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Serra M, Simola N, Pollack AE, Costa G. Brain dysfunctions and neurotoxicity induced by psychostimulants in experimental models and humans: an overview of recent findings. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1908-1918. [PMID: 38227515 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that psychostimulants, in addition to having abuse potential, may elicit brain dysfunctions and/or neurotoxic effects. Central toxicity induced by psychostimulants may pose serious health risks since the recreational use of these substances is on the rise among young people and adults. The present review provides an overview of recent research, conducted between 2018 and 2023, focusing on brain dysfunctions and neurotoxic effects elicited in experimental models and humans by amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylphenidate, caffeine, and nicotine. Detailed elucidation of factors and mechanisms that underlie psychostimulant-induced brain dysfunction and neurotoxicity is crucial for understanding the acute and enduring noxious brain effects that may occur in individuals who use psychostimulants for recreational and/or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alexia E Pollack
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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2
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Wang Z, Yang X, Li H, Wang S, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Xu Q, Xu J, Wang Z, Wang J. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between structural and diffusion imaging-derived phenotypes and the risk of major neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:215. [PMID: 38806463 PMCID: PMC11133432 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous observational investigations suggest that structural and diffusion imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) are associated with major neurodegenerative diseases; however, whether these associations are causal remains largely uncertain. Herein we conducted bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses to infer the causal relationships between structural and diffusion IDPs and major neurodegenerative diseases using common genetic variants-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) as instrumental variables. Summary statistics of genome-wide association study (GWAS) for structural and diffusion IDPs were obtained from 33,224 individuals in the UK Biobank cohort. Summary statistics of GWAS for seven major neurodegenerative diseases were obtained from the largest GWAS for each disease to date. The forward MR analyses identified significant or suggestively statistical causal effects of genetically predicted three structural IDPs on Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and multiple sclerosis. For example, the reduction in the surface area of the left superior temporal gyrus was associated with a higher risk of AD. The reverse MR analyses identified significantly or suggestively statistical causal effects of genetically predicted AD, Lewy body dementia (LBD), and FTD on nine structural and diffusion IDPs. For example, LBD was associated with increased mean diffusivity in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus and AD was associated with decreased gray matter volume in the right ventral striatum. Our findings might contribute to shedding light on the prediction and therapeutic intervention for the major neurodegenerative diseases at the neuroimaging level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Department of Radiology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, 272000, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhixuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yaoyi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yayuan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Junping Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging & Tianjin Institute of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Dai X, Liang R, Dai M, Li X, Zhao W. Smoking Impacts Alzheimer's Disease Progression Through Oral Microbiota Modulation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04241-1. [PMID: 38795302 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important public health challenge with a limited understanding of its pathogenesis. Smoking is a significant modifiable risk factor for AD progression, and its specific mechanism is often interpreted from a toxicological perspective. However, microbial infections also contribute to AD, with oral microbiota playing a crucial role in its progression. Notably, smoking alters the ecological structure and pathogenicity of the oral microbiota. Currently, there is no systematic review or summary of the relationship between these three factors; thus, understanding this association can help in the development of new treatments. This review summarizes the connections between smoking, AD, and oral microbiota from existing research. It also explores how smoking affects the occurrence and development of AD through oral microbiota, and examines treatments for oral microbiota that delay the progression of AD. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the potential of the oral microbiota to act as a biomarker for AD. Finally, it considers the feasibility of probiotics and oral antibacterial therapy to expand treatment methods for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhu Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqiong Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Durazzo TC, Stephens LH, Meyerhoff DJ. Regional cortical thickness recovery with extended abstinence after treatment in those with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol 2024; 114:51-60. [PMID: 37657667 PMCID: PMC10902196 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Several cross-sectional investigations reported widespread cortical thinning in those with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The few longitudinal studies investigating cortical thickness changes during abstinence are limited to the first month of sobriety. Consequently, cortical thickness changes during extended abstinence in those with AUD is unclear. In this study, AUD participants were studied at approximately 1 week (n = 68), 1 month (n = 88), and 7.3 months (n = 40) of abstinence. Forty-five never-smoking controls (CON) completed a baseline study, and 15 were reassessed after approximately 9.6 months. Participants completed magnetic resonance imaging studies at 1.5T, and cortical thickness for 34 bilateral regions of interest (ROI) was quantitated with FreeSurfer. AUD participants demonstrated significant linear thickness increases in 25/34 ROI over 7.3 months of abstinence. The rate of change from 1 week to 1 month was greater than 1 month to 7.3 months in 19/34 ROIs. Proatherogenic conditions were associated with lower thickness recovery in anterior frontal, inferior parietal, and lateral/mesial temporal regions. After 7.3 months of abstinence, AUD participants were statistically equivalent to CON on cortical thickness in 24/34 ROIs; the cortical thickness differences between AUD and CON in the banks superior temporal gyrus, post central, posterior cingulate, superior parietal, supramarginal, and superior frontal cortices were driven by thinner cortices in AUD with proatherogenic conditions relative to CON. In actively smoking AUD, increasing pack-years was associated with decreasing thickness recovery primarily in the anterior frontal ROIs. Widespread bilateral cortical thickness recovery over 7.3 months of abstinence was the central finding for this AUD cohort. The longitudinal and cross-sectional findings for AUD with proatherogenic suggests alterations in perfusion or vascular integrity may relate to structural recovery in those with AUD. These results support the adaptive and beneficial effects of sustained sobriety on brain structural recovery in people with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Durazzo
