repellers and dynamic embryo shape remain unclear. Here, we address these questions using active matter physics and experiments. Repeller 1, separating the embryo proper (EP) from extraembryonic (EE) tissues, arises from the tug-of-war between EE epiboly and EP isotropic myosin-induced active stress. Repeller 2, bisecting the anterior and posterior PS and associated with embryo shape change, arises from anisotropic myosin-induced active intercalation in the mesendoderm. Combining mechanical confinement with inhibition of mesendoderm induction, we eliminated either one or both repellers, as predicted by our model. Our results reveal a remarkable modularity of avian gastrulation flows delineated by the DM, uncovering the mechanistic roles of EE epiboly, EP active constriction, mesendoderm intercalation and ingression. These findings offer a new perspective for deconstructing morphogenetic flows, uncovering their modular origin, and aiding synthetic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex M. Plum
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ben Steventon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- Division of Molec. Cell and Dev. Biology, School of Life Sciences, Univ. of Dundee, UK
| | - Mattia Serra
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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3
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Guillot C, Djeffal Y, Serra M, Pourquié O. Control of epiblast cell fate by mechanical cues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600402. [PMID: 38979228 PMCID: PMC11230242 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In amniotes, embryonic tissues originate from multipotent epiblast cells, arranged in a mosaic of presumptive territories. How these domains fated to specific lineages become segregated during body formation remains poorly understood. Using single cell RNA sequencing analysis and lineage tracing in the chicken embryo, we identify epiblast cells contributing descendants to the neural tube, somites and lateral plate after completion of gastrulation. We show that intercalation after cell division generates important movements of epiblast cells which lead to their relocation to different presumptive territories, explaining this broad spectrum of fates. This tissue remodeling phase is transient, being soon followed by the establishment of boundaries restricting cell movements therefore defining the presumptive territories of the epiblast. Finally, we find that the epiblast faces distinct mechanical constraints along the antero-posterior axis, leading to cell fate alterations when challenged. Together, we demonstrate the critical role of mechanical cues in epiblast fate determination.
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4
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Chouhan G, Lewis NS, Ghanekar V, Koti Ainavarapu SR, Inamdar MM, Sonawane M. Cell-size-dependent regulation of Ezrin dictates epithelial resilience to stretch by countering myosin-II-mediated contractility. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114271. [PMID: 38823013 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial adaptations to mechanical stress are facilitated by molecular and tissue-scale changes that include the strengthening of junctions, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell-proliferation-mediated changes in tissue rheology. However, the role of cell size in controlling these properties remains underexplored. Our experiments in the zebrafish embryonic epidermis, guided by theoretical estimations, reveal a link between epithelial mechanics and cell size, demonstrating that an increase in cell size compromises the tissue fracture strength and compliance. We show that an increase in E-cadherin levels in the proliferation-deficient epidermis restores epidermal compliance but not the fracture strength, which is largely regulated by Ezrin-an apical membrane-cytoskeleton crosslinker. We show that Ezrin fortifies the epithelium in a cell-size-dependent manner by countering non-muscle myosin-II-mediated contractility. This work uncovers the importance of cell size maintenance in regulating the mechanical properties of the epithelium and fostering protection against future mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Chouhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Natasha Steffi Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Vallari Ghanekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
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5
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Boutillon A, Banavar SP, Campàs O. Conserved physical mechanisms of cell and tissue elongation. Development 2024; 151:dev202687. [PMID: 38767601 PMCID: PMC11190436 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms have the ability to self-shape into complex structures appropriate for their function. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that enable cells to do this have been extensively studied in several model and non-model organisms. In contrast, the physical mechanisms that shape cells and tissues have only recently started to emerge, in part thanks to new quantitative in vivo measurements of the physical quantities guiding morphogenesis. These data, combined with indirect inferences of physical characteristics, are starting to reveal similarities in the physical mechanisms underlying morphogenesis across different organisms. Here, we review how physics contributes to shape cells and tissues in a simple, yet ubiquitous, morphogenetic transformation: elongation. Drawing from observed similarities across species, we propose the existence of conserved physical mechanisms of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Boutillon
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samhita P. Banavar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Otger Campàs
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Schindler-Johnson M, Petridou NI. Collective effects of cell cleavage dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1358971. [PMID: 38559810 PMCID: PMC10978805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1358971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A conserved process of early embryonic development in metazoans is the reductive cell divisions following oocyte fertilization, termed cell cleavages. Cell cleavage cycles usually start synchronously, lengthen differentially between the embryonic cells becoming asynchronous, and cease before major morphogenetic events, such as germ layer formation and gastrulation. Despite exhibiting species-specific characteristics, the regulation of cell cleavage dynamics comes down to common controllers acting mostly at the single cell/nucleus level, such as nucleus-to-cytoplasmic ratio and zygotic genome activation. Remarkably, recent work has linked cell cleavage dynamics to the emergence of collective behavior during embryogenesis, including pattern formation and changes in embryo-scale mechanics, raising the question how single-cell controllers coordinate embryo-scale processes. In this review, we summarize studies across species where an association between cell cleavages and collective behavior was made, discuss the underlying mechanisms, and propose that cell-to-cell variability in cell cleavage dynamics can serve as a mechanism of long-range coordination in developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Schindler-Johnson
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicoletta I. Petridou
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Pinheiro D, Mitchel J. Pulling the strings on solid-to-liquid phase transitions in cell collectives. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102310. [PMID: 38176350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell collectives must dynamically adapt to different biological contexts. For instance, in homeostatic conditions, epithelia must establish a barrier between body compartments and resist external stresses, while during development, wound healing or cancer invasion, these tissues undergo extensive remodeling. Using analogies from inert, passive materials, changes in cellular density, shape, rearrangements and/or migration were shown to result in collective transitions between solid and fluid states. However, what biological mechanisms govern these transitions remains an open question. In particular, the upstream signaling pathways and molecular effectors controlling the key physical axes determining tissue rheology and dynamics remain poorly understood. In this perspective, we focus on emerging evidence identifying the first biological signals determining the collective state of living tissues, with an emphasis on how these mechanisms are exploited for functionality across biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinheiro
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jennifer Mitchel
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA.
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8
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Collinet C, Bailles A, Dehapiot B, Lecuit T. Mechanical regulation of substrate adhesion and de-adhesion drives a cell-contractile wave during Drosophila tissue morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:156-172.e7. [PMID: 38103554 PMCID: PMC10783558 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, mechanical forces induce large-scale deformations; yet, how forces emerge from cellular contractility and adhesion is unclear. In Drosophila embryos, a tissue-scale wave of actomyosin contractility coupled with adhesion to the surrounding vitelline membrane drives polarized tissue invagination. We show that this process emerges subcellularly from the mechanical coupling between myosin II activation and sequential adhesion/de-adhesion to the vitelline membrane. At the wavefront, integrin clusters anchor the actin cortex to the vitelline membrane and promote activation of myosin II, which in turn enhances adhesion in a positive feedback. Following cell detachment, cortex contraction and advective flow amplify myosin II. Prolonged contact with the vitelline membrane prolongs the integrin-myosin II feedback, increases integrin adhesion, and thus slows down cell detachment and wave propagation. The angle of cell detachment depends on adhesion strength and sets the tensile forces required for detachment. Thus, we document how the interplay between subcellular mechanochemical feedback and geometry drives tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Collinet
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Anaïs Bailles
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Dehapiot
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France; Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France.
