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Dixit A, Pandey H, Rana R, Kumar A, Herojeet R, Lata R, Mukhopadhyay R, Mukherjee S, Sarkar B. Ecological and human health risk assessment of pharmaceutical compounds in the Sirsa River of Indian Himalayas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123668. [PMID: 38442820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh (BBN) region of Indian Himalayas is one of the most important pharmaceutical industrial clusters in Asia. This study investigated the distribution, and ecological and human health risks of four most frequently used pharmaceuticals [ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), cetirizine (CTZ) and citalopram oxalate (ECP)] when co-occurring with metal ions in the Sirsa river water of the BBN region. The concentration range of the selected pharmaceuticals was between 'not detected' to 50 μgL-1 with some exception for CIP (50-100 μgL-1) and CTZ (100-150 μgL-1) in locations directly receiving wastewater discharges. A significant correlation was found between the occurrences of NOR and Al (r2 = 0.65; p = 0.01), and CTZ and K (r2 = 0.50; p = 0.01) and Mg (r2 = 0.50; p = 0.01). A high-level ecological risk [risk quotient (RQ) > 1] was observed for algae from all the pharmaceuticals. A medium-level risk (RQ = 0.01-0.1) was observed for Daphnia from CIP, NOR and ECP, and a high-level risk from CTZ. A low-level risk was observed for fishes from CIP and NOR, whereas CTZ and ECP posed a high-level risk to fishes. The overall risk to ecological receptors was in the order: CTZ > CIP > ECP > NOR. Samples from the river locations receiving water from municipal drains or situated near landfill and pharmaceutical factories exhibited RQ > 1 for all pharmaceuticals. The average hazard quotient (HQ) values for the compounds followed the order: CTZ (0.18) > ECP (0.15) > NOR (0.001) > CIP (0.0003) for children (0-6 years); ECP (0.49) > CTZ (0.29) > NOR (0.005) > CIP (0.001) for children (7-17 years), and ECP (0.34) > CTZ (0.21) > NOR (0.007) > CIP (0.001) for adults (>17 years). The calculated risk values did not readily confirm the status of water as safe or unsafe because the values of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) would depend on various other environmental factors such as quality of the toxicity data, and species sensitivity and distribution, which warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohi Dixit
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Rajiv Rana
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; School of Health Sciences, Amity University Punjab, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Rajkumar Herojeet
- Department of Environmental Studies, Post Graduate Government College, Sector 11, Chandigarh, India
| | - Renu Lata
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States; Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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2
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Yu J, Huo R, Liu W, Wen X. Chemodiversity transformation of organic matters in a full scale MBR-NF wastewater reclamation plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166246. [PMID: 37582448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) process has been attractive in wastewater reclamation, and was set as the target process in this study. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and trace organic contaminants (TrOCs), closely associated with water safety, are noteworthy pollutants. Though the general DOM characteristics and TrOCs removal in MBR-NF reclamation process have been reported in lab-/pilot-scale experiment, the molecular characteristics of DOM revealed by high resolution mass spectrometry, and the correlation between DOM and TrOCs have been rarely studied in full-scale MBR-NF wastewater reclamation plant. In this work, biological and NF processes contributed significantly to the removal of DOM and TrOCs, while MBR filtration contributed slightly. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that DOM with higher aromaticity and lower molecular weight were more recalcitrant along the treatment. Aromatic protein-like substances were preferentially removed comparing to humic-like substances. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was applied to investigate DOM transformation at molecular level. DOM molecules with higher H/C and lower O/C, especially the aliphatics and peptides, were readily biodegraded into higher‑oxygenate, highly unsaturated, and aromatic compounds. The generated species mainly included condensed aromatics, polyphenols, and highly unsaturated compounds. Filtration in MBR tended to reject higher oxygenated molecules. NF effectively removed most of the DOM molecules, especially higher oxygenated molecules with low H, N and S. The residual TrOCs in the NF effluent, including sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin, and bisphenol A, still displayed above medium environmental risk. Significant correlations were found among organic compounds, spectral indices, and peptides molecules. Positive correlation between most of the TrOCs and several DOM parameters implied that they were synchronously removed in biological and membrane filtration processes. SUVA and FI might be potential indexes in monitoring the performance of MBR-NF process in both DOM and TrOC removal. These findings would expand the understanding of DOM and TrOCs behavior in wastewater reclamation process and simplify an in-depth system monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Yu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Huo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianghua Wen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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3
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Jan S, Mishra AK, Bhat MA, Bhat MA, Jan AT. Pollutants in aquatic system: a frontier perspective of emerging threat and strategies to solve the crisis for safe drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:113242-113279. [PMID: 37864686 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Water is an indispensable natural resource and is the most vital substance for the existence of life on earth. However, due to anthropogenic activities, it is being polluted at an alarming rate which has led to serious concern about water shortage across the world. Moreover, toxic contaminants released into water bodies from various industrial and domestic activities negatively affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms and cause serious diseases such as cancer, renal problems, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and nausea in humans. Therefore, water treatments that can eliminate toxins are very crucial. Unfortunately, pollution treatment remains a difficulty when four broad considerations are taken into account: effectiveness, reusability, environmental friendliness, and affordability. In this situation, protecting water from contamination or creating affordable remedial techniques has become a serious issue. Although traditional wastewater treatment technologies have existed since antiquity, they are both expensive and inefficient. Nowadays, advanced sustainable technical approaches are being created to replace traditional wastewater treatment processes. The present study reviews the sources, toxicity, and possible remediation techniques of the water contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, J&K, India
| | | | - Mujtaba Aamir Bhat
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, J&K, India
| | - Mudasir Ahmad Bhat
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, J&K, India
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, J&K, India.
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McCorquodale-Bauer K, Grosshans R, Zvomuya F, Cicek N. Critical review of phytoremediation for the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161876. [PMID: 36716878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics in wastewater are a growing environmental concern. Increased prescription and consumption rates have resulted in higher antibiotic wastewater concentration. Conventional wastewater treatment methods are often ineffective at antibiotic removal. Given the environmental risk of antibiotics and associated antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), finding methods of improving antibiotic removal from wastewater is of great importance. Phytoremediation of antibiotics in wastewater, facilitated through constructed wetlands, has been explored in a growing number of studies. To assess the removal efficiency and treatment mechanisms of plants and microorganisms within constructed wetlands for specific antibiotics of major antibiotic classes, the present review paper considered and evaluated data from the most recent published research on the topics of bench scale hydroponic, lab and pilot scale constructed wetland, and full scale constructed wetland antibiotic remediation. Additionally, microbial and enzymatic antibiotic degradation, antibiotic-ARG correlation, and plant effect on ARGs were considered. It is concluded from the present review that plants readily uptake sulfonamide, macrolide, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics and that constructed wetlands are an effective applied phytoremediation strategy for the removal of antibiotics from wastewater through the mechanisms of microbial biodegradation, root sorption, plant uptake, translocation, and metabolization. More research is needed to better understand the effect of plants on microbial community and ARGs. This paper serves as a synthesis of information that will help guide future research and applied use of constructed wetlands in the field antibiotic phytoremediation and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton McCorquodale-Bauer
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-376 Engineering and Information Technology Complex (EITC), 75A Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - Richard Grosshans
- International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325, Winnipeg, MB R3B 0T4, Canada
| | - Francis Zvomuya
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, 362 Ellis Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nazim Cicek
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-376 Engineering and Information Technology Complex (EITC), 75A Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
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López-Velázquez K, Guzmán-Mar JL, Saldarriaga-Noreña HA, Murillo-Tovar MA, Villanueva-Rodríguez M. Ecological risk assessment associated with five endocrine-disrupting compounds in wastewater treatment plants of Northeast Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:30714-30726. [PMID: 36441306 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ecological risk associated with five endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) was studied in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Monterrey, Mexico. The EDCs, 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4NP), and 4-tert-octylphenol (4TOP) were determined by SPE/GC-MS method, where EE2 and 4TOP were the most abundant in effluents at levels from 1.6 - 26.8 ng/L (EE2) and < LOD - 5.0 ng/L (4TOP), which corroborate that the wastewater discharges represent critical sources of EDCs to the aquatic environments. In this study, the potential risk associated with selected EDCs was assessed through the risk quotients (RQs) and by estimating the estrogenic activity (expressed as EEQ). This study also constitutes the first approach for the ecological risk assessment in effluents of WWTPs in Northeast Mexico. The results demonstrated that the effluents of the WWTPs represent a high risk for the organisms living in the receiving water bodies because the residual estrogens effect E2 and EE2 with RQ values up to 49.1 and 1165.2. EEQ values between 6.3 and 24.6 ngEE2/L were considered the most hazardous compounds among the target EDCs, capable of causing some alterations in the endocrine system of aquatic and terrestrial organisms due to chronic exposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khirbet López-Velázquez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
- Universidad Politécnica de Tapachula, Carretera Tapachula - Puerto Madero Km. 24 + 300, Chiapas, 30830, Tapachula, México
| | - Jorge L Guzmán-Mar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Hugo A Saldarriaga-Noreña
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Mario A Murillo-Tovar
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Minerva Villanueva-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, México.
