1
|
Forbes PA, Nitschke JP, Hochmeister N, Kalenscher T, Lamm C. No effects of acute stress on monetary delay discounting: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 31:100653. [PMID: 38933285 PMCID: PMC11201353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many everyday decisions, including those concerning our health, finances and the environment, involve choosing between a smaller but imminent reward (e.g., €20 now) and a later but larger reward (e.g., €40 in a month). The extent to which an individual prefers smaller imminent rewards over larger delayed rewards can be measured using delay discounting tasks. Acute stress induces a cascade of biological and psychological responses with potential consequences for how individuals think about the future, process rewards, and make decisions, all of which can impact delay discounting. Several studies have shown that individuals focus more on imminent rewards under stress. These findings have been used to explain why individuals make detrimental choices under acute stress. Yet, the evidence linking acute stress to delay discounting is equivocal. To address this uncertainty, we conducted a meta-analysis of 11 studies (14 effects) to systematically quantify the effects of acute stress on monetary delay discounting. Overall, we find no effect of acute stress on delay discounting, compared to control conditions (SMD = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.20], p = 0.32). We also find that neither the gender/sex of the participants, the type of stressor (e.g., physical vs. psychosocial) nor whether monetary decisions were hypothetical or incentivized (i.e. monetary decisions were actually paid out) moderated the impact of acute stress on monetary delay discounting. We argue that establishing the effects of acute stress on the separate processes involved in delay discounting, such as reward valuation and prospection, will help to resolve the inconsistencies in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A.G. Forbes
- Comparative Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas P. Nitschke
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Hochmeister
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Kalenscher
- Comparative Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jouppi RJ, Levine MD. Hedonic hunger, ultra-processed food consumption, and the moderating effects of impulsivity in pregnant individuals with body mass index ≥ 25. Appetite 2024; 198:107385. [PMID: 38692512 PMCID: PMC11109919 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests higher hedonic hunger (preoccupation with/desire to consume food for pleasure) is associated with greater ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption in non-pregnant individuals with higher, but not lower, self-report impulsivity or delay discounting. The current study tested the association between hedonic hunger and UPF consumption, and the moderating effects of self-report impulsivity and delay discounting, during pregnancy. Individuals (N = 220) with body mass index (BMI)≥25 completed the Power of Food Scale, 24-h dietary recalls, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Version 11 in early-mid pregnancy. A subset enrolled in an ancillary study (n = 143) completed a Delay Discounting Task. Linear regression and moderation models covaried for age, gestational age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and socioeconomic status. The association between hedonic hunger and UPF consumption was nonsignificant (p = 0.47). Self-report impulsivity was not a significant moderator (p = 0.11), but delay discounting was (p = 0.01). Simple slopes analysis revealed a one-unit increase in hedonic hunger was associated with 7% lower UPF intake among participants with lower (M+1SD) delay discounting (p = 0.01) and 1% higher UPF intake among those with higher (M-1SD) delay discounting (p = 0.57). Findings contrast those from research with non-pregnant samples and indicate lower delay discounting may serve as a protective factor, associated with reduced UPF consumption at higher levels of hedonic hunger, during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley J Jouppi
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Sennott Square - Floor 3, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA.
| | - Michele D Levine
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thamotharan S, Hahn HA, Ramos A, Harris B, Johnson MW, Fields SA. Validation of the Sexual Discounting Task for Use in Adolescents. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2291-2304. [PMID: 38480647 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The Sexual Discounting Task (SDT) was developed to evaluate the effects of delay on decision making as it relates to sexual risk-taking behaviors. Though previously validated with other populations, including urban emerging adults, the current study sought to validate the SDT with adolescents. A sample of adolescents (N = 155; 61% female) between ages 14 and 21 (Mage = 19.5 years) was recruited to complete the SDT (involving choices between immediate unprotected sex and delayed sex with a condom with hypothetical sexual partners) and the Delay Discounting Task (a delay discounting task for money outcomes). Additionally, they completed several self-report measures assessing demographics, sexual behavior, and sexual history. If the condom was readily available, respondents were more likely to use a condom for partners who were judged "most likely to have an STI" and for those that participants were "least likely to have sex with." Moreover, when a condom was not immediately available, greater self-reported sexual risk-taking was related to greater sexual discounting (i.e., greater effects of delay on decreasing condom use). Furthermore, sexual discounting was greater among partners deemed more desirable and those judged "least likely to have an STI." Differences in sexual discounting were significant after controlling for immediately available condom use. Findings from the current study suggest that the SDT is clinically meaningful for adolescents and is sensitive to factors that influence real-world decisions to use condoms. Future treatment and prevention should consider delay discounting as an important variable affecting sexual risk behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Thamotharan
- Office of Justice, Equity, Diversity, & Inclusion, Advocate Health-Health Sciences System, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hunter A Hahn
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Ramos
- Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bethany Harris
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sherecce A Fields
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nichelli PF, Grafman J. The place of Free Will: the freedom of the prisoner. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:861-871. [PMID: 37870645 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Debates about the concept of Free Will date back to ancient times. About 40 years ago, Benjamin Libet designed an experiment showing that the conscious intention to move is preceded by a specific pattern of brain activation. His finding suggested that unconscious processes determine our decisions. Libet-style experiments have continued to dominate the debate about Free Will, pushing some authors to argue that the existence of Free Will is a mere illusion. We believe that this dispute is because we often measure Free Will using arbitrary human decisions rather than deliberate actions. After reviewing the definition of Free Will and the related literature, we conclude that the scientific evidence does not disprove the existence of Free Will. However, our will encounters several constraints and limitations that should be considered when evaluating our deeds' personal responsibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo F Nichelli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Romolo Benzi, 48, 41126, Modena, Italy.
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Brain Injury Research, Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Think and Speak Lab, 25th Floor, Northeast Corner, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E. Erie Street, Chicago, IL, 60611-5146, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fusco G, Scandola M, Lin H, Inzlicht M, Aglioti SM. Modulating preferences during intertemporal choices through exogenous midfrontal transcranial alternating current stimulation: A registered report. Cortex 2024; 171:435-464. [PMID: 38113613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Decision conflicts may arise when the costs and benefits of choices are evaluated as a function of outcomes predicted along a temporal dimension. Electrophysiology studies suggest that during performance monitoring a typical oscillatory activity in the theta rhythm, named midfrontal theta, may index conflict processing and resolution. In the present within-subject, sham controlled, cross-over preregistered study, we delivered online midfrontal transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) to modulate electrocortical activity during intertemporal decisions. Participants were invited to select choice preference between economic offers at three different intermixed levels of conflict (i.e., low, medium, high) while receiving either theta -, gamma-, or sham tACS in separate blocks and sessions. At the end of each stimulation block, a Letter-Flanker task was also administered to measure behavioural aftereffects. We hypothesized that theta-tACS would have acted on the performance monitoring system inducing behavioural changes (i.e., faster decisions and more impulsive choices) in high conflicting trials, rather than gamma- and sham-tACS. Results very partially confirmed our predictions. Unexpectedly, both theta- and gamma-driven neuromodulation speeded-up decisions compared to sham. However, exploratory analyses revealed that such an effect was stronger in the high-conflict decisions during theta-tACS. These findings were independent from the influence of the sensations induced by the electrical stimulation. Moreover, further analyses highlighted a significant association during theta-tACS between the selection of immediate offers in high-conflict trials and attentional impulsiveness, suggesting that individual factors may account for the tACS effects during intertemporal decisions. Finally, we did not capture long-lasting behavioural changes following tACS in the Flanker task. Our findings may inform scholars to improve experimental designs and boost the knowledge toward a more effective application of tACS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Fusco
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Scandola
- NPSY Lab-Vr, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Hause Lin
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mosca A, Miuli A, Mancusi G, Chiappini S, Stigliano G, De Pasquale A, Di Petta G, Bubbico G, Pasino A, Pettorruso M, Martinotti G. To bridge or not to bridge: Moral Judgement in Cocaine Use Disorders, a case-control study on human morality. Soc Neurosci 2023; 18:271-281. [PMID: 37594151 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2023.2242096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the "Dual-Process theory", morality is characterized by the interaction between an automatic-emotional process, mediated by the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and linked to personal-deontological decisions, and a rational-conscious one, mediated by the Dorso-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and linked to impersonal-utilitarian decisions. These areas are altered by chronic use of cocaine, with a possible impact on moral decision-making. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the difference between a group of Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) patients and a control group in moral decision-making. METHODS Subjects with CUD were compared to an equal-sized healthy group regarding their moral decision-making. Trolley and Footbridge Moral Dilemmas were administered to each group. The quality of the answer (yes or no) and the time needed to answer were recorded. RESULTS The recruited group includes 72 subjects, 36 with CUD and 36 healthy subjects (average age of 39.51 ± 9.89). In the Trolley dilemma, almost all the subjects (97.3%) answered "yes", while in the Footbridge dilemma CUD subjects answered "yes" more often (52.7%) than the healthy group (19.4%). CONCLUSION For strong emotional dilemmas (Footbridge), cocaine users answered "yes" with a higher frequency compared to healthy subjects, highlighting a wider utilitarian tendency in decision-making and a poor emotional participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Miuli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Mancusi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Chiappini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life, and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - G Stigliano