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9
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Hertaeg MJ, Fielding SM, Bi D. Discontinuous Shear Thickening in Biological Tissue Rheology. PHYSICAL REVIEW. X 2024; 14:011027. [PMID: 38994232 PMCID: PMC11238743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.14.011027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
During embryonic morphogenesis, tissues undergo dramatic deformations in order to form functional organs. Similarly, in adult animals, living cells and tissues are continually subjected to forces and deformations. Therefore, the success of embryonic development and the proper maintenance of physiological functions rely on the ability of cells to withstand mechanical stresses as well as their ability to flow in a collective manner. During these events, mechanical perturbations can originate from active processes at the single-cell level, competing with external stresses exerted by surrounding tissues and organs. However, the study of tissue mechanics has been somewhat limited to either the response to external forces or to intrinsic ones. In this work, we use an active vertex model of a 2D confluent tissue to study the interplay of external deformations that are applied globally to a tissue with internal active stresses that arise locally at the cellular level due to cell motility. We elucidate, in particular, the way in which this interplay between globally external and locally internal active driving determines the emergent mechanical properties of the tissue as a whole. For a tissue in the vicinity of a solid-fluid jamming or unjamming transition, we uncover a host of fascinating rheological phenomena, including yielding, shear thinning, continuous shear thickening, and discontinuous shear thickening. These model predictions provide a framework for understanding the recently observed nonlinear rheological behaviors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hertaeg
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne M Fielding
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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10
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Serra M, Serrano Nájera G, Chuai M, Plum AM, Santhosh S, Spandan V, Weijer CJ, Mahadevan L. A mechanochemical model recapitulates distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8152. [PMID: 38055823 PMCID: PMC10699781 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, an embryo transforms from a layer of epithelial cells into a multilayered gastrula. This process requires the coordinated movements of hundreds to tens of thousands of cells, depending on the organism. In the chick embryo, patterns of actomyosin cables spanning several cells drive coordinated tissue flows. Here, we derive a minimal theoretical framework that couples actomyosin activity to global tissue flows. Our model predicts the onset and development of gastrulation flows in normal and experimentally perturbed chick embryos, mimicking different gastrulation modes as an active stress instability. Varying initial conditions and a parameter associated with active cell ingression, our model recapitulates distinct vertebrate gastrulation morphologies, consistent with recently published experiments in the chick embryo. Altogether, our results show how changes in the patterning of critical cell behaviors associated with different force-generating mechanisms contribute to distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes via a self-organizing mechanochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Serra
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alex M. Plum
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sreejith Santhosh
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vamsi Spandan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - L. Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Departments of Physics, and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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11
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Thomas EC, Hopyan S. Shape-driven confluent rigidity transition in curved biological tissues. Biophys J 2023; 122:4264-4273. [PMID: 37803831 PMCID: PMC10645569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell motions underlie structure formation during embryonic development. Tissues exhibit emergent multicellular characteristics such as jamming, rigidity transitions, and glassy dynamics, but there remain questions about how those tissue-scale dynamics derive from local cell-level properties. Specifically, there has been little consideration of the interplay between local tissue geometry and cellular properties influencing larger-scale tissue behaviors. Here, we consider a simple two-dimensional computational vertex model for confluent tissue monolayers, which exhibits a rigidity phase transition controlled by the shape index (ratio of perimeter to square root area) of cells, on surfaces of constant curvature. We show that the critical point for the rigidity transition is a function of curvature such that positively curved systems are likely to be in a less rigid, more fluid, phase. Likewise, negatively curved systems (saddles) are likely to be in a more rigid, less fluid, phase. A phase diagram we generate for the curvature and shape index constitutes a testable prediction from the model. The curvature dependence is interesting because it suggests a natural explanation for more dynamic tissue remodeling and facile growth in regions of higher surface curvature. Conversely, we would predict stability at the base of saddle-shaped budding structures without invoking the need for biochemical or other physical differences. This concept has potential ramifications for our understanding of morphogenesis of budding and branching structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Landino J, Misterovich E, Chumki S, Miller AL. Neighbor cells restrain furrowing during epithelial cytokinesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544077. [PMID: 37333405 PMCID: PMC10274919 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis challenges epithelial tissue homeostasis by generating forces that pull on neighboring cells via cell-cell junctions. Previous work has shown that junction reinforcement at the furrow in Xenopus laevis epithelia regulates the speed of furrowing1. This suggests the cytokinetic array that drives cell division is subject to resistive forces from epithelial neighbor cells. We show here that contractility factors accumulate in neighboring cells near the furrow during cytokinesis. Additionally, increasing neighbor cell stiffness, via ɑ-actinin overexpression, or contractility, through optogenetic Rho activation in one neighbor cell, slows or asymmetrically pauses furrowing, respectively. Notably, optogenetic stimulation of neighbor cell contractility on both sides of the furrow induces cytokinetic failure and binucleation. We conclude that forces from the cytokinetic array in the dividing cell are carefully balanced with restraining forces generated by neighbor cells, and neighbor cell mechanics regulate the speed and success of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Landino
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Eileen Misterovich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Shahana Chumki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ann L. Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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13
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Bruelle C, Pinot M, Daniel E, Daudé M, Mathieu J, Le Borgne R. Cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles of the ESCRT-III subunit Shrub in abscission of Drosophila sensory organ precursors. Development 2023; 150:dev201409. [PMID: 37226981 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the molecular mechanisms governing abscission of isolated cells have largely been elucidated, those underlying the abscission of epithelial progenitors surrounded by epidermal cells (ECs), connected via cellular junctions, remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the remodeling of the paracellular diffusion barrier ensured by septate junctions (SJs) during cytokinesis of Drosophila sensory organ precursors (SOPs). We found that SOP cytokinesis involves the coordinated, polarized assembly and remodeling of SJs in the dividing cell and its neighbors, which remain connected to the former via membrane protrusions pointing towards the SOP midbody. SJ assembly and midbody basal displacement occur faster in SOPs than in ECs, leading to quicker disentanglement of neighboring cell membrane protrusions prior to midbody release. As reported in isolated cells, the endosomal sorting complex required for the transport-III component Shrub/CHMP4B is recruited at the midbody and cell-autonomously regulates abscission. In addition, Shrub is recruited to membrane protrusions and is required for SJ integrity, and alteration of SJ integrity leads to premature abscission. Our study uncovers cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic functions of Shrub in coordinating remodeling of the SJs and SOP abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bruelle
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Pinot
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emeline Daniel
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marion Daudé
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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14
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Bocanegra-Moreno L, Singh A, Hannezo E, Zagorski M, Kicheva A. Cell cycle dynamics control fluidity of the developing mouse neuroepithelium. NATURE PHYSICS 2023; 19:1050-1058. [PMID: 37456593 PMCID: PMC10344780 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-01977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