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6
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Wu L, Shi G, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu C, Hao Q, Cao W, Li Q. Pharmaceuticals in multi-media environment from the Jin River to adjacent marine embayment in Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29909-29920. [PMID: 36418821 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multi-media environmental distribution of 21 pharmaceuticals in river water, coastal water, groundwater and sediments from the Jin River to adjacent marine embayment, Southeast China, was reported for the first time. All the detected 10 pharmaceuticals were antibiotics. Oxytetracycline (OTC), ciprofloxacin (CFC) and enrofloxacin (EFC) were the most ubiquitous antibiotics and could be detected in all water samples. EFC also showed the highest detection frequency (100%) in both riverine and coastal sediments. The detected antibiotics were more widely distributed in coastal environment of Asia, especially China, rather than Europe, USA and Australia. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) showed stronger sorption onto sediments compared with other antibiotics due to its higher pseudo-partitioning coefficients (846-10,786 L kg-1). The discharged wastewater and aquaculture were the main sources of antibiotics in the multi-media environment. Risk assessment indicated that CFC and SMX posed high risks to Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechococcus leopolensis in river water, coastal water and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Contamination and Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Guowei Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Contamination and Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Yaci Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Contamination and Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Yasong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Contamination and Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Contamination and Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Qichen Hao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Contamination and Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Wenzhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Shahriar A, Hanigan D, Verburg P, Pagilla K, Yang Y. Modeling the fate of ionizable pharmaceutical and personal care products (iPPCPs) in soil-plant systems: pH and speciation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120367. [PMID: 36240970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A model was developed to simulate the pH-dependent speciation and fate of ionizable pharmaceutical and personal care products (iPPCPs) in soils and their plant uptake during thedt application of reclaimed wastewater to agricultural soils. The simulation showed that pH plays an important role in regulating the plant uptake of iPPCPs, i.e., ibuprofen (IBU; with a carboxylic group), triclosan (TCS; phenolic group), and fluoxetine (FXT; amine group) as model compounds. It took 89-487 days for various iPPCPs to reach the steady-state concentrations in soil and plant tissues. The simulated steady-state concentrations of iPPCPs in plant tissues at pH 9 is 2.2-2.3, 2.5-2.6, and 1.07-1.08 times that at pH 5 for IBU, TCS, and FXT, respectively. Assuming sorption only for neutral compounds led to miscalculation of iPPCPs concentrations in plant tissues by up to one and half orders magnitude. Efflux of compounds in soil, lettuce leaf, and soybean pods was primarily contributed by their degradation in soil and dilution due to plant tissue growth. Overall, the results demonstrated the importance of considering pH and speciation of iPPCPs when simulating their fate in the soil-plant system and plant uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Shahriar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Paul Verburg
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Krishna Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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8
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Lin S, Chu W, Liu A. Characteristics of dissolved organic matter in two alternative water sources: A comparative study between reclaimed water and stormwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158235. [PMID: 36007646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water and stormwater are two important alternative water sources to mitigate water resource shortage. They can be reused by discharging into drinking water sources. Due to different sources, characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM, a precursor of disinfection by-products, DBPs) present in reclaimed water and stormwater would be different. This study selected reclaimed water to compare with stormwater (including both stormwater runoff and rainwater) by investigating their DOM characteristics, including concentrations, aromaticity, molecular weight, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, composition and DBPs formation potential. The results showed that reclaimed water had higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (6.02-10.8 mg/L) than stormwater (3.62-5.48 mg/L) while SUVA254 values of stormwater runoff (1.92-2.53 L/(mg-C·m)) were higher than reclaimed water (1.11-1.24 L/(mg-C·m)). Additionally, reclaimed water is more hydrophobic while stormwater runoff and rainwater are more hydrophilic. Although all water types included the highest fraction of DOM with molecular weight <1 kDa (43.0 %-77.5 %), reclaimed water primarily contained soluble microbial products (SMPs)-like and humic acid-like substances while stormwater runoff primarily contained humic acid-like DOM. In terms of DBPs, reclaimed water showed relatively higher formation potential than stormwater runoff while rainwater had the lowest DBPs formation potential. These results can contribute to effective water resource management. Particularly, when reclaimed water or/and stormwater are discharged into drinking water sources, these outcomes can help on efficient drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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9
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Shangguan X, Mao Y, Wang X, Liu M, Wang Y, Wang G, Li J. Cyp17a effected by endocrine disruptors and its function in gonadal development of Hyriopsis cumingii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 323-324:114028. [PMID: 35314150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and androgens that coexist in the aquatic environment could potentially affect shellfish, however, endocrine disrupting effects of them in shellfish are significant. As an important aquaculture shellfish in China, Hyriopsis cumingii has remarkable economic benefits. In this study, the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the steroid synthase Hc-Cyp17a in the male and female gonads of the H. cumingii were assessed by exposing juvenile mussels to cultured waters containing 17β-Estradiol (E2) and 17α-Methyltestosterone (MT) for 28 days. At the same time, the E2 content in the four stages of gonadal development, the expression changes of Hc-Cyp17a in gonadal development and its localization in the mature gonad were measured to explore the relationship between genes and hormones. The results showed that both E2 and MT at 50 ng/L and 200 ng/L could affect the transcription level of Hc-Cyp17a, which was inhibited initially and promoted in post-development. E2 content was positively correlated with gonadal development stage, which was in mussel. By tracing the expression of Hc-Cyp17a, difference was found during different developmental periods. The expression level in ovary was higher than that in testis during gonadal development of 1/ 2/ 3-year-old mussels and showed an increasing trend with age. Furthermore, the expression levels in 6 tissues of mature individuals were measured and it showed that there was a significant difference between male and female in the gonads (p < 0.01). In situ hybridization, it suggested that Hc-Cyp17a was significantly signaled in the follicular wall and oocyte of female and in the follicular membrane of testis, respectively. These results could play a vital role in assessing and understanding the effects of aquatic environment on the endocrine system of H. cumingii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhao Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingrui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Jiang R, Han D, Song X, Zheng F. Numerical modeling of changes in groundwater storage and nitrate load in the unconfined aquifer near a river receiving reclaimed water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:36100-36114. [PMID: 35061175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water (RW) has been widely used as an alternative water resource to recharge rivers in mega-city Beijing. At the same time, the RW also recharges the ambient aquifers through riverbank filtration and modifies the subsurface hydrodynamic system and hydrochemical characteristics. To assess the impact of RW recharge on the unconfined groundwater system, we conducted a 3D groundwater flow and solute transport model based on 10 years of sequenced groundwater monitoring data to analyze the changes of the groundwater table, Cl- loads, and NO3-N loads in the shallow aquifer after RW recharge to the river channel. The results show that the groundwater table around the river channel elevated by about 3-4 m quickly after RW recharge from Dec. 2007 to Dec. 2009, and then remained stable due to the continuous RW infiltration. However, the unconfined groundwater storage still declined overall from 2007 to 2014 due to groundwater exploitation. The storage began to recover after groundwater extraction reduction, rising from 3.76 × 108 m3 at the end of 2014 to 3.85 × 108 m3 at the end of 2017. Cl- concentrations varied from 5-75 mg/L before RW recharge to 50-130 mg/L in 2 years (2007-2009), and then remained stable. The zones of the unconfined groundwater quality affected by RW infiltration increased from 11.7 km2 in 2008 to 26.7 km2 in 2017. Cl- loads in the zone increased from 1.8 × 103 t in 2008 to 3.8 × 103 t in 2017, while NO3-N loads decreased from 29.8 t in 2008 to 11.9 t in 2017 annually. We determined the maximum area of the unconfined groundwater quality affected by RW, and groundwater outside this area not affected by RW recharge keeps its original state. The RW recharge to the river channel in the study area is beneficial to increase the groundwater table and unconfined groundwater storage with lesser environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xianfang Song
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fandong Zheng
- Department of Water Resources, Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China
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11
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Hong S, Kim Y, Lee Y, Yoon SJ, Lee C, Liu P, Kwon BO, Hu W, Khim JS. Distributions and potential sources of traditional and emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the lower reach of the Yangtze River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152831. [PMID: 34998741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the current contamination status and potential sources of traditional and emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs and e-PAHs) in the sediments across a wide area of the Yangtze River, spanning nine cities. Fifty-seven sediment samples were collected in 2019, from which 15 t-PAHs and 11 e-PAHs were analyzed using GC-MSD. In addition, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in sediments were measured to evaluate associations with PAHs contamination. OC, TN, and their stable isotope ratios showed a wide range of site-specific contents and values, indicating high variation in contamination and sources. Concentrations of t-PAHs and e-PAHs in sediments ranged from 0.6 to 200,000 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 20,000 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Hotspot sites located in Nanjing (PuKou), Taizhou (JingJiang), and Suzhou (ZhangJiaGang). PAHs contamination reflected land use type and human activity in the surrounding area. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling showed that, on average (n = 57), vehicle emissions were the most dominant contribution (57%), followed by petroleum (28%) and fossil fuel combustion (15%). Sites with high PAHs contamination in sediments were of severe ecological risk. Contributions to the potential risks of PAHs were most significant in the order of dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene. The primary origin of these compounds appeared to be fossil fuel combustion. The results of this study are expected to provide useful baseline data on the current contamination status and potential sources of traditional and emerging pollutants in the sediments of the Yangtze River, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjung Lee
- Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkeun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Wang F, Wei D, Chen M, Peng S, Guo Q, Zhang X, Liu J, Du Y. A synthetical methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water based on meta-analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:106-114. [PMID: 34955193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project, while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water. The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause potential risk on human health and ecosystem safety during the long-term use. It is impossible to analyze and control all pollutants one by one in practice, therefore, identification and control of priority pollutants will be efficient strategy to ensure the safe use of reclaimed water. An integrated three-step methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water was proposed in this study. First, a comprehensive literature survey on the occurrence of pollutants in reclaimed water was conducted, and a dataset DPR for pollutants occurrence in reclaimed water was established, containing 1,113 pollutants. Second, 611 chemicals that had been recommended as hazardous pollutants for various water bodies in previous literatures were summarized, and a dataset DHP for hazardous pollutants in water was obtained. Third, meta-analysis on these two datasets (DPR and DHP) was performed, a new dataset DHPR for hazardous pollutants in reclaimed water was established, including 265 candidates. Finally, 59 substances out of dataset DHPR were identified as priority pollutants for reclaimed water based on their recommendation frequency. It is expected that this synthetical methodology will provide powerful support for scientific evaluating and managing water pollution and ensuring safe use of reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaorong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Guo Q, Wei D, Wang F, Chen M, Du Y. A novel risk score-based prioritization method for pollutants in reclaimed water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148833. [PMID: 34246147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation and reuse is a sustainable solution for alleviating the scarcity of water resources. However, the potential risks resulting from the residual pollutants in reclaimed water are of concern. Identifying of priority pollutants would be a practical approach for the management and scientific evaluation of risks associated with reclaimed water reuse. In this study, a novel risk score-based method is proposed for prioritizing residual pollutants in reclaimed water. First, target the specific applications and possible scenarios of reclaimed water as well as recognize the potential receptors and exposure pathways. Second, determine exposure and effect parameters, and assign values to every parameter. Third, calculate the total exposure score and effect score for each pollutant using a weighted method, then calculate the risk score by multiplying total exposure score and effect score, and rank all pollutants based on their risk scores from high to low. Fourth, recommend a priority pollutants list for reclaimed water reuse. To demonstrate the procedure and validate the method, a case study on groundwater recharge with reclaimed water was conducted. In the case study, EE2 and E2, which have also been listed in other recent water quality standards, were identified as priority pollutants. The case study illustrated sufficient reliability, great discrimination and feasibility of the method. The five exposure parameters and seven effect parameters in this method can objectively evaluate the potential risk of pollutants and identify priority pollutants for the specific application of reclaimed water. This application-oriented and risk-based prioritization method is easy to understand and simple to operate in practice. This study fills existing gaps by proffering a novel prioritization method to identify priority pollutants in reclaimed water for an accurate evaluation and safety management of recycled wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Feipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Wang S, Huo Z, Gu J, Xu G. Benzophenones and synthetic progestin in wastewater and sediment from farms, WWTPs and receiving surface water: distribution, sources, and ecological risks. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31766-31775. [PMID: 35496845 PMCID: PMC9041579 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Farms and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sources of endocrine disruptors, which may have potential adverse effects on the nearby receiving river and potential human health risks. Benzophenone (BPs) and synthetic progestin were determined in water and sediment samples of the discharge source and receiving river. BPs and synthetic progestin ranged from not detected (N.D.) to 400.53 ng L−1 in water samples and from N.D. to 359.92 ng g−1 dw in sediment, respectively, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) were the main detected objects. Correlation analysis showed that pollutants discharged from livestock farms were the main contributor to the receiving river. The distribution of pollutants in different regions was related to higher population density and livestock activities. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were investigated for ecological risk assessment in the study area, and 86% of the samples exceeded the baseline value of chronic toxicity. Benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) and benzophenone (BP) were identified as the main substances that caused medium risk in the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, BPs and synthetic progesterone should be given more attention in the future. The occurrence, source and ecological risk of BPs and synthetic progestin in farms, WWTPs and their receiving river were investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Zhuhao Huo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Gu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
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15
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Wang H, Xi H, Xu L, Jin M, Zhao W, Liu H. Ecotoxicological effects, environmental fate and risks of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the water environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147819. [PMID: 34029823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive use and incomplete removal, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are introduced into the water continuously. It has been proved that the unique properties of PPCPs are influential to organisms and the environment, and gradually affect human health. In this paper, the toxicological effects of typical PPCPs, and the environmental behavior of PPCPs in aquatic are reviewed. The risk assessments of PPCPs in the water are summarized. The research directions of environmental toxicology research of PPCPs in the future are proposed. Many PPCPs were found to be toxic or even highly toxic toward aquatic organisms, and have the potential for bioaccumulation. It is essential to study the acute and long-term toxicity of PPCPs and their metabolites, evaluate the environmental behaviors and make a reasonable assessment of ecotoxicology and human health risks of PPCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Xi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Linling Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingkang Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenlu Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China.
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16
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Current advances in treatment technologies for removal of emerging contaminants from water – A critical review. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Sunyer-Caldú A, Diaz-Cruz MS. Development of a QuEChERS-based method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in lettuces grown in field-scale agricultural plots irrigated with reclaimed water. Talanta 2021; 230:122302. [PMID: 33934770 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation is an increasingly common practice, which recently has found its own European regulatory frame. However, the partial removal of organic contaminants together with other xenobiotic substances in current wastewater treatment plants leads to the occurrence of residues of such pollutants in the treated effluents. Wastewater reclamation techniques are thus required to provide reclaimed water fitting the minimum quality standards set up for irrigation of crops intended for human consumption. This work describes the development and validation of a simple QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in lettuces irrigated with treated wastewater and reclaimed water. The method showed good recovery rates (80-120%) and low detection limits (0.04-0.8 ng/g dw). In comparison with previous analytical methodologies, this method was simpler, faster and, in most cases, more sensitive. Moreover, is the first one analysing selected personal care products in lettuces. The proposed method was applied to assess the potential transfer of contaminants of urban origin in the use of reclaimed water in agriculture. The case study consisted in the evaluation of the lettuce uptake of the selected contaminants at field scale under two irrigation systems, two soil compositions, and two water types. Benzophenone-2, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 1H-benzotriazole, 2-(2-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol, nalidixic acid, diclofenac, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxy, N-des-methylvenlafaxine, and salicylic acid were transferred to all samples. Highest detected values corresponded to 4-hydroxybenzophenone (84.1 ng/g dw), benzophenone-2 (54.4 ng/g dw), and salicylic acid (53.8 ng/g dw). The best combination to minimize the transfer of the target contaminants from the irrigation water to the lettuces was sprinkling irrigation with water reclaimed by soil infiltration through reactive barriers, and clayey soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Li Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lou C, Wang Y. Phenols in soils and agricultural products irrigated with reclaimed water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116690. [PMID: 33652187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of phenols, such as nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol (BPA), and octylphenol (OP), in the environment have been receiving increased attention due to their potential risks to human health and environment. The use of reclaimed water for irrigation may be one of the sources of these phenols in the agricultural system. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on phenol contamination of agricultural topsoil and products in the North China Plain between 2015 and 2016. Three irrigation treatments were applied to all crops: reclaimed water irrigation, groundwater irrigation and alternative irrigation with reclaimed water and groundwater (1:1, v/v). The results showed that the concentrations of NP, BPA, and OP in the topsoil were 0.02-0.54, 0.004-0.06, and ND-9.9 × 10-3 mg/kg, respectively; the corresponding values in agricultural products were 0.007-0.70, 0.004-0.24, and ND-1.08 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of NP in the topsoil and agricultural products and that of BPA in the agricultural products were all less than the recommended limits. The yields of wheat, maize, vegetables were 4.35-7.08, 1.03-6.46, and 10.9-67.0 t/ha, respectively. The bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) of OP, NP, and BPA for cereals were 0.7-4.77, 0.16-4.59, and 1.3-23.9, respectively; the corresponding values in vegetables were 0.0-4.53 (except cucumber and eggplant), 0.38-12.6, and 0.57-24.3, respectively. No significant differences in phenol concentrations, BCFs, or yields of wheat and vegetables were observed among the three irrigation treatments. In conclusion, compared with groundwater irrigation, reclaimed water irrigation in this experiment did not significantly affect phenol concentrations in the topsoil and agricultural products as well as BCFs and yields of wheat and vegetables. However, because the quality of reclaimed water may vary across collected areas, additional experiments are warranted to analyze the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on the risk of phenol contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Honglu Liu
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Chunhua Lou
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Yitong Wang
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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19
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Zhang H, Xu H, Xia M, Wang F, Wan X. The adsorption and mechanism of benzothiazole and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole onto a novel ampholytic surfactant modified montmorillonite: Experimental and theoretical study. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Wan T, Chen Z. Covalent organic nanospheres modified magnetic nanoparticles for extraction of blood lipid regulators in water samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2301-2309. [PMID: 33783965 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic nanospheres are new kind of nanospherical polymer with large specific surface area, uniform morphology, and excellent chemical and thermal stability. This material can be fabricated by a facile and rapid room temperature solution-phase strategy. In this work, magnetic nanoparticles were attached to the surface of covalent organic nanospheres, and the obtained composites were used for the extraction of blood lipid regulators such as clofibrate and fenofibrate. These composites were characterized with Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Several parameters that might affect the extraction efficiency including acetonitrile content, pH value, extraction time, and sample volume were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the proposed analytical method showed high extraction efficiency toward clofibrate and fenofibrate with enrichment factors between 60 and 83. This method exhibited outstanding analytical performance with wide linear range and excellent reproducibility and had low limits of detection in the range of 0.02-0.03 ng/mL. This method was also applied to the detection of clofibrate and fenofibrate in lake water samples, and good recoveries in the range of 92.6-112.6% was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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21