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Centers, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Lauren H Stephens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dieter J Meyerhoff
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Almahasneh F, Gerges RH, Abu-El-Rub E, Khasawneh RR. Nicotine Abuse and Neurodegeneration: Novel Pharmacogenetic Targets to Aid Quitting and Reduce the Risk of Dementia. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:2-8. [PMID: 36803746 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230220121655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence has deleterious neurological impacts. Previous studies found an association between cigarette smoking and accelerating age-related thinning of the brain's cortex and subsequent cognitive decline. Smoking is considered the third most common risk factor for dementia, which prompted the inclusion of smoking cessation in dementia prevention strategies. Traditional pharmacologic options for smoking cessation include nicotine transdermal patches, bupropion and varenicline. However, based on smokers' genetic makeup, pharmacogenetics can be used to develop novel therapies to replace these traditional approaches. Genetic variability of cytochrome P450 2A6 has a major impact on smokers' behavior and their response to quitting therapies. Gene polymorphism in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits also has a great influence on the ability to quit smoking. In addition, polymorphism of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was found to affect the risk of dementia and the impact of tobacco smoking on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Nicotine dependence involves the activation of pleasure response through the stimulation of dopamine release. Central dopamine receptors, catechol-o-methyltransferase and the dopamine transporter protein, regulate synaptic dopamine levels. The genes of these molecules are potential targets for novel smoking cessation drugs. Pharmacogenetic studies of smoking cessation also investigated other molecules, such as ANKK1 and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). In this perspective article, we aim to highlight the promising role of pharmacogenetics in the development of effective drugs for smoking cessation, which can increase the success rate of smoking quitting plans and ultimately reduce the incidence of neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Almahasneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Romany H Gerges
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ramada R Khasawneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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Brown AA, Cofresí R, Froeliger B. Associations Between the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives and Regional Brain Volumes in Adult Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1882-1890. [PMID: 37338201 PMCID: PMC10664077 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) is a 68-item questionnaire to assess nicotine dependence as a multifactorial construct based on 13 theoretically derived smoking motives. Chronic smoking is associated with structural changes in brain regions implicated in the maintenance of smoking behavior; however, associations between brain morphometry and the various reinforcing components of smoking behavior remain unexamined. The present study investigated the potential association between smoking dependence motives and regional brain volumes in a cohort of 254 adult smokers. AIMS AND METHODS The WISDM-68 was administered to participants at the baseline session. Structural magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) data from 254 adult smokers (Mage = 42.7 ± 11.4) with moderate to severe nicotine dependence (MFTND = 5.4 ± 2.0) smoking for at least 2 years (Myears = 24.3 ± 11.8) were collected and analyzed with Freesurfer. RESULTS Vertex-wise cluster analysis revealed that high scores on the WISDM-68 composite, secondary dependence motives (SDM) composite, and multiple SDM subscales were associated with lower cortical volume in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (cluster-wise p's < .035). Analysis of subcortical volumes (ie, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, and pallidum) revealed several significant associations with WISDM-68 subscales, dependence severity (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence), and overall exposure (pack-years). No significant associations between cortical volume and other nicotine dependence measures or pack-years were observed. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that smoking motives may play a larger role in cortical abnormalities than addiction severity and smoking exposure per se, whereas subcortical volumes are associated with smoking motives, addiction severity, and smoking exposure. IMPLICATIONS The present study reports novel associations between the various reinforcing components of smoking behavior assessed by the WISDM-68 and regional brain volumes. Results suggest that the underlying emotional, cognitive, and sensory processes that drive non-compulsive smoking behaviors may play a larger role in gray matter abnormalities of smokers than smoking exposure or addiction severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Roberto Cofresí