As developing tissues grow in size and undergo morphogenetic changes, their material properties may be altered. Such changes result from tension dynamics at cell contacts or cellular jamming. Yet, in many cases, the cellular mechanisms controlling the physical state of growing tissues are unclear. We found that at early developmental stages, the epithelium in the developing mouse spinal cord maintains both high junctional tension and high fluidity. This is achieved via a mechanism in which interkinetic nuclear movements generate cell area dynamics that drive extensive cell rearrangements. Over time, the cell proliferation rate declines, effectively solidifying the tissue. Thus, unlike well-studied jamming transitions, the solidification uncovered here resembles a glass transition that depends on the dynamical stresses generated by proliferation and differentiation. Our finding that the fluidity of developing epithelia is linked to interkinetic nuclear movements and the dynamics of growth is likely to be relevant to multiple developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Singh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marcin Zagorski
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kicheva
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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15
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di Pietro F, Osswald M, De Las Heras JM, Cristo I, López-Gay J, Wang Z, Pelletier S, Gaugué I, Leroy A, Martin C, Morais-de-Sá E, Bellaïche Y. Systematic analysis of RhoGEF/GAP localizations uncovers regulators of mechanosensing and junction formation during epithelial cell division. Curr Biol 2023; 33:858-874.e7. [PMID: 36917931 PMCID: PMC10017266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is central to epithelial tissue development, repair, and homeostasis. During cell division, small RhoGTPases control both actomyosin dynamics and cell-cell junction remodeling to faithfully segregate the genome while maintaining tissue polarity and integrity. To decipher the mechanisms of RhoGTPase spatiotemporal regulation during epithelial cell division, we generated a transgenic fluorescently tagged library for the 48 Drosophila Rho guanine exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and we systematically characterized their endogenous distributions by time-lapse microscopy. Therefore, we unveiled candidate regulators of the interplay between actomyosin and junctional dynamics during epithelial cell division. Building on these findings, we established that the conserved RhoGEF Cysts and RhoGEF4 play sequential and distinct roles to couple cytokinesis with de novo junction formation. During ring contraction, Cysts via Rho1 participates in the neighbor mechanosensing response, promoting daughter-daughter cell membrane juxtaposition in preparation to de novo junction formation. Subsequently and upon midbody formation, RhoGEF4 via Rac acts in the dividing cell to ensure the withdrawal of the neighboring cell membranes, thus controlling de novo junction length and cell-cell arrangements upon cytokinesis. Altogether, our findings delineate how the RhoGTPases Rho and Rac are locally and temporally activated during epithelial cytokinesis, highlighting the RhoGEF/GAP library as a key resource to understand the broad range of biological processes regulated by RhoGTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Osswald
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M De Las Heras
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Inês Cristo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús López-Gay
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Leroy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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16
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Chuai M, Serrano Nájera G, Serra M, Mahadevan L, Weijer CJ. Reconstruction of distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes via modulation of key cell behaviors in the chick embryo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabn5429. [PMID: 36598979 PMCID: PMC9812380 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of gastrulation driving the internalization of the mesoderm and endoderm differs markedly among vertebrate species. It ranges from involution of epithelial sheets of cells through a circular blastopore in amphibians to ingression of mesenchymal cells through a primitive streak in amniotes. By targeting signaling pathways controlling critical cell behaviors in the chick embryo, we generated crescent- and ring-shaped mesendoderm territories in which cells can or cannot ingress. These alterations subvert the formation of the chick primitive streak into the gastrulation modes seen in amphibians, reptiles, and teleost fish. Our experimental manipulations are supported by a theoretical framework linking cellular behaviors to self-organized multicellular flows outlined in detail in the accompanying paper. Together, this suggests that the evolution of gastrulation movements is largely determined by changes in a few critical cell behaviors in the mesendoderm territory across different species and controlled by a relatively small number of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mattia Serra
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02134, USA
- Departments of Physics and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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17
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Doerksen A, Mulder M, Ingram S, Nelson D, Defehr J, Reimer E, Atallah J, Malagon JN. Dynamics of changes in apical cell area during sex comb rotation in Drosophila melanogaster.. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000668. [PMID: 36606080 PMCID: PMC9807460 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia are highly dynamic tissues displaying various types of tissue rearrangements (Weliky and Oster, 1990; Taylor and Adler, 2008; Harris and Tepass, 2010; Lee et al. , 2013; Firmino et al. , 2016; Rupprecht et al. , 2017). Here, we describe the dynamics of changes in apical cell area (ACA) in an epithelial system displaying tissue rearrangement resulting in sex comb rotation on the forelegs of male Drosophila melanogaster . The sex comb is a row of leg bristles which rotates during morphogenesis (Atallah, 2008; Atallah et al. , 2009; Malagon, 2013). We quantified the ACA in the region proximal to the developing sex comb by tracing apical cell boundaries using ImageJ in pupal first leg imaginal discs. We found that cells display intricate irregular oscillations in size as the comb rotates. However, the net changes in ACA within most of the cells studied are subtle, only 0 to +/-15%. Our current working hypothesis suggests these irregular oscillations confer flexibility during tissue rearrangement and can be an important mechanism for tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Mulder
- Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - David Nelson
- Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Juan Nicolas Malagon
- Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
,
Correspondence to: Juan Nicolas Malagon (
)
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18
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Osswald M, Barros-Carvalho A, Carmo AM, Loyer N, Gracio PC, Sunkel CE, Homem CCF, Januschke J, Morais-de-Sá E. aPKC regulates apical constriction to prevent tissue rupture in the Drosophila follicular epithelium. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4411-4427.e8. [PMID: 36113470 PMCID: PMC9632327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity is an essential epithelial trait controlled by the evolutionarily conserved PAR-aPKC polarity network. Dysregulation of polarity proteins disrupts tissue organization during development and in disease, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear due to the broad implications of polarity loss. Here, we uncover how Drosophila aPKC maintains epithelial architecture by directly observing tissue disorganization after fast optogenetic inactivation in living adult flies and ovaries cultured ex vivo. We show that fast aPKC perturbation in the proliferative follicular epithelium produces large epithelial gaps that result from increased apical constriction, rather than loss of apical-basal polarity. Accordingly, we can modulate the incidence of epithelial gaps by increasing and decreasing actomyosin-driven contractility. We traced the origin of these large epithelial gaps to tissue rupture next to dividing cells. Live imaging shows that aPKC perturbation induces apical constriction in non-mitotic cells within minutes, producing pulling forces that ultimately detach dividing and neighboring cells. We further demonstrate that epithelial rupture requires a global increase of apical constriction, as it is prevented by the presence of non-constricting cells. Conversely, a global induction of apical tension through light-induced recruitment of RhoGEF2 to the apical side is sufficient to produce tissue rupture. Hence, our work reveals that the roles of aPKC in polarity and actomyosin regulation are separable and provides the first in vivo evidence that excessive tissue stress can break the epithelial barrier during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Osswald
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Barros-Carvalho
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Carmo
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Patricia C Gracio
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claudio E Sunkel
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C F Homem
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jens Januschke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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19
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Gupta VK, Chaudhuri O. Mechanical regulation of cell-cycle progression and division. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:773-785. [PMID: 35491306 PMCID: PMC9378598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cycle progression and division are fundamental biological processes in animal cells, and their biochemical regulation has been extensively studied. An emerging body of work has revealed how mechanical interactions of cells with their microenvironment in tissues, including with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells, also plays a crucial role in regulating cell-cycle progression and division. We review recent work on how cells interpret physical cues and alter their mechanics to promote cell-cycle progression and initiate cell division, and then on how dividing cells generate forces on their surrounding microenvironment to successfully divide. Finally, the article ends by discussing how force generation during division potentially contributes to larger tissue-scale processes involved in development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA..
