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Denizci E, Altun G, Kaplan S. Morphological evidence for the potential protective effects of curcumin and Garcinia kola against diabetes in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2024; 1839:149020. [PMID: 38788929 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This research investigated the effects of sciatic nerve transection and diabetes on the hippocampus, and the protective effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin. Thirty-five adults male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: a control group (Cont), a transected group (Sham group), a transected + diabetes mellitus group (DM), a transected + diabetes mellitus + Garcinia kola group (DM + GK), and a transected + DM + curcumin group (DM + Cur), each containing seven animals. The experimental diabetes model was created with the intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin. No procedure was applied to the Cont group, while sciatic nerve transection was performed on the other groups. Garcinia kola was administered to the rats in DM + GK, and curcumin to those in DM + Cur. Cardiac perfusion was performed at the end of the experimental period. Brain tissues were dissected for stereological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations. The volume ratios of hippocampal layers to the entire hippocampus volume were compared between the groups. Anti-S100, anti-caspase 3, and anti-SOX 2 antibodies were used for immunohistochemical analysis. No statistically significant difference was observed in the volume ratios of the four hippocampal layers. However, the volume ratio of the stratum lucidum was higher in the Sham, DM, and DM + Cur groups compared to the Cont group. While curcumin exhibited a protective effect on hippocampal tissue following diabetes induction, Garcinia kola had only a weak protective effect. Increased cell density and nuclear deterioration due to diabetes and nerve transection can be partially ameliorated by treatment with Garcinia kola and curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Denizci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Zheng F, Tian R, Lu H, Liang X, Shafiq M, Uchida S, Chen H, Ma M. Droplet Microfluidics Powered Hydrogel Microparticles for Stem Cell-Mediated Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401400. [PMID: 38881184 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell-related therapeutic technologies have garnered significant attention of the research community for their multi-faceted applications. To promote the therapeutic effects of stem cells, the strategies for cell microencapsulation in hydrogel microparticles have been widely explored, as the hydrogel microparticles have the potential to facilitate oxygen diffusion and nutrient transport alongside their ability to promote crucial cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Despite their significant promise, there is an acute shortage of automated, standardized, and reproducible platforms to further stem cell-related research. Microfluidics offers an intriguing platform to produce stem cell-laden hydrogel microparticles (SCHMs) owing to its ability to manipulate the fluids at the micrometer scale as well as precisely control the structure and composition of microparticles. In this review, the typical biomaterials and crosslinking methods for microfluidic encapsulation of stem cells as well as the progress in droplet-based microfluidics for the fabrication of SCHMs are outlined. Moreover, the important biomedical applications of SCHMs are highlighted, including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, scale-up production of stem cells, and microenvironmental simulation for fundamental cell studies. Overall, microfluidics holds tremendous potential for enabling the production of diverse hydrogel microparticles and is worthy for various stem cell-related biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhi Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Advanced Nanomedical Engineering, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hangrong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Shpakov AO, Zorina II, Derkach KV. Hot Spots for the Use of Intranasal Insulin: Cerebral Ischemia, Brain Injury, Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrine Disorders and Postoperative Delirium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3278. [PMID: 36834685 PMCID: PMC9962062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A decrease in the activity of the insulin signaling system of the brain, due to both central insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, leads to neurodegeneration and impaired regulation of appetite, metabolism, endocrine functions. This is due to the neuroprotective properties of brain insulin and its leading role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the brain, as well as in the regulation of the brain signaling network responsible for the functioning of the nervous, endocrine, and other systems. One of the approaches to restore the activity of the insulin system of the brain is the use of intranasally administered insulin (INI). Currently, INI is being considered as a promising drug to treat Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. The clinical application of INI is being developed for the treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases and improve cognitive abilities in stress, overwork, and depression. At the same time, much attention has recently been paid to the prospects of using INI for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injuries, and postoperative delirium (after anesthesia), as well as diabetes mellitus and its complications, including dysfunctions in the gonadal and thyroid axes. This review is devoted to the prospects and current trends in the use of INI for the treatment of these diseases, which, although differing in etiology and pathogenesis, are characterized by impaired insulin signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Ibrahim BA, Hussein SA, Abdullah WH. COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE I DIABETES. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:944-950. [PMID: 37326074 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202305108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To assess the patterns and severity of cognitive impairment in children with type 1 diabetes as well as its association with disease onset and poor glycemic control. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: We assessed higher mental function and screened for psychosocial functioning in 60 children with type 1 DM and 60 age-matched control using the Modified Mini-Mental State examination and Pediatric Symptoms Checklist and its relation with age, gender, socioeconomic status, age at the onset of disease, duration of disease, HbA1c level, frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemic attacks and type of treatment. RESULTS Results: Diabetic patients demonstrated a lower Modified Mini-Mental State examination score than controls (25.12±4.58 versus 30.08±2.95) with a highly significant difference. Furthermore, the mean Pediatric symptoms checklist score in patients was 39.08±8.18 which was much lower than that of controls 54.42±6.0 with a highly significant difference. CONCLUSION Conclusions: There is neurocognitive impairment in diabetic children compared to non-diabetics, and poor glycemic control whether hyper or hypoglycemia could affect their cognition and mental health.
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Naringin Attenuates the Diabetic Neuropathy in STZ-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122111. [PMID: 36556476 PMCID: PMC9782177 DOI: 10.3390/life12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of traditional medicines for the treatment of diseases, including diabetic neuropathy (DN), has received great attention. The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative potential of naringin, a flavanone, to treat streptozotocin-induced DN in rat models. After the successful induction of diabetes, DN complications were measured by various behavioral tests after 4 weeks of post-induction of diabetes with or without treatment with naringin. Serum biochemical assays such as fasting blood glucose, HbA1c%, insulin, lipid profile, and oxidative stress parameters were determined. Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, and neuron-specific markers such as BDNF and NGF, were also assessed. In addition, pancreatic and brain tissues were subjected to histopathology to analyze structural alterations. The diabetic rats exhibited increased paw withdrawal frequencies for the acetone drop test and decreased frequencies for the plantar test, hot plate test, and tail flick test. The diabetic rats also showed an altered level of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress parameters, as well as altered levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress parameters. Naringin treatment significantly improved these parameters and helped in restoring the normal architecture of the brain and pancreatic tissues. The findings show that naringin's neuroprotective properties may be linked to its ability to suppress the overactivation of inflammatory molecules and mediators of oxidative stress.
