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Zhang M, Wang L, Li X, Wang L, Li Y, Yang S, Song L, Wan Z, Lv Y, Wang Y, Mei S. The association of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls exposure with dyslipidemia and blood lipids: The mediating effect of white blood cell counts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 362:124987. [PMID: 39299636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence regarding the associations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with lipid metabolism and its potential biological mechanisms remain largely unknown. We intended to explore the associations of OCPs and PCBs with dyslipidemia and blood lipid levels, and further evaluate the mediating role of total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts. We measured the blood lipid levels, the concentration of OCPs/PCBs and WBC counts in serum among 2036 adults in Wuhan city, China. In the multiple-pollutant models, the results showed that β-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and PCB-153 were positively correlated with increased odds of dyslipidemia. p,p'-DDE and PCB-153 were correlated with elevated triglyceride (TG) and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). A positive relationship was observed between p,p'-DDE and total cholesterol (TC) as well. Meanwhile, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses revealed that PCB and OCP mixtures were positively related to dyslipidemia risk and TG and negatively associated with HDL-c, to which p,p'-DDE was the major contributor. BMI, gender and age might modify the associations of OCPs and PCBs with dyslipidemia and TG. Furthermore, we found that WBC counts were significantly associated with dyslipidemia and blood lipid levels, and a positive correlation was also found between p,p'-DDE and lymphocyte count. Mediation analysis further indicated that lymphocyte count might mediate the associations of p,p'-DDE with dyslipidemia, TG, and TC. Accordingly, our results showed that OCPs and PCBs were related to abnormal lipid metabolism, which was partially mediated by WBC counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lipan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Sijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengce Wan
- Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongman Lv
- Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Denic-Roberts H, McAdam J, Sjodin A, Davis M, Jones R, Ward MH, Hoang TD, Ma S, Zhang Y, Rusiecki JA. Endocrine disrupting chemical mixture exposure and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in U.S. military personnel: A nested case-control study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171342. [PMID: 38428594 PMCID: PMC11034764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Single-pollutant methods to evaluate associations between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and thyroid cancer risk may not reflect realistic human exposures. Therefore, we evaluated associations between exposure to a mixture of 18 EDCs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants, and organochlorine pesticides, and risk of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common thyroid cancer histological subtype. We conducted a nested case-control study among U.S. military servicemembers of 652 histologically-confirmed PTC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2013 and 652 controls, matched on birth year, sex, race/ethnicity, military component (active duty/reserve), and serum sample timing. We estimated mixture odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and standard errors (SE) for associations between pre-diagnostic serum EDC mixture concentrations, overall PTC risk, and risk of histological subtypes of PTC (classical, follicular), adjusted for body mass index and military branch, using quantile g-computation. Additionally, we identified relative contributions of individual mixture components to PTC risk, represented by positive and negative weights (w). A one-quartile increase in the serum mixture concentration was associated with a non-statistically significant increase in overall PTC risk (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.91, 1.56; SE = 0.14). Stratified by histological subtype and race (White, Black), a one-quartile increase in the mixture was associated with increased classical PTC risk among those of White race (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.06, 2.40; SE = 0.21), but not of Black race (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.34, 2.68; SE = 0.53). PCBs 180, 199, and 118 had the greatest positive weights driving this association among those of White race (w = 0.312, 0.255, and 0.119, respectively). Findings suggest that exposure to an EDC mixture may be associated with increased classical PTC risk. These findings warrant further investigation in other study populations to better understand PTC risk by histological subtype and race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristina Denic-Roberts
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), MD, USA
| | - Jordan McAdam
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, 4494 North Palmer Road, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andreas Sjodin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Mark Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Richard Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Mary H Ward