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20
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Anillin governs mitotic rounding during early epidermal development. BMC Biol 2022; 20:145. [PMID: 35710398 PMCID: PMC9205045 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The establishment of tissue architecture requires coordination between distinct processes including basement membrane assembly, cell adhesion, and polarity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The actin cytoskeleton is ideally situated to orchestrate tissue morphogenesis due to its roles in mechanical, structural, and regulatory processes. However, the function of many pivotal actin-binding proteins in mammalian development is poorly understood. Results Here, we identify a crucial role for anillin (ANLN), an actin-binding protein, in orchestrating epidermal morphogenesis. In utero RNAi-mediated silencing of Anln in mouse embryos disrupted epidermal architecture marked by adhesion, polarity, and basement membrane defects. Unexpectedly, these defects cannot explain the profoundly perturbed epidermis of Anln-depleted embryos. Indeed, even before these defects emerge, Anln-depleted epidermis exhibits abnormalities in mitotic rounding and its associated processes: chromosome segregation, spindle orientation, and mitotic progression, though not in cytokinesis that was disrupted only in Anln-depleted cultured keratinocytes. We further show that ANLN localizes to the cell cortex during mitotic rounding, where it regulates the distribution of active RhoA and the levels, activity, and structural organization of the cortical actomyosin proteins. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ANLN is a major regulator of epidermal morphogenesis and identify a novel role for ANLN in mitotic rounding, a near-universal process that governs cell shape, fate, and tissue morphogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01345-9.
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21
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Chen T, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Li S, Cao J, Guo J, Bu W, Zhao H, Du J, Cao Y, Fan Y. Self-Organization of Tissue Growth by Interfacial Mechanical Interactions in Multilayered Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104301. [PMID: 35138041 PMCID: PMC9069393 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a spatially and temporally regulated process involved in various physiological and pathological transformations. In addition to the associated biochemical factors, the physical regulation of morphogenesis has attracted increasing attention. However, the driving force of morphogenesis initiation remains elusive. Here, it is shown that during the growth of multilayered tissues, a morphogenetic process can be self-organized by the progression of compression gradient stemmed from the interfacial mechanical interactions between layers. In tissues with low fluidity, the compression gradient is progressively strengthened during growth and induces stratification by triggering symmetric-to-asymmetric cell division reorientation at the critical tissue size. In tissues with high fluidity, compression gradient is dynamic and induces cell rearrangement leading to 2D in-plane morphogenesis instead of 3D deformation. Morphogenesis can be tuned by manipulating tissue fluidity, cell adhesion forces, and mechanical properties to influence the progression of compression gradient during the development of cultured cell sheets and chicken embryos. Together, the dynamics of compression gradient arising from interfacial mechanical interaction provides a conserved mechanism underlying morphogenesis initiation and size control during tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle BodyCollege of Mechanical and Vehicle EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China
| | - Xinbin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Shukai Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jialing Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Wanjuan Bu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Hucheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringDepartment of Engineering MechanicsSchool of Aerospace EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringDepartment of Engineering MechanicsSchool of Aerospace EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
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22
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Vignes H, Vagena-Pantoula C, Vermot J. Mechanical control of tissue shape: Cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic mechanisms join forces to regulate morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 130:45-55. [PMID: 35367121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate development, cells must proliferate, move, and differentiate to form complex shapes. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the molecular and cellular processes involved in tissue morphogenesis is essential to understanding developmental programmes. Mechanical stimuli act as a major contributor of morphogenetic processes and impact on cell behaviours to regulate tissue shape and size. Specifically, cell extrinsic physical forces are translated into biochemical signals within cells, through the process of mechanotransduction, activating multiple mechanosensitive pathways and defining cell behaviours. Physical forces generated by tissue mechanics and the extracellular matrix are crucial to orchestrate tissue patterning and cell fate specification. At the cell scale, the actomyosin network generates the cellular tension behind the tissue mechanics involved in building tissue. Thus, understanding the role of physical forces during morphogenetic processes requires the consideration of the contribution of cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic influences. The recent development of multidisciplinary approaches, as well as major advances in genetics, microscopy, and force-probing tools, have been key to push this field forward. With this review, we aim to discuss recent work on how tissue shape can be controlled by mechanical forces by focusing specifically on vertebrate organogenesis. We consider the influences of mechanical forces by discussing the cell-intrinsic forces (such as cell tension and proliferation) and cell-extrinsic forces (such as substrate stiffness and flow forces). We review recently described processes supporting the role of intratissue force generation and propagation in the context of shape emergence. Lastly, we discuss the emerging role of tissue-scale changes in tissue material properties, extrinsic forces, and shear stress on shape establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vignes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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23
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Abstract
Biological systems display a rich phenomenology of states that resemble the physical states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. These phases result from the interactions between the microscopic constituent components - the cells - that manifest in macroscopic properties such as fluidity, rigidity and resistance to changes in shape and volume. Looked at from such a perspective, phase transitions from a rigid to a flowing state or vice versa define much of what happens in many biological processes especially during early development and diseases such as cancer. Additionally, collectively moving confluent cells can also lead to kinematic phase transitions in biological systems similar to multi-particle systems where the particles can interact and show sub-populations characterised by specific velocities. In this Perspective we discuss the similarities and limitations of the analogy between biological and inert physical systems both from theoretical perspective as well as experimental evidence in biological systems. In understanding such transitions, it is crucial to acknowledge that the macroscopic properties of biological materials and their modifications result from the complex interplay between the microscopic properties of cells including growth or death, neighbour interactions and secretion of matrix, phenomena unique to biological systems. Detecting phase transitions in vivo is technically difficult. We present emerging approaches that address this challenge and may guide our understanding of the organization and macroscopic behaviour of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.