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Al-Onaizi M, Al-Sarraf A, Braysh K, Kazem F, Al-Hussaini H, Rao M, Kilarkaje N, ElAli A. Impaired spatial navigation and age-dependent hippocampal synaptic dysfunction are associated with chronic inflammatory response in db/db mice. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:6003-6021. [PMID: 36226387 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been proposed to be driven by an abnormal neuroinflammatory response affecting cognitive function. However, the impact of T2DM on hippocampal function and synaptic integrity during aging has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of aging in T2DM on AD-like pathology using the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse model of T2DM. Our results indicate that adult T2DM mice exhibited impaired spatial acquisition in the Morris water maze (MWM). Morphological analysis showed an age-dependent neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus. We found that astrocyte density was significantly decreased in all regions of the hippocampus in T2DM mice. Our analysis showed that microglial activation was increased in the CA3 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in an age-dependent manner in T2DM mice. However, the expression of presynaptic marker protein (synaptophysin) and the postsynaptic marker protein [postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)] was unchanged in the hippocampus of adult T2DM mice. Interestingly, synaptophysin and PSD95 expression significantly decreased in the hippocampus of aged T2DM mice, suggesting an impaired hippocampal synaptic integrity. Cytokine profiling analysis displayed a robust pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in the hippocampus of aged T2DM mice compared with the younger cohort, outlining the role of aging in exacerbating the neuroinflammatory profile in the diabetic state. Our results suggest that T2DM impairs cognitive function by promoting neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus and triggering an age-dependent deterioration in hippocampal synaptic integrity, associated with an aberrant neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmad Al-Sarraf
- Undergraduate Medical Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kawthar Braysh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatema Kazem
- Undergraduate Medical Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Heba Al-Hussaini
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Narayana Kilarkaje
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Marissal-Arvy N, Moisan MP. Diabetes and associated cognitive disorders: Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis. Metabol Open 2022; 15:100202. [PMID: 35958117 PMCID: PMC9357829 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both diabetes types, types 1 and 2, are associated with cognitive impairments. Each period of life is concerned, and this is an increasing public health problem. Animal models have been developed to investigate the biological actors involved in such impairments. Many levels of the brain function (structure, volume, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, behavior) are involved. In this review, we detailed the part potentially played by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis in these dysfunctions. Notably, regulating glucocorticoid levels, their receptors and their bioavailability appear to be relevant for future research studies, and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Marissal-Arvy
- INRAE, Laboratoire de Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moisan
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000, Bordeaux, France
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Eriksson MI, Summanen P, Gordin D, Forsblom C, Shams S, Liebkind R, Tatlisumak T, Putaala J, Groop PH, Martola J, Thorn LM. Cerebral small-vessel disease is associated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002274. [PMID: 34429281 PMCID: PMC8386215 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral small-vessel disease is common in neurologically asymptomatic individuals with type 1 diabetes. The retinal vasculature is thought to mirror the brain's vasculature, but data on this association are limited in type 1 diabetes. Our aim was to study associations between diabetic retinopathy severity and cerebral small-vessel disease in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 189 participants with type 1 diabetes (median age 40 (33-45) years; 53% female; diabetes duration 21.6 (18.2-30.7) years) and 29 healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls as part of the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. Participants underwent a clinical investigation, brain MRI, and fundus imaging. Signs of cerebral small-vessel disease in brain MRIs were analyzed in relation to diabetic retinopathy severity (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) score). RESULTS In type 1 diabetes, participants with cerebral small-vessel disease had higher ETDRS scores (35 (20-61) vs 20 (20-35), p=0.022) and a higher prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy than those without cerebral small-vessel disease (25% vs 9%, p=0.002). In adjusted analysis, proliferative diabetic retinopathy was associated with cerebral small-vessel disease (OR 2.57 (95% CI 1.04 to 6.35)). Median ETDRS score (35 (20-65) vs 20 (20-35), p=0.024) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy prevalence were higher (29% vs 13%, p=0.002) in participants with versus without cerebral microbleeds. ETDRS scores increased by number of cerebral microbleeds (p=0.001), both ETDRS score (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.09)) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (8.52 (95% CI 1.91 to 37.94)) were associated with >2 cerebral microbleeds in separate multivariable analysis. We observed no association with white matter hyperintensities or lacunar infarcts. CONCLUSIONS Presence of cerebral small-vessel disease on brain MRI, particularly cerebral microbleeds, is associated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika I Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Summanen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Shams
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ron Liebkind
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juha Martola
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lena M Thorn
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Extreme Glycemic Fluctuations Debilitate NRG1, ErbB Receptors and Olig1 Function: Association with Regeneration, Cognition and Mood Alterations During Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4727-4744. [PMID: 34165684 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration is crucial for maintaining intact neural interactions for perpetuation of cognitive and emotional functioning. The NRG1-ErbB receptor signaling is a key pathway for regeneration in adult brain and also associated with learning and mood stabilization by modulating synaptic transmission. Extreme glycemic stress is known to affect NRG1-ErbB-mediated regeneration in brain; yet, it remains unclear how the ErbB receptor subtypes are differentially affected due to such metabolic variations. Here, we assessed the alterations in NRG1, ErbB receptor subtypes to study the regenerative potential, both in rodents as well as in neuronal and glial cell models of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemic insults during hyperglycemia. The pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant status leading to degenerative changes in brain regions were determined. The spatial memory and anxiogenic behaviour of experimental rodents were tested using 'T' maze and Elevated Plus Maze. Our data revealed that the extreme glycemic discrepancies during diabetes and recurrent hypoglycemia lead to altered expression of NRG1, ErbB receptor subtypes, Syntaxin1 and Olig1 that shows association with impaired regeneration, synaptic dysfunction, demyelination, cognitive deficits and anxiety.
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Shalaby AM, Aboregela AM, Alabiad MA, Tayssir Sadek M. The Effect of Induced Diabetes Mellitus on the Cerebellar Cortex of Adult Male Rat and the Possible Protective Role of Oxymatrine: A Histological, Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 45:182-196. [PMID: 34000959 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.1926610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a widespread metabolic disease with a well-known neurotoxicity in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Oxymatrine is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has various pharmacological activities including: anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory potentials. The present work aimed to study the impact of diabetes mellitus on the cerebellar cortex of adult male albino rat and to evaluate the potential protective role of oxymatrine. Fifty-five adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups: group I served as control, group II was given oxymatrine (80 mg/kg/day) orally for 8 weeks and group III was given a single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) intaperitoneally to induce diabetes. Then diabetic rats were subdivided into two subgroups: subgroup IIIa that received no additional treatment and subgroup IIIb that received oxymatrine similar to group II. The diabetic group revealed numerous changes in the Purkinje cell layer in the form of multilayer arrangement of Purkinje cells, shrunken cells with deeply stained nuclei as well as focal loss of the Purkinje cells. A significant increment in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin expression were reported in immunohistochemistry compared with the control group. Transmission electron microscopy showed irregularity and splitting of myelin sheaths in the molecular layer, dark shrunken Purkinje cells with ill-defined nuclei, dilated Golgi saccules and dense granule cells with irregular nuclear outlines in the granular layer. In contrast, these changes were less evident in diabetic rats that received oxymatrine. In conclusion, Oxymatrine could protect the cerebellar cortex against changes induced by DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Adel Mohamed Aboregela
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Bisha University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona Tayssir Sadek