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - A De Pasquale
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale E Delle Dipendenze, Sede Regionale, Sede di Isernia, Isernia, Italy
| | - G Di Petta
- SPDC, Mental Health Department, Santa Maria Delle Grazie Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - G Bubbico
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Pasino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Pettorruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life, and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Flack KD, Anderson III RE, McFee KF, Day BT. Characterizing motor impulsivity of individuals classified as overweight to obese. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:314-318. [PMID: 38314047 PMCID: PMC10831366 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Deficits in the impulse control system are an important predictor of energy intake and body weight. Adults classified as overweight to obese may possess these deficits as a general behavioral trait or they may be food-specific. The present study assessed motor impulsivity (ability to suppress a pre-potent response) when presented with food and neutral (non-food) cues, testing if deficits in motor impulsivity is specific to food cues or a general trait among participants classified as overweight to obese. The proportion of inhibitory failures to no-go targets following food cues (10.8%) was significantly greater than the proportion of inhibitory failures to no-go targets following neutral cues (1.9%, p < 0.001). These differences remained when covering for sex and hunger. This indicates deficits in food-specific impulse control (as opposed to general impulse control) are present in those classified as overweight to obese. Understanding the specific aspect of impulse control that is present in this population is needed for the development of future impulse control training interventions that seek to change eating behaviors as a means for weight control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Robert E. Anderson III
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kylie F. McFee
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bridgette T. Day
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dwyer CL, Tegge AN, Craft WH, Tomlinson DC, Athamneh LN, Bickel WK. The Phenotype of Recovery X: Associations between delay discounting, regulatory flexibility, and remission from substance use disorder. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 155:209122. [PMID: 37451516 PMCID: PMC10787043 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delay discounting (DD) and self-regulation are important predictors of substance use disorder (SUD) outcomes. Further, regulatory flexibility (RF; i.e., selecting, monitoring, and adapting coping techniques based on contextual demands) is related to psychological resilience. However, studies have yet to examine associations among DD, RF, and remission from SUDs among individuals in recovery. METHODS Individuals (N = 148) in SUD recovery completed the Context Sensitivity Index (CSI), the Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale, and the Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT) Scale to assess RF and, an $1000 hypothetical reward Adjusting Amount Delay Discounting Task. The study considered individuals to be in remission from SUD if they did not endorse any SUD DSM-5 symptom other than craving (except tobacco use disorder) in the past three months. The study team used t-tests to examine differences in RF and DD by remission status. Univariate linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between RF and DD. Finally, mediation models examined the dynamic relationship among DD, RF, and remission status. RESULTS Remitted individuals (n = 82) had significantly lower DD (i.e., greater preference for larger, later rewards) rates (p < .001) and higher context sensitivity (p < .001) and coping flexibility (p < .001). The study found significant negative associations between DD and context sensitivity (p = .008), coping flexibility (p = .002), and emotion regulation flexibility (p < .001). Finally, context sensitivity (p = .023) and coping flexibility (p = .009) mediated the relationship between DD and SUD remission. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that individuals in recovery with broader temporal windows can better identify contextual demands and flexibly cope, contributing to improved SUD recovery outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice L Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kane NB, Broderick N, Rao E, Ruck Keene A, Rao RT. Shades of grey: choice, control and capacity in alcohol-related brain damage. BJPsych Bull 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37947128 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2023.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liaison psychiatrists have identified that conducting capacity assessments in general hospital patients with alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) can be challenging. This educational article uses the fictitious case of a man with ARBD, alcohol dependence and significant self-neglect, focusing on assessment of his capacity to decide about moving into a care home on discharge. We provide an overview of clinical, legal and ethical literature relevant to decision-making and capacity assessment in individuals with ARBD, with the aim of guiding clinicians approaching complex capacity assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Rao
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cona G, Santacesaria P, Scarpazza C. Envisioning the future: An ALE meta-analysis on neural correlates of future thinking, prospective memory and delay discounting. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105355. [PMID: 37562654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our representations of the future are processed in the service of several different cognitive functions, including episodic future thinking, prospective memory, and temporal discounting. The present meta-analysis used the Activation Likelihood Estimation method to understand whether there is a core network underlying future-oriented cognition and to identify the specific brain regions that support future-related processes in each function. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a total of 24, 19, and 27 neuroimaging studies were included for future thinking, prospective memory, and temporal discounting, respectively. Results showed that there is no specific region or network for the future. Instead, the 'future' seems to be represented on an anterior-posterior tangibility gradient, based on the level of abstractness/concreteness of the simulated scenario. Additionally, future-oriented cognition is mediated by two distinct networks: the Default Network and the Salience Network. The Default Network is mainly active in supporting future thinking, whereas the Salience Network is primarily involved in prospective memory and delay discounting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Cona
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Paola Santacesaria
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; IRCSS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bickel WK, Tomlinson DC, Craft WH, Ma M, Dwyer CL, Yeh YH, Tegge AN, Freitas-Lemos R, Athamneh LN. Predictors of smoking cessation outcomes identified by machine learning: A systematic review. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 6:100068. [PMID: 37214256 PMCID: PMC10194042 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to characterize the utility of machine learning to identify the predictors of smoking cessation outcomes and identify the machine learning methods applied in this area. In the current study, multiple searches occurred through December 9, 2022 in MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the IEEE Xplore were performed. Inclusion criteria included various machine learning techniques, studies reporting cigarette smoking cessation outcomes (smoking status and the number of cigarettes), and various experimental designs (e.g., cross-sectional and longitudinal). Predictors of smoking cessation outcomes were assessed, including behavioral markers, biomarkers, and other predictors. Our systematic review identified 12 papers fitting our inclusion criteria. In this review, we identified gaps in knowledge and innovation opportunities for machine learning research in the field of smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Devin C. Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William H. Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Manxiu Ma
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Candice L. Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Yeh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Liqa N. Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yates J, Rose AK, Jones A. Attempts to Influence the Value of Alcohol by Manipulating Social Influence and Context. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1053-1061. [PMID: 37129011 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2205532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Recent cognitive neuroscience models of value-based decision-making suggest value-based choices for alcohol are sensitive to various inputs, such as context and social influence. In two online experiments, we tested whether manipulating these inputs influenced proxies for alcohol value. Experiment 1: 157 social drinkers were presented with 4 hypothetical scenarios (drinking alone, with friends who are also drinking, with friends but trying to "cut-down" for health reasons, with friends who aren't drinking) in a within-subjects design, and completed the Brief Assessment of Alcohol Demand after each as a measure of value. Value for alcohol (number of drinks purchased) was greatest when drinking with friends who were also drinking compared to drinking alone (d = 0.95), friends not drinking (d = 1.49) and friends drinking/health related (d = 1.59). Value for alcohol was also greater when drinking alone compared to with friends who were not drinking (d = 0.55), and also with friends drinking/health related (d = 0.62). Experiment 2: 241 participants were randomly allocated to see one of four categories of images in a 2 (context: bar vs house) x 2 (social influence: enjoy vs not enjoy) design, before completing a Concurrent Choice Task for alcohol and Visual Analog Scales. There were no significant effects found on either task, both taken as proxies for value. Conclusion: There was inconclusive evidence that the value for alcohol could be manipulated by social context. This could be explained by greater saliency of the manipulation in asking participants to imagine themselves in a hypothetical situation as opposed to presenting images depicting drinking scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yates
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abigail K Rose