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Olasupo A, Suah FBM. Recent advances in the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds in the aquatic system: A case of polymer inclusion membranes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124317. [PMID: 33307454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds in aquatic systems is a matter of great concern. The occurrence, fate, and potential toxicity of these compounds have triggered the interest of the scientific community. As a result of their high solubility and low volatility, they are common in aquatic systems, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are the main reservoir for these contaminants. Conventional WWTPs have demonstrated an inability to remove these contaminants completely; hence, different advanced treatment processes have been explored to compensate for the lapses of the conventional system. The outcome of this study revealed the significant improvements made using advanced treatment processes to diminish the number of contaminants; however, some contaminants have proven to be refractory. Thus, there is a need to modify various advanced treatment processes or employ additional treatment processes. Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) are a liquid membrane technology that is highly efficient at removing contaminants from water. They have been widely studied for the removal of heavy metals and nutrients from aquatic systems; however, only a few studies have investigated the use of PIMs to remove pharmaceutically active compounds from aquatic systems. This research aims to raise awareness on the application of PIMs as a promising water treatment technology which has a great potential for the remediation of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in the aquatic system, due to its versatility, ease/low cost of preparation and high contaminant selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayo Olasupo
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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22
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Seibert D, Zorzo CF, Borba FH, de Souza RM, Quesada HB, Bergamasco R, Baptista AT, Inticher JJ. Occurrence, statutory guideline values and removal of contaminants of emerging concern by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141527. [PMID: 33113672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of chemical compounds are used in human activities; however, part of these compounds reach surface water, groundwater and even water considered for potable uses. Due to the limited efficiency of water treatment by the Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants, the presence of these compounds in natural and human consumption waters can be very harmful due to their high persistence and adverse effects; these characteristics define the contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Water treatment by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) has been evaluated as a promising process for the removal of persistent and recalcitrant organic contaminants. With this background, the present review aims to gather studies and information published between 2015 and 2020 regarding the occurrence of CECs in surface, potable and groundwater, its treatment by EAOPs, the main operating conditions and by-product generation of EAOPs, contaminant toxicity assessments and international statutory guideline values concerning CEC standards and allowable concentrations in the environment and treated drinking water. Therefore, in this review it was found that the compounds bisphenol A (BPA), diethyltoluamide (DEET), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), carbamazepine, caffeine and atrazine were the most frequently detected in water sources, with concentrations ranging from 35.54-4800, 1.21-98, 0.005-38.5, 5-742.904, 0.0071-586, 0.89-1040, and 100-323 (ng L-1), respectively. Among the operational conditions of EAOPs, current density, pH and oxidant concentration are the main operational parameters that have an influence on these treatment technologies, besides the by-products generated, which might be removed by the integration of EAOPs with biological digestion treatments. Regarding the values of water quality standards, many CECs do not have established standard allowable concentration values, which represents a concern toward the possible toxic effects of these compounds on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Seibert
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila F Zorzo
- Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, 97900-00 Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando H Borba
- Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, 97900-00 Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata M de Souza
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Heloise B Quesada
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Bergamasco
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Aline T Baptista
- Academic Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Federal Technology University of Parana - UTFPR, Via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233.CEP 87301-899 - Caixa Postal: 271, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil
| | - Jonas J Inticher
- Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, 97900-00 Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil
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Characterizing the Variation of Dissolvable PAHs in Receiving Water in a Reclaimed Water Irrigation Region. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term wastewater and reclaimed water irrigation systems constitute the major processes in local water circulation, which concomitantly introduce plenty of undesirable substances that can threaten water quality, ecosystem functions and human health. At the Southeast Reclaimed Water Irrigation Region (SRWIR) of Beijing, wastewater irrigation was adopted from 1969 to 2002, and second-treated effluents (reclaimed water) has been used thereafter. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the most ubiquitously detected contaminant in wastewater and reclaimed water and are reported to be carcinogenic. Hence, we measured the concentrations of dissolved sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs in surface water and groundwater at the SRWIR to characterize their spatial and temporal variations, and to clarify the role of reclaimed water to natural water. The concentration of 16 individual PAHs in reclaimed water, rivers and groundwater varied from 339.4 to 636.2 ng/L, 359.1 to 3,435.0 ng/L and 216.5 to 488,205.2 ng/L, respectively. The lower aromatic rings of PAHs prevailed in aquatic environments rather than the higher ones. Thereinto, naphthalene was the predominant isomer within the highest concentration reached to 486,600 µg/L. The groundwater samples had higher PAHs concentrations at Tongzhou district which attributed to the higher vulnerability of aquifer. Additionally, strong correlations between PAHs and total nitrogen, nitrate, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity suggested those potential factors affecting the photo degradation and/or biodegradation of PAHs. The relationship identified between PAHs concentrations and physical and chemical indices would help us to enhance the understanding migration and transformation of PAHs spatially and temporally, enable us to assess the potential risks of the environmental pollutants to aquatic organisms and human water supplies.
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Li Z, Li M, Zhang Z, Li P, Zang Y, Liu X. Antibiotics in aquatic environments of China: A review and meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 199:110668. [PMID: 32438219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems in water environment, which is the main pool. In this study, antibiotics in the aquatic environment of China, containing both surface water and groundwater, were first systematically reviewed. That is essential for surface water and groundwater guideline and industry management. 128 articles were reviewed, containing 116 papers on surface water and 12 papers on groundwater. 94 antibiotics were detected at least once in the aquatic environment of China and most of the studies were in the eastern areas of China. The median concentrations of most antibiotics were below than 100 ng/L in the surface water and 10 ng/L in the groundwater. The concentrations of most antibiotics in China were similar or a little higher than in other countries. According to risk assessment, three antibiotics (enrofloxacin, ofloxacin and erythromycin) and three regions (Haihe River, Wangyang River and Taihu Lake) should be given more concerns. Strengthened policy and management are needed in these regions. In the future, more studies on groundwater and a priority list of antibiotics in the aquatic environment was needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Peng Li
- Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Yongge Zang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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25
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Planelló R, Herrero O, García P, Beltrán EM, Llorente L, Sánchez-Argüello P. Developmental/reproductive effects and gene expression variations in Chironomus riparius after exposure to reclaimed water and its fortification with carbamazepine and triclosan. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115790. [PMID: 32334179 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential benefits of reclaimed water (RW) uses for environmental enhancement and restoration could become adverse impacts if RW does not meet the quality criteria that ensure wildlife preservation. RW can contain complex mixtures of micropollutants that may accumulate in sediment after environmental uses and affect benthic fauna. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the effects of RW on a sediment insect species used mainly in ecotoxicology (Chironomus riparius). Whole organism effects and gene expression were measured in a water sediment system after spiking RW as overlying water, which was renewed 3 times during the test. Development rate, emergence rate and fecundity were monitored after the 21-day exposure. Endocrine-related genes (EcR, ERR, E75, Vtg), cellular stress genes (hsp70, hsc70, hsp24, hsp10) and biotransformation genes (gp93, GSTd3, GPx, cyp4g) were assessed in larvae after the 10-day exposure. The experimental design also included single or binary fortifications of both test medium and RW, obtained by adding two emerging pollutants: carbamazepine (100 μg/L CBZ) and triclosan (20 μg/L TCS). The chemical characterisation of RW showed that 20 of the 23 screened emerging pollutants fell within the detection limit, 10 exceeded 0.01 μg/L (including CBZ) and three exceeded 0.1 μg/L (hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, ibuprofen). The analytical measures of sediment (day 21) and overlying water (days 7, 14 and 21) were taken to know the water-sediment distribution of CBZ and TCS added to fortifications. CBZ distributed mainly in overlying water (110-164 μg/L and 73-100 μg/kg), while TCS showed a higher affinity to sediment (2.8-5.1 μg/L and 36-55 μg/kg). RW had significant effects in molecular terms (Vtg, hsp70, hsc70), but had no significant effects on the whole organism. Nevertheless, the single RW fortifications impaired both the development rate and fecundity, while the binary RW fortification impaired only fecundity. The most marked increase in EcR expression was observed for the binary RW fortification. Hsps, GSTd3 and cyp4g showed a similar tendency to that observed for EcR and Vtg in the binary and single RW fortifications. The binary mixture (CBZ and TCS together) in RW was toxic, but not in the medium tests. Therefore, the major concern of RW uses is apparently related to the interactivity between this complex matrix and any other pollutants possibly present in the environment where RW is applied. Our results underscore the need for raising awareness about RW effects, which can be achieved by ecotoxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Planelló
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Herrero
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Crta A Coruña Km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia María Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Crta A Coruña Km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Llorente
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Argüello
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Crta A Coruña Km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Lu J, Wu J, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Possible effect of submarine groundwater discharge on the pollution of coastal water: Occurrence, source, and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals in coastal groundwater and adjacent seawater influenced by reclaimed water irrigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126323. [PMID: 32126332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated occurrence, source, and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in coastal groundwater and adjacent seawater influenced by reclaimed water irrigation in a typical coastal region of China. All target EDCs were detected in coastal groundwater and reclaimed water while only estrone, bisphenol A (BPA), and nonylphenol were detected in seawater. Concentrations of BPA that was the predominant EDC in coastal groundwater ranged from 35.9 to 52.9 ng/L and estradiol was easy to accumulate in groundwater under reclaimed water irrigation. Concentrations of all target EDCs in seawater ranged from 18.9 to 30.9 ng/L, much lower than those in groundwater. Ecological risks posed by EDCs in groundwater and seawater were very high. Estrone contributed to 51.3%-62.9% of total acute risk quotients for seawater while detected 17-α-ethynylestradiol contributed to 41.1%-56.2% of total acute risk quotients for groundwater. Estradiol equivalent concentrations of target EDCs in groundwater/seawater were in the range of (3.5-7.6)/(1.4-2.3) ng/L while non-cancer risks posed by EDCs in groundwater/seawater were acceptable. Dual-isotope analysis illustrated that reclaimed water was the main source of EDCs in coastal groundwater. About 82% of EDCs was discharged into the Laizhou Bay through the submarine groundwater discharge based on the flux analysis. The pollution of the coastal groundwater through reclaimed water irrigation subsequently led to EDCs pollution of the adjacent seawater through the submarine groundwater discharge. Therefore, effective control of EDCs in reclaimed water for irrigation will be beneficial to control EDCs in groundwater and seawater of the coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai, 264025, PR China.