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Lassandro G, Ciaccia L, Amoruso A, Palladino V, Palmieri VV, Giordano P. Focus on MicroRNAs as Biomarker in Pediatric Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:826-832. [PMID: 33087027 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201021125512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MiRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs are considered a class of epigenetic biomarkers. These biomarkers can investigate disease at different stages: diagnosis, therapy or clinical follow-up. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to highlight the innovative use of miRNAs in several childhood diseases. METHODS We conducted a literature review to search the usage of miRNAs in pediatric clinical routine or experimental trials. RESULTS We found a possible key role of miRNAs in different pediatric illnesses (metabolic alterations, coagulation defects, cancer). CONCLUSION The modest literature production denotes that further investigation is needed to assess and validate the promising role of miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers in pediatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lassandro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Ciaccia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Amoruso
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Palladino
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana V Palmieri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Unzeta M, Hernàndez-Guillamon M, Sun P, Solé M. SSAO/VAP-1 in Cerebrovascular Disorders: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073365. [PMID: 33805974 PMCID: PMC8036996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) or primary amine oxidase (PrAO), is a deaminating enzyme highly expressed in vessels that generates harmful products as a result of its enzymatic activity. As a multifunctional enzyme, it is also involved in inflammation through its ability to bind and promote the transmigration of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Inflammation is present in different systemic and cerebral diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These pathologies show important affectations on cerebral vessels, together with increased SSAO levels. This review summarizes the main roles of SSAO/VAP-1 in human physiology and pathophysiology and discusses the mechanisms by which it can affect the onset and progression of both stroke and AD. As there is an evident interrelationship between stroke and AD, basically through the vascular system dysfunction, the possibility that SSAO/VAP-1 could be involved in the transition between these two pathologies is suggested. Hence, its inhibition is proposed to be an interesting therapeutical approach to the brain damage induced in these both cerebral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Unzeta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Auònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mar Hernàndez-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-896-766
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
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Bikri S, Aboussaleh Y, Berrani A, Louragli I, Hafid A, Chakib S, Ahami A. Effects of date seeds administration on anxiety and depressive symptoms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: biochemical and behavioral evidences. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:1031-1040. [PMID: 33705613 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several epidemiological data indicate that chronic hyperglycemia is associated with behavioral changes such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. Date seeds, one of the most potent products with potential antioxidant activities and possess many benefits against hyperglycemia and its complication. The aim of the current study was to explore the potential effect of date seeds extract on biochemical and behavioral changes (anxiety and depression) in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. METHODS Rats were divided into four groups as follows: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with the lyophilized aqueous extract of the date seed (2,000 mg/kg) (LAE-DS) and diabetics treated with insulin (4 UI/day). Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). After 24 days treatment period, anxiety and depressive behaviors were evaluated using four behavioral tests. After sacrifice, blood samples were collected to evaluate lipid parameters. In addition, rat organs (kidney, liver and brain) were dissected out in order to estimate lipid peroxidation levels as oxidative stress marker. RESULTS Oral administration of the lyophilized aqueous extract of date seeds and insulin injection for 30 days significantly decreased blood glucose levels in STZ-diabetic rats and protected them against undesirable changes in lipid parameters, including cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis index. Compared to untreated diabetic rat, a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation levels in kidney, liver and brain (Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) were observed after treatment with insulin or LAE-DS in diabetic rats. Furthermore, insulin and LAE-DS administration prevented anxiety-related behaviors in STZ-diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it would be possible to combine this extract with insulin and use it as an antioxidant supplement for type 1 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bikri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Health and Environment, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Youssef Aboussaleh
- Biology Department, Laboratory of Nutrition, Health and Environment, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Assia Berrani
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ismail Louragli
- Biology Department, Laboratory of Nutrition, Health and Environment, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Affaf Hafid
- Biology Department, Laboratory of Nutrition, Health and Environment, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Chakib
- Biology Department, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology Genetics and Biotechnology, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Ahami
- Biology Department, Laboratory of Nutrition, Health and Environment, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
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14
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Reddy VS, Pandarinath S, Archana M, Reddy GB. Impact of chronic hyperglycemia on Small Heat Shock Proteins in diabetic rat brain. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108816. [PMID: 33631184 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are a family of proteins. Some are induced in response to multiple stimuli and others are constitutively expressed. They are involved in fundamental cellular processes, including protein folding, apoptosis, and maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity. Hyperglycemia created during diabetes leads to neuronal derangements in the brain. In this study, we investigated the impact of chronic hyperglycemia on the expression of sHsps and heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), solubility and aggregation of sHsps and amyloidogenic proteins, and their role in neuronal apoptosis in a diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin and hyperglycemia was maintained for 16 weeks. Expressions of sHsps and HSFs were analyzed by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting in the cerebral cortex. Solubility of sHsps and amyloidogenic proteins, including α-synuclein and Tau, was analyzed by the detergent soluble assay. Neuronal cell death was analyzed by TUNEL staining and apoptotic markers. The interaction of sHsps with amyloidogenic proteins and Bax was assessed using co-immunoprecipitation. Hyperglycemia decreased Hsp27 and HSF1, and increased αBC, Hsp22, and HSF4 levels at transcript and protein levels. Diabetes induced the aggregation of αBC, Hsp22, α-synuclein, and pTau, as their levels were higher in the insoluble fraction. Additionally, diabetes impaired the interaction of αBC with α-synuclein and pTau. Furthermore, diabetes reduced the interaction of αBC with Bax, which may possibly contribute to neuronal apoptosis. Together, these results indicate that chronic hyperglycemia induces differential responses of sHsps by altering their expression, solubility, interaction, and roles in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sudhakar Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
| | - S Pandarinath
- Biochemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Archana
- Biochemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Van Hove L, Kim KR, Arrick DM, Mayhan WG. A cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist augments NOS-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles during type 1 diabetes. Microvasc Res 2021; 133:104077. [PMID: 32979391 PMCID: PMC7704564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While activation of cannabinoid (CB2) receptors has been shown to be neuroprotective, no studies have examined whether this neuroprotection is directed at cerebral arterioles and no studies have examined whether activation of CB2 receptors can rescue cerebrovascular dysfunction during a chronic disease state such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our goal was to test the hypothesis that administration of a CB2 agonist (JWH-133) would improve impaired endothelial (eNOS)- and neuronal (nNOS)-dependent dilation of cerebral arterioles during T1D. In vivo diameter of cerebral arterioles in nondiabetic and T1D rats was measured in response to an eNOS-dependent agonist (adenosine 5'-diphosphate; ADP), an nNOS-dependent agonist (N-methyl-d-aspartate; NMDA), and an NOS-independent agonist (nitroglycerin) before and 1 h following JWH-133 (1 mg/kg IP). Dilation of cerebral arterioles to ADP and NMDA was greater in nondiabetic than in T1D rats. Treatment with JWH-133 increased responses of cerebral arterioles to ADP and NMDA in both nondiabetic and T1D rats. Responses of cerebral arterioles to nitroglycerin were similar between nondiabetic and T1D rats, and JWH-133 did not influence responses to nitroglycerin in either group. The restoration in responses to the agonists by JWH-133 could be inhibited by treatment with a specific inhibitor of CB2 receptors (AM-630; 3 mg/kg IP). Thus, activation of CB2 receptors can potentiate reactivity of cerebral arterioles during physiologic and pathophysiologic states. We speculate that treatment with CB2 receptor agonists may have potential therapeutic benefits for the treatment of cerebral vascular diseases via a mechanism that can increase cerebral blood flow.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arterioles/drug effects
- Arterioles/enzymology
- Brain/blood supply
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/enzymology
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Male
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Van Hove
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States of America
| | - Kirsten R Kim
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States of America
| | - Denise M Arrick
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States of America
| | - William G Mayhan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States of America.