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thanh D Hoang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jennifer A Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Peng FJ, Lin CA, Wada R, Bodinier B, Iglesias-González A, Palazzi P, Streel S, Guillaume M, Vuckovic D, Chadeau-Hyam M, Appenzeller BMR. Association of hair polychlorinated biphenyls and multiclass pesticides with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia in NESCAV study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132637. [PMID: 37788552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia are well-established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and have been associated with exposure to persistent organic pollutants. However, studies have been lacking as regards effects of non-persistent pesticides on CVD risk factors. Here, we investigated whether background chronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and multiclass pesticides were associated with the prevalence of these CVD risk factors in 502 Belgian and 487 Luxembourgish adults aged 18-69 years from the Nutrition, environment and cardiovascular health (NESCAV) study 2007-2013. We used hair analysis to evaluate the chronic internal exposure to three PCBs, seven organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and 18 non-persistent pesticides. We found positive associations of obesity with hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and chlorpyrifos, diabetes with pentachlorophenol (PCP), fipronil and fipronil sulfone, hypertension with PCB180 and chlorpyrifos, and dyslipidemia with diflufenican and oxadiazon, among others. However, we also found some inverse associations, such as obesity with PCP, diabetes with γ-HCH, hypertension with diflufenican, and dyslipidemia with chlorpyrifos. These results add to the existing evidence that OC exposure may contribute to the development of CVDs. Additionally, the present study revealed associations between CVD risk factors and chronic environmental exposure to currently used pesticides such as organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Chia-An Lin
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rin Wada
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Bodinier
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Iglesias-González
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sylvie Streel
- Public Health Sciences Department, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michèle Guillaume
- Public Health Sciences Department, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Boyd AE, Grizzard PJ, Hylton Rorie K, Lima S. Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Biological Differences between Tumors of Self-Identified African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites with Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2238. [PMID: 37190166 PMCID: PMC10136787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the US, the incidence and mortality of many cancers are disproportionately higher in African Americans (AA). Yet, AA remain poorly represented in molecular studies investigating the roles that biological factors might play in the development, progression, and outcomes of many cancers. Given that sphingolipids, key components of mammalian cellular membranes, have well-established roles in the etiology of cancer progression, malignancy, and responses to therapy, we conducted a robust mass spectrometry analysis of sphingolipids in normal adjacent uninvolved tissues and tumors of self-identified AA and non-Hispanic White (NHW) males with cancers of the lung, colon, liver, and head and neck and of self-identified AA and NHW females with endometrial cancer. In these cancers, AA have worse outcomes than NHW. The goal of our study was to identify biological candidates to be evaluated in future preclinical studies targeting race-specific alterations in the cancers of AA. We have identified that various sphingolipids are altered in race-specific patterns, but more importantly, the ratios of 24- to 16-carbon fatty acyl chain-length ceramides and glucosylceramides are higher in the tumors of AA. As there is evidence that ceramides with 24-carbon fatty acid chain length promote cellular survival and proliferation, whereas 16-carbon chain length promote apoptosis, these results provide important support for future studies tailored to evaluate the potential roles these differences may play in the outcomes of AA with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- April E. Boyd
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Pamela J. Grizzard
- Tissue and Data Acquisition and Analysis Core, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | - Santiago Lima
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Reina-Pérez I, Artacho-Cordón F, Mustieles V, Castellano-Castillo D, Cardona F, Jiménez-Díaz I, López-Medina JA, Alcaide J, Ocaña-Wilhelmi L, Iribarne-Durán LM, Arrebola JP, Olea N, Tinahones FJ, Fernández MF. Cross-sectional associations of persistent organic pollutants measured in adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome in clinically diagnosed middle-aged adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115350. [PMID: 36709023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although often overlooked in clinical settings, accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is thought to be a relevant risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS One hundred and seventeen patients undergoing non-oncological surgery were randomly recruited and classified as MetS + if presented 3 out of the 5 MetS components: waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, according International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in adipose tissue samples. Linear, logistic and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models, adjusted for age and sex, were performed. RESULTS One third of the participants were males (36.8%) with a median age of 44 years, showing clinical evidences of MetS (35.0%). Adjusted linear regression models showed that WC correlated positively with all OCP concentrations. Higher fasting serum glucose levels were related to higher HCB and γ-HCH concentrations. The remaining OCPs and PCBs were not associated with this MetS component. HCB was inversely associated with HDL cholesterol levels, while PCB-180 was positively associated. HCB and γ-HCH concentrations were also positively correlated with DBP and SBP levels. PCB-138 was also positively associated with SBP. Adjusted logistic models revealed that exposure to HCB and γ-HCH were associated with increased odds of MetS [ORs (95%CI) 1.53 (1.22-1.92) and 1.39 (1.10-1.76) respectively; p < 0.01]. No associations were observed for the remaining POPs. WQS models showed a positive and significant mixture effect of POPs on the odds of MetS (exp [beta] = 2.34; p < 0.001), with γ-HCH (52.9%), o,p'-DDT (26.9%) and HCB (19.7%) driving the association. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that POPs accumulated in VAT, specifically HCB and (gamma)-HCH, are associated with both isolated components and clinically diagnosed SMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Reina-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Castellano-Castillo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología Médica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA-29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Cardona