| | - Cui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
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Wang X, Luo N, Xu Z, Zheng X, Huang B, Pan X. The estrogenic proliferative effects of two alkylphenols and a preliminary mechanism exploration in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:628-638. [PMID: 31916403 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-cumylphenol (4-CP), as estrogen-like chemicals, are ubiquitous in the environment media and associated with the occurrence and development of hormone-dependent tumors. However, the combinatorial effects of these two structurally similar alkylphenols are not well informed. In the present study, the classic breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used as in vitro model to estimate the estrogenic proliferative effects of BPA and 4-CP. MTT assay, reactive oxygen species, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and real-time fluorescent quantitative Step One Plus Real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) were applied to explore their proliferative mechanisms. MTT results showed that both BPA and 4-CP ranging from 10-9 to 10-5 M stimulated cell proliferation in a nonmonotonic dose-response manner. Along with the proliferative effects, cell cycle was progressed from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phase. Meanwhile, the expression levels of ERα, pS2, and Bcl-2 mRNA were also upregulated. In contrast, 4-CP and BPA at high dose (10-4 M) obviously displayed antiproliferative effects in MCF-7 cells via inducing cell apoptosis and blocking cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. As expected, the relative expression levels of ERα, pS2, and Bcl-2 mRNA were decreased, whereas Bax mRNA was increased. Interestingly, the proliferative or antiproliferative effects of 4-CP were higher than that of BPA. Moreover, coexposure of lower concentrations BPA and 4-CP significantly induced cell proliferation in a synergistic manner. These findings indicated that the potential environmental risks of coexposure of BPA and 4-CP were greater than either of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Nao Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xianyao Zheng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Liu X, Liang C, Liu X, Zhao F, Han C. Occurrence and human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in real agricultural systems with long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation in Beijing, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110022. [PMID: 31865205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed wastewater (RW) is increasingly used to irrigate agricultural land and to alleviate agricultural water shortages worldwide. This usage has resulted in concerns about soil contamination by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the human health risks associated with dietary crop intake. In this study, we systematically analysed the occurrence and accumulation of 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite in soils and various crops (cucumber, eggplant, long bean and wheat) from realistic RW irrigation fields with different irrigation histories (20, 30 and 40 years) in Beijing and evaluated the human health risks associated with the consumption of these crops. The 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.67 to 22.92 ng L-1 in RW, 0.029-28.13 μg kg-1 in irrigated soil, and <0.01-28.01 μg kg-1 in crops. The concentrations of N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and triclosan were higher than those of other PPCPs, with respective concentrations of 14.39-31.44 ng L-1 and 15.93-26.23 ng L-1 in RW, 10.92-23.29 μg kg-1 and 20.22-28.13 μg kg-1 in irrigated soil and 17.92-28.01 μg kg-1 and 8.92-14.91 μg kg-1 in crops. However, the estimated threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and hazard quotient (HQ) values revealed that the concentrations of N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and triclosan in crops irrigated with RW should be considered a de minimis risk to human health. The concentrations of 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite in soils and crops and the calculated fruit bioconcentration factors (BCFs) did not display obvious increases associated with the duration of RW irrigation in real agricultural systems (P > 0.05). The concentrations of the studied PPCPs in the RW used for irrigation followed different patterns from the concentrations detected in the irrigated soils and crops. Although the concentrations of sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim in RW were higher than those of many other studied PPCPs, their respective values in the irrigated soils and crops did not display a similar tendency. The uptake and accumulation of PPCPs varied among the crop species (P < 0.05). Although PPCPs were detected in eggplant, long bean and wheat (BCFs: not applicable-1.67, 0.03-1.35 and 0.01-5.01, respectively), PPCPs accumulated at increased levels in cucumber (BCFs 0.03-18.98). The estimated TTC and HQ values showed that the consumption of crops irrigated long-term with RW presents a de minimis risk to human health. However, further studies with more PPCPs and additional crop species need to be conducted, the synergistic effects of chemical mixtures of multiple PPCPs and the toxic effects of PPCP metabolites should be elucidated to obtain more reliable information on the safety of wastewater reuse for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China; School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Cunzhen Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
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Metal organic framework composite, nano-Fe3O4@Fe-(benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid), for solid phase extraction of blood lipid regulators from water. Talanta 2020; 207:120275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lyu S, Chen W, Qian J, Wen X, Xu J. Prioritizing environmental risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reclaimed water on urban green space in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:133850. [PMID: 31491626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in reclaimed water can enter into soil, groundwater, and air during the irrigation of urban green spaces, leading to potential risks due to their negative effects of feminization, on root elongation, and as carcinogens. In this study, a validated HYDRUS-1D model by field experiments and an exposure model were used to simulate the distributions of 67 PPCPs detected in the effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants of Beijing under two scenarios (1, uniform irrigation concentrations; 2, detected irrigation concentrations) in soil, groundwater, and air. To determine the priority ranks of the 67 PPCPs, the effect values of the PPCPs in soil, groundwater, and air were calculated on the basis of distributions and toxicity data, and then weighted and scored. Under scenario 1, roxithromycin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and megestrol acetate, characterized by high adsorption and low volatilization and degradation, had the highest accumulations in soil, and ofloxacin, characterized by the lowest degradation and adsorption, had the highest leaching to groundwater. The highest volatilization was observed for galaxolide abbalide, tonalid, and dioctyl phthalate. Under scenario 2, based on their overall scores and priority ranks, the 67 PPCPs were divided into three groups: I, high priority; II, moderate priority; III, low priority. Of the 67 PPCPs, 17 were classified in group I, with the highest priority rankings for ofloxacin, 17α-ethynylestradiol, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, and sulfamethoxazole. In group III (total 33 PPCPs), 28 of the PPCPs were not of urgent concern under reclaimed water irrigation in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinping Qian
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Wu L, Bi E. Sorption of ionic and neutral species of pharmaceuticals to loessial soil amended with biochars. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35871-35881. [PMID: 31707608 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the impact of biochar amendment on soil sorption for coexisting pharmaceuticals, wheat straw-derived biochars pyrolyzed at 300 and 700 °C (labeled as WS300 and WS700, respectively) were prepared. Batch experiments on ketoprofen (KTP), atenolol (ATL) and carbamazepine (CBZ) sorption to biochars, loessial soil and biochar-amended soils were conducted. The results indicated that sorption affinity of different species of pharmaceuticals to WS300 and WS700 was in the order of cationic ATL > neutral CBZ > anionic KTP. Cationic ATL had the highest sorption to biochars due to electrostatic attraction. Coexisting ATL, CBZ and KTP competed for the shared adsorption sites on carbonized phase of biochars, and π-π interactions were proposed to be the main sorption mechanism. Sorption coefficients (Kd) and nonlinearity of ATL, CBZ and KTP to soil increased when biochar was added (5% by weight), especially for WS700 with higher specific surface area. Kd values of the three pharmaceuticals to WS700-amended soil in either single solute or bisolute system were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those to soil, indicating the promoting role of WS700 in sorption of coexisting pharmaceuticals in soil. The study demonstrated the enhanced and competitive sorption of ionic and neutral species of pharmaceuticals to soil amended with biochars, which is helpful in designing biochar as effective sorbents for immobilization of pharmaceuticals in soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Erping Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