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16
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Gao H, Jiang Q, Ji H, Ning J, Li C, Zheng H. Type 1 diabetes induces cognitive dysfunction in rats associated with alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolomes in serum and hippocampus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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He T, Sun R, Santhanam AV, d'Uscio LV, Lu T, Katusic ZS. Impairment of amyloid precursor protein alpha-processing in cerebral microvessels of type 1 diabetic mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1085-1098. [PMID: 29251519 PMCID: PMC6547183 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying dysfunction of cerebral microvasculature induced by type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not fully understood. We hypothesized that in cerebral microvascular endothelium, α-processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is impaired by T1D. In cerebral microvessels derived from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D mice protein levels of APP and its α-processing enzyme, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) were significantly decreased, along with down-regulation of adenylate cyclase 3 (AC3) and enhanced production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2). In vitro studies in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) revealed that knockdown of AC3 significantly suppressed ADAM10 protein levels, and that activation of TXA2 receptor decreased APP expression. Furthermore, levels of soluble APPα (sAPPα, a product of α-processing of APP) were significantly reduced in hippocampus of T1D mice. In contrast, amyloidogenic processing of APP was not affected by T1D in both cerebral microvessels and hippocampus. Most notably, studies in endothelial specific APP knockout mice established that genetic inactivation of APP in endothelium was sufficient to significantly reduce sAPPα levels in the hippocampus. In aggregate, our findings suggest that T1D impairs non-amyloidogenic processing of APP in cerebral microvessels. This may exert detrimental effect on local concentration of neuroprotective molecule, sAPPα, in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrong He
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ruohan Sun
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, First Hospital and Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Anantha Vr Santhanam
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Livius V d'Uscio
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tong Lu
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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18
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Emanuel AL, van Duinkerken E, Wattjes MP, Klein M, Barkhof F, Snoek FJ, Diamant M, Eringa EC, IJzerman RG, Serné EH. The presence of cerebral white matter lesions and lower skin microvascular perfusion predicts lower cognitive performance in type 1 diabetes patients with retinopathy but not in healthy controls-A longitudinal study. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12530. [PMID: 30659710 PMCID: PMC6593465 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive impairments in type 1 diabetes may result from hyperglycemia-associated cerebral microangiopathy. We aimed to identify cerebral microangiopathy and skin microvascular dysfunction-as a surrogate marker for generalized microvascular function-as predictors of cognitive performance over time. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 25 type 1 diabetes patients with proliferative retinopathy and 25 matched healthy controls underwent neurocognitive testing at baseline and after follow-up (3.8 ± 0.8 years). At baseline, 1.5-T cerebral magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect WML and cerebral microbleeds. Skin capillary perfusion was assessed by means of capillary microscopy. RESULTS In type 1 diabetes patients, but not in healthy controls, the presence of WML (ß = -0.419; P = 0.037) as well as lower skin capillary perfusion (baseline: ß = 0.753; P < 0.001; peak hyperemia: ß = 0.743; P = 0.001; venous occlusion: ß = 0.675; P = 0.003; capillary recruitment: ß = 0.549; P = 0.022) at baseline was associated with lower cognitive performance over time, independent of age, sex, HbA1c, and severe hypoglycemia. The relationship between WML and lower cognitive performance was significantly reduced after adjusting for capillary perfusion. CONCLUSIONS These data fit the hypothesis that cerebral microangiopathy is a manifestation of generalized microvascular dysfunction, leading to lower cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Emanuel
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amstelland Hospital, Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco van Duinkerken
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amstelland Hospital, Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Klein
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Snoek
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Diamant
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G IJzerman
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Serné
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Moura LIF, Lemos C, Ledent C, Carvalho E, Köfalvi A. Chronic insulinopenia/hyperglycemia decreases cannabinoid CB 1 receptor density and impairs glucose uptake in the mouse forebrain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:101-109. [PMID: 30721768 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Both endocannabinoids and insulin regulate peripheral and cerebral glucose homeostasis via convergent signaling pathways that are impacted by diabetes. Here we asked how glucose metabolism and important facets of insulin signaling are affected in the forebrain of cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice (CB1R-KO) and their wild-type (WT) littermates, seven weeks after the induction of insulinopenia/hyperglycemia (diabetes) with intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection. Sham-injected animals served as control. Diabetes caused milder weight loss in the WT mice compared to the phenotypically ˜11% leaner CB1R-KO, while hyperglycemia was similar. Resting [3H]deoxyglucose uptake was significantly reduced by ˜20% in acute ex vivo frontocortical and hippocampal slices obtained from both the sham-injected CB1R-KO and the diabetic WT mice. Surprisingly, the third cohort, the diabetic CB1R-KO showed no further impairment in glucose uptake, as compared to the sham-injected CB1R-KO. Depolarization-induced [3H]deoxyglucose uptake was proportional to the respective resting values only in the cortex in all four cohorts. The dissipative metabolism of [14C]-U-glucose remained largely unaffected in all cohorts of animals. However, diabetes reduced cortical CB1R density by ˜20%, as assessed by Western blotting. Albeit the changes in insulin signaling did not reflect the glucose uptake profile in each cohort, there were significant interactions between diabetes and genotype. In conclusion, a chronic decrease or lack of CB1R expression reduces glucose uptake in the mouse brain. Additionally, diabetes failed to cause further impairment in cerebral glucose uptake in the CB1R-KO. These suggest that diabetic encephalopathy may be in part associated with lower CB1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane I F Moura
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lemos
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Eugénia Carvalho
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States; The Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Attila Köfalvi
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal.
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20
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Mehta BK, Singh KK, Banerjee S. Effect of exercise on type 2 diabetes-associated cognitive impairment in rats. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:252-263. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1526795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bina Kumari Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India
| | - Kaushal Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India
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21
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Osorio-Paz I, Ramírez-Pérez G, Hernández-Ramírez JE, Uribe-Carvajal S, Salceda R. Mitochondrial activity in different regions of the brain at the onset of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:871-879. [PMID: 29982890 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes affects a variety of tissues including the central nervous system; moreover, some evidence indicates that memory and learning processes are disrupted. Also, oxidative stress triggers alterations in different tissues including the brain. Recent studies indicate mitochondria dysfunction is a pivotal factor for neuron damage. Therefore, we studied mitochondrial activity in three brain regions at early type I-diabetes induction. Isolated mitochondria from normal hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum revealed different rates of oxygen consumption, but similar respiratory controls. Oxygen consumption in basal state 4 significantly increased in the mitochondria from all three brain regions from diabetic rats. No relevant differences were observed in the activity of respiratory complexes, but hippocampal mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced. However, ATP content, mitochondrial cytochrome c, and protein levels of β-tubulin III, synaptophysin, and glutamine synthase were similar in brain regions from normal and diabetic rats. In addition, no differences in total glutathione levels were observed between normal and diabetic rat brain regions. Our results indicated that different regions of the brain have specific metabolic responses. The changes in mitochondrial activity we observed at early diabetes induction did not appear to cause metabolic alterations, but they might appear at later stages. Longer-term streptozotocin treatment studies must be done to elucidate the impact of hyperglycemia in brain metabolism and the function of specific brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixchel Osorio-Paz
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gabriela Ramírez-Pérez
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Jesús E Hernández-Ramírez
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- División de Investigación Básica, Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Rocío Salceda
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, D.F., Mexico.