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24
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Farahani PE, Nelson CM. Revealing epithelial morphogenetic mechanisms through live imaging. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 72:61-68. [PMID: 34864332 PMCID: PMC8860867 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis is guided by mechanical forces and biochemical signals that vary spatiotemporally. As many morphogenetic events are driven by rapid cellular processes, understanding morphogenesis requires monitoring development in real time. Here, we discuss how live-imaging approaches can help identify morphogenetic mechanisms otherwise missed in static snapshots of development. We begin with a summary of live-imaging strategies, including recent advances that push the limits of spatiotemporal resolution and specimen size. We then describe recent efforts that employ live imaging to uncover morphogenetic mechanisms. We conclude by discussing how information collected from live imaging can be enhanced by genetically encoded biosensors and spatiotemporal perturbation techniques to determine the dynamics of patterning of developmental signals and their importance for guiding morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam E Farahani
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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25
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Rigidity transitions in development and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:433-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Yamashita S, Guirao B, Graner F. From heterogeneous morphogenetic fields to homogeneous regions as a step towards understanding complex tissue dynamics. Development 2021; 148:273621. [PMID: 34861038 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within developing tissues, cell proliferation, cell motility and other cell behaviors vary spatially, and this variability gives a complexity to the morphogenesis. Recently, novel formalisms have been developed to quantify tissue deformation and underlying cellular processes. A major challenge for the study of morphogenesis now is to objectively define tissue sub-regions exhibiting different dynamics. Here, we propose a method to automatically divide a tissue into regions where the local deformation rate is homogeneous. This was achieved by several steps including image segmentation, clustering and region boundary smoothing. We illustrate the use of the pipeline using a large dataset obtained during the metamorphosis of the Drosophila pupal notum. We also adapt it to determine regions in which the time evolution of the local deformation rate is homogeneous. Finally, we generalize its use to find homogeneous regions for cellular processes such as cell division, cell rearrangement, or cell size and shape changes. We also illustrate it on wing blade morphogenesis. This pipeline will contribute substantially to the analysis of complex tissue shaping, and the biochemical and biomechanical regulations driving tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (CNRS UMR7057), Université de Paris-Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - François Graner
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (CNRS UMR7057), Université de Paris-Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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27
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Despin-Guitard E, Migeotte I. Mitosis, a springboard for epithelial-mesenchymal transition? Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2452-2464. [PMID: 34720062 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1992854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a key process in development and remains critical to ensure homeostasis in adult tissues. Besides its primary role in generating two new cells, cell division involves deep structural and molecular changes that might have additional effects on cell and tissue fate and shape. Specific quantitative and qualitative regulation of mitosis has been observed in multiple morphogenetic events in different embryo models. For instance, during mouse embryo gastrulation, the portion of epithelium that undergoes epithelial to mesenchymal transition, where a static epithelial cell become mesenchymal and motile, has a higher mitotic index and a distinct localization of mitotic rounding, compared to the rest of the tissue. Here we explore the potential mechanisms through which mitosis may favor tissue reorganization in various models. Notably, we discuss the mechanical impact of cell rounding on the cell and its environment, and the modification of tissue physical parameters through changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangéline Despin-Guitard
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Duclut C, Paijmans J, Inamdar MM, Modes CD, Jülicher F. Nonlinear rheology of cellular networks. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203746. [PMID: 34592496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis depends crucially on the complex rheological properties of cell tissues and on their ability to maintain mechanical integrity while rearranging at long times. In this paper, we study the rheology of polygonal cellular networks described by a vertex model in the presence of fluctuations. We use a triangulation method to decompose shear into cell shape changes and cell rearrangements. Considering the steady-state stress under constant shear, we observe nonlinear shear-thinning behavior at all magnitudes of the fluctuations, and an even stronger nonlinear regime at lower values of the fluctuations. We successfully capture this nonlinear rheology by a mean-field model that describes the tissue in terms of cell elongation and cell rearrangements. We furthermore introduce anisotropic active stresses in the vertex model and analyze their effect on rheology. We include this anisotropy in the mean-field model and show that it recapitulates the behavior observed in the simulations. Our work clarifies how tissue rheology is related to stochastic cell rearrangements and provides a simple biophysical model to describe biological tissues. Further, it highlights the importance of nonlinearities when discussing tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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29
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Fiuza UM, Lemaire P. Mechanical and genetic control of ascidian endoderm invagination during gastrulation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:108-118. [PMID: 34393069 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation is a near universal developmental process of animal embryogenesis, during which dramatic morphogenetic events take place: the mesodermal and endodermal tissues are internalized, the ectoderm spreads to cover the embryo surface, and the animal body plan and germ layers are established. Morphogenesis during gastrulation has long been considered the result of spatio-temporally localised forces driven by the transcriptional programme of the embryo. Recent work has shown that tissue rheological properties, which define the mechanical response of tissues to internally-generated or external forces, are also important dynamic regulators of gastrulation. Here, we first introduce how embryonic mechanics can be represented, before outlining current knowledge of the mechanical and genetic control of gastrulation in ascidians, invertebrate marine chordates which develop with invariant cell lineages and a solid-like rheological behaviour until the neurula stages. We discuss the potential of these organisms for the experimental and computational whole-embryo characterisation of the mechanisms shaping gastrulation, and how they may inform the more complex tissue internalization strategies used by other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla-Maj Fiuza
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patrick Lemaire
- Centre de Recherches de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CRBM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, France.
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30
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Narayanan R, Mendieta-Serrano MA, Saunders TE. The role of cellular active stresses in shaping the zebrafish body axis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:69-77. [PMID: 34303916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue remodelling and organ shaping during morphogenesis are products of mechanical forces generated at the cellular level. These cell-scale forces can be coordinated across the tissue via information provided by biochemical and mechanical cues. Such coordination leads to the generation of complex tissue shape during morphogenesis. In this short review, we elaborate the role of cellular active stresses in vertebrate axis morphogenesis, primarily using examples from postgastrulation development of the zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Narayanan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗Star, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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31