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32
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Jiang X, Qu Y, Zhong M, Li W, Huang J, Yang H, Yu G. Seasonal and spatial variations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products occurrence and human health risk in drinking water - A case study of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133711. [PMID: 31400687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A case study was implemented to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations of 43 kinds of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the water supply system of Changzhou in China. The source water, water samples in each unit along the drinking water treatment process, as well as the drinking water product in both urban and rural area in different seasons have been included. The total concentrations of detected PPCPs range from 6.37 ng/L to 809.28 ng/L, the level of which is higher than other reports in China. In summer, more kinds of PPCPs were at higher concentrations in drinking water in urban area in spite of that fewer kinds of PPCPs were detected in raw water than in winter. It mainly because some kinds of PPCPs, which can be still detected under higher temperature and stronger irradiation in summer, were hardly removed by the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Therefore, people are at relatively higher health risk by PPCPs exposure through the intake of drinking water during summer than winter. The advanced treatment which applied GAC (granular activated carbon) filtration improved 2% to 46% of removal efficiency on PPCPs compared with conventional process, for which advanced treatment processes should be advocated in more DWTPs in China. In rural private wells, the situation is more worrying. Twelve more kinds of PPCPs were detected in rural drinking water than in urban, of which the max concentration reached 107 ng/L. The total concentrations of PPCPs in drinking water in rural area were obviously higher than in urban area, which lead to risk quotient (RQ) values of 4-6 times higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshu Jiang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingxi Qu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhong
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- CSD IDEA (Beijing) Environment Test & Analysis Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ndagijimana P, Liu X, Li Z, Yu G, Wang Y. Optimized synthesis of a core-shell structure activated carbon and its adsorption performance for Bisphenol A. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:457-468. [PMID: 31279193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environmental water poses a serious threat which requires strong practical solutions. The existing activated carbon-based adsorbents exhibit a number of limitations hindering for their use in adsorption in an aquatic environment. In this work, a controlled technique was used to make a protected Core-Shell structure Activated Carbon (CSAC) material with a smaller size (0.82 cm), thinner shell thickness (0.083 cm) and high mechanical strength (2.41 MPa). The experimental results demonstrated that the sizes of shell precursors used for preparing the ceramic shell had a pronounced influence on the produced material. The shell was prepared by using a mixture of kaolinite (400 mesh) and coal fly ash (100 mesh). The pellet activated carbon core was synthesized by a pelletizing method using powder activated carbon (92%) mixed with the binder (8%) from cassava splinters. The kinetic study evidenced that the performance of the material fitted better for pseudo-second-order kinetic and the intraparticle diffusion. Furthermore, the maximum amount of Bisphenol A (BPA) adsorption by CSAC fitting to Langmuir model was 28.5 mg g-1. The BPA adsorption by CSAC was an endothermic process. Therefore, this material could be applied in the remediation of various aquatic EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamphile Ndagijimana
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guangwei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Ma M, Dillon P, Zheng Y. Determination of Sulfamethoxazole Degradation Rate by an in Situ Experiment in a Reducing Alluvial Aquifer of the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10620-10628. [PMID: 31412697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from wastewater treatment facilities are reclaimed for environmental and landscaping use, resulting in infiltration to groundwater. Trace organic contaminants in these effluents have raised concerns, including the antibiotic resistance contributor sulfamethoxazole (SMX) detected frequently at concentrations exceeding 0.01 μg/L. A push-pull study to evaluate in situ degradation of SMX was undertaken in a shallow alluvial aquifer at the Tongzhou groundwater experimental site in southeast suburban Beijing. Ambient groundwater (1000 L) extracted from an experimental well at a depth of 10 m was spiked with SMX and NaBr, and then injected back into the same well. SMX and Br were "stored" over 15 days and monitored in the experimental well and 4 multilevel (depth: 10, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, and 30 m) observation wells located within 2-3 m distance. The concentration of SMX decreased faster than that of Br in the experimental and one observation well at 10 m depth; samples from all other depths contained little Br and SMX. The half-life of SMX degradation is estimated to be 3.1 ± 0.2 and 6.5 ± 0.6 days in the experimental well and observation well, respectively, under suboxic/anoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ma
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Peter Dillon
- CSIRO Land and Water and National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training , Flinders University , Adelaide 5042 , Australia
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Lv YZ, Yao L, Wang L, Liu WR, Zhao JL, He LY, Ying GG. Bioaccumulation, metabolism, and risk assessment of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in specific tissues of wild fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:607-615. [PMID: 30954895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may pose a great hazard to wildlife and humans, owing to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and potential bioaccumulation ability. We investigated the bioaccumulation, metabolism, and human health risks of six phenolic EDCs, including bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), in wild fish from the Pearl River system, South China. Except EE2, the other five EDCs were detected in at least one of the four fish tissues (bile, liver, plasma, and muscle). The concentrations of BPA and 4-NP were greater than those of 4-t-OP, E1, and E2 in all tissues. The median values of log bioaccumulation factors for EDCs at the range of 3.86-4.52 in bile, 2.06-3.16 in liver, 2.69-3.87 in plasma, and 1.34-2.30 in muscle, indicating a higher bioaccumulation potential in fish bile than in other tissues. Greater levels of glucuronide/sulfate conjugated EDCs were found in fish bile and liver than in the plasma and muscle, suggesting that the liver and bile played an important role in the metabolism and excretion of phenolic EDCs in fish. The calculated hazard quotient values were below 1 for each compound, implying low risk to human health by intake of edible fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Yao
- Guangzhou Guangdong Institute of Analysis, China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Li Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Liang-Ying He
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Huang Y, Xie X, Zhou LJ, Ji X, Gao B, Xu GZ, Li A. Multi-phase distribution and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the surface water of the Shaying River, -Huai River Basin, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:45-53. [PMID: 30763810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein we investigated the multi-phase distribution and estrogenic effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in suspended particulate matter (SPM), colloids, and soluble phases from the Shaying River to assess the composition of estrogenic compounds and associated estrogenic risk. The yeast two hybrid (YES) method, cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFUF), and LC-MS/MS were employed. Risk quotient (RQ) values ranged from 0.72 to 3.88, revealing that the Shaying River posed high estrogenic risk to aquatic organisms. The contribution ratios of the target EDCs to the EEQYES ranged from 62.7% to 92.5%, indicating that these chemicals were major contributors of estrogenic effects in the Shaying River. Further, 54.0-77.8% of the detected EDCs were distributed in the soluble phase, 15.1-31.7% were bound to colloidal substances, and 3.90-19.4% EDCs were associated with SPM. Significant correlation between total EDC abundance and COD contents was detected, and the concentrations of endogenous estrogens (E1, E2, and E3) were positively correlated with total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). In addition, the in-situ SPM-soluble (Kpoc) and colloid-soluble partition (Kcoc) coefficients were calculated. The log Kpoc values of target compounds varied from 4.10 to 5.19, while log Kcoc values ranged from 4.25 to 5.56. Their Kcoc values were larger than the Kpoc values, indicating that organic colloids were the most important carriers of EDCs in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Yancheng, PR China.
| | - Li Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Gui Zhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Yancheng, PR China.