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22
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Roy Chowdhury S, Djordjevic J, Thomson E, Smith DR, Albensi BC, Fernyhough P. Depressed mitochondrial function and electron transport Complex II-mediated H 2O 2 production in the cortex of type 1 diabetic rodents. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 90:49-59. [PMID: 29802939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abnormalities in mitochondrial function under diabetic conditions can lead to deficits in function of cortical neurons and their support cells exhibiting a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to assess mitochondrial respiration rates and membrane potential or H2O2 generation simultaneously and expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, ROS scavenging and AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α pathway activity in cortex under diabetic conditions. METHODS Cortical mitochondria from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats or mice, and aged-matched controls were used for simultaneous measurements of mitochondrial respiration rates and mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) or H2O2 using OROBOROS oxygraph. Measurements of enzymatic activities of respiratory complexes were performed using spectophotometry. Protein levels in cortical mitochondria and homogenates were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Mitochondrial coupled respiration rates and FCCP-induced uncoupled respiration rates were significantly decreased in mitochondria of cortex of STZ-diabetic rats compared to controls. The mtMP in the presence of ADP was significantly depolarized and succinate-dependent respiration rates and H2O2 were significantly diminished in cortical mitochondria of diabetic animals compared to controls, accompanied with reduced expression of CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase. The enzymatic activities of Complex I, II, and IV and protein levels of certain components of Complex I and II, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), P-AMPK, SIRT2 and PGC-1α were significantly diminished in diabetic cortex. CONCLUSION Deficits in mitochondrial function, dynamics, and antioxidant capabilities putatively mediated through sub-optimal AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α signaling, are involved in the development of early sub-clinical neurodegeneration in the cortex under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ella Thomson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Darrell R Smith
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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23
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Miquel S, Champ C, Day J, Aarts E, Bahr BA, Bakker M, Bánáti D, Calabrese V, Cederholm T, Cryan J, Dye L, Farrimond JA, Korosi A, Layé S, Maudsley S, Milenkovic D, Mohajeri MH, Sijben J, Solomon A, Spencer JPE, Thuret S, Vanden Berghe W, Vauzour D, Vellas B, Wesnes K, Willatts P, Wittenberg R, Geurts L. Poor cognitive ageing: Vulnerabilities, mechanisms and the impact of nutritional interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 42:40-55. [PMID: 29248758 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing is a highly complex process marked by a temporal cascade of events, which promote alterations in the normal functioning of an individual organism. The triggers of normal brain ageing are not well understood, even less so the factors which initiate and steer the neuronal degeneration, which underpin disorders such as dementia. A wealth of data on how nutrients and diets may support cognitive function and preserve brain health are available, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological action in both normal ageing, age-related cognitive decline, and in the development of neurodegenerative disorders have not been clearly elucidated. OBJECTIVES This review aims to summarise the current state of knowledge of vulnerabilities that predispose towards dysfunctional brain ageing, highlight potential protective mechanisms, and discuss dietary interventions that may be used as therapies. A special focus of this paper is on the impact of nutrition on neuroprotection and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and this focus reflects the discussions held during the 2nd workshop 'Nutrition for the Ageing Brain: Functional Aspects and Mechanisms' in Copenhagen in June 2016. The present review is the most recent in a series produced by the Nutrition and Mental Performance Task Force under the auspice of the International Life Sciences Institute Europe (ILSI Europe). CONCLUSION Coupling studies of cognitive ageing with studies investigating the effect of nutrition and dietary interventions as strategies targeting specific mechanisms, such as neurogenesis, protein clearance, inflammation, and non-coding and microRNAs is of high value. Future research on the impact of nutrition on cognitive ageing will need to adopt a longitudinal approach and multimodal nutritional interventions will likely need to be imposed in early-life to observe significant impact in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Miquel
- Mars-Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk Street, Chicago, IL 60642, United States
| | - Claire Champ
- Human Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Day
- Cerebrus Associates Limited, The White House, 2 Meadrow, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 3HN, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Aarts
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Centre, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, United States
| | - Martijntje Bakker
- The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Laan van Nieuw Oost-Indië 334, 2593 CE The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Diána Bánáti
- International Life Sciences Institute, Europe (ILSI Europe), Av E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- University of Catania, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Biological Tower - Via Santa Sofia, 97, Catania, Italy
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- University of Uppsala, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, Klinisk nutrition och metabolism, Uppsala Science Park, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Cryan
- Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, 386 Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise Dye
- Human Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Research and VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Gebouw V, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- INRA, Human Nutrition Unit, UCA, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - John Sijben
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, PO Box 80141, 3508TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Solomon
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 16, SE-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeremy P E Spencer
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute,125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- PPES, Department Biomedical Sciences, University Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Vauzour
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Gerontopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Keith Wesnes
- Wesnes Cognition Limited, Little Paddock, Streatley on Thames, RG8 9RD, United Kingdom; Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia; Medicinal Plant Research Group, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Willatts
- School of Psychology, University of Dundee Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Wittenberg
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Geurts
- International Life Sciences Institute, Europe (ILSI Europe), Av E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Gault VA, Hölscher C. GLP-1 receptor agonists show neuroprotective effects in animal models of diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:101-107. [PMID: 29412810 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-resistant receptor agonists of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have shown positive therapeutic effects in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM has detrimental effects on brain function and impairment of cognition and memory formation has been described. One of the underlying mechanisms is most likely insulin de-sensitization in the brain, as insulin improves cognitive impairments and enhances learning. Treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists improves memory formation and impairment of synaptic plasticity observed in animal models of diabetes-obesity. Furthermore, it has been shown that diabetes impairs growth factor signalling in the brain and reduces energy utilization in the cortex. Inflammation and apoptotic signalling was also increased. Treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists improved neuronal growth and repair and reduced inflammation and apoptosis as well as oxidative stress. In comparison with the diabetes drug metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists were able to improve glycemic control and reverse brain impairments, whereas metformin only normalized blood glucose levels. Clinical studies in non-diabetic patients with neurodegenerative disorders showed neuroprotective effects following administration with GLP-1 receptor agonists, demonstrating that neuroprotective effects are independent of blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Gault
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Evaluation of apparent diffusion coefficient measurements of brain injury in type 2 diabetics with retinopathy by diffusion-weighted MRI at 3.0 T. Neuroreport 2018; 28:69-74. [PMID: 27846040 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is often associated with impairments in brain functioning. However, the injury of specific functioning areas of the brain is not clear. To address this problem, the present study was designed to investigate possible brain functioning change in specific brain areas, particularly in areas associated with vision function, in patients with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR and NPDR) using the diffusion-weighted imaging technology. Conventional MRI was performed in 45 diabetic patients, 30 of whom had diabetic retinopathy (DR) involvement (half PDR, and half NPDR) and 15 of whom were diabetic patients without retinopathy and with normal ophthalmologic examination. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), cingulated gyrus, thalamus, dorsomedial and dorsolateral frontal cortex, and corona radiate. The ADC values of the OFC, cingulated gyrus, and visual cortex were significantly increased in patients with PDR and NPDR compared with both patients without retinopathy and the control group (P<0.01). The ADC values of the OFC, cingulated gyrus, and visual cortex were significantly increased in patients with PDR compared with NPDR. The duration of disease and values of hemoglobin A1c were significantly correlated with ADC values of the OFC, cingulated gyrus, and visual cortex, respectively (P<0.01 or <0.05). We observed significantly increased ADC values of the visual center (OFC, cingulated gyrus, and visual cortex), supporting the association between DR and impairment in brain functioning. Diffusion-weighted imaging may serve to assess subclinical neurological involvement in DR, even when brain structural changes are absent.
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Nilsson M, Gjedde A, Brock B, Gejl M, Rungby J. The effects of incretin hormones on cerebral glucose metabolism in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:243-250. [PMID: 29274367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Incretin hormones, notably glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are gluco-regulatory hormones with pleiotropic effects also in the central nervous system. Apart from a local production of GLP-1, systemic administration of the hormone has been shown to influence a number of cerebral pathologies, including neuroinflammation. Given the brains massive dependence on glucose as its major fuel, we here review the mechanistics of cerebral glucose transport and metabolism, focusing on the deleterious effects of both hypo- and hyperglycaemia. GLP-1, when administered as long-acting analogues or intravenously, appears to decrease transport of glucose in normoglycaemic conditions, without affecting the total cerebral glucose content. During hypoglycaemia this effect seems abated, whereas during hyperglycaemia GLP-1 regulates cerebral glucose metabolism towards stable levels resembling normoglycaemia. In Alzheimer's disease, a 6-month intervention with GLP-1 maintained cerebral glucose levels at baseline levels, contrasting the decline otherwise seen in Alzheimer's. Kinetic studies suggest blood-brain barrier (BBB) glucose transport as the key player in GLP-1 mediated effects on cerebral glucose metabolism. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nilsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Clinical Research, and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Gejl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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The impact of diet-based glycaemic response and glucose regulation on cognition: evidence across the lifespan. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:466-477. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain has a high metabolic rate and its metabolism is almost entirely restricted to oxidative utilisation of glucose. These factors emphasise the extreme dependence of neural tissue on a stable and adequate supply of glucose. Whereas initially it was thought that only glucose deprivation (i.e. under hypoglycaemic conditions) can affect brain function, it has become apparent that low-level fluctuations in central availability can affect neural and consequently, cognitive performance. In the present paper the impact of diet-based glycaemic response and glucose regulation on cognitive processes across the lifespan will be reviewed. The data suggest that although an acute rise in blood glucose levels has some short-term improvements of cognitive function, a more stable blood glucose profile, which avoids greater peaks and troughs in circulating glucose is associated with better cognitive function and a lower risk of cognitive impairments in the longer term. Therefore, a habitual diet that secures optimal glucose delivery to the brain in the fed and fasting states should be most advantageous for the maintenance of cognitive function. Although the evidence to date is promising, it is insufficient to allow firm and evidence-based nutritional recommendations. The rise in obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in recent years highlights the need for targeted dietary and lifestyle strategies to promote healthy lifestyle and brain function across the lifespan and for future generations. Consequently, there is an urgent need for hypothesis-driven, randomised controlled trials that evaluate the role of different glycaemic manipulations on cognition.