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Satyal MK, Basso JC, Wilding H, Athamneh LN, Bickel WK. Examining neurobehavioral differences that support success in recovery from alcohol and other substance use disorders. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 148:209007. [PMID: 36940778 PMCID: PMC10193587 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Substance use disorders (SUDs) are brain disorders associated with impairments resulting from the recurrent use of alcohol, drugs, or both. Though recovery is possible, SUDs are chronic, relapsing-remitting disorders, with estimates of SUD relapse at 40-60%. Currently, we know little about the mechanisms underlying successful recovery processes and whether substance-specific mechanisms exist. The current study sought to examine delay discounting (a measure of future valuation), executive skills, abstinence duration, and health behaviors in a population of individuals in recovery from alcohol, stimulants, opioids, and other substances. METHODS In this observational study, we utilized a cohort of individuals (n = 238) from the International Quit and Recovery Registry, an online registry for those in recovery from SUDs around the world. We assessed delay discounting through a neurobehavioral task, and assessed abstinence duration, executive skills, and engagement in positive health behaviors through self-report measures. RESULTS We found that delay discounting, executive skills, and engagement in positive health behaviors were similar among individuals in recovery from different substances. Abstinence duration was associated with delay discounting and engagement in health behaviors. Additionally, executive skills and engagement in health behaviors were positively associated. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that common behavioral mechanisms support recovery from misuse of various substances. As both delay discounting and executive skills are dependent upon executive brain centers, such as the prefrontal cortex, strategies that target executive functioning, such as episodic future thinking, meditation, or exercise, may be efficient strategies for optimizing recovery from SUDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medha K Satyal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, VA, USA
| | - Julia C Basso
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, VA, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, VA, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, VA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Avian Metapneumovirus Subgroup C Phosphoprotein Suppresses Type I Interferon Production by Blocking Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Nuclear Translocation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0341322. [PMID: 36537793 PMCID: PMC9927154 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03413-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C (aMPV/C) is an important pathogen that causes upper respiratory symptoms and egg production decline in turkeys and chickens. aMPV/C infection leads to inhibition of the host antiviral immune response. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host immune response antagonized by aMPV/C infection is limited. In this study, we demonstrated that the aMPV/C phosphoprotein (P) inhibits the IFN antiviral signaling pathway triggered by melanoma differentiation gene 5 (MDA5) and reduces interferon β (IFN-β) production and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by targeting IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) but not nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in DF-1 cells. Moreover, we found that aMPV/C P protein only blocks the nuclear translocation of IRF3 by interacting with IRF3 in HEK-293T cells, instead of affecting IRF3 phosphorylation and inducing IRF3 degradation, which suppresses IRF3 signaling activation and results in a decrease in IFN-β production. Collectively, these results reveal a novel mechanism by which aMPV/C infection disrupts IFN-β production in the host. IMPORTANCE The innate immune response is the first defense line of host cells and organisms against viral infections. When RNA viruses infect cells, viral RNA induces activation of retinoic acid-induced gene I and melanoma differentiation gene 5, which initiates downstream molecules and finally produces type I interferon (IFN-I) to regulate antiviral immune responses. The mechanism for avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) modulating IFN-I production to benefit its replication remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that phosphoprotein of aMPV subgroup C (aMPV/C) selectively inhibits the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory 3 (IRF3), instead of affecting the expression and phosphorylation of IRF3, which finally downregulates IFN-I production. This study showed a novel mechanism for aMPV/C infection antagonizing the host IFN response.
Collapse
|
15
|
Setlow B, Bizon JL. Introduction to special issue on amygdala and value-based decision making. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114147. [PMID: 36209945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Delay discounting in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2023; 436:114101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Bjork JM, Sawyers CK, Straub LK, Garavito DMN, Westbrook A. Cognitive effort avoidance in veterans with suicide attempt histories. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 231:103788. [PMID: 36335888 PMCID: PMC10292953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide attempts (SA) are increasing in the United States, especially in veterans. Discovering individual cognitive features of the subset of suicide ideators who attempt suicide is critical. Cognitive theories attribute SA to facile schema-based negative interpretations of environmental events. Over-general autobiographical memory and facile solutions in problem solving tasks in SA survivors suggest that aversion to expending cognitive effort may be a neurobehavioral marker of SA risk. In veterans receiving care for mood disorder, we compared cognitive effort discounting and evidence-gathering in a beads task between veterans with (SAHx+; n = 26) versus without (SAHx-; n = 22) a history of SA. Groups did not differ in depressed mood or in a proxy metric of premorbid intelligence. Compared to SAHx- participants, SAHx+ participants self-reported significantly more severe cognitive problems in most domains, and also eschewed choice to earn higher monetary reward if earning it required a slightly increased working memory (WM) demand relative to an easy WM task. There was no group difference, however, in extent of evidence-gathering before declaring a conclusion in a beads task. These preliminary data suggest that aversion to expenditure of cognitive effort, potentially as a component of cognitive difficulties, may be a marker for SA risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 E Cary St Room 202, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America; Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond VA, United States of America.
| | - Chelsea K Sawyers
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 E Cary St Room 202, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Lisa K Straub
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 E Cary St Room 202, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - David M N Garavito
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 E Cary St Room 202, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Andrew Westbrook
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 E Cary St Room 202, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America; Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liebenow B, Jones R, DiMarco E, Trattner JD, Humphries J, Sands LP, Spry KP, Johnson CK, Farkas EB, Jiang A, Kishida KT. Computational reinforcement learning, reward (and punishment), and dopamine in psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:886297. [PMID: 36339844 PMCID: PMC9630918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the DSM-5, psychiatric diagnoses are made based on self-reported symptoms and clinician-identified signs. Though helpful in choosing potential interventions based on the available regimens, this conceptualization of psychiatric diseases can limit basic science investigation into their underlying causes. The reward prediction error (RPE) hypothesis of dopamine neuron function posits that phasic dopamine signals encode the difference between the rewards a person expects and experiences. The computational framework from which this hypothesis was derived, temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL), is largely focused on reward processing rather than punishment learning. Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by aberrant behaviors, expectations, reward processing, and hypothesized dopaminergic signaling, but also characterized by suffering and the inability to change one's behavior despite negative consequences. In this review, we provide an overview of the RPE theory of phasic dopamine neuron activity and review the gains that have been made through the use of computational reinforcement learning theory as a framework for understanding changes in reward processing. The relative dearth of explicit accounts of punishment learning in computational reinforcement learning theory and its application in neuroscience is highlighted as a significant gap in current computational psychiatric research. Four disorders comprise the main focus of this review: two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hyperdopaminergic function, addiction and schizophrenia, followed by two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hypodopaminergic function, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Insights gained from a reward processing based reinforcement learning framework about underlying dopaminergic mechanisms and the role of punishment learning (when available) are explored in each disorder. Concluding remarks focus on the future directions required to characterize neuropsychiatric disorders with a hypothesized cause of underlying dopaminergic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Liebenow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Rachel Jones
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Emily DiMarco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Trattner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Humphries
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - L. Paul Sands
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kasey P. Spry
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina K. Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Evelyn B. Farkas
- Georgia State University Undergraduate Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth T. Kishida
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McIntyre-Wood C, Madan C, Owens M, Amlung M, Sweet LH, MacKillop J. Neuroanatomical foundations of delayed reward discounting decision making II: Evaluation of sulcal morphology and fractal dimensionality. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119309. [PMID: 35598732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed reward discounting (DRD) is a form of decision-making reflecting valuation of smaller immediate rewards versus larger delayed rewards, and high DRD has been linked to several health behaviors, including substance use disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and obesity. Elucidating the underlying neuroanatomical factors may offer important insights into the etiology of these conditions. We used structural MRI scans of 1038 Human Connectome Project participants (Mage = 28.86, 54.7% female) to explore two novel measures of neuroanatomy related to DRD: 1) sulcal morphology (SM; depth and width) and 2) fractal dimensionality (FD), or cortical morphometric complexity, of parcellated cortical and subcortical regions. To ascertain unique contributions to DRD preferences, indicators that displayed significant partial correlations with DRD after family-wise error correction were entered into iterative mixed-effect models guided by the association magnitude. When considering only SM indicators, the depth of the right inferior and width of the left central sulci were uniquely associated with DRD preferences. When considering only FD indicators, the FD of the left middle temporal gyrus, right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and left lateral occipital and entorhinal cortices uniquely contributed DRD. When considering SM and FD indicators simultaneously, the right inferior frontal sulcus depth and left central sulcus width; and the FD of the left middle temporal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex and entorhinal cortex were uniquely associated with DRD. These results implicate SM and FD as features of the brain that underlie variation in the DRD decision-making phenotype and as promising candidates for understanding DRD as a biobehavioral disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly McIntyre-Wood
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Madan
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Max Owens
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Amlung
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Applied Behavioural Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Lawrence H Sweet