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Ekowati Y, Ferrero G, Farré MJ, Kennedy MD, Buttiglieri G. Application of UVOX Redox ® for swimming pool water treatment: Microbial inactivation, disinfection byproduct formation and micropollutant removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:176-184. [PMID: 30583210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alternative disinfection technologies may overcome some of the limitations of conventional treatment applied in swimming pools: chlorine-resistant pathogens (e.g. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts) and the formation of chlorinated disinfection byproducts. In this paper, results of full scale validation of an alternative disinfection technology UVOX Redox® (hereinafter referred to as UVOX) that combines ozonation and UV irradiation are presented. The performance was assessed in terms of microbial inactivation, disinfection byproduct formation and micropollutant removal. UVOX was able to achieve 1.4-2.7 log inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores at water flows between 20 and 76 m³/h. Lower formation of trichloromethane and dichloroacetic acid was observed with UVOX followed by chlorination when compared to chlorination alone. However, due to the use of ozone and the presence of bromide in the pool water, the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids shifted to more brominated byproducts. Chlorine alone was able to remove the target micropollutants: acetaminophen, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, estrone, estradiol, and venlafaxine (>97% removal) after 24 h, with the exception of ibuprofen (60% removal). The application of UVOX in chlorinated water enhanced the removal of ibuprofen. The application of UVOX could lower the usage of chlorine to the level that provides an adequate residual disinfection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Ekowati
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/ Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria D Kennedy
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/ Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
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Yu W, Du B, Yang L, Zhang Z, Yang C, Yuan S, Zhang M. Occurrence, sorption, and transformation of free and conjugated natural steroid estrogens in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9443-9468. [PMID: 30758794 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural steroid estrogens (NSEs), including free estrogens (FEs) and conjugated estrogens (CEs), are of emerging concern globally among public and scientific community due to their recognized adverse effects on human and wildlife endocrine systems in recent years. In this review, the properties, occurrence, sorption process, and transformation pathways of NSEs are clarified in the environment. The work comprehensively summarizes the occurrence of both free and conjugated estrogens in different natural and built environments (e.g., river, WWTPs, CAFOs, soil, and sediment). The sorption process of NSEs can be impacted by organic compounds, colloids, composition of clay minerals, specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH value. The degradation and transformation of free and conjugated estrogens in the environment primarily involves oxidation, reduction, deconjugation, and esterification reactions. Elaboration about the major, subordinate, and minor transformation pathways of both biotic and abiotic processes among NSEs is highlighted. The moiety types and binding sites also would affect deconjugation degree and preferential transformation pathways of CEs. Notably, some intermediate products of NSEs still remain estrogenic potency during transformation process; the elimination of total estrogenic activity needs to be addressed in further studies. The in-depth researches regarding the behavior of both free and conjugated estrogens are further required to tackle their contamination problem in the ecosystem. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Banghao Du
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - Lun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Shaochun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Minne Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
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Hernández F, Calısto-Ulloa N, Gómez-Fuentes C, Gómez M, Ferrer J, González-Rocha G, Bello-Toledo H, Botero-Coy AM, Boıx C, Ibáñez M, Montory M. Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance in wastewater and sea water from the Antarctic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:447-456. [PMID: 30342348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The potential presence of introduced antibiotics in the aquatic environment is a hot topic of concern, particularly in the Antarctic, a highly vulnerable area protected under the Madrid protocol. The increasing presence of human population, especially during summer, might led to the appearance of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. The previous discovery of Escherichia coli strains resistant to antibiotics in sea water and wastewater collected in King George Island motivated our investigation on antibiotics occurrence in these samples. The application of a multi-residue LCMS/MS method for 20 antibiotics, revealed the presence of 8 compounds in treated wastewater, mainly the quinolones ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (92% and 54% of the samples analyzed, average concentrations 0.89 μg/L and 0.75 μg/L, respectively) and the macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin (15% positive samples, and average concentrations near 0.4 μg/L), and erythromycin (38% positive samples, average concentration 0.003 μg/L). Metronidazole and clindamycin were found in one sample, at 0.17 and 0.1 μg/L, respectively; and trimethoprim in two samples, at 0.001 μg/L. Analysis of sea water collected near the outfall of the wastewater discharges also showed the sporadic presence of 3 antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, trimethoprim) at low ng/L level, illustrating the impact of pharmaceuticals consumption and the poor removal of these compounds in conventional WWTPs. The most widespread antibiotic in sea water was ciprofloxacin, which was found in 15 out of 34 sea water samples analyzed, at concentrations ranging from 4 to 218 ng/L. Bacteria resistance was observed for some antibiotics identified in the samples (e.g. trimetropim and nalidixic acid -a first generation quinolone). However, resistance to some groups of antibiotics could not be correlated to their presence in the water samples due to analytical limitations (penicillins, tetraciclines). On the contrary, for some groups of antibiotics detected in samples (macrolides), the antibacterial activity against E. Coli was not investigated because these antibiotics do not include this bacterial species in their spectrum of activity. Our preliminary data demonstrate that antibiotics occurrence in the Antarctic aquatic environment is an issue that needs to be properly addressed. Periodical monitoring of water samples and the implementation of additional treatments in the WWTPs are recommended as a first step to prevent potential problems related to the presence of antibiotics and other emerging contaminants in the near future in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - N Calısto-Ulloa
- CIMAA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Magallanes, Chile
| | - C Gómez-Fuentes
- CIMAA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Magallanes, Chile
| | - M Gómez
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - J Ferrer
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - G González-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - H Bello-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - A M Botero-Coy
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - C Boıx
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - M Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - M Montory
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
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Luo Z, Tu Y, Li H, Qiu B, Liu Y, Yang Z. Endocrine-disrupting compounds in the Xiangjiang River of China: Spatio-temporal distribution, source apportionment, and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:476-484. [PMID: 30368141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) were seasonally investigated in the surface water of the Xiangjiang River (south China) in order to understand their spatio-temporal distribution, source apportionment, and ecological risks. The occurrence of 21 EDCs were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the water samples collected along the river over four seasons, and the results were statistically analyzed. The concentrations of progestagens, androgens, estrogens ranged from not detected (ND) to 98.3 ng L-1; while the concentrations of alkylphenols ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 × 103 ng L-1; and that of caffeine ranged from 0.1 to 49.8 ng L-1. The detection frequencies of bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, estrone, and 17β-estradiol were 95-100% during the four sampling campaigns. The seasonal and spatial variation trend of EDCs in the Xiangjiang River was noticeable. The concentration of EDCs in Yueyang section (downstream) was the highest in winter, while the concentration in Yongzhou (upstream) section was the lowest in spring. The concentration of EDCs in the Xiangjiang River was significantly correlated with the levels of the total organic carbon, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Source analysis indicated that untreated sewage was the major source of EDCs. Furthermore, the potential risks of EDCs in the surface water to aquatic organisms were assessed with the risk quotient method (European Commission, 2003), and the results indicated the highest ecological risk of 17β-estradiol in the Xiangjiang River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoufei Luo
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Yi Tu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Bo Qiu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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41
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Duan P, Hu X, Ji Z, Yang X, Sun Z. Enhanced oxidation potential of Ti/SnO 2-Cu electrode for electrochemical degradation of low-concentration ceftazidime in aqueous solution: Performance and degradation pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:594-603. [PMID: 30172041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop an efficient electrode to remove pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater, copper and antimony doped Ti/SnO2 electrode were prepared by thermal decomposition. Electrochemical characterization was undertaken on Ti/SnO2-Cu using cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry, indicating an ultra-high 2.1 V of oxygen evolution potential, better stability, and superior corrosion resistance rather than traditional Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode. Competitive degradation experiments showed more efficient removal rate was achieved on Ti/SnO2-Cu electrode, which could remove more than 90% ceftazidime within 60 min. The microstructure and crystal orientation of the modified electrodes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, which indicated that the crystal of the Ti/SnO2-Cu electrode grew in more porous and uniform condition, covered with closely arranged layers of the coating. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffractions suggested that Cu2O was successfully coated on the Ti/SnO2-Cu electrode surface. The operating parameters of electrochemical degradation process were also investigated, including current density, initial concentration, electrode distance, stirring rate and supporting electrolyte. Consequently, the intermediate products of electrochemical degradation were monitored by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and a major degradation pathway was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingzhou Duan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Research Centre for Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Engineering of Beijing City, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Research Centre for Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Engineering of Beijing City, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zongyuan Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Research Centre for Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Engineering of Beijing City, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Research Centre for Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Engineering of Beijing City, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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Ekpeghere KI, Sim WJ, Lee HJ, Oh JE. Occurrence and distribution of carbamazepine, nicotine, estrogenic compounds, and their transformation products in wastewater from various treatment plants and the aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1015-1023. [PMID: 30021268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and fates of carbamazepine and metabolites (CBMs), nicotine and metabolites (NCTs), estrogenic compounds and metabolites (Es) in various water samples were investigated. Different concentrations were found for water from different sources. The concentrations of these pharmaceuticals and personal care products and their metabolites in human waste treatment plant (HTP) influents (0.08-173 μg L-1) were higher than in the other influent samples and the lowest levels were observed in hospital wastewater treatment plant influents (0.03-7.33 μg L-1). The concentrations were higher in HTP effluents (0.01-11.2 μg L-1) than in the other effluent samples and lowest in sewage treatment plant effluents (0.003-1.26 μg L-1). The NCTs were the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (concentration range 0.05-89.6 μg L-1) in the wastewater treatment plant influents, but the CBMs were found at the highest concentrations (0.003-6.88 μg L-1). 10, 11-Dihydro-10, 11-dihydroxycarbamazepine was the most abundant of the CBMs in the wastewater treatment plants and water samples. Trans-3'-hydroxycotinine was dominant in the HTP and hospital wastewater treatment plant influents, whereas the parent NCT was dominant in the sewage treatment plant influents and in all the effluent and other water samples. Estriol was the dominant estrogenic compound in the HTP and hospital wastewater treatment plant influents. Estriol and estrone were found in many of the HTP influents, but estrone was dominant in the effluent and other water samples. The total removal efficiencies for the CBMs, NCTs, and estrogenic compounds for the treatment plants were -101% to 56%, 2.9%-99%, and >98%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalu Ibe Ekpeghere