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Biochemistry and Immunology School of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Jose A López-Medina
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), E-29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Alcaide
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), E-29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Ocaña-Wilhelmi
- Unidad de Cirugía Metabólica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Departmento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn), E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Bella D, Carpenter DO. Interactions among thyroid hormones and serum lipid levels in association with PCB exposure in the Mohawk Akwesasne population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111334. [PMID: 34033831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in thyroid function and serum lipid levels were assessed in relation to exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and three chlorinated pesticides (DDE, hexachorobenzene and mirex) in a sample of Akwesasne Mohawk adults. This population is highly exposed to PCBs because of living in close proximity to three aluminum foundries that used PCBs as hydraulic fluids, which then contaminated local fish, wildlife, water, air and soils. The goal was to assess interactions between thyroid function (TSH, T3, T4 and fT4) and serum lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides and total serum lipids) in relation to concentrations of 101 PCB congeners and three chlorinated pesticides. Previous studies in this population have shown that elevated concentrations of PCBs resulted in suppression of thyroid function in adolescents, and increased risk of clinical hypothyroidism in adults, as well as an elevation in serum lipids. However in adjusted analyses of PCB concentrations of 703 adults we find only small and inconsistent associations between serum PCB levels and thyroid function. The most striking observations were strong significant positive associations between TSH and T3 with serum lipids and a negative association with fT4 in women. Because elevated serum lipids increase risks of other diseases the respective roles of thyroid hormones and PCBs in regulation of serum lipids requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisha Bella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - David O Carpenter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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Lind L, Araujo JA, Barchowsky A, Belcher S, Berridge BR, Chiamvimonvat N, Chiu WA, Cogliano VJ, Elmore S, Farraj AK, Gomes AV, McHale CM, Meyer-Tamaki KB, Posnack NG, Vargas HM, Yang X, Zeise L, Zhou C, Smith MT. Key Characteristics of Cardiovascular Toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:95001. [PMID: 34558968 PMCID: PMC8462506 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of chemical agents having properties that confer potential hazard called key characteristics (KCs) was first developed to identify carcinogenic hazards. Identification of KCs of cardiovascular (CV) toxicants could facilitate the systematic assessment of CV hazards and understanding of assay and data gaps associated with current approaches. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop a consensus-based synthesis of scientific evidence on the KCs of chemical and nonchemical agents known to cause CV toxicity along with methods to measure them. METHODS An expert working group was convened to discuss mechanisms associated with CV toxicity. RESULTS The group identified 12 KCs of CV toxicants, defined as exogenous agents that adversely interfere with function of the CV system. The KCs were organized into those primarily affecting cardiac tissue (numbers 1-4 below), the vascular system (5-7), or both (8-12), as follows: 1) impairs regulation of cardiac excitability, 2) impairs cardiac contractility and relaxation, 3) induces cardiomyocyte injury and death, 4) induces proliferation of valve stroma, 5) impacts endothelial and vascular function, 6) alters hemostasis, 7) causes dyslipidemia, 8) impairs mitochondrial function, 9) modifies autonomic nervous system activity, 10) induces oxidative stress, 11) causes inflammation, and 12) alters hormone signaling. DISCUSSION These 12 KCs can be used to help identify pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants as CV toxicants, as well as to better understand the mechanistic underpinnings of their toxicity. For example, evidence exists that fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] air pollution, arsenic, anthracycline drugs, and other exogenous chemicals possess one or more of the described KCs. In conclusion, the KCs could be used to identify potential CV toxicants and to define a set of test methods to evaluate CV toxicity in a more comprehensive and standardized manner than current approaches. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent J. Cogliano
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sarah Elmore
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children’s National Heart Institute and the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hugo M. Vargas
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Wang X, Gao M, Tan Y, Li Q, Chen J, Lan C, Jiangtulu B, Wang B, Shen G, Yu Y, Li Z. Associations of Dietary Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides from Plant-Origin Foods with Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in Women: A Multiple Follow-up Study in North China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:289-295. [PMID: 33866393 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explored effects of dietary OCP intake from plant-origin foods (cereals, fruits, and vegetables) consumption on lipid metabolism and inflammation of women using a multiple follow-up study. The results showed that dietary intake of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) [β = - 10.11, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): - 17.32, - 2.905] and o,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) (β = - 6.077, 95%CI: - 9.954, - 2.200) were overall negatively associated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), whereas other OCPs were not. Serum interleukin (IL)-8 was positively associated with intake of dieldrin (β = 0.390, 95%CI: 0.105, 0.674), endosulfan-β (β = 0.361, 95%CI: 0.198, 0.523), total endosulfan (β = 0.136, 95%CI: 0.037, 0.234), and total OCPs (β = 0.084, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.153), and negatively correlated with intake of p,p'-DDE (β = - 2.692, 95%CI: - 5.185, - 0.198). We concluded that dietary intake of some individual DDT-, DDE- dieldrin-, and endosulfan-class chemicals from plant-origin foods may interfere with lipid metabolism and inflammation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixi Tan