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Gorfinkiel N, Martinez Arias A. The cell in the age of the genomic revolution: Cell Regulatory Networks. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203720. [PMID: 34252599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years an intense activity in the areas of advanced microscopy and quantitative cell biology has put the focus on the morphogenetic events that shape embryos. The interest in these processes is taking place against the backdrop of genomic studies, particularly of global patterns of gene expression at the level of single cells, which cannot fully account for the way cells build tissues and organs. Here we discuss the need to integrate the activity of genes with that of cells and propose the need to develop a framework, based on cellular processes and cell interactions, that parallels that which has been created for gene activity in the form of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs). We begin to do this by suggesting elements for building Cell Regulatory Networks (CRNs). In the same manner that GRNs create schedules of gene expression that result in the emergence of cell fates over time, CRNs create tissues and organs i.e. space. We also suggest how GRNs and CRNs might interact in the building of embryos through feedback loops involving mechanics and tissue tectonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, José Antonio Nováis 12, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Doctor Aiguader 88, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Herbert S, Valon L, Mancini L, Dray N, Caldarelli P, Gros J, Esposito E, Shorte SL, Bally-Cuif L, Aulner N, Levayer R, Tinevez JY. LocalZProjector and DeProj: a toolbox for local 2D projection and accurate morphometrics of large 3D microscopy images. BMC Biol 2021; 19:136. [PMID: 34215263 PMCID: PMC8254216 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01037-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative imaging of epithelial tissues requires bioimage analysis tools that are widely applicable and accurate. In the case of imaging 3D tissues, a common preprocessing step consists of projecting the acquired 3D volume on a 2D plane mapping the tissue surface. While segmenting the tissue cells is amenable on 2D projections, it is still very difficult and cumbersome in 3D. However, for many specimen and models used in developmental and cell biology, the complex content of the image volume surrounding the epithelium in a tissue often reduces the visibility of the biological object in the projection, compromising its subsequent analysis. In addition, the projection may distort the geometry of the tissue and can lead to strong artifacts in the morphology measurement. Results Here we introduce a user-friendly toolbox built to robustly project epithelia on their 2D surface from 3D volumes and to produce accurate morphology measurement corrected for the projection distortion, even for very curved tissues. Our toolbox is built upon two components. LocalZProjector is a configurable Fiji plugin that generates 2D projections and height-maps from potentially large 3D stacks (larger than 40 GB per time-point) by only incorporating signal of the planes with local highest variance/mean intensity, despite a possibly complex image content. DeProj is a MATLAB tool that generates correct morphology measurements by combining the height-map output (such as the one offered by LocalZProjector) and the results of a cell segmentation on the 2D projection, hence effectively deprojecting the 2D segmentation in 3D. In this paper, we demonstrate their effectiveness over a wide range of different biological samples. We then compare its performance and accuracy against similar existing tools. Conclusions We find that LocalZProjector performs well even in situations where the volume to project also contains unwanted signal in other layers. We show that it can process large images without a pre-processing step. We study the impact of geometrical distortions on morphological measurements induced by the projection. We measured very large distortions which are then corrected by DeProj, providing accurate outputs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12915-021-01037-w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Herbert
- Image Analysis Hub, C2RT / DTPS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Present Address: Imaging Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Léo Valon
- Cell death and epithelial homeostasis unit, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laure Mancini
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics unit (Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer), Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Collège doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dray
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics unit (Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer), Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Caldarelli
- Dynamic Regulation of Morphogenesis, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Gros
- Dynamic Regulation of Morphogenesis, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elric Esposito
- UTechS PBI, C2RT / DTPS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics unit (Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer), Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Romain Levayer
- Cell death and epithelial homeostasis unit, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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33
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Kim S, Pochitaloff M, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Campàs O. Embryonic Tissues as Active Foams. NATURE PHYSICS 2021; 17:859-866. [PMID: 34367313 PMCID: PMC8336761 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The physical state of embryonic tissues emerges from non-equilibrium, collective interactions among constituent cells. Cellular jamming, rigidity transitions and characteristics of glassy dynamics have all been observed in multicellular systems, but it is unclear how cells control these emergent tissue states and transitions, including tissue fluidization. Combining computational and experimental methods, here we show that tissue fluidization in posterior zebrafish tissues is controlled by the stochastic dynamics of tensions at cell-cell contacts. We develop a computational framework that connects cell behavior to embryonic tissue dynamics, accounting for the presence of extracellular spaces, complex cell shapes and cortical tension dynamics. We predict that tissues are maximally rigid at the structural transition between confluent and non-confluent states, with actively-generated tension fluctuations controlling stress relaxation and tissue fluidization. By directly measuring strain and stress relaxation, as well as the dynamics of cell rearrangements, in elongating posterior zebrafish tissues, we show that tension fluctuations drive active cell rearrangements that fluidize the tissue. These results highlight a key role of non-equilibrium tension dynamics in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Marie Pochitaloff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Otger Campàs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to Otger Camps ()
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34
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Gupta VK, Nam S, Yim D, Camuglia J, Martin JL, Sanders EN, O'Brien LE, Martin AC, Kim T, Chaudhuri O. The nature of cell division forces in epithelial monolayers. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212389. [PMID: 34132746 PMCID: PMC8240854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergo striking morphological changes during division to ensure proper segregation of genetic and cytoplasmic materials. These morphological changes occur despite dividing cells being mechanically restricted by neighboring cells, indicating the need for extracellular force generation. Beyond driving cell division itself, forces associated with division have been implicated in tissue-scale processes, including development, tissue growth, migration, and epidermal stratification. While forces generated by mitotic rounding are well understood, forces generated after rounding remain unknown. Here, we identify two distinct stages of division force generation that follow rounding: (1) Protrusive forces along the division axis that drive division elongation, and (2) outward forces that facilitate postdivision spreading. Cytokinetic ring contraction of the dividing cell, but not activity of neighboring cells, generates extracellular forces that propel division elongation and contribute to chromosome segregation. Forces from division elongation are observed in epithelia across many model organisms. Thus, division elongation forces represent a universal mechanism that powers cell division in confining epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sungmin Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA
| | - Donghyun Yim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jaclyn Camuglia
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Judy Lisette Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Erin Nicole Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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35
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Wang JX, White MD. Mechanical forces in avian embryo development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:133-146. [PMID: 34147339 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research using avian embryos has led to major conceptual advances in developmental biology, virology, immunology, genetics and cell biology. The avian embryo has several significant advantages, including ready availability and ease of accessibility, rapid development with marked similarities to mammals and a high amenability to manipulation. As mechanical forces are increasingly recognised as key drivers of morphogenesis, this powerful model system is shedding new light on the mechanobiology of embryonic development. Here, we highlight progress in understanding how mechanical forces direct key morphogenetic processes in the early avian embryo. Recent advances in quantitative live imaging and modelling are elaborating upon traditional work using physical models and embryo manipulations to reveal cell dynamics and tissue forces in ever greater detail. The recent application of transgenic technologies further increases the strength of the avian model and is providing important insights about previously intractable developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong Wang
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Melanie D White
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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36
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Petridou NI, Corominas-Murtra B, Heisenberg CP, Hannezo E. Rigidity percolation uncovers a structural basis for embryonic tissue phase transitions. Cell 2021; 184:1914-1928.e19. [PMID: 33730596 PMCID: PMC8055543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Embryo morphogenesis is impacted by dynamic changes in tissue material properties, which have been proposed to occur via processes akin to phase transitions (PTs). Here, we show that rigidity percolation provides a simple and robust theoretical framework to predict material/structural PTs of embryonic tissues from local cell connectivity. By using percolation theory, combined with directly monitoring dynamic changes in tissue rheology and cell contact mechanics, we demonstrate that the zebrafish blastoderm undergoes a genuine rigidity PT, brought about by a small reduction in adhesion-dependent cell connectivity below a critical value. We quantitatively predict and experimentally verify hallmarks of PTs, including power-law exponents and associated discontinuities of macroscopic observables. Finally, we show that this uniform PT depends on blastoderm cells undergoing meta-synchronous divisions causing random and, consequently, uniform changes in cell connectivity. Collectively, our theoretical and experimental findings reveal the structural basis of material PTs in an organismal context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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37