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Johansson L, Guo X, Sacuiu S, Fässberg MM, Kern S, Zettergren A, Skoog I. Longstanding smoking associated with frontal brain lobe atrophy: a 32-year follow-up study in women. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072803. [PMID: 37802622 PMCID: PMC10565256 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between midlife tobacco smoking and late-life brain atrophy and white matter lesions. METHODS The study includes 369 women from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Cigarette smoking was reported at baseline 1968 (mean age=44 years) and at follow-up in 1974-1975 and 1980-1981. CT of the brain was conducted 32 years after baseline examination (mean age=76 years) to evaluate cortical atrophy and white matter lesions. Multiple logistic regressions estimated associations between midlife smoking and late-life brain lesions. The final analyses were adjusted for alcohol consumption and several other covariates. RESULTS Smoking in 1968-1969 (adjusted OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.04), in 1974-1975 (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.39 to 4.04) and in 1980-1981 (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.41 to 4.33) were associated with late-life frontal lobe atrophy (2000-2001). The strongest association was observed in women who reported smoking at all three midlife examinations (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.44 to 4.78) and in those with more frequent alcohol consumption (OR 6.02; 95% CI 1.74 to 20.84). Smoking in 1980-1981 was also associated with late-life parietal lobe atrophy (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.10 to 3.58). There were no associations between smoking and atrophy in the temporal or occipital lobe, or with white matter lesions. CONCLUSION Longstanding tobacco smoking was mainly associated with atrophy in the frontal lobe cortex. A long-term stimulation of nicotine receptors in the frontal neural pathway might be harmful for targeted brain cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Johansson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Goteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Simona Sacuiu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Mellqvist Fässberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Silke Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
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Cushnie AK, Tang W, Heilbronner SR. Connecting Circuits with Networks in Addiction Neuroscience: A Salience Network Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109083. [PMID: 37240428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroimaging has demonstrated the existence of large-scale functional networks in the cerebral cortex consisting of topographically distant brain regions with functionally correlated activity. The salience network (SN), which is involved in detecting salient stimuli and mediating inter-network communication, is a crucial functional network that is disrupted in addiction. Individuals with addiction display dysfunctional structural and functional connectivity of the SN. Furthermore, while there is a growing body of evidence regarding the SN, addiction, and the relationship between the two, there are still many unknowns, and there are fundamental limitations to human neuroimaging studies. At the same time, advances in molecular and systems neuroscience techniques allow researchers to manipulate neural circuits in nonhuman animals with increasing precision. Here, we describe attempts to translate human functional networks to nonhuman animals to uncover circuit-level mechanisms. To do this, we review the structural and functional connections of the salience network and its homology across species. We then describe the existing literature in which circuit-specific perturbation of the SN sheds light on how functional cortical networks operate, both within and outside the context of addiction. Finally, we highlight key outstanding opportunities for mechanistic studies of the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana K Cushnie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2-164 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Sarah R Heilbronner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2-164 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Brown AA, Upton S, Craig S, Froeliger B. Associations between right inferior frontal gyrus morphometry and inhibitory control in individuals with nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 244:109766. [PMID: 36640686 PMCID: PMC9974751 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperdirect pathway - a circuit involved in executing inhibitory control (IC) - is dysregulated among individuals with nicotine dependence. The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), a cortical input to the hyperdirect circuit, has been shown to be functionally and structurally altered among nicotine-dependent people who smoke. The rIFG is composed of 3 cytoarchitecturally distinct subregions: The pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and pars orbitalis. The present study assessed the relationship between rIFG subregion morphometry and inhibitory control among individuals with nicotine dependence. METHODS Behavioral and magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) data from 127 nicotine-dependent adults who smoke (MFTND = 5.4, ± 1.9; MCPD = 18.3, ± 7.0; Myears = 25.04, ± 11.97) (Mage = 42.9, ± 11.1) were assessed. Brain morphometry was assessed from T1-weighted MRIs using Freesurfer. IC was assessed with a response-inhibition Go/Go/No-Go (GGNG) task and a smoking relapse analog task (SRT). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Vertex-wise analyses revealed that GGNG task scores were positively associated with cortical thickness and volume in the right pars triangularis (cluster-wise p = 0.006, 90% CI = 0.003 - 0.009; cluster-wise p = 0.040, 90% CI = 0.032 - 0.048), and the ability to inhibit ad lib smoking during the SRT was positively associated with cortical thickness in the right pars orbitalis (cluster-wise p = 0.011, 90% CI = 0.007 - 0.015). Our results indicate that cortical thickness of distinct rIFG subregions may serve as biomarkers for unique forms of IC deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Spencer Upton
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Craig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Thwarting Alzheimer's Disease through Healthy Lifestyle Habits: Hope for the Future. Neurol Int 2023; 15:162-187. [PMID: 36810468 PMCID: PMC9944470 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that slowly disintegrates memory and thinking skills. Age is known to be the major risk factor in AD, but there are several nonmodifiable and modifiable causes. The nonmodifiable risk factors such as family history, high cholesterol, head injuries, gender, pollution, and genetic aberrations are reported to expediate disease progression. The modifiable risk factors of AD that may help prevent or delay the onset of AD in liable people, which this review focuses on, includes lifestyle, diet, substance use, lack of physical and mental activity, social life, sleep, among other causes. We also discuss how mitigating underlying conditions such as hearing loss and cardiovascular complications could be beneficial in preventing cognitive decline. As the current medications can only treat the manifestations of AD and not the underlying process, healthy lifestyle choices associated with modifiable factors is the best alternative strategy to combat the disease.