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Parsons N, Steward T, Clohesy R, Almgren H, Duehlmeyer L. A systematic review of resting-state functional connectivity in obesity: Refining current neurobiological frameworks and methodological considerations moving forward. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:861-879. [PMID: 34159504 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the second most common cause of preventable morbidity worldwide. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used extensively to characterise altered communication between brain regions in individuals with obesity, though findings from this research have not yet been systematically evaluated within the context of prominent neurobiological frameworks. This systematic review aggregated resting-state fMRI findings in individuals with obesity and evaluated the contribution of these findings to current neurobiological models. Findings were considered in relation to a triadic model of problematic eating, outlining disrupted communication between reward, inhibitory, and homeostatic systems. We identified a pattern of consistently increased orbitofrontal and decreased insula cortex resting-state functional connectivity in individuals with obesity in comparison to healthy weight controls. BOLD signal amplitude was also increased in people with obesity across studies, predominantly confined to subcortical regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and putamen. We posit that altered orbitofrontal cortex connectivity may be indicative of a shift in the valuation of food-based rewards and that dysfunctional insula connectivity likely contributes to altered homeostatic signal processing. Homeostatic violation signals in obesity may be maintained despite satiety, thereby 'hijacking' the executive system and promoting further food intake. Moving forward, we provide a roadmap for more reliable resting-state and task-based functional connectivity experiments, which must be reconciled within a common framework if we are to uncover the interplay between psychological and biological factors within current theoretical frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Parsons
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Clohesy
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannes Almgren
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lechner WV, Philip NS, Kahler CW, Houben K, Tirrell E, Carpenter LL. Combined Working Memory Training and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Demonstrates Low Feasibility and Potentially Worse Outcomes on Delay to Smoking and Cognitive Tasks: A Randomized 2 × 2 Factorial Design Pilot and Feasibility Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1871-1880. [PMID: 35907262 PMCID: PMC9653077 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) has shown promising results in treating several Substance Use Disorders including Tobacco Use Disorder. However, questions remain regarding how to optimize treatment outcomes. Enhancement of working memory by rTMS is a potential therapeutic mechanism. The current pilot study examined whether rTMS plus a cognitive training program could enhance the effects of rTMS on smoking behaviors using a controlled, factorial design. AIMS AND METHODS We hypothesized that cognitive training plus stimulation would improve control over smoking behaviors, resulting in enhanced cognitive performance and increased latency to smoke on a delay to smoking analog task. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, nicotine dependent smokers (n = 43) were randomized to receive 10 sessions of active (10 Hz) or sham rTMS delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, plus active or sham working memory training (WMT) prior to and following stimulation. RESULTS Contrary to hypotheses, we observed a significant interaction effect, indicating that combining the two active interventions (rTMS+WMT) resulted in worse performance on the smoking analog task (B = -33.0, 95% CI = -64.39, -1.61, p < .05), compared to delivering either intervention alone. Additionally, although active rTMS (compared to sham rTMS) improved letter-sequencing performance (B = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.08-2.38, p < .05), and active WMT (compared to sham WMT) improved back-digit task performance (B = 1.53, 95% CI = 0.02-3.05, p < .05), combining interventions worsened the effect of each on a back-digit task (B = -3.01, 95% CI = -5.96, -0.052, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings indicate potential iatrogenic effects of combining rTMS and this working memory training intervention and underscore the need for rigorous evaluation of substance specific conceptual frameworks when selecting future combination interventions. IMPLICATIONS Counter to hypothesis, this study found no additional benefit of adding a working memory training program to a rTMS protocol in a sample of daily smokers. The combination condition (active rTMS + active training) resulted in worse performance on a delay to smoking analog task and a measure of working memory performance compared to delivering either intervention alone. These preliminary findings inform strategies for optimizing rTMS in smokers and highlight the need for future studies to consider several key components of candidate combination interventions, including effects on regulation of substance use. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION (IF ANY) The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03337113).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William V Lechner
- Corresponding Author: William V. Lechner, PhD, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Dr., Kent, OH 44242, USA. Telephone: (330) 672-3786; E-mail:
| | - Noah S Philip
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, Providence, RI, USA,VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies and the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Katrijn Houben
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Tirrell
- Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shevorykin A, Carl E, Mahoney MC, Hanlon CA, Liskiewicz A, Rivard C, Alberico R, Belal A, Bensch L, Vantucci D, Thorner H, Marion M, Bickel WK, Sheffer CE. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Long-Term Smoking Cessation: Preliminary Examination of Delay Discounting as a Therapeutic Target and the Effects of Intensity and Duration. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:920383. [PMID: 35874156 PMCID: PMC9300313 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.920383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a novel treatment for smoking cessation and delay discounting rate is novel therapeutic target. Research to determine optimal therapeutic targets and dosing parameters for long-term smoking cessation is needed. Due to potential biases and confounds introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic, we report preliminary results from an ongoing study among participants who reached study end prior to the pandemic. Methods In a 3 × 2 randomized factorial design, participants (n = 23) received 900 pulses of 20 Hz rTMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in one of three Durations (8, 12, or 16 days of stimulation) and two Intensities (1 or 2 sessions per day). We examined direction and magnitude of the effect sizes on latency to relapse, 6-month point-prevalence abstinence rates, research burden, and delay discounting rates. Results A large effect size was found for Duration and a medium for Intensity for latency to relapse. Increasing Duration increased the odds of abstinence 7–8-fold while increasing Intensity doubled the odds of abstinence. A large effect size was found for Duration, a small for Intensity for delay discounting rate. Increasing Duration and Intensity had a small effect on participant burden. Conclusion Findings provide preliminary support for delay discounting as a therapeutic target and for increasing Duration and Intensity to achieve larger effect sizes for long-term smoking cessation and will provide a pre-pandemic comparison for data collected during the pandemic. Clinical Trial Registration [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03865472].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Shevorykin
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ellen Carl
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Martin C Mahoney
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - Cheryl Rivard
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ronald Alberico
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ahmed Belal
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lindsey Bensch
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Darian Vantucci
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hannah Thorner
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Matthew Marion
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gerrans P. Alienation and identification in addiction. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2067034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerrans
- Department of Philosophy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
van den Ende MW, Epskamp S, Lees MH, van der Maas HL, Wiers RW, Sloot PM. A review of mathematical modeling of addiction regarding both (neuro-) psychological processes and the social contagion perspectives. Addict Behav 2022; 127:107201. [PMID: 34959078 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon, impacted by biological predispositions, psychological processes, and the social environment. Using mathematical and computational models that allow for surrogative reasoning may be a promising avenue for gaining a deeper understanding of this complex behavior. This paper reviews and classifies a selection of formal models of addiction focusing on the intra- and inter-individual dynamics, i.e., (neuro) psychological models and social models. We find that these modeling approaches to addiction are too disjoint and argue that in order to unravel the complexities of biopsychosocial processes of addiction, models should integrate intra- and inter-individual factors.
Collapse
|
25
|
Borland R, Le Grande M, Heckman BW, Fong GT, Bickel WK, Stein JS, East KA, Hall PA, Cummings KM. The Predictive Utility of Valuing the Future for Smoking Cessation: Findings from the ITC 4 Country Surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020631. [PMID: 35055452 PMCID: PMC8776177 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Delay discounting (DD) and time perspective (TP) are conceptually related constructs that are theorized as important determinants of the pursuit of future outcomes over present inclinations. This study explores their predictive relationships for smoking cessation. Methods: 5006 daily smokers at a baseline wave provided 6710 paired observations of quitting activity between two waves. Data are from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) smoking and vaping surveys with samples from the USA, Canada, England, and Australia, across three waves conducted in 2016, 2018 and 2020. Smokers were assessed for TP and DD, plus smoking-specific predictors at one wave of cessation outcomes defined as either making a quit attempt and/or success among those who tried to quit which was ascertained at the subsequent survey wave. Results: TP and DD were essentially uncorrelated. TP predicted making quit attempts, both on its own and controlling for other potential predictors but was negatively associated with quit success. By contrast, DD was not related to making quit attempts, but high DD predicted relapse. The presence of financial stress at baseline resulted in some moderation of effects. Conclusions: Understanding the mechanisms of action of TP and DD can advance our understanding of, and ability to enhance, goal-directed behavioural change. TP appears to contribute to future intention formation, but not necessarily practical thought of how to achieve goals. DD is more likely an index of capacity to effectively generate competing future possibilities in response to immediate gratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Borland
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Le Grande
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
| | - Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (B.W.H.); (K.M.C.)
- Center for the Study of Social Determinants of Health, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (K.A.E.); (P.A.H.)
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (W.K.B.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Jeff S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (W.K.B.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Katherine A. East
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (K.A.E.); (P.A.H.)