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Willoughby PM, Allen M, Yu J, Korytnikov R, Chen T, Liu Y, So I, Macpherson N, Mitchell JA, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Bruce AE. The recycling endosome protein Rab25 coordinates collective cell movements in the zebrafish surface epithelium. eLife 2021; 10:66060. [PMID: 33755014 PMCID: PMC8034978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In emerging epithelial tissues, cells undergo dramatic rearrangements to promote tissue shape changes. Dividing cells remain interconnected via transient cytokinetic bridges. Bridges are cleaved during abscission and currently, the consequences of disrupting abscission in developing epithelia are not well understood. We show that the Rab GTPase Rab25 localizes near cytokinetic midbodies and likely coordinates abscission through endomembrane trafficking in the epithelium of the zebrafish gastrula during epiboly. In maternal-zygotic Rab25a and Rab25b mutant embryos, morphogenic activity tears open persistent apical cytokinetic bridges that failed to undergo timely abscission. Cytokinesis defects result in anisotropic cell morphologies that are associated with a reduction of contractile actomyosin networks. This slows cell rearrangements and alters the viscoelastic responses of the tissue, all of which likely contribute to delayed epiboly. We present a model in which Rab25 trafficking coordinates cytokinetic bridge abscission and cortical actin density, impacting local cell shape changes and tissue-scale forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Allen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jessica Yu
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roman Korytnikov
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tianhui Chen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isis So
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil Macpherson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Ee Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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38
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Devany J, Sussman DM, Yamamoto T, Manning ML, Gardel ML. Cell cycle-dependent active stress drives epithelia remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e1917853118. [PMID: 33649197 PMCID: PMC7958291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917853118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia have distinct cellular architectures which are established in development, reestablished after wounding, and maintained during tissue homeostasis despite cell turnover and mechanical perturbations. In turn, cell shape also controls tissue function as a regulator of cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility. Here, we investigate cell shape changes in a model epithelial monolayer. After the onset of confluence, cells continue to proliferate and change shape over time, eventually leading to a final architecture characterized by arrested motion and more regular cell shapes. Such monolayer remodeling is robust, with qualitatively similar evolution in cell shape and dynamics observed across disparate perturbations. Here, we quantify differences in monolayer remodeling guided by the active vertex model to identify underlying order parameters controlling epithelial architecture. When monolayers are formed atop an extracellular matrix with varied stiffness, we find the cell density at which motion arrests varies significantly, but the cell shape remains constant, consistent with the onset of tissue rigidity. In contrast, pharmacological perturbations can significantly alter the cell shape at which tissue dynamics are arrested, consistent with varied amounts of active stress within the tissue. Across all experimental conditions, the final cell shape is well correlated to the cell proliferation rate, and cell cycle inhibition immediately arrests cell motility. Finally, we demonstrate cell cycle variation in junctional tension as a source of active stress within the monolayer. Thus, the architecture and mechanics of epithelial tissue can arise from an interplay between cell mechanics and stresses arising from cell cycle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Devany
- Department of Physics, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Daniel M Sussman
- Department of Physics, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Takaki Yamamoto
- Nonequilibrium Physics of Living Matter RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Department of Physics, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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39
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Symonds AC, Buckley CE, Williams CA, Clarke JDW. Coordinated assembly and release of adhesions builds apical junctional belts during de novo polarisation of an epithelial tube. Development 2020; 147:dev191494. [PMID: 33361092 PMCID: PMC7774892 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the zebrafish neural tube as a model, we uncover the in vivo mechanisms allowing the generation of two opposing apical epithelial surfaces within the centre of an initially unpolarised, solid organ. We show that Mpp5a and Rab11a play a dual role in coordinating the generation of ipsilateral junctional belts whilst simultaneously releasing contralateral adhesions across the centre of the tissue. We show that Mpp5a- and Rab11a-mediated resolution of cell-cell adhesions are both necessary for midline lumen opening and contribute to later maintenance of epithelial organisation. We propose that these roles for both Mpp5a and Rab11a operate through the transmembrane protein Crumbs. In light of a recent conflicting publication, we also clarify that the junction-remodelling role of Mpp5a is not specific to dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Symonds
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clare E Buckley
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3BY, UK
| | - Charlotte A Williams
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan D W Clarke
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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40
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Goodwin K, Nelson CM. Mechanics of Development. Dev Cell 2020; 56:240-250. [PMID: 33321105 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are integral to development-from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the construction and differentiation of complex organs. Advances in imaging and biophysical tools have allowed us to delve into the developmental mechanobiology of increasingly complex organs and organisms. Here, we focus on recent work that highlights the diversity and importance of mechanical influences during morphogenesis. Developing tissues experience intrinsic mechanical signals from active forces and changes to tissue mechanical properties as well as extrinsic mechanical signals, including constraint and compression, pressure, and shear forces. Finally, we suggest promising avenues for future work in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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41
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Kraus Y, Chevalier S, Houliston E. Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica. Dev Biol 2020; 468:59-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Jain A, Ulman V, Mukherjee A, Prakash M, Cuenca MB, Pimpale LG, Münster S, Haase R, Panfilio KA, Jug F, Grill SW, Tomancak P, Pavlopoulos A. Regionalized tissue fluidization is required for epithelial gap closure during insect gastrulation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5604. [PMID: 33154375 PMCID: PMC7645651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal embryos pull and close an epithelial sheet around the ellipsoidal egg surface during a gastrulation process known as epiboly. The ovoidal geometry dictates that the epithelial sheet first expands and subsequently compacts. Moreover, the spreading epithelium is mechanically stressed and this stress needs to be released. Here we show that during extraembryonic tissue (serosa) epiboly in the insect Tribolium castaneum, the non-proliferative serosa becomes regionalized into a solid-like dorsal region with larger non-rearranging cells, and a more fluid-like ventral region surrounding the leading edge with smaller cells undergoing intercalations. Our results suggest that a heterogeneous actomyosin cable contributes to the fluidization of the leading edge by driving sequential eviction and intercalation of individual cells away from the serosa margin. Since this developmental solution utilized during epiboly resembles the mechanism of wound healing, we propose actomyosin cable-driven local tissue fluidization as a conserved morphogenetic module for closure of epithelial gaps. The mechanics of embryonic tissue spreading over spherical eggs is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that during gastrulation in the red flour beetle, extraembryonic tissue epiboly is facilitated by local actomyosin-mediated fluidization of the tissue at the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Jain
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ulman
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,IT4Innovations, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mangal Prakash
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marina B Cuenca
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lokesh G Pimpale
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Münster
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Haase
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Florian Jug
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany. .,IT4Innovations, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Anastasios Pavlopoulos
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
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43
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Mathiah N, Despin-Guitard E, Stower M, Nahaboo W, Eski ES, Singh SP, Srinivas S, Migeotte I. Asymmetry in the frequency and position of mitosis in the mouse embryo epiblast at gastrulation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50944. [PMID: 33016470 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At gastrulation, a subpopulation of epiblast cells constitutes a transient posteriorly located structure called the primitive streak, where cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition make up the mesoderm and endoderm lineages. Mouse embryo epiblast cells were labelled ubiquitously or in a mosaic fashion. Cell shape, packing, organization and division were recorded through live imaging during primitive streak formation. Posterior epiblast displays a higher frequency of rosettes, some of which associate with a central cell undergoing mitosis. Cells at the primitive streak, in particular delaminating cells, undergo mitosis more frequently than other epiblast cells. In pseudostratified epithelia, mitosis takes place at the apical side of the epithelium. However, mitosis is not restricted to the apical side of the epiblast, particularly on its posterior side. Non-apical mitosis occurs specifically in the streak even when ectopically located. Posterior non-apical mitosis results in one or two daughter cells leaving the epiblast layer. Cell rearrangement associated with mitotic cell rounding in posterior epiblast, in particular when non-apical, might thus facilitate cell ingression and transition to a mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Stower