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Diabetes-induced abnormalities of mitochondrial function in rat brain cortex: the effect of n-3 fatty acid diet. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 435:109-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Ravi S, Shanmugam B, Subbaiah GV, Prasad SH, Reddy KS. Identification of food preservative, stress relief compounds by GC-MS and HR-LC/Q-TOF/MS; evaluation of antioxidant activity of Acalypha indica leaves methanolic extract (in vitro) and polyphenolic fraction (in vivo). JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:1585-1596. [PMID: 28559618 PMCID: PMC5430191 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present paper has been designed to evaluate phytochemical profile, in vitro free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity of methanolic extract and in vivo antioxidant activity of polyphenolic fraction of Acalypha indica leaves. Methanolic extract of A. indica leaves (MEAIL) contained rich amount of phenols, flavonoids and saponins. The GC-MS analysis of extract revealed 13 compounds, whereas HR-LC/Q-TOF/MS showed 87, and all were coincided with functional groups identified by FTIR. The extract showed good scavenging activity on DPPH, H2O2, hydroxyl radicals and metal ions. The Polyphenolic fraction induced the antioxidant enzymes in Diabetic rats. The extract also potentially showed cytotoxic (LC50: 140.02 µg/mL) activity against brine shrimp. Based on these analytical results, in vitro and in vivo experiments, it was concluded that the MEAIL has encompassed rich amount of polyphenols (antioxidants) and cytotoxic compounds for their respective activities. Polyphenolic fraction has the induction capacity to elevate cellular antioxidant enzymes in diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahukari Ravi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethnopharmacology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502 India
| | - Bhasha Shanmugam
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethnopharmacology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502 India
| | - Ganjikunta Venkata Subbaiah
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethnopharmacology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502 India
| | - Singamala Hari Prasad
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethnopharmacology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502 India
| | - Kesireddy Sathyavelu Reddy
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethnopharmacology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502 India
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Abnormal spontaneous brain activity in type 2 diabetic retinopathy revealed by amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations: a resting-state fMRI study. Clin Radiol 2017; 72:340.e1-340.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Changes of normal appearing optic nerve head on diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Clin Imaging 2017; 42:60-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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32
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Alomar F, Singh J, Jang H, Rozanzki GJ, Shao CH, Padanilam BJ, Mayhan WG, Bidasee KR. Smooth muscle-generated methylglyoxal impairs endothelial cell-mediated vasodilatation of cerebral microvessels in type 1 diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3307-3326. [PMID: 27611446 PMCID: PMC5738666 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endothelial cell-mediated vasodilatation of cerebral arterioles is impaired in individuals with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). This defect compromises haemodynamics and can lead to hypoxia, microbleeds, inflammation and exaggerated ischaemia-reperfusion injuries. The molecular causes for dysregulation of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (cECs) in T1D remains poorly defined. This study tests the hypothesis that cECs dysregulation in T1D is triggered by increased generation of the mitochondrial toxin, methylglyoxal, by smooth muscle cells in cerebral arterioles (cSMCs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Endothelial cell-mediated vasodilatation, vascular transcytosis inflammation, hypoxia and ischaemia-reperfusion injury were assessed in brains of male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and compared with those in diabetic rats with increased expression of methylglyoxal-degrading enzyme glyoxalase-I (Glo-I) in cSMCs. KEY RESULTS After 7-8 weeks of T1D, endothelial cell-mediated vasodilatation of cerebral arterioles was impaired. Microvascular leakage, gliosis, macrophage/neutrophil infiltration, NF-κB activity and TNF-α levels were increased, and density of perfused microvessels was reduced. Transient occlusion of a mid-cerebral artery exacerbated ischaemia-reperfusion injury. In cSMCs, Glo-I protein was decreased, and the methylglyoxal-synthesizing enzyme, vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) and methylglyoxal were increased. Restoring Glo-I protein in cSMCs of diabetic rats to control levels via gene transfer, blunted VAP-1 and methylglyoxal increases, cECs dysfunction, microvascular leakage, inflammation, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and increased microvessel perfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Methylglyoxal generated by cSMCs induced cECs dysfunction, inflammation, hypoxia and exaggerated ischaemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Lowering methylglyoxal produced by cSMCs may be a viable therapeutic strategy to preserve cECs function and blunt deleterious downstream consequences in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhel Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of DammamDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Jaipaul Singh
- School of Forensic and Applied ScienceUniversity of Central LancashirePrestonUK
| | - Hee‐Seong Jang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
| | - George J Rozanzki
- Department of Cellular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
- Nebraska Redox Biology CenterLincolnNEUSA
| | - Chun Hong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Cellular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
| | - William G Mayhan
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Keshore R Bidasee
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational HealthUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
- Nebraska Redox Biology CenterLincolnNEUSA
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Solanki ND, Bhavsar SK. An evaluation of the protective role of Ficus racemosa Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy with neurodegeneration. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 47:610-5. [PMID: 26729951 PMCID: PMC4689013 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.169579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Ficus racemosa (FR) is one of the herbs mentioned in the scriptures of the Ayurveda as Udumbara with high medicinal value. The objective of this study was to estimate the protective effect of FR against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic neuropathy with neurodegeneration (DNN). Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats with STZ and were divided into six groups namely diabetic vehicle control, FR (four) and glibenclamide (one) treated rats; while one group was of normal control rats. After the 4th week of diabetes, induction treatment was started for further 28 days (5th to 8th week) with FR aqueous extract (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg). Investigation of DNN was carried out through biochemical and behavioral parameter assessment in rats. Results: Study showed a significant fall in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood glucose level by the treatment of FR in diabetic rats. Antioxidant potential of FR showed a great rise in superoxide dismutase, catalase content and reduction observed in serum nitrite level; while significant fall in lipid peroxidation level and of C-reactive protein was observed in FR treated diabetic rats. Further FR treated diabetic rats also showed marked improvement in tail flick latency, pain threshold, the rise in locomotion and fall latency period. Conclusion: Treatment with FR shows protection in the multiple pathways of DNN by improving blood glucose, HbA1c, biochemical, and behavioral parameters, which suggest the protective role of FR in the reversal of DNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay D Solanki
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailesh K Bhavsar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