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou, 341002, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxi Chen
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxin Lan
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bahabieke Jiangtulu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhao X, Chen T, Yang B, Wang D, Sun W, Wang Y, Yang X, Wen S, Li J, Shi Z. Serum levels of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in residents of a major BFR-producing region: Occurrence, impact factors and the relationship to thyroid and liver function. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111467. [PMID: 33080422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five currently used novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in 172 serum samples collected from nonoccupational residents of a major BFR-producing region. All the 5 NBFRs presented high detection frequencies (DFs, >90%), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a substitute of decabrominated diphenyl ethers (deca-BDE), was the most abundant NBFR. The levels of DBDPE were from <LOD to 1590 ng/g lw, with a median level of 32.5 ng/g lw. The median levels of other NBFRs were from 0.134 to 2.87 ng/g lw, which were at least 10 times lower than that of DBDPE. Moreover, a comparison to other studies showed that our results were significantly higher than studies conducted in background population. The levels of some NBFRs adjusted by serum lipid showed negative and significant correlation with BMI, whereas the difference disappeared when NBFRs levels were calculated based on serum volume. Certain NBFRs in female showed significantly higher concentrations than those in male. No significant effect of age, smoking habit, education level and children birth (in female) on serum NBFR levels was observed. The relationship between the serum levels of NBFRs and a series of thyroid/liver injury biomarkers was further analyzed to evaluate the health effects of these NBFRs to human being. Results showed that a 10-fold increment in the serum DBDPE level was associated with decreased total triiodothyronine (TT3) level (-0.037 nmol/L) [95% CI: -0.070, -0.003], whereas serum pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) level was associated with increased total triiodothyronine (TT3) level (0.031 nmol/L) [95% CI: 0.001, 0.060]. For liver indicators, a 10-fold increment in the serum level of PBT was associated with decreased Ln aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) level (-0.068) [95% CI: -0.129, -0.007]. A 10-fold increment in the serum level of BTBPE was associated with increased TBIL level (0.869 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.175, 1.564], direct bilirubin (DBIL) level (0.231 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.075, 0.388] and IDBIL level (0.638 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.091, 1.185]. Our findings indicate that BFR production is posing heavy BFR contamination to surrounding environment and human being, and which might relate to thyroid disruption and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Pittman GS, Wang X, Campbell MR, Coulter SJ, Olson JR, Pavuk M, Birnbaum LS, Bell DA. Dioxin-like compound exposures and DNA methylation in the Anniston Community Health Survey Phase II. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140424. [PMID: 32629249 PMCID: PMC7574543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Anniston Community Health Survey (ACHS-I) was initially conducted from 2005 to 2007 to assess polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures in Anniston, Alabama residents. In 2014, a follow-up study (ACHS-II) was conducted to measure the same PCBs as in ACHS-I and additional compounds e.g., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like non-ortho (cPCBs) substituted PCBs. In this epigenome-wide association study (EWAS), we examined the associations between PCDD, PCDF, and PCB exposures and DNA methylation. Whole blood DNA methylation was measured using Illumina EPIC arrays (n=292). We modeled lipid-adjusted toxic equivalencies (TEQs) for: ΣDioxins (sum of 28 PCDDs, PCDFs, cPCBs, and mPCBs), PCDDs, PCDFs, cPCBs, and mPCBs using robust multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, race, sex, smoking, bisulfite conversion batch, and estimated percentages of six blood cell types. Among all exposures we identified 10 genome-wide (Bonferroni p≤6.74E-08) and 116 FDR (p≤5.00E-02) significant associations representing 10 and 113 unique CpGs, respectively. Of the 10 genome-wide associations, seven (70%) occurred in the PCDDs and four (40%) of these associations had an absolute differential methylation ≥1.00%, based on the methylation difference between the highest and lowest exposure quartiles. Most of the associations (six, 60%) represented hypomethylation changes. Of the 10 unique CpGs, eight (80%) were in genes shown to be associated with dioxins and/or PCBs based on data from the 2019 Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. In this study, we have identified a set of CpGs in blood DNA that may be particularly susceptible to dioxin, furan, and dioxin-like PCB exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Pittman
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America
| | - Xuting Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Michelle R Campbell
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Sherry J Coulter
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - James R Olson
- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States of America.
| | - Marian Pavuk
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America.