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Wang S, Zheng K, Kong W, Huang R, Liu L, Wen G, Yu Y. Multimodal data fusion based on IGERNNC algorithm for detecting pathogenic brain regions and genes in Alzheimer's disease. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:6887308. [PMID: 36502428 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the study on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by multimodal data fusion analysis has been attracted wide attention. It often has the problems of small sample size and high dimension with the multimodal medical data. In view of the characteristics of multimodal medical data, the existing genetic evolution random neural network cluster (GERNNC) model combine genetic evolution algorithm and neural network for the classification of AD patients and the extraction of pathogenic factors. However, the model does not take into account the non-linear relationship between brain regions and genes and the problem that the genetic evolution algorithm can fall into local optimal solutions, which leads to the overall performance of the model is not satisfactory. In order to solve the above two problems, this paper made some improvements on the construction of fusion features and genetic evolution algorithm in GERNNC model, and proposed an improved genetic evolution random neural network cluster (IGERNNC) model. The IGERNNC model uses mutual information correlation analysis method to combine resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data with single nucleotide polymorphism data for the construction of fusion features. Based on the traditional genetic evolution algorithm, elite retention strategy and large variation genetic algorithm are added to avoid the model falling into the local optimal solution. Through multiple independent experimental comparisons, the IGERNNC model can more effectively identify AD patients and extract relevant pathogenic factors, which is expected to become an effective tool in the field of AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqun Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiwen Huang
- School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Wen
- School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Yu
- School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
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Whitsel N, Reynolds CA, Buchholz EJ, Pahlen S, Pearce RC, Hatton SN, Elman JA, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Puckett OK, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Hauger RL, McEvoy LK, McKenzie R, Neale MC, Panizzon MS, Sanderson-Cimino M, Toomey R, Tu XM, Williams MKE, Bell T, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Long-term associations of cigarette smoking in early mid-life with predicted brain aging from mid- to late life. Addiction 2022; 117:1049-1059. [PMID: 34605095 PMCID: PMC8904283 DOI: 10.1111/add.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smoking is associated with increased risk for brain aging/atrophy and dementia. Few studies have examined early associations with brain aging. This study aimed to measure whether adult men with a history of heavier smoking in early mid-life would have older than predicted brain age 16-28 years later. DESIGN Prospective cohort observational study, utilizing smoking pack years data from average age 40 (early mid-life) predicting predicted brain age difference scores (PBAD) at average ages 56, 62 (later mid-life) and 68 years (early old age). Early mid-life alcohol use was also evaluated. SETTING Population-based United States sample. PARTICIPANTS/CASES Participants were male twins of predominantly European ancestry who served in the United States military between 1965 and 1975. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) began at average age 56. Subsequent study waves included most baseline participants; attrition replacement subjects were added at later waves. MEASUREMENTS Self-reported smoking information was used to calculate pack years smoked at ages 40, 56, 62, and 68. MRIs were processed with the Brain-Age Regression Analysis and Computation Utility software (BARACUS) program to create PBAD scores (chronological age-predicted brain age) acquired at average ages 56 (n = 493; 2002-08), 62 (n = 408; 2009-14) and 68 (n = 499; 2016-19). FINDINGS In structural equation modeling, age 40 pack years predicted more advanced age 56 PBAD [β = -0.144, P = 0.012, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.257, -0.032]. Age 40 pack years did not additionally predict PBAD at later ages. Age 40 alcohol consumption, but not a smoking × alcohol interaction, predicted more advanced PBAD at age 56 (β = -0.166, P = 0.001, 95% CI = -0.261, -0.070) with additional influences at age 62 (β = -0.115, P = 0.005, 95% CI = -0.195, -0.036). Age 40 alcohol did not predict age 68 PBAD. Within-twin-pair analyses suggested some genetic mechanism partially underlying effects of alcohol, but not smoking, on PBAD. CONCLUSIONS Heavier smoking and alcohol consumption by age 40 appears to predict advanced brain aging by age 56 in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Erik J Buchholz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shandell Pahlen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rahul C Pearce
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mc Kenna E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
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Janoutová J, Kovalová M, Machaczka O, Ambroz P, Zatloukalová A, Němček K, Janout V. Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease: An Epidemiological Study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:372-379. [PMID: 34420505 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210820124135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia becomes a major public health challenge in both the Czech Republic and worldwide. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE We conducted two successive epidemiological projects in 2012-2015 and 2016-2019. Their aim was to study the effect of selected potential genetic, vascular and psychosocial risk factors on the development of AD by comparing their frequencies in AD patients and controls. METHODS Epidemiological case-control studies were conducted. In total, data from 2106 participants (1096 cases, 1010 controls) were analyzed. RESULTS Three times more females than males suffered from AD. The highest proportion of cases were those with primary education, unlike controls. There were statistically significantly more manual workers among cases than among controls. Of selected vascular risk factors, coronary heart disease was found to be statistically significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. The onset of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was earlier in controls than in cases. As for hobbies and interests, there were statistically significant differences in physical activity, reading and solving crosswords between the groups, with these activities being more common in controls. CONCLUSION The prevalence of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD, is currently increasing. Given the aging of the population, these conditions may be expected to rise in prevalence. Potential risk of AD needs to be studied, analyzed and confirmed; a detailed knowledge of the risks of AD and early detection of the pathology may therefore be very beneficial for prevention and early treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Janoutová
- Department Of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kovalová
- Department Of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Machaczka
- Department Of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ambroz
- Department Of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zatloukalová