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Peter A. Hall
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (K.A.E.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Kenneth Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (B.W.H.); (K.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim S, Cho SI. Smoking-related behaviour changes among Korean men after the 2015 tobacco price increase: assessing the implications for the tobacco endgame using a reconstructed retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e051712. [PMID: 34983761 PMCID: PMC8728404 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of Korea's 2015 tax policy, discuss its effectiveness and limitations and present future directions for tax policy in the context of the tobacco endgame. DESIGN A retrospectively reconstructed cohort study. SETTING Korea, August 2014-October 2015. PARTICIPANTS The study examined 41,605 male smokers aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2015 Korea Community Health Survey. MEASURES AND ANALYSIS Binary and multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the impact of the tax policy on smoking-related behaviour. We adjusted for demographic and health-related variables. RESULTS Among 41,605 men who were smokers in 2014, 15,499 (35.85%, weighted) reported being affected by the price increase. Of all smokers, 1,772 (3.96%, weighted) reported quitting smoking because of the tobacco price increase. Others reduced their smoking amount (n=9,714, 22.48%, weighted) or made other changes such as switching brands (n=4,013, 9.41%, weighted). An additional 2,401 smokers (5.72%, weighted) quit smoking for reasons other than the tobacco price increase. Compared with those in the highest quintile of household income, the odds that those in the lowest quintile quit smoking due to the price increase were almost twice as high (OR=1.98, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.54). CONCLUSIONS Korea's 2015 tobacco price increase affected a significant number of smokers within a year, especially in the lowest income group, inducing some to quit or reduce their smoking amount. However, more smokers quit for reasons independent of the price change. Tax policy can effectively reduce smoking, but needs to be combined with other policies for optimal results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Collins AGE, Shenhav A. Advances in modeling learning and decision-making in neuroscience. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:104-118. [PMID: 34453117 PMCID: PMC8617262 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An organism's survival depends on its ability to learn about its environment and to make adaptive decisions in the service of achieving the best possible outcomes in that environment. To study the neural circuits that support these functions, researchers have increasingly relied on models that formalize the computations required to carry them out. Here, we review the recent history of computational modeling of learning and decision-making, and how these models have been used to advance understanding of prefrontal cortex function. We discuss how such models have advanced from their origins in basic algorithms of updating and action selection to increasingly account for complexities in the cognitive processes required for learning and decision-making, and the representations over which they operate. We further discuss how a deeper understanding of the real-world complexities in these computations has shed light on the fundamental constraints on optimal behavior, and on the complex interactions between corticostriatal pathways to determine such behavior. The continuing and rapid development of these models holds great promise for understanding the mechanisms by which animals adapt to their environments, and what leads to maladaptive forms of learning and decision-making within clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne G E Collins
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Amitai Shenhav
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Flack KD, Anderson RE, McFee KF, Kryscio R, Rush CR. Exercise Increases Attentional Bias Towards Food Cues in Individuals Classified as Overweight to Obese. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113711. [PMID: 35066060 PMCID: PMC8845497 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The obesity epidemic continues to be a major public health concern. Although exercise is the most common weight loss recommendation, weight loss outcomes from an exercise program are often suboptimal. The human body compensates for a large percentage of the energy expended through exercise to maintain energy homeostasis and body weight. Increases in energy intake appear to be the most impactful compensatory behavior. Research on the mechanisms driving this behavior has not been fully elucidated. PURPOSE To determine if exercise influences the attentional processing towards food cues (attentional bias) and inhibitory control for food cues among individuals classified as overweight to obese who do not exercise. METHODS Thirty adults classified as overweight to obese participated in a counterbalanced, crossover trial featuring two assessment visits on separate days separated by at least one week. Attentional bias and inhibitory control towards food cues was assessed prior to and after a bout of exercise where participants expended 500 kcal (one assessment visit) and before and after a 60 min bout of watching television (second assessment visit). Attentional bias was conceptualized as the percentage of time fixated on food cues when both food and neutral (non-food) cues were presented during a food-specific dot-probe task. Inhibitory control, specifically motor impulsivity, was assessed as percentage of inhibitory failures during a food-specific Go/NoGo task. RESULTS A significant condition by time effect was observed for attentional bias towards food cues, independent of hunger, whereas attentional bias towards food cues was increased pre-post exercise but not after watching TV. Inhibitory control was not affected by exercise or related to attentional bias for food cues. CONCLUSIONS An acute bout of exercise increased attentional bias for food cues, pointing to a mechanism that may contribute to the weight loss resistance observed with exercise. Future trials are needed to evaluate attentional bias towards food cues over a longitudinal exercise intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY United States.
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY United States
| | - Kylie F McFee
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY United States.
| | - Richard Kryscio
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY United States
| | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY United States; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY United States; Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee YJ, Rasmussen EB. Age-related effects in delay discounting for food. Appetite 2022; 168:105783. [PMID: 34743827 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental influences of growth, such as hormones and metabolic factors, increase food intake and weight across the lifespan. Delay discounting (DD), a choice procedure that characterizes preferences for immediate rewards, such as food, over larger, more delayed ones may be useful in understanding developmental and metabolic changes in decision making processes related to food intake. The present study examined the relation between age and food DD in a cross-sectional design. Other variables, such as pubertal stage, were examined also as these may influence discounting. Participants (N = 114; 28 children and 86 adult) from a community sample completed measures of food and money delay discounting to determine if age-related variation in discounting tendencies is food-specific or more general. Both measures yield an omnibus discounting value and three additional values for small, medium, and large magnitudes. Analyses first revealed magnitude effects-- smaller magnitudes of both food and money were discounted more steeply than larger magnitudes. Hierarchical regressions indicated subjective hunger predicted steeper food discounting. When subjective hunger was controlled, age, but not puberty, significantly predicted food discounting for omnibus, medium, and large magnitudes of food. In children, food discounting decreased from early childhood to late adolescence. In adults, food discounting increased from early to late adulthood. Neither age, puberty, nor obesity status predicted any measure of monetary discounting. Food discounting, then, appears to change across the lifespan, and therefore, may be appropriate to examine psychological processes that accompany developmental and metabolic changes across the lifespan.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bixter MT, Luhmann CC. The social contagion of temporal discounting in small social networks. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:13. [PMID: 35190923 PMCID: PMC8861223 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions often require a tradeoff between immediate and long-term gratification. How individuals resolve such tradeoffs reflects constructs such as temporal discounting, the degree that individuals devalue delayed rewards. Recent research has started to focus on temporal decisions made in collaborative contexts (e.g., dyads, small groups). Results suggest that directly interacting with others leads to revisions in preferences, such that decision makers become more similar to their collaborative partners over time (e.g., more patient following collaboration with a patient other). What remains to be seen is whether this social influence extends to indirect social effects, such as when an individual influences another’s preferences through a shared collaborative partner. In the current study, the focus was on decisions regarding hypothetical monetary rewards. Groups of three participated in a collaborative decision-making chain, in which network member X collaborated with member Y, who then subsequently collaborated with member Z. Though network members X and Z never directly interacted, a significant indirect link was observed between member X’s pre-collaborative decision preferences and member Z’s post-collaborative decision preferences. These results demonstrate that temporal decision preferences can be transmitted through intervening connections in a small social network (i.e., social contagion), showing that indirect social influence can be empirically observed and measured in controlled environments.