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wallis Nahaboo
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elif Sema Eski
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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44
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Teo JL, Tomatis VM, Coburn L, Lagendijk AK, Schouwenaar IM, Budnar S, Hall TE, Verma S, McLachlan RW, Hogan BM, Parton RG, Yap AS, Gomez GA. Src kinases relax adherens junctions between the neighbors of apoptotic cells to permit apical extrusion. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2557-2569. [PMID: 32903148 PMCID: PMC7851871 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia can eliminate apoptotic cells by apical extrusion. This is a complex morphogenetic event where expulsion of the apoptotic cell is accompanied by rearrangement of its immediate neighbors to form a rosette. A key mechanism for extrusion is constriction of an actomyosin network that neighbor cells form at their interface with the apoptotic cell. Here we report a complementary process of cytoskeletal relaxation that occurs when cortical contractility is down-regulated at the junctions between those neighbor cells themselves. This reflects a mechanosensitive Src family kinase (SFK) signaling pathway that is activated in neighbor cells when the apoptotic cell relaxes shortly after injury. Inhibiting SFK signaling blocks both the expulsion of apoptotic cells and the rosette formation among their neighbor cells. This reveals the complex pattern of spatially distinct contraction and relaxation that must be established in the neighboring epithelium for apoptotic cells to be extruded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Teo
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Vanesa M. Tomatis
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Luke Coburn
- Institute of Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, AB24 3UE
| | - Anne K. Lagendijk
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Irin-Maya Schouwenaar
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Srikanth Budnar
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Thomas E. Hall
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Suzie Verma
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Robert W. McLachlan
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Benjamin M. Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Alpha S. Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5000
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45
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Abstract
Cell intercalation is a key topological transformation driving tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and diseases such as cancer cell invasion. In recent years, much work has been undertaken to better elucidate the fundamental mechanisms controlling intercalation. Cells often use protrusions to propel themselves in between cell neighbours, resulting in topology changes. Nevertheless, in simple epithelial tissues, formed by a single layer of densely packed prism-shaped cells, topology change takes place in an astonishing fashion: cells exchange neighbours medio-laterally by conserving their apical-basal architecture and by maintaining an intact epithelial layer. Medio-lateral cell intercalation in simple epithelia is thus an exemplary case of both robustness and plasticity. Interestingly, in simple epithelia, cells use a combinatory set of mechanisms to ensure a topological transformation at the apical and basal sides. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rauzi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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46
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Taubenberger AV, Baum B, Matthews HK. The Mechanics of Mitotic Cell Rounding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:687. [PMID: 32850812 PMCID: PMC7423972 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When animal cells enter mitosis, they round up to become spherical. This shape change is accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. Multiple studies using different measurement methods have revealed that cell surface tension, intracellular pressure and cortical stiffness increase upon entry into mitosis. These cell-scale, biophysical changes are driven by alterations in the composition and architecture of the contractile acto-myosin cortex together with osmotic swelling and enable a mitotic cell to exert force against the environment. When the ability of cells to round is limited, for example by physical confinement, cells suffer severe defects in spindle assembly and cell division. The requirement to push against the environment to create space for spindle formation is especially important for cells dividing in tissues. Here we summarize the evidence and the tools used to show that cells exert rounding forces in mitosis in vitro and in vivo, review the molecular basis for this force generation and discuss its function for ensuring successful cell division in single cells and for cells dividing in normal or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Mechanical induction and competence in epithelial morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Understanding to what extent stem cell potential is a cell-intrinsic property or an emergent behavior coming from global tissue dynamics and geometry is a key outstanding question of systems and stem cell biology. Here, we propose a theory of stem cell dynamics as a stochastic competition for access to a spatially localized niche, giving rise to a stochastic conveyor-belt model. Cell divisions produce a steady cellular stream which advects cells away from the niche, while random rearrangements enable cells away from the niche to be favorably repositioned. Importantly, even when assuming that all cells in a tissue are molecularly equivalent, we predict a common ("universal") functional dependence of the long-term clonal survival probability on distance from the niche, as well as the emergence of a well-defined number of functional stem cells, dependent only on the rate of random movements vs. mitosis-driven advection. We test the predictions of this theory on datasets of pubertal mammary gland tips and embryonic kidney tips, as well as homeostatic intestinal crypts. Importantly, we find good agreement for the predicted functional dependency of the competition as a function of position, and thus functional stem cell number in each organ. This argues for a key role of positional fluctuations in dictating stem cell number and dynamics, and we discuss the applicability of this theory to other settings.
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49
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Serrano Nájera G, Weijer CJ. Cellular processes driving gastrulation in the avian embryo. Mech Dev 2020; 163:103624. [PMID: 32562871 PMCID: PMC7511600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation consists in the dramatic reorganisation of the epiblast, a one-cell thick epithelial sheet, into a multilayered embryo. In chick, the formation of the internal layers requires the generation of a macroscopic convection-like flow, which involves up to 50,000 epithelial cells in the epiblast. These cell movements locate the mesendoderm precursors into the midline of the epiblast to form the primitive streak. There they acquire a mesenchymal phenotype, ingress into the embryo and migrate outward to populate the inner embryonic layers. This review covers what is currently understood about how cell behaviours ultimately cause these morphogenetic events and how they are regulated. We discuss 1) how the biochemical patterning of the embryo before gastrulation creates compartments of differential cell behaviours, 2) how the global epithelial flows arise from the coordinated actions of individual cells, 3) how the cells delaminate individually from the epiblast during the ingression, and 4) how cells move after the ingression following stereotypical migration routes. We conclude by exploring new technical advances that will facilitate future research in the chick model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Cornelis J Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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50
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A Cdc42-mediated supracellular network drives polarized forces and Drosophila egg chamber extension. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1921. [PMID: 32317641 PMCID: PMC7174421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin supracellular networks emerge during development and tissue repair. These cytoskeletal structures are able to generate large scale forces that can extensively remodel epithelia driving tissue buckling, closure and extension. How supracellular networks emerge, are controlled and mechanically work still remain elusive. During Drosophila oogenesis, the egg chamber elongates along the anterior-posterior axis. Here we show that a dorsal-ventral polarized supracellular F-actin network, running around the egg chamber on the basal side of follicle cells, emerges from polarized intercellular filopodia that radiate from basal stress fibers and extend penetrating neighboring cell cortexes. Filopodia can be mechanosensitive and function as cell-cell anchoring sites. The small GTPase Cdc42 governs the formation and distribution of intercellular filopodia and stress fibers in follicle cells. Finally, our study shows that a Cdc42-dependent supracellular cytoskeletal network provides a scaffold integrating local oscillatory actomyosin contractions at the tissue scale to drive global polarized forces and tissue elongation. During development, organs undergo large scale forces driven by the cytoskeleton but the precise molecular regulation of cytoskeletal networks remains unclear. Here, the authors report a Cdc42-dependent supracellular cytoskeletal network integrates local actomyosin contraction at tissue scale and drives global tissue elongation.
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