- Department Of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Němček
- Department Of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Janout
- Department Of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Perez Diaz M, Pochon JB, Ghahremani DG, Dean AC, Faulkner P, Petersen N, Tyndale RF, Donis A, Paez D, Cahuantzi C, Hellemann GS, London ED. Sex Differences in the Association of Cigarette Craving With Insula Structure. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:624-633. [PMID: 33830218 PMCID: PMC8378076 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette craving, which can negatively impact smoking cessation, is reportedly stronger in women than in men when they initiate abstinence from smoking. Identifying approaches to counteract craving in people of different sexes may facilitate the development of personalized treatments for Tobacco Use Disorder, which disproportionately affects women. Because cigarette craving is associated with nicotine dependence and structure of the insula, this study addressed whether a person's sex influences these associations. METHODS The research participants (n = 99, 48 women) reported daily cigarette smoking and provided self-reports of nicotine dependence. After overnight abstinence from smoking, they underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging scanning to determine cortical thickness of the left and right anterior circular insular sulcus, and self-rated their cigarette craving before and after their first cigarette of the day. RESULTS Women reported stronger craving than men irrespective of smoking condition (i.e., pre- and post-smoking) (P = .048), and smoking reduced craving irrespective of sex (P < .001). A 3-way interaction of sex, smoking condition, and right anterior circular insular sulcus thickness on craving (P = .033) reflected a negative association of cortical thickness with pre-smoking craving in women only (P = .012). No effects of cortical thickness in the left anterior circular insular sulcus were detected. Nicotine dependence was positively associated with craving (P < .001) across groups and sessions, with no sex differences in this association. CONCLUSIONS A negative association of right anterior insula thickness with craving in women only suggests that this region may be a relevant therapeutic target for brain-based smoking cessation interventions in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylen Perez Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pochon
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andy C Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Nicole Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Donis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Diana Paez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Citlaly Cahuantzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gerhard S Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Hou K, Deng B, Liu A, Ran J. Measurement of harmful nanoparticle distribution among filters, smokers' respiratory systems, and surrounding air during cigarette smoking. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1058-1068. [PMID: 34353208 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1962158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the filtration effect of filter on nanoparticle and the deposition behavior of nanoparticle in the human respiratory system from the aspect of nanoparticle number during cigarette smoking. For that, two kinds of experiments were designed. One is machine experiment, a well-controlled simulated respiratory system was designed to measure the raw emission and filter effect. Another is human experiment, volunteers were asked to inhale smoke into the oral cavity only and lungs, respectively, to distinguish smoke path. Results revealed that effective inhaled nanoparticle amount of a Taishan and a Hongtaishan cigarette were 5.8E + 9 (#) and 9.4E + 7 (#), respectively. The filter's integrated reduction rate was 41.65% for nanoparticle. For Taishan cigarette, 35.4% and 41.7% of raw emitted nanoparticles were deposited in the oral cavity and lungs, respectively, the rest of 22.9% was exhaled to surrounding air. The corresponding values were 25.6%, 41.5% and 32.9%, respectively, for Hongtaishan. The current findings are expected to provide basic assessments of filter effect and harm to human and to be a warning for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihong Hou
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Banglin Deng
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aodong Liu
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqi Ran
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ. GABA concentrations in the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices: Associations with chronic cigarette smoking, neurocognition, and decision making. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12948. [PMID: 33860602 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with regional metabolite abnormalities in choline-containing compounds, creatine-containing compounds, glutamate, and N-acetylaspartate. The effects of cigarette smoking on anterior frontal cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration are unknown. This study compared chronic smokers (n = 33) and nonsmokers (n = 31) on anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) GABA+ (the sum of GABA and coedited macromolecules) concentrations and associations of GABA+ levels in these regions with seven neurocognitive domains of functioning, decision making, and impulsivity measures. Smokers had significantly lower right DLPFC GABA+ concentration than nonsmokers, but groups were equivalent on ACC GABA+ level. Across groups, greater number of days since end of menstrual cycle was related to higher GABA+ level in the ACC but not right DLPFC GABA+ concentration. In exploratory correlation analyses, higher ACC and right DLPFC GABA+ levels were associated with faster processing speed and better auditory-verbal memory, respectively, in the combined group of smokers and nonsmokers; in smokers only, higher ACC GABA+ was related to better decision making and auditory-verbal learning. This study contributes additional novel data on the adverse effects of chronic cigarette smoking on the adult human brain and demonstrated ACC and DLPFC GABA+ concentrations were associated with neurocognition and decision making/impulsivity in active cigarette smokers. Longitudinal studies on the effects of smoking cessation on regional brain GABA levels, with a greater number of female participants, are required to determine if the observed metabolite abnormalities are persistent or normalize with smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Durazzo
- Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Centers VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto California USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND) San Francisco VA Medical Center San Francisco California USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco California USA