Collapse
|
31
|
Johnson MW, Strickland JC, Herrmann ES, Dolan SB, Cox DJ, Berry MS. Sexual discounting: A systematic review of discounting processes and sexual behavior. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:711-738. [PMID: 33001694 PMCID: PMC8977071 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral processes underlying sexual behavior are important for understanding normal human functioning and risk behavior leading to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This systematic review examines delay and probability discounting in human sexual behavior through synthesis of 50 peer-reviewed, original research articles. Sixteen studies focusing exclusively on monetary delay discounting found small effect size positive correlations with sexual risk behaviors. Eleven studies examined delay or probability discounting of sexual behavior itself using tasks that varied duration, frequency, or quality of sex to determine value. Results show delay and uncertainty of sex causes systematic decreases in value. These studies also show consistent medium effect size relationships between sexual discounting measures and sexual health and substance use, supporting utility above and beyond monetary discounting. Twenty-three studies have modeled clinically relevant decision-making, examining effects of delay until condom availability and STI contraction probability on condom use. Observational and experimental designs found condom-use discounting is elevated in high-risk substance use populations, is sensitive to context (e.g., partner desirability), and is more robustly related to sexual risk compared with monetary discounting or condom use decisions when no delay/uncertainty was involved. Administering cocaine, alcohol, and, for some participants, methamphetamine increased condom-use discounting with minimal effect on monetary discounting or condom use when no delay/uncertainty was involved. Reviewed studies robustly support that sexual behavior is highly dependent on delay and probability discounting, and that these processes strongly contribute to sexual risk. Future research should exploit these systematic relationships to design behavioral and pharmacological approaches to decrease sexual risk behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Sean B. Dolan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David J. Cox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meredith S. Berry
- Human Behavioral Pharmacology and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bischoff-Grethe A, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, McClure SM, Kaye WH. Satiety does not alter the ventral striatum's response to immediate reward in bulimia nervosa. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 130:862-874. [PMID: 34843290 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) cycle between periods of binge-eating and compensatory behavior and periods of dietary restraint, suggesting extremes of under and overcontrol that may be metabolic-state related. This study examined the influence of hunger and satiety on impulsivity and neural responding during decision-making. Twenty-three women remitted from BN (RBN) and 20 healthy comparison women (CW) performed a delay discounting task after a 16-hr fast and following a standardized meal during functional neuroimaging. A dual-systems approach examined reward valuation (decision trials where the early reward option was available immediately) and cognitive control (all decision trials). Interactions of Group × Visit (Hungry, Fed) for immediate reward revealed that CW had greater activation when hungry versus fed in the ventral striatum and dorsal caudate, whereas RBN had greater response when fed versus hungry in the dorsal caudate. Compared to CW, RBN showed decreased response when hungry within the left dorsal caudate and ventral striatum and increased response when fed in bilateral dorsal caudate. No differences were found within cognitive control regions or with choice behavior. Reward sensitivity is normally increased when hungry and decreased when fed; our findings in CW provide further support of hunger-based reward sensitivity within the striatum. However, RBN showed no differences for hunger and satiety in the ventral striatum and greater activation in the dorsal caudate when fed compared to hungry. This suggests RBN may be less sensitive to reward when hungry but do not devalue reward when satiated, indicating altered metabolic modulation of self-regulatory control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ursula F Bailer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schluter MG, Hodgins DC. Reward-Related Decision-Making in Current and Past Disordered Gambling: Implications for Impulsive Choice and Risk Preference in the Maintenance of Gambling Disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:758329. [PMID: 34776895 PMCID: PMC8586647 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.758329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsive reward-related decision-making (RRDM) is robustly associated with gambling disorder (GD), although its role in the development and perpetuation of GD is still being investigated. This project sought to examine the possible roles of impulsive and risky choice, two aspects of RRDM, in the perpetuation of GD. Additionally, the potential moderating role of comorbid substance misuse was considered. A total of 434 participants with symptoms of current GD and symptoms of concurrent substance use disorder (SUD; n = 105), current GD with past SUD (n = 98), past GD with current SUD (n = 53), or past GD with past substance use disorder (SUD; n = 92), and 96 healthy controls were recruited through MTurk. Participants completed a randomly adjusting delay discounting (a measure of impulsive choice) and probabilistic discounting (a measure of risky choice) task and self-report questionnaires of gambling participation, GD and SUD symptomology, and trait impulsivity. Although control participants showed significantly greater delay discounting compared to individuals with a current or history of GD, no significant group differences emerged between individuals with current GD or a history of GD. Individuals with current GD showed significantly less probabilistic discounting compared to individuals with a history of GD and control participants showed the greatest rates of probabilistic discounting. These effects remained after controlling for lifetime gambling symptom severity and trait impulsivity. Overall, these findings suggest a potential maintaining role of risky choice in gambling disorder, but do not support a maintaining role for impulsive choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalen G Schluter
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David C Hodgins
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schuweiler DR, Rao M, Pribut HJ, Roesch MR. Rats delay gratification during a time-based diminishing returns task. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. ANIMAL LEARNING AND COGNITION 2021; 47:420-428. [PMID: 34472950 PMCID: PMC8639657 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rat is a common animal model used to uncover the neural underpinnings of decision making and their disruption in psychiatric illness. Here, we ask if rats can perform a decision-making task that assesses self-control by delayed gratification in the context of diminishing returns. In this task, rats could choose to press one of two levers. One lever was associated with a fixed delay (FD) schedule that delivered reward after a fixed time delay (10 s). The other lever was associated with a progressive delay (PD) schedule; the delay increased by a fixed amount of time (1 s) after each PD lever press. Rats were tested under two conditions: a reset condition where rats could reset the PD schedule back to its initial 0-s delay by pressing the FD lever and a no-reset condition in which resetting the PD schedule was unavailable. We found that rats adapted behavior within reset sessions by delaying gratification to obtain more reward in the long run. That is, they selected the FD lever with the longer delay to reset the PD delay back to zero prior to the equality point, thus achieving more reward over the course of the session. These results are consistent with other species, demonstrating that rats can also maximize the net rate of reward by selecting an option that is not immediately beneficial. Moreover, use of this task in rodents might provide insights into how the brain governs normal and abnormal behavior, as well as treatments that can improve self-control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
35
|
Increasing Physical Activity among Breast Cancer Survivors by Modulating Temporal Orientation with rTMS: Feasibility and Potential Efficacy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910052. [PMID: 34639353 PMCID: PMC8508508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining adequate amounts of physical activity is a critical component of survivorship care for women with breast cancer. Increased physical activity is associated with increases in well-being, quality of life, and longevity, but women with cancer face unique, cancer-related factors that might affect physical activity. Consistent with the Competing Neurobehavioral Decision Systems model of decision making, we proposed to decrease delay discounting and increase physical activity by stimulating the executive function system via high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC). This randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded trial examined the feasibility and potential efficacy of this approach to increase physical activity in breast cancer survivors. We hypothesized that active rTMS would significantly increase the mean number of steps per day and decrease delay discounting. Participants (n = 30) were primarily middle-aged (M = 53.7, SD = 7.9) and white with a mean BMI and body mass indices below 40. Indicators of feasibility and limited efficacy testing were positive. Although repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant changes in delay discounting, generalized estimating equations (GEE) found that participants in the active condition increased their mean daily steps by 400 steps per day, while those in the sham condition decreased this by nearly 600 steps per day. These findings indicate that the continued investigation of HF rTMS for increasing physical activity among women with breast cancer is justified.
Collapse
|
36
|
Calluso C, Grande E, Erario A, Tosoni A, Committeri G. Effects of Individual Discount Rate and Uncertainty Perception on Compliance with Containment Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1256. [PMID: 34679321 PMCID: PMC8533920 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-contagion measures restricting individual freedom, such as social distancing and wearing a mask, are crucial to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Decision-making patterns and attitudes about uncertainty can highly influence the adherence to these restrictive measures. Here we investigated the relationship between risky behavior and individual preferences for immediate vs. delayed reward, as indexed by temporal discounting (TD), as well as the association between these measures and confidence in the future, perceived risk and confidence in the containment measures. These measures were collected through an online survey administered on 353 participants at the end of the more restrictive phase of the first Italian lockdown. The results showed an unexpected inverse relationship between the individual pattern of choice preferences and risky behavior, with an overall greater adherence to containment measures in more discounter participants. These findings were interpreted in terms of a reframing process in which behaviors aimed at protecting oneself from contagion turn into immediate gains rather than losses. Interestingly, an excessive confidence in a better future was correlated with a higher tendency to assume risky behavior, thereby highlighting the downside of an overly and blindly optimistic view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Calluso
- Department of Business and Management, LUISS Guido Carli University, Viale Romania 32, 00197 Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Grande
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d’Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013 Chieti Scalo, Italy; (E.G.); (A.E.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessia Erario
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d’Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013 Chieti Scalo, Italy; (E.G.); (A.E.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Annalisa Tosoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d’Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013 Chieti Scalo, Italy; (E.G.); (A.E.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Giorgia Committeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d’Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013 Chieti Scalo, Italy; (E.G.); (A.E.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mistler CB, Shrestha R, Gunstad J, Sanborn V, Copenhaver MM. Adapting behavioural interventions to compensate for cognitive dysfunction in persons with opioid use disorder. Gen Psychiatr 2021; 34:e100412. [PMID: 34504995 PMCID: PMC8370499 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is often in the context of biobehavioural interventions, consisting of medication for OUD (for example, methadone and buprenorphine), which is accompanied by psychoeducation and/or behavioural therapies. Patients with OUD often display weaknesses in cognitive function that may impact the efficacy of such behavioural interventions. A review of the literature was conducted to: (1) describe common cognitive dysfunction profiles among patients with OUD, (2) outline intervention approaches for patients with OUD, (3) consider the cognitive demands that interventions place on patients with OUD and (4) identify potential accommodation strategies that may be used to optimise treatment outcomes. Cognitive profiles of patients with OUD often include weaknesses in executive function, attention, memory and information processing. Behavioural interventions require the patients' ability to learn, understand and remember information (placing specific cognitive demands on patients). Accommodation strategies are, therefore, needed for patients with challenges in one or more of these areas. Research on accommodation strategies for patients with OUD is very limited. We applied research from populations with similar cognitive profiles to form a comprehensive collection of potential strategies to compensate for cognitive dysfunction among patients with OUD. The cognitive profiles and accommodation strategies included in this review are intended to inform future intervention research aimed at improving outcomes among patients with OUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen B Mistler
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Roman Shrestha
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - John Gunstad
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Victoria Sanborn
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Heilman RM, Kusev P, Miclea M, Teal J, Martin R, Passanisi A, Pace U. Are Impulsive Decisions Always Irrational? An Experimental Investigation of Impulsive Decisions in the Domains of Gains and Losses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168518. [PMID: 34444268 PMCID: PMC8392628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intertemporal choices are very prevalent in daily life, ranging from simple, mundane decisions to highly consequential decisions. In this context, thinking about the future and making sound decisions are crucial to promoting mental and physical health, as well as a financially sustainable lifestyle. In the present study, we set out to investigate some of the possible underlying mechanisms, such as cognitive factors and emotional states, that promote future-oriented decisions. In a cross-sectional experimental study, we used a gain and a loss version of an intertemporal monetary choices task. Our main behavioural result indicated that people are substantially more impulsive over smaller and sooner monetary losses compared to equivalent gains. In addition, for both decisional domains, significant individual difference predictors emerged, indicating that intertemporal choices are sensitive to the affective and cognitive parameters. By focusing on the cognitive and emotional individual factors that influence impulsive decisions, our study could constitute a building block for successful future intervention programs targeted at mental and physical health issues, including gambling behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata M. Heilman
- Department of Psychology, Babeş–Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj–Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Petko Kusev
- Behavioural Research Centre, Huddersfield Business School, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (P.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Mircea Miclea
- Department of Psychology, Babeş–Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj–Napoca, Romania;
| | - Joseph Teal
- Behavioural Research Centre, Huddersfield Business School, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (P.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Rose Martin
- Department of People and Organisations, Surrey Business School, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Alessia Passanisi
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy; (A.P.); (U.P.)