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Quincozes-Santos A, Bobermin LD, de Assis AM, Gonçalves CA, Souza DO. Fluctuations in glucose levels induce glial toxicity with glutamatergic, oxidative and inflammatory implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1-14. [PMID: 27663722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are dynamic cells that maintain brain homeostasis by regulating neurotransmitter systems, antioxidant defenses, inflammatory responses and energy metabolism. Astroglial cells are also primarily responsible for the uptake and metabolism of glucose in the brain. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pathological condition characterized by hyperglycemia and is associated with several changes in the central nervous system (CNS), including alterations in glial function. Classically, excessive glucose concentrations are used to induce experimental models of astrocyte dysfunction; however, hypoglycemic episodes may also cause several brain injuries. The main focus of the present study was to evaluate how fluctuations in glucose levels induce cytotoxicity. The culture medium of astroglial cells was replaced twice as follows: (1) from 6mM (control) to 12mM (high glucose), and (2) from 12mM to 0mM (glucose deprivation). Cell viability, mitochondrial function, oxidative/nitrosative stress, glutamate metabolism, inflammatory responses, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) transcriptional activity and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) levels were assessed. Our in vitro experimental model showed that up and down fluctuations in glucose levels decreased cell proliferation, induced mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative/nitrosative stress with consequent cellular biomolecular damage, impaired glutamate metabolism and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Additionally, activation of the NFκB and p38 signaling pathways were putative mechanisms of the effects of glucose fluctuations on astroglial cells. In summary, for the first time, we show that changes in glucose concentrations, from high-glucose levels to glucose deprivation, exacerbate glial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano M de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Baram M, Atsmon-Raz Y, Ma B, Nussinov R, Miller Y. Amylin-Aβ oligomers at atomic resolution using molecular dynamics simulations: a link between Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2330-8. [PMID: 26349542 PMCID: PMC4720542 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have identified Type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the potential mechanisms that link T2D and AD is the loss of cells associated with degenerative changes. Amylin1-37 aggregates (the pathological species in T2D) were found to be co-localized with those of Aβ1-42 (the pathological species in AD) to form the Amylin1-37-Aβ1-42 plaques, promoting aggregation and thus contributing to the etiology of AD. However, the mechanisms by which Amylin1-37 co-aggregates with Aβ1-42 are still elusive. This work presents the interactions between Amylin1-37 oligomers and Aβ1-42 oligomers at atomic resolution applying extensive molecular dynamics simulations for relatively large ensemble of cross-seeding Amylin1-37-Aβ1-42 oligomers. The main conclusions of this study are first, Aβ1-42 oligomers prefer to interact with Amylin1-37 oligomers to form single layer conformations (in-register interactions) rather than double layer conformations; and second, in some double layer conformations of the cross-seeding Amylin1-37-Aβ1-42 oligomers, the Amylin1-37 oligomers destabilize the Aβ1-42 oligomers and thus inhibit Aβ1-42 aggregation, while in other double layer conformations, the Amylin1-37 oligomers stabilize Aβ1-42 oligomers and thus promote Aβ1-42 aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Baram
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beér-Sheva 84105, Israel and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beér-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Yoav Atsmon-Raz
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beér-Sheva 84105, Israel and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beér-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. and Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beér-Sheva 84105, Israel and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beér-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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36
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Drewes AM, Søfteland E, Dimcevski G, Farmer AD, Brock C, Frøkjær JB, Krogh K, Drewes AM. Brain changes in diabetes mellitus patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:14-26. [PMID: 26839652 PMCID: PMC4724575 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In various studies up to 30%-70% of patients present dysfunction and complications related to the gut. To date several clinical studies have demonstrated that autonomic nervous system neuropathy and generalized neuropathy of the central nervous system (CNS) may play a major role. This systematic review provides an overview of the neurodegenerative changes that occur as a consequence of diabetes with a focus on the CNS changes and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Animal models where diabetes was induced experimentally support that the disease induces changes in CNS. Recent investigations with electroencephalography and functional brain imaging in patients with diabetes confirm these structural and functional brain changes. Encephalographic studies demonstrated that altered insular processing of sensory stimuli seems to be a key player in symptom generation. In fact one study indicated that the more GI symptoms the patients experienced, the deeper the insular electrical source was located. The electroencephalography was often used in combination with quantitative sensory testing mainly showing hyposensitivity to stimulation of GI organs. Imaging studies on patients with diabetes and GI symptoms mainly showed microstructural changes, especially in brain areas involved in visceral sensory processing. As the electrophysiological and imaging changes were associated with GI and autonomic symptoms they may represent a future therapeutic target for treating diabetics either pharmacologically or with neuromodulation.
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Effect of genistein on the cerebellar cortex of adult male albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000473710.76297.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Diabetes and stem cell function. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:592915. [PMID: 26075247 PMCID: PMC4449886 DOI: 10.1155/2015/592915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common serious metabolic diseases that results in hyperglycemia due to defects of insulin secretion or insulin action or both. The present review focuses on the alterations to the diabetic neuronal tissues and skeletal muscle, including stem cells in both tissues, and the preventive effects of physical activity on diabetes. Diabetes is associated with various nervous disorders, such as cognitive deficits, depression, and Alzheimer's disease, and that may be caused by neural stem cell dysfunction. Additionally, diabetes induces skeletal muscle atrophy, the impairment of energy metabolism, and muscle weakness. Similar to neural stem cells, the proliferation and differentiation are attenuated in skeletal muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells. However, physical activity is very useful for preventing the diabetic alteration to the neuronal tissues and skeletal muscle. Physical activity improves neurogenic capacity of neural stem cells and the proliferative and differentiative abilities of satellite cells. The present review proposes physical activity as a useful measure for the patients in diabetes to improve the physiological functions and to maintain their quality of life. It further discusses the use of stem cell-based approaches in the context of diabetes treatment.
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Hazari MAH, Ram Reddy B, Uzma N, Santhosh Kumar B. Cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdm.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yoo DY, Chae J, Jung HY, Yim HS, Kim JW, Nam SM, Kim DW, Choi JH, Seong JK, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Treadmill exercise is associated with reduction of reactive microgliosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic rats. Neurol Res 2015; 37:732-8. [PMID: 25797150 DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on microglial activation and the subsequent release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1-beta in the hippocampus in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS At 30 weeks of age, diabetic (Zucker diabetic fatty, ZDF) rats and their littermate control (Zucker lean control, ZLC) rats were either placed on a stationary treadmill or made to run for 1 hour/day at 12-16 m/minute on five consecutive days, for 10 weeks. Once the rats reached 40 weeks, they were perfused and their hippocampus collected for immunohistochemistry or hippocampus collected fresh for the Western blotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The whole blood glucose levels in exercised ZDF rats were significantly higher than in the sedentary or exercised ZLC rats, but were significantly lower than in the sedentary ZDF rats. In the sedentary ZLC and exercised ZLC rats, ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunoreactive microglia showed normal morphology which had small cytoplasm with ramified processes. In the sedentary ZDF rats, some Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia showed abnormal morphology which had hypertrophied cytoplasm with retracted processes. However, exercised ZDF rats had small cytoplasm with highly ramified processes. Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta in the hippocampal homogenates were significantly increased in sedentary ZDF rats compared to sedentary ZLC rats, respectively. However, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta levels in the exercised ZDF rats were significantly decreased compared with those of sedentary ZDF rats, respectively. DISCUSSION These results suggest that exercise in type 2 diabetic rats reduces microglial activation and the subsequent increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus.