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Gazibara T, Milic M, Parlic M, Stevanovic J, Mitic N, Maric G, Tepavcevic DK, Pekmezovic T. What differs former, light and heavy smokers? Evidence from a post-conflict setting. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:112-122. [PMID: 34394288 PMCID: PMC8356624 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that people who live in regions affected by the armed conflict are more likely to smoke. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess factors associated with smoking status in a sample of students in the northern Kosovo province. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 514 students enrolled in University in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, were recruited between April to June 2015 at Student Public Health Center during mandatory health checks. Participants filled in socio-demographic and behavioral questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Based on responses about smoking, students were categorized in non-smokers, former smokers, light smokers (1-13 cigarettes/day) and heavy smokers (> 13 cigarettes/day). RESULTS Of 514 students, 116 (22.6%) classified themselves as smokers. Higher education level of fathers (Odds ratio [OR]=2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-6.44, p=0.009), not living with smokers (OR=0.42, 95%CI 0.15-0.97, p=0.017) and longer exposure to second hand smoke (OR=1.07, 95%CI 1.01-1.13, p=0.036) was associated with former smoking. Studying medical and natural sciences (OR=2.07, 95%CI 1.05-4.18, p=0.040), consuming alcohol (OR=2.98, 95%CI 1.19-10.03, p=0.020), living with smokers (OR=2.88, 95%CI 1.49-5.56, p=0.002), longer exposure to second hand smoke (OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.01-1.11, p=0.019) and having a more intense depressive symptoms (OR=1.08, 95%CI 1.03-1.13, p=0.002) was associated with light smoking. Being male (OR=0.22, 95%CI 0.07-0.41, p=0.001), older (OR=1.47, 95%CI 1.21-1.78, p=0.001), living with smokers (OR=3.78, 95%CI 1.69-8.07, p=0.001), longer daily exposure to second-hand smoke (OR=1.10, 95%CI 1.04-1.16, p=0.001), and having more severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.12, 95%CI 1.07-1.18, p=0.001) were associated with heavy smoking. CONCLUSION Smoking prevention and cessation programs should include the entire community, because exposure to environmental second hand smoke may facilitate initiation and more intense smoking. Screening of student smokers for depression should be prioritized in the process of rebuilding the framework for primary and secondary prevention in the post-conflict period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Gazibara
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Milic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina temporarily settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, Serbia
| | - Milan Parlic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina temporarily settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Stevanovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina temporarily settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Mitic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina temporarily settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, Serbia
| | - Gorica Maric
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tatjana Pekmezovic
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Conti AA, Baldacchino AM. Neuroanatomical Correlates of Impulsive Choices and Risky Decision Making in Young Chronic Tobacco Smokers: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:708925. [PMID: 34526922 PMCID: PMC8435625 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Impairments in the multifaceted neuropsychological construct of cognitive impulsivity are a main feature of chronic tobacco smokers. According to the literature, these cognitive impairments are relevant for the initiation and maintenance of the smoking behavior. However, the neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive impulsivity in chronic smokers remain under-investigated. Methods: A sample of 28 chronic smokers (mean age = 28 years) not affected by polysubstance dependence and 24 matched non-smoker controls was recruited. Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) was employed to assess Gray Matter (GM) volume differences between smokers and non-smokers. The relationships between GM volume and behavioral manifestations of impulsive choices (5 trial adjusting delay discounting task, ADT-5) and risky decision making (Cambridge Gambling Task, CGT) were also investigated. Results: VBM results revealed GM volume reductions in cortical and striatal brain regions of chronic smokers compared to non-smokers. Additionally, smokers showed heightened impulsive choices (p < 0.01, Cohen's f = 0.50) and a riskier decision- making process (p < 0.01, Cohen's f = 0.40) compared to non-smokers. GM volume reductions in the left Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) correlated with impaired impulsive and risky choices, while GM volume reductions in the left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (VLPFC) and Caudate correlated with heightened impulsive choices. Reduced GM volume in the left VLPFC correlated with younger age at smoking initiation (mean = 16 years). Conclusion: Smokers displayed significant GM volume reductions and related cognitive impulsivity impairments compared to non-smoker individuals. Longitudinal studies would be required to assess whether these impairments underline neurocognitive endophenotypes or if they are a consequence of tobacco exposure on the adolescent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Alberto Conti
- Division of Population and Behavioral Science, University of St. Andrews School of Medicine, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Mario Baldacchino
- Division of Population and Behavioral Science, University of St. Andrews School of Medicine, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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Chang L, Liang H, Kandel SR, He JJ. Independent and Combined Effects of Nicotine or Chronic Tobacco Smoking and HIV on the Brain: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:658-693. [PMID: 33108618 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Chronic smokers with HIV showed greater cognitive deficits and impulsivity, and had more psychopathological symptoms and greater neuroinflammation than HIV non-smokers or smokers without HIV infection. However, preclinical studies that evaluated the combined effects of HIV-infection and tobacco smoking are scare. The preclinical models typically used cell cultures or animal models that involved specific HIV viral proteins or the administration of nicotine to rodents. These preclinical models consistently demonstrated that nicotine had neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, leading to cognitive enhancement. Although the major addictive ingredient in tobacco smoking is nicotine, chronic smoking does not lead to improved cognitive function in humans. Therefore, preclinical studies designed to unravel the interactive effects of chronic tobacco smoking and HIV infection are needed. In this review, we summarized the preclinical studies that demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of nicotine, the neurotoxic effects of the HIV viral proteins, and the scant literature on nicotine or tobacco smoke in HIV transgenic rat models. We also reviewed the clinical studies that evaluated the neurotoxic effects of tobacco smoking, HIV infection and their combined effects on the brain, including studies that evaluated the cognitive and behavioral assessments, as well as neuroimaging measures. Lastly, we compared the different approaches between preclinical and clinical studies, identified some gaps and proposed some future directions. Graphical abstract Independent and combined effects of HIV and tobacco/nicotine. Left top and bottom panels: Both clinical studies of HIV infected persons and preclinical studies using viral proteins in vitro or in vivo in animal models showed that HIV infection could lead to neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Right top and bottom panels: While clinical studies of tobacco smoking consistently showed deleterious effects of smoking, clinical and preclinical studies that used nicotine show mild cognitive enhancement, neuroprotective and possibly anti-inflammatory effects. In the developing brain, however, nicotine is neurotoxic. Middle overlapping panels: Clinical studies of persons with HIV who were smokers typically showed additive deleterious effects of HIV and tobacco smoking. However, in the preclinical studies, when nicotine was administered to the HIV-1 Tg rats, the neurotoxic effects of HIV were attenuated, but tobacco smoke worsened the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore Street, HSF III, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Huajun Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore Street, HSF III, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Suresh R Kandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, Basic Science Building 2.300, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, Basic Science Building 2.300, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Hay M, Barnes C, Huentelman M, Brinton R, Ryan L. Hypertension and Age-Related Cognitive Impairment: Common Risk Factors and a Role for Precision Aging. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:80. [PMID: 32880739 PMCID: PMC7467861 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Precision Aging® is a novel concept that we have recently employed to describe how the model of precision medicine can be used to understand and define the multivariate risks that drive age-related cognitive impairment (ARCI). Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are key risk factors for both brain function and cognitive aging. In this review, we will discuss the common mechanisms underlying the risk factors for both hypertension and ARCI and how the convergence of these mechanisms may be amplified in an individual to drive changes in brain health and accelerate cognitive decline. Recent Findings Currently, our cognitive health span does not match our life span. Age-related cognitive impairment and preventing and treating ARCI will require an in-depth understanding of the interrelated risk factors, including individual genetic profiles, that affect brain health and brain aging. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are important risk factors for ARCI. And, many of the risk factors for developing hypertension, such as diabetes, smoking, stress, viral infection, and age, are shared with the development of ARCI. We must first understand the mechanisms common to the converging risk factors in hypertension and ARCI and then design person-specific therapies to optimize individual brain health. Summary The understanding of the convergence of shared risk factors between hypertension and ARCI is required to develop individualized interventions to optimize brain health across the life span. We will conclude with a discussion of possible steps that may be taken to decrease ARCI and optimize an individual’s cognitive life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Rd, Room 4103, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
- Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Carol Barnes
- Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matt Huentelman
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, TGen, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Roberta Brinton
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Center for Innovative Brain Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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21
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Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ. Cigarette smoking history is associated with poorer recovery in multiple neurocognitive domains following treatment for an alcohol use disorder. Alcohol 2020; 85:135-143. [PMID: 31923562 PMCID: PMC8751294 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction in various populations, including those seeking treatment for an alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study compared the rate and extent of recovery on measures of processing speed, executive functions, general intelligence, visuospatial skills and working memory in treatment-seeking alcohol dependent individuals (ALC) who were never-smokers (nvsALC), former-smoker (fsALC), and active smokers (asALC), over approximately 8 months of abstinence from alcohol. Methods: ALC participants were evaluated at approximately 1 month of abstinence (AP1; n = 132) and reassessed after 8 months of sobriety (AP2; n = 54). Never-smoking controls (CON; n = 33) completed a baseline and follow-up (n = 19) assessment approximately 9 months later. Domains evaluated were executive functions, general intelligence, processing speed, visuospatial skills and working memory; a domain composite was formed from the arithmetic average of the foregoing domains. nvsALC showed greater improvement than fsALC, asALC and CON on most domains over the AP1-AP2 interval. fsALC demonstrated greater recovery than asALC on all domains except visuospatial skills; fsALC also showed greater improvements than CON on general intelligence, working memory and domain composite. asALC did not show significant improvement on any domain over the AP1-AP2 interval. At 8 months of abstinence, asALC were inferior to CON and nvsALC on multiple domains, fsALC performed worse than nvsALC on several domains, but nvsALC were not different from CON on any domain. Our results provide robust evidence that smoking status influenced the rate and extent of neurocognitive recovery between 1 and 8 months of abstinence in this ALC cohort. Chronic smoking in AUD likely contributes to the considerable heterogeneity observed in neurocognitive recovery during extended abstinence. The findings provide additional strong support for the benefits of smoking cessation and the increasing clinical movement to offer smoking cessation resources concurrent with treatment for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Durazzo
- Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Centers, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicinecisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dieter J Meyerhoff
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Associations of cigarette smoking with gray and white matter in the UK Biobank. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1215-1222. [PMID: 32032968 PMCID: PMC7235023 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk for myriad health consequences including cognitive decline and dementia, but research on the link between smoking and brain structure is nascent. In the current study, we assessed the relationship of cigarette smoking with gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in the UK Biobank, controlling for numerous confounding demographic and health variables. We used negative-binomial regression to model the association of cigarette smoking (having ever smoked regularly, cigarettes per day, and duration smoked) with GM and WM (GM N = 19,615; WM N = 17,760), adjusting for confounders. Ever smoked and duration were associated with smaller total GM volume. Ever smoked was associated with reduced volume of the right VIIIa cerebellum and elevated WM hyperintensity volume. Smoking duration was associated with reduced total WM volume. Regarding specific tracts, ever smoked was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy in the left cingulate gyrus part of the cingulum, left posterior thalamic radiation, and bilateral superior thalamic radiation, and increased mean diffusivity in the middle cerebellar peduncle, right medial lemniscus, bilateral posterior thalamic radiation, and bilateral superior thalamic radiation. This study identified significant associations of cigarette exposure with global measures of GM and WM, and select associations of ever smoked, but not cigarettes per day or duration, with specific GM and WM regions. By controlling for important sociodemographic and health confounders, such as alcohol use, this study identifies distinct associations between smoking and brain structure, highlighting potential mechanisms of risk for common neurological sequelae (e.g., dementia).