| | - Ugo Pace
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy; (A.P.); (U.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bickel WK, Freitas-Lemos R, Tomlinson DC, Craft WH, Keith DR, Athamneh LN, Basso JC, Epstein LH. Temporal discounting as a candidate behavioral marker of obesity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:307-329. [PMID: 34358579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although obesity is a result of processes operating at multiple levels, most forms result from decision-making behavior. The aim of this review was to examine the candidacy of temporal discounting (TD) (i.e. the reduction in the value of a reinforcer as a function of the delay to its receipt) as a behavioral marker of obesity. For this purpose, we assessed whether TD has the ability to: identify risk for obesity development, diagnose obesity, track obesity progression, predict treatment prognosis/outcomes, and measure treatment effectiveness. Three databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were searched using a combination of terms related to TD and obesity. A total of 153 papers were reviewed. Several areas show strong evidence of TD's predictive utility as a behavioral marker of obesity (e.g., distinguishing obese from non obese). However, other areas have limited and/or mixed evidence (e.g., predicting weight change). Given the positive relationship for TD in the majority of domains examined, further consideration for TD as a behavioral marker of obesity is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | | | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Diana R Keith
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Julia C Basso
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Snider SE, Turner JK, McClure SM, Bickel WK. Reinforcer pathology in cocaine use disorder: Temporal window determines cocaine valuation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108795. [PMID: 34119880 PMCID: PMC8282732 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Experimental Medicine Approach offers a unique perspective to determine clinical behavior change by engaging a target underlying the cause of a disorder. The present work engaged a novel target of addiction, Reinforcer Pathology, in two studies to test changes in behavior among individuals with cocaine use disorder. METHODS In Study 1, n = 44 participants engaged the temporal window with episodic future thinking (EFT), a positive prospection exercise. Changes in temporal view and cocaine valuation were tested using delay discounting and behavioral economic demand, respectively. Additionally, a computational model assessed the relative reliance on the near- and far-sighted systems during EFT. In Study 2, n = 71 engaged the temporal window with a negatively-valenced hurricane scenario to test the opposite effects on window length and cocaine valuation. RESULTS Results demonstrated systematic and symmetrical engagement of the behavioral target. Study 1 robustly replicated previous work, wherein EFT lengthened the temporal window and decreased cocaine valuation. Moreover, EFT increased the weighting of the modeled far-sighted system, increasing the relative impact of long-term discounting decisions. Study 2 produced opposite outcomes, shortened temporal window and increased cocaine valuation. CONCLUSIONS This approximately equal and opposite reaction to the manipulations supports reinforcer pathology theory and implicates the temporal window over which rewards are valued as a target to be pushed and pulled to produce clinically meaningful behavior change. Using the Experimental Medicine Approach as a guide, future work should identify new potential interventions to engage reinforcer pathology and use the clinically relevant outcomes as a litmus test for mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Snider
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke VA
| | - Jamie K. Turner
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke VA
| | | | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke VA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Poulton A, Hester R. Transition to substance use disorders: impulsivity for reward and learning from reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:1182-1191. [PMID: 31848627 PMCID: PMC7657456 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance dependence constitutes a profound societal burden. Although large numbers of individuals use licit or illicit substances, few transition to dependence. The specific factors influencing this transition are not well understood. Substance-dependent individuals tend to be swayed by the immediate rewards of drug taking, but are often insensitive to delayed negative consequences of their behavior. Dependence is consequently associated with impulsivity for reward and atypical learning from feedback. Behavioral impulsivity is indexed using tasks measuring spontaneous decision-making and capacity to control impulses. While evidence indicates drug taking exacerbates behavioral impulsivity for reward, animal and human studies of drug naïve populations demonstrate it might precede any drug-related problems. Research suggests dependent individuals are also more likely to learn from rewarding (relative to punishing) feedback. This may partly explain why substance-dependent individuals fail to modify their behavior in response to negative outcomes. This enhanced learning from reward may constitute a further pre-existing risk factor for substance dependence. Although impulsivity for reward and preferential learning from rewarding feedback are both underpinned by a compromised dopaminergic system, few studies have examined the relationship between these two mechanisms. The interplay of these processes may help enrich understanding of why some individuals transition to substance dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Poulton
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Hester
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Arias AJ, Ma L, Bjork JM, Hammond CJ, Zhou Y, Snyder A, Moeller FG. Altered effective connectivity of the reward network during an incentive-processing task in adults with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1563-1577. [PMID: 34120362 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of reward sensitivity and impulsivity are known to be correlated with each other and alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk, but the underlying aberrant neural circuitry involved is not clearly defined. We sought to extend the current knowledge of AUD pathophysiology by studying incentive processing in persons with AUD using functional neuroimaging data. METHODS We utilized functional MRI data from the Human Connectome Project Database obtained during performance of a number-guessing incentive-processing task with win, loss, and neutral feedback conditions in 78 participants with either DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence (combined as the AUD group) and 78 age- and sex-matched control (CON) participants. Within a network consisting of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), insula, ventral striatum, and dorsal striatum (DS) in the right hemisphere, we performed dynamic causal modeling analysis to test group-level differences (AUD vs. CON) in effective directional connectivity (EC) as modulated by "win" and "loss" conditions. We used linear regression analyses to characterize the relations between each EC outcome and measures of cumulative alcohol exposure and impulsivity. RESULTS During wins, AUD participants had lower ECs from ACC to the other four nodes, greater ECs from insula to the other four nodes, greater ECs from DLPFC to the other four nodes, and greater DS to DS self-connection EC than CON participants. In the total sample, EC from the insula to the DLPFC (insula → DLPFC) during wins was positively correlated with both impulsivity (as measured by the delay-discounting task) and cumulative alcohol exposure. The DS to DS self-connection EC during wins was positively correlated with impulsivity. Many of the altered ECs from the ACC and insula to other nodes were correlated with cumulative alcohol exposure. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with AUD have disrupted EC in both instrumentally driven and automatized corticostriatal reward circuits during non-alcohol reward feedback. These results point to disrupted corticostriatal EC in both "top-down" and "bottom-up" pathways among individuals with AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Arias
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Liangsuo Ma
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Snyder
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Frederick Gerard Moeller
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhai T, Salmeron BJ, Gu H, Adinoff B, Stein EA, Yang Y. Functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicts cocaine relapse: implications for neuromodulation treatment. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab120. [PMID: 34189458 PMCID: PMC8226190 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse is one of the most perplexing problems of addiction. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is crucially involved in numerous cognitive and affective processes that are implicated in the phenotypes of both substance use disorders and other neuropsychiatric diseases and has become the principal site to deliver transcranial magnetic stimulation for their treatment. However, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is an anatomically large and functionally heterogeneous region, and the specific dorsolateral prefrontal cortex locus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based functional circuits that contribute to drug relapse and/or treatment outcome remain unknown. We systematically investigated the relationship of cocaine relapse with functional circuits from 98 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regions-of-interest defined by evenly sampling the entire surface of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a cohort of cocaine dependent patients (n = 43, 5 Fr) following a psychosocial treatment intervention. Cox regression models were utilized to predict relapse likelihood based on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity strength. Functional connectivity from only 3 of the 98 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loci, one in the left and two in the right hemisphere, significantly predicted cocaine relapse with an accuracy of 83.9%, 84.6% and 85.4%, respectively. Combining all three loci significantly improved prediction validity to 87.5%. Protective and risk circuits related to these dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loci were identified that have previously been implicated to support 'bottom up' drive to use drug and 'top down' control over behaviour together with social emotional, learning and memory processing. Three dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-centric circuits were identified that predict relapse to cocaine use with high accuracy. These functionally distinct dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based circuits provide insights into the multiple roles played by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitive and affective functioning that affects treatment outcome. The identified dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loci may serve as potential neuromodulation targets to be tested in subsequent clinical studies for addiction treatment and as clinically relevant biomarkers of its efficacy. Zhai et al. identify three dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)-centric circuits that predict cocaine relapse with high accuracy, providing insights into the multiple roles of the dlPFC in brain functioning that affects treatment outcome and suggesting the dlPFC loci as potential neuromodulation targets for addiction treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhai