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan `46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Railroad Civil and Environmental Engineering, Woosong University, Daejeon 34606, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jin Sim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan `46241, Republic of Korea; Marine & Environmental Evaluation Team, Korea Testing & Research Institute, Ulsan 681-802, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan `46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan `46241, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Li Z, Zheng T, Li M, Liu X. Organic contaminants in the effluent of Chinese wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26852-26860. [PMID: 30097986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the important sources for pollutants. These pollutants may entry into surface water, groundwater, and soil by recharging and irrigation then pose risk to human beings. Using reports from the past 20 years (n = 58), we conducted this review of organic contaminants (OCs) in the effluent of Chinese WWTPs. All the studies were during 2005 to 2017 and more than two papers were conducted in every year. Nineteen provinces (20 cities) were covered and most of the studies were located in the eastern part of China, especially the most developed and highest density of population areas. Two hundred eighty-four OCs were contained. E antibiotics, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pharmaceuticals were the most commonly studied groups of OCs, and ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole were the three most commonly reported OCs. The highest concentration appeared for bisphenol A (BPA). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of concentrations of the most commonly studied compounds were high. In the future, more studies should pay attention on national analysis and more pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tongli Zheng
- Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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44
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Wang X, Liu Z, Ying Z, Huo M, Yang W. Adsorption of Trace Estrogens in Ultrapure and Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent by Magnetic Graphene Oxide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1454. [PMID: 29996530 PMCID: PMC6068534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, graphene oxide, Fe3+, and Fe2+ were used for the synthesis of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) by an in situ chemical coprecipitation method. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the well-prepared MGO. The prepared MGO was used as an adsorbent to remove five typical estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (17α-E2), estriol (E3), and synthetic estrogen (EE2)) at the ppb level from spiked ultrapure water and wastewater treatment plant effluent. The results indicated that the MGO can efficiently remove estrogens from both spiked ultrapure water and wastewater treatment plant effluent in 30 min at wide pH ranges from 3 to 11. The temperature could significantly affect removal performance. A removal efficiency of more than 90% was obtained at 35 °C in just 5 min, but at least 60 min was needed to get the same removal efficiency at 5 °C. In addition, an average of almost 80% of the estrogens can still be removed after 5 cycles of MGO regeneration but less than 40% can be reached after 10 cycles. These results indicate that MGO has potential for practical applications to remove lower levels of estrogens from real water matrixes and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianze Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhongmou Liu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhian Ying
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Mingxin Huo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wu Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
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45
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Ma XY, Li Q, Wang XC, Wang Y, Wang D, Ngo HH. Micropollutants removal and health risk reduction in a water reclamation and ecological reuse system. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:272-281. [PMID: 29614455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As reclaimed water use is increasing, its safety attracts growing attention, particularly with respect to the health risks associated with the wide range of micropollutants found in the reclaimed water. In this study, sophisticated analysis was conducted for water samples from a water reclamation and ecological reuse system where domestic wastewater was treated using an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic unit followed by a membrane bioreactor (A2O-MBR), and the reclaimed water was used for replenishing a landscape lake. A total of 58 organic micropollutants were detected in the system, consisting of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 phenols, 3 pesticides, and 26 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). After treatment by the A2O-MBR process, effective removal of pesticides and phenols was achieved, while when the reclaimed water entered the landscape lake, PPCPs were further removed. From the physicochemical properties of micropollutants, it could be inferred that phenols and dichlorphos (the only pesticide with considerable concentration in the influent) would have been mainly removed by biodegradation and/or volatilization in the biological treatment process. Additionally, it is probable that sludge adsorption also contributed to the removal of dichlorphos. For the predominant PPCP removal in the landscape lake, various actions, such as adsorption, biodegradation, photolysis, and ecologically mediated processes (via aquatic plants and animals), would have played significant roles. However, according to their logKoc, logKow and logD (pH = 8) values, it could be concluded that adsorption by suspended solids might be an important action. Although carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with all the detected micropollutants were at negligible levels, the hazard quotients (HQs) of PPCPs accounted for 92.03%-97.23% of the HQTotal. With the significant removal of PPCPs through the ecological processes in the landscape lake, the safety of reclaimed water use could be improved. Therefore, the introduction of ecological unit into the water reclamation and reuse system could be an effective measure for health risk reduction posed by micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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46
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Ma L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Yang Q, Li G, Zhang D. Impacts of irrigation water sources and geochemical conditions on vertical distribution of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the vadose zone soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1148-1156. [PMID: 29898521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater pollution by emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), has caused increasing concerns around the world. The vadose zone is an active zone where lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere interact. It is an important medium for PPCPs removal and entry into groundwater from irrigation using wastewater or polluted surface water. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eleven PPCPs in areas with a vadose zone (up to 16 m) was investigated from wastewater irrigated farmland, groundwater irrigated farmland and a seasonal river course in Beijing (China). Nine out of eleven PPCPs were detectable, and carbamazepine and caffeine had the highest detection frequencies, above 50%. The PPCPs were detectable deep in 16 m below ground level (bgl), and their concentrations ranged from <LOD (limit of detection) to 12.5 μg/kg. Compared to the vadose zone soils irrigated with groundwater, wastewater-irrigated vadose zone soils had significantly higher PPCPs detection frequencies and contamination levels, suggesting the important roles of irrigation water sources on PPCPs accumulation and transport in the vadose zone. Additionally, PPCPs vertical distribution presented a bell-shape pattern in the vadose zone soils with wastewater irrigation, peaking at 3-6 m bgl. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated a significant correlation between PPCPs concentrations in the vadose zone soils and geochemical variables, including available potassium and silt content. This study provides important evidence on the influential factors of PPCPs accumulation and migration in the vadose zone soils resulted from wastewater irrigation. The incomplete removal of PPCPs poses certain risks in subsurface environment, potentially challenging groundwater quality and drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing 100195, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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47
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Song X, Wen Y, Wang Y, Adeel M, Yang Y. Environmental risk assessment of the emerging EDCs contaminants from rural soil and aqueous sources: Analytical and modelling approaches. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:546-555. [PMID: 29433099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals posed high risk and much uncertainty to eco-environment and human health. An analytical method, developed for the simultaneous determination of five steroid estrogens in groundwater and soil based upon solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was applied to investigate the distribution of estrone and 17β-estradiol around Shenyang City with particular focus on penetrating from surface to groundwater in this study. Mean concentrations of the estrone and 17β-estradiol were 55.1 ng L-1 and 56.1 ng L-1 in groundwater, 32.5 ng g-1 and 23.1 ng g-1 in soil, respectively. The distribution of estrone and 17β-estradiol were similar in groundwater, the concentration in the west of the site center was relatively low, and the surroundings were relatively high. The concentration of estrone was changed less, but 17β-estradiol was significantly increased in silt and silty sand layers in vadose zone profiles. Both estrone and 17β-estradiol concentrations changed abruptly at the interface of layers. Incorporating the temporal and spatial evolution of physical-chemical-biological environmental parameters at the sites, sorption and biodegradation were suggested the controlling roles in the fate and transport of SEs in the soil-groundwater system. The Ecological risk quotients values of both soil and groundwater indicated a very high ecological risk associated with SEs, but the non-carcinogenic harm quotients did not exceed the acceptable level of non-carcinogenic human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Yujuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China; College of Environment and Recourses, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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48
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Nitrogen and Organics Removal during Riverbank Filtration along a Reclaimed Water Restored River in Beijing, China. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Xiang J, Wu M, Lei J, Fu C, Gu J, Xu G. The fate and risk assessment of psychiatric pharmaceuticals from psychiatric hospital effluent. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:289-296. [PMID: 29289864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric pharmaceuticals are gaining public attention because of increasing reports of their occurrence in environment and their potential impact on ecosystems and human health. This work studied the occurrence and fate of 15 selected psychiatric pharmaceuticals from 3 psychiatric hospitals effluent in Shanghai and investigated the effect of hospitals effluent on surface water, groundwater, soil and plant. Amitriptyline (83.57ng) and lorazepam (22.26ng) showed the highest concentration and were found frequently in hospital effluent. Lorazepam (8.27ng), carbamazepine (83.80ng) and diazepam (79.33ng) showed higher values in surface water. The concentration of lorazepam (46.83ng) in groundwater was higher than other reports. Only six target compounds were detected in all three soil points in accordance with very low concentration. Alkaline pharmaceuticals were more easily adsorbed by soil. Carbamazepine (1.29ng) and lorazepam (2.95ngg-1) were frequently determined in plant tissues. The correlation analyses (Spearman correlations > 0.5) showed the main source of psychiatric pharmaceuticals pollutants might be hospital effluents (from effluent to surface water; from surface water to groundwater). However, hospital effluents were not the only pollution sources from the perspective of the dilution factor analysis. Although the risk assessment indicated that the risk was low to aquatic organism, the continuous discharge of pollution might cause potential environment problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Minghong Wu
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianqiu Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 390 Qinghe Road, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Chao Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianzhong Gu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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50
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Niu S, Zhang C. Endocrine Disrupting Compounds from the Source Water of the Huai River (Huainan City), China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:471-483. [PMID: 28889278 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and environmental risk of eight endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), nonyl phenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1), from four water sources (Pingshantou, Wanfenggang, Shisi, and Shiyi) of Huai River (Huainan section) were investigated in this study. Except for DMP only found in Pingshantou, all of the selected EDCs existed widely in the source water. DMP, DEP, BBP, DBP, NP, BPA, EE2, and E1 had the ranges of nd (cannot be detected)-130 ng/L, 25-310, 76-1351, 431-1299, 215-627, 23-107, nd-0.174, and 0.143-0.334 ng/L, respectively. Therefore, the studied water sources were associated with notable levels of EDCs, wherein the concentrations of BBP, DBP, and NP were much higher than the other five chemicals. The selected EDCs appeared to be higher in upstream than in downstream (p < 0.05) for each water source, suggesting that EDCs were subjected to a decreasing with water flow. Correlation analysis suggests that DEP-BP-DBP, NP-BPA, and EE2-E1 might have the same sources, respectively; and the source of NP, EE2, and E1 was different from that of BBP, BEP and BBP, and DEP, respectively. It was observed that both the TAS (total ambient severity) and RQ (risk quotient) were less than 1, indicating that EDCs in Huai River (Huainan section) posed little or no thread to the health of local inhabitants and ecological environmental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siping Niu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunliang Zhang
- Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Shandong Province, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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