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Gallardo-Moreno GB, González-Garrido AA, Gudayol-Ferré E, Guàrdia-Olmos J. Type 1 Diabetes Modifies Brain Activation in Young Patients While Performing Visuospatial Working Memory Tasks. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:703512. [PMID: 26266268 PMCID: PMC4525461 DOI: 10.1155/2015/703512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the effects of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) on cognitive functions. T1D onset usually occurs during childhood, so it is possible that the brain could be affected during neurodevelopment. We selected young patients of normal intelligence with T1D onset during neurodevelopment, no complications from diabetes, and adequate glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to compare the neural BOLD activation pattern in a group of patients with T1D versus healthy control subjects while performing a visuospatial working memory task. Sixteen patients and 16 matched healthy control subjects participated. There was no significant statistical difference in behavioral performance between the groups, but, in accordance with our hypothesis, results showed distinct brain activation patterns. Control subjects presented the expected activations related to the task, whereas the patients had greater activation in the prefrontal inferior cortex, basal ganglia, posterior cerebellum, and substantia nigra. These different patterns could be due to compensation mechanisms that allow them to maintain a behavioral performance similar to that of control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geisa B. Gallardo-Moreno
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Colonia Arcos Vallarta, 44130 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
- *Geisa B. Gallardo-Moreno:
| | - Andrés A. González-Garrido
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Colonia Arcos Vallarta, 44130 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Esteban Gudayol-Ferré
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco Villa 450, 58120 Morelia, MICH, Mexico
| | - Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
- Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca en Cervell, Cognició i Conducta (IR3C), Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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A systematic review of placental pathology in maternal diabetes mellitus. Placenta 2014; 36:101-14. [PMID: 25524060 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During a pregnancy complicated by diabetes, the human placenta undergoes a number of functional and structural pathologic changes, such as increased placental weight and increased incidence of placental lesions including villous maturational defects and fibrinoid necrosis. The pathologic findings reported have differed among studies, potentially reflecting differences in type of diabetes, study methodology, or glycemic control of study participants. Alternatively, these discrepancies may represent different biologic adaptations to distinct metabolic diseases. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of English language citations in Pubmed and Embase using the keywords "diabetes", "placenta", AND "pathology". Abstracts were reviewed for relevance then full-text articles were reviewed in order to extract a comprehensive summary of current pathological findings associated with pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus, as well as an understanding of the impact of glycemic control on placental pathology. RESULTS Placental abnormalities most consistently associated with maternal diabetes are an increased incidence of villous immaturity, increased measures of angiogenesis, and increased placental weight. CONCLUSIONS The literature suggests that, despite similarities in placental abnormalities, differences in placental pathology may reflect differences in pathophysiology among different types of diabetes. Consequently, standardization of terminology used to define placental lesions is warranted. Moreover, further research is needed to investigate the impact of pathophysiology, glycemic control and clinical factors, such as infant sex, weight and race, on placental structure and function.
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Singhal K, Sandhir R. L-type calcium channel blocker ameliorates diabetic encephalopathy by modulating dysregulated calcium homeostasis. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:296-308. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Singhal
- Department of Biochemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
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Cui D, Liu J, Bian Z, Li Q, Wang L, Li X. Cortical source multivariate EEG synchronization analysis on amnestic mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:523216. [PMID: 25254248 PMCID: PMC4164801 DOI: 10.1155/2014/523216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Is synchronization altered in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and normal cognitive functions subjects in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Resting eye-closed EEG data were recorded in 8 aMCI subjects and 11 age-matched controls in T2DM. Three multivariate synchronization algorithms (S-estimator (S), synchronization index (SI), and global synchronization index (GSI)) were used to measure the synchronization in five ROIs of sLORETA sources for seven bands. Results showed that aMCI group had lower synchronization values than control groups in parietal delta and beta2 bands, temporal delta and beta2 bands, and occipital theta and beta2 bands significantly. Temporal (r = 0.629; P = 0.004) and occipital (r = 0.648; P = 0.003) theta S values were significantly positive correlated with Boston Name Testing. In sum, each of methods reflected that the cortical source synchronization was significantly different between aMCI and control group, and these difference correlated with cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cui
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhijie Bian
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qiuli Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Second Artillery Corps of PLA, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Second Artillery Corps of PLA, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Investigation on carbohydrate counting method in type 1 diabetic patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:176564. [PMID: 25202704 PMCID: PMC4150540 DOI: 10.1155/2014/176564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The results from Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) have propounded the importance of the approach of treatment by medical nutrition when treating diabetes mellitus (DM). During this study, we tried to inquire carbohydrate (Kh) count method's positive effects on the type 1 DM treatment's success as well as on the life quality of the patients. METHODS 22 of 37 type 1 DM patients who applied to Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, had been treated by Kh count method and 15 of them are treated by multiple dosage intensive insulin treatment with applying standard diabetic diet as a control group and both of groups were under close follow-up for 6 months. Required approval was taken from the Ethical Committee of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, as well as informed consent from the patients. The body weight of patients who are treated by carbohydrate count method and multiple dosage intensive insulin treatment during the study beginning and after 6-month term, body mass index, and body compositions are analyzed. A short life quality and medical research survey applied. At statistical analysis, t-test, chi-squared test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used. RESULTS There had been no significant change determined at glycemic control indicators between the Kh counting group and the standard diabetic diet and multiple dosage insulin treatment group in our study. CONCLUSION As a result, Kh counting method which offers a flexible nutrition plan to diabetic individuals is a functional method.
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Aortic stiffness is associated with white matter integrity in patients with type 1 diabetes. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:2031-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gejl M, Rungby J, Brock B, Gjedde A. At the centennial of Michaelis and Menten, competing Michaelis-Menten steps explain effect of GLP-1 on blood-brain transfer and metabolism of glucose. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:162-71. [PMID: 24684709 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a potent insulinotropic incretin hormone with both pancreatic and extrapancreatic effects. Studies of GLP-1 reveal significant effects in regions of brain tissue that regulate appetite and satiety. GLP-1 mimetics are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 interacts with peripheral functions in which the autonomic nervous system plays an important role, and emerging pre-clinical findings indicate a potential neuroprotective role of the peptide, for example in models of stroke and in neurodegenerative disorders. A century ago, Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten described the steady-state enzyme kinetics that still apply to the multiple receptors, transporters and enzymes that define the biochemical reactions of the brain, including the glucose-dependent impact of GLP-1 on blood-brain glucose transfer and metabolism. This MiniReview examines the potential of GLP-1 as a molecule of interest for the understanding of brain energy metabolism and with reference to the impact on brain metabolism related to appetite and satiety regulation, stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. These effects can be understood only by reference to the original formulation of the Michaelis-Menten equation as applied to a chain of kinetically controlled steps. Indeed, the effects of GLP-1 receptor activation on blood-brain glucose transfer and brain metabolism of glucose depend on the glucose concentration and relative affinities of the steps both in vitro and in vivo, as in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gejl
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Amelioration of diabetes-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes by melatonin and nicotinamide: Implication of oxidative stress–PARP pathway. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 114-115:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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El Bardawil MM, Abd El Hamid MM, El Sawy NAEH, Megallaa MHZ, El Emary WSAEG. Postural control and central motor pathway involvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Dynamic posturographic and electrophysiologic studies. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mokhtar El Bardawil
- Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation department , Faculty of Medicine , Alexandria University , Egypt
| | | | - Noha Abd El Halim El Sawy
- Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation department , Faculty of Medicine , Alexandria University , Egypt
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Myosins Are Differentially Expressed under Oxidative Stress in Chronic Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Brains. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 2013:423931. [PMID: 24982856 PMCID: PMC4045535 DOI: 10.1155/2013/423931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, which may lead to brain tissue damage due to oxidative stress and also contributes to neuronal death and changes in synaptic transmission. This study evaluated the effect of oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants supplementation on myosins expression levels in the brains of chronic diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities, and myosins-IIB and -Va expressions at transcriptional and translational levels were examined after 90 days induction. The chronic effect of the diabetes led to the upregulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and the downregulation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), but there was no statistically significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These alterations were accompanied by high myosin-IIB and low myosin-Va expressions. Although the antioxidant supplementation did not interfere on MDA levels, the oxidative stress caused by chronic hyperglycemia was reduced by increasing SOD and restoring CAT and GPx activities. Interestingly, after supplementation, diabetic rats recovered only myosin-Va protein levels, without interfering on myosins mRNA levels expressed in diabetic rat brains. Our results suggest that antioxidant supplementation reduces oxidative stress and also regulates the myosins protein expression, which should be beneficial to individuals with diabetes/chronic hyperglycemia.
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