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bryon Adinoff
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Psychiatry-Residency, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hahn CK, Hahn AM, Simons RM, Caraway SJ. Women's Perceived Likelihood to Engage in Sexual Risk Taking: Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Poor Behavioral Regulation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:5872-5883. [PMID: 30261814 PMCID: PMC6584541 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518802851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse prior to age 18 may put some women at risk for engaging in sexual risk taking. This association could exist, in part, as a result of the impact of posttraumatic stress symptoms on behavioral regulation. The current study utilized a path analysis to investigate the association between severity of sexual abuse before age 18, posttraumatic stress symptoms, poor behavioral regulation, and expected engagement in sexual risk taking among college women. The sample consisted of 88 college women with experiences of sexual abuse prior to the age of 18. Severity of sexual abuse predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, posttraumatic stress symptoms predicted poor behavioral regulation, which in turn predicted expected engagement in sexual risk taking. These findings indicate functional mechanisms involved in sexual decision making of women who have had past sexual abuse and experience posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Collapse
|
45
|
Comparing mixed intertemporal tradeoffs with pure gains or pure losses. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIntertemporal choices involve tradeoffs between outcomes that occur at different times. Most of the research has used pure gains tasks and the discount rates yielding from those tasks to explain and predict real-world behaviors and consequences. However, real decisions are often more complex and involve mixed outcomes (e.g., sooner-gain and later-loss or sooner-loss and later-gain). No study has used mixed gain-loss intertemporal tradeoff tasks to explain and predict real-world behaviors and consequences, and studies involving such tasks are also scarce. Considering that tasks involving a combination of gains and losses may yield different discount rates and that existing pure gains tasks do not explain or predict real-world outcomes well, this study conducted two experiments to compare the discount rates of mixed gain-loss intertemporal tradeoffs with those of pure gains or pure losses (Experiment 1) and to examine whether these tasks predicted different real-world behaviors and consequences (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 suggests that the discount rate ordering of the four tasks was, from highest to lowest, pure gains, sooner-loss and later-gain, pure losses, and sooner-gain and later-loss. Experiment 2 indicates that the evidence supporting the claim that the discount rates of the four tasks were related to different real-world behaviors and consequences was insufficient.
Collapse
|
46
|
Lake AJ, Finn PR, James TW. Neural Modulation in Approach-Avoidance Conflicts in Externalizing Psychopathology. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1007-1024. [PMID: 32740888 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Externalizing psychopathology (EXT) is characterized by poor decision-making in situations that involve simultaneous cues for approach and avoidance behavior (i.e. approach-avoidance conflicts). Previous studies of EXT have examined these deficits primarily using tasks involving decisions between positive reward and negative punishment, suggesting that EXT is characterized by a general bias towards high salience (e.g. temporally proximal or reward) cues relative to low salience (e.g. temporally distal or loss) cues. However, in order to better characterize decision-making in approach-avoidance conflicts, the present study utilized a novel task to examine neural activation in contexts involving both positive reward and negative punishment as well as positive punishment and negative reward by manipulating physical proximity of affective cues. Neuroimaging results indicated that EXT was associated with deficits related to cue prioritization based on salience, suggesting that failure to differentiate relevant from less relevant information contributes to poor decision-making among individuals with EXT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Lake
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W. 16th St., Suite 2800, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Peter R Finn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Thomas W James
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. .,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, 819 Eigenmann, 1900 E. 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47406, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Muñoz Torrecillas MJ, Cruz Rambaud S, Takahashi T. Editorial: Discounting Models in Behavioral Health Economics and Quantitative Health Psychology. Front Public Health 2021; 9:658808. [PMID: 33791273 PMCID: PMC8005518 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.658808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taiki Takahashi
- Department of Behavioral Science, Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
O'Connor DA, Janet R, Guigon V, Belle A, Vincent BT, Bromberg U, Peters J, Corgnet B, Dreher JC. Rewards that are near increase impulsive action. iScience 2021; 24:102292. [PMID: 33889815 PMCID: PMC8050375 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern society, the natural drive to behave impulsively in order to obtain rewards must often be curbed. A continued failure to do so is associated with a range of outcomes including drug abuse, pathological gambling, and obesity. Here, we used virtual reality technology to investigate whether spatial proximity to rewards has the power to exacerbate the drive to behave impulsively toward them. We embedded two behavioral tasks measuring distinct forms of impulsive behavior, impulsive action, and impulsive choice, within an environment rendered in virtual reality. Participants responded to three-dimensional cues representing food rewards located in either near or far space. Bayesian analyses revealed that participants were significantly less able to stop motor actions when rewarding cues were near compared with when they were far. Since factors normally associated with proximity were controlled for, these results suggest that proximity plays a distinctive role in driving impulsive actions for rewards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A O'Connor
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Remi Janet
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Valentin Guigon
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Anael Belle
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team (ImpAct), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (CRNL), Lyon, France
| | | | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Psychology Department, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brice Corgnet
- Emlyon Business School, GATE UMR 5824, Ecully, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bjork JM. The ups and downs of relating nondrug reward activation to substance use risk in adolescents. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021; 7:421-429. [PMID: 33585160 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review A wealth of epidemiological and cohort research, together with a healthy dose of anecdote, has characterized late-adolescence and emerging adulthood as a time of increased substance use and other risky behaviors. This review will address whether differences between adolescents or between adolescents and other age groups in dopaminergic mesolimbic recruitment by (non-drug) rewards inferred from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) could partially explain morbidity and mortality from risky-behavior-related causes in adolescents. Recent findings Recent findings do not suggest a definitive directionality with regard to whether increased vs decreased mesolimbic responsiveness to nondrug rewards correlates with real-world risk-taking. Inconsistent relationships between reward-activation and real-world risky behavior in these reports reflect in part methodological differences as well as conceptual differences between populations in terms of whether tepid mesolimbic recruitment by rewards is a marker of psychiatric health. Summary There are several potential reasons why the directionality of relationships between reward-elicited brain activation and substance use risk (specifically) might differ. These factors include differences between adolescents in histories/exposure of substance use, motivation for substance use, the component of the instrumental behavior being studied, and the cognitive demands of the incentive tasks. Systematic manipulation of these discrepant study factors might offer a way forward to clarify how motivational neurocircuit function relates to addiction risk in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
de Cola B, Dallery J. Delay discounting rate by a surrogate decision maker depends on the smoking status of the recipient. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:73-81. [PMID: 32105134 PMCID: PMC7483137 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to devalue future rewards is known as delay discounting. Discounting is measured using a series of intertemporal choices between smaller, sooner outcomes and larger, later outcomes. We used a surrogate delay discounting task to explore whether such choices would differ if a hypothetical recipient was a smoker or was an individual with good health habits. Across three studies, the descriptions of the recipient included only information about smoking status (n = 66), smoking status and equal annual income (n = 47), and smoking status and equal weekly expenditures (n = 42). Higher rates of delay discounting for the smoker recipient compared to the nonsmoker recipient were observed across all three studies. These results parallel previous findings showing group differences in discounting between actual smokers and nonsmokers. We discuss the similarities between the present results and previous studies in light of an extension of Bem's (1967) self-perception theory, which posits that choices in laboratory-based delay discounting tasks are informed by observation of real-world intertemporal choice. The theory asserts that there is no fundamental difference between a first-person account of such knowledge and a third-person account. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|