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23
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Tomasi DG, Wiers CE, Shokri-Kojori E, Zehra A, Ramirez V, Freeman C, Burns J, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Kim SW, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Association Between Reduced Brain Glucose Metabolism and Cortical Thickness in Alcoholics: Evidence of Neurotoxicity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:548-559. [PMID: 31369670 PMCID: PMC6754735 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with reduced cortical thickness (CT) and lower cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRGlu), but the correlation between these 2 measures has not been investigated. METHODS We tested the association between CT and cerebral CMRGlu in 19 participants with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and 20 healthy controls. Participants underwent 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose positron emission tomography to map CMRGlu and magnetic resonance imaging to assess CT. RESULTS Although performance accuracy on a broad range of cognitive domains did not differ significantly between AUD and HC, AUD had widespread decreases in CT and CMRGlu. CMRGlu, normalized to cerebellum (rCMRGlu), showed significant correlation with CT across participants. Although there were large group differences in CMRGlu (>17%) and CT (>6%) in medial orbitofrontal and BA 47, the superior parietal cortex showed large reductions in CMRGlu (~17%) and minimal CT differences (~2.2%). Though total lifetime alcohol (TLA) was associated with CT and rCMRGlu, the causal mediation analysis revealed significant direct effects of TLA on rCMRGlu but not on CT, and there were no significant mediation effects of TLA, CT, and rCMRGlu. CONCLUSIONS The significant correlation between decrements in CT and CMRGlu across AUD participants is suggestive of alcohol-induced neurotoxicity, whereas the findings that the most metabolically affected regions in AUD had minimal atrophy and vice versa indicates that changes in CT and CMRGlu reflect distinct responses to alcohol across brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo G Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence: Dardo Tomasi, PhD, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 ()
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Amna Zehra
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Veronica Ramirez
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Clara Freeman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jamie Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sung W Kim
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Spencer PS. Hypothesis: Etiologic and Molecular Mechanistic Leads for Sporadic Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on Experience With Western Pacific ALS/PDC. Front Neurol 2019; 10:754. [PMID: 31417480 PMCID: PMC6685391 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy years of research on Western Pacific amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia Complex (ALS/PDC) have provided invaluable data on the etiology, molecular pathogenesis and latency of this disappearing, largely environmental neurodegenerative disease. ALS/PDC is linked to genotoxic chemicals (notably methylazoxymethanol, MAM) derived from seed of the cycad plant (Cycas spp.) that were used as a traditional food and/or medicine in all three disease-affected Western Pacific populations. MAM, nitrosamines and hydrazines generate methyl free radicals that damage DNA (in the form of O6-methylguanine lesions) that can induce mutations in cycling cells and degenerative changes in post-mitotic cells, notably neurons. This paper explores exposures to naturally occurring and manmade sources of nitrosamines and hydrazines in association with sporadic forms of ALS (with or without frontotemporal degeneration), progressive supranuclear palsy, and Alzheimer disease. Research approaches are suggested to examine whether these associations might have etiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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25
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Lin F, Wu G, Zhu L, Lei H. Region-Specific Changes of Insular Cortical Thickness in Heavy Smokers. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:265. [PMID: 31417384 PMCID: PMC6685069 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insula plays an essential role in maintaining the addiction to cigarette smoking and smoking-related alterations on the insular volume and density have been reported in smokers. However, less is known about the effects of chronic cigarette smoking on the insular cortical thickness. In this study, we explored the region-specific changes of insular cortical thickness in heavy smokers and their relations with smoking-related variables. 37 heavy smokers (29 males, mean age 47.19 ± 7.22 years) and 37 non-smoking healthy controls (29 males, mean age 46.95 ± 8.45 years) participated in the study. Subregional insular cortical thickness was evaluated and compared between the two groups. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate relationships between the insular cortical thickness and clinical characteristics in heavy smokers. There was no statistical difference on the cortical thickness in the left insula (p = 0.536) between the two groups while heavy smokers had a slightly thinner cortical thickness in the right insula (p = 0.048). In addition, heavy smokers showed a greater cortical thinning in the anterior (p = 0.0084) and superior (p = 0.0054) segment of the circular sulcus of the right insula as well as the inferior (p = 0.012) segment of the circular sulcus of the left insula. Moreover, the cortical thickness of the superior segment of the circular sulcus of the left insula was correlated negatively with nicotine severity (r = −0.423; p = 0.009) and the longer cigarette exposure was associated with the cortical thinning in the long insular gyrus and central sulcus of the right insula (r = −0.475; p = 0.003). Our findings indicate that chronic cigarette use is associated with region-specific insular thinning, which has the potential to improve our understanding of the specific roles of insular subregions in nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Lin
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Medical College of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Kaufman MJ, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A risk factor for dementia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:180-207. [PMID: 30817935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with physiologic, cognitive, and brain abnormalities similar to those found in people at risk for developing Alzheimer's Disease and its related dementias (AD/ADRD), which are associated with high brain β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (tau-P) protein levels. Supraphysiologic-dose AAS induces androgen abnormalities and excess oxidative stress, which have been linked to increased and decreased expression or activity of proteins that synthesize and eliminate, respectively, Aβ and tau-P. Aβ and tau-P accumulation may begin soon after initiating supraphysiologic-dose AAS use, which typically occurs in the early 20s, and their accumulation may be accelerated by other psychoactive substance use, which is common among non-medical AAS users. Accordingly, the widespread use of supraphysiologic-dose AAS may increase the numbers of people who develop dementia. Early diagnosis and correction of sex-steroid level abnormalities and excess oxidative stress could attenuate risk for developing AD/ADRD in supraphysiologic-dose AAS users, in people with other substance use disorders, and in people with low sex-steroid levels or excess oxidative stress associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gen Kanayama
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James I Hudson
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harrison G Pope
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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