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Douglas A Bell
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
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Lind PM, Lind L. Are Persistent Organic Pollutants Linked to Lipid Abnormalities, Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease? A Review. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:334-348. [PMID: 33024729 PMCID: PMC7521972 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.3.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term persistent organic pollutants (POPs) denotes chemicals with known or suspected adverse health effects in animals or humans and with chemical properties that make them accumulate in the environment, including animals or humans. Lipid-soluble POPs, like dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are transported by lipoproteins and accumulate in adipose tissue. High levels of these compounds in the circulation have been associated with elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in cross-sectional studies and with an increase in mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a longitudinal study. Also, non-lipid-soluble POPs, such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) compounds have been associated with increased total cholesterol levels. Carotid artery atherosclerosis has been related to elevated levels of mainly highly chlorinated PCBs and to highly fluorinated PFASs, but in this case only in women. Both cross-sectional and prospective studies have shown dioxins, PCBs, as well as PFASs to be linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. In conclusion, as highlighted in this review, several lines of evidence support the view that POPs of different chemical classes could be linked to lipid abnormalities, carotid atherosclerosis and overt CVD like myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Aminov Z, Carpenter DO. Serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the metabolic syndrome in Akwesasne Mohawks, a Native American community. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114004. [PMID: 32004963 PMCID: PMC10658355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of diseases that tend to occur together, including diabetes, hypertension, central obesity, cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidemia. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been associated with increased risk of development of several of the components of the MetS. The goal of this study is to determine whether the associations with POPs are identical for each of the components and for the MetS. The subject population was 601 Native Americans (Akwesasne Mohawks) ages 18 to 84 who answered a questionnaire, were measured for height and weight and provided blood samples for clinical chemistries (serum lipids and fasting glucose) and analysis of 101 PCB congeners and three OCPs [dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex]. Associations between concentrations of total PCBs and pesticides, as well as various PCB congener groups with each of the different components of the MetS were determine so as to ask whether there were similar risk factors for all components of the MetS. After adjustment for other contaminants, diabetes and hypertension were strongly associated with lower chlorinated and mono-ortho PCBs, but not other PCB groups or pesticides. Obesity was most closely associated with highly chlorinated PCBs and was negatively associated with mirex. High serum lipids were most strongly associated with higher chlorinated PCBs and PCBs with multiple ortho-substituted chlorines, as well as total pesticides, DDE and HCB. Cardiovascular disease was not closely associated with levels of any of the measured POPs. While exposure to POPs is associated with increased risk of most of the various diseases comprising the MetS, the specific contaminants associated with risk of the component diseases are not the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Aminov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, USA
| | - David O Carpenter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, USA; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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13
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Pittman GS, Wang X, Campbell MR, Coulter SJ, Olson JR, Pavuk M, Birnbaum LS, Bell DA. Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and DNA methylation in the Anniston Community Health Survey. Epigenetics 2020; 15:337-357. [PMID: 31607210 PMCID: PMC7153539 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1666654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anniston, Alabama was home to a major polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) production facility from 1929 until 1971. The Anniston Community Health Survey I and II (ACHS-I 2005-2007, ACHS-II 2013-2014) were conducted to explore the effects of PCB exposures. In this report we examined associations between PCB exposure and DNA methylation in whole blood using EPIC arrays (ACHS-I, n = 518; ACHS-II, n = 299). For both cohorts, 35 PCBs were measured in serum. We modelled methylation versus PCB wet-weight concentrations for: the sum of 35 PCBs, mono-ortho substituted PCBs, di-ortho substituted PCBs, tri/tetra-ortho substituted PCBs, oestrogenic PCBs, and antiestrogenic PCBs. Using robust multivariable linear regression, we adjusted for age, race, sex, smoking, total lipids, and six blood cell-type percentages. We carried out a two-stage analysis; discovery in ACHS-I followed by replication in ACHS-II. In ACHS-I, we identified 28 associations (17 unique CpGs) at p ≤ 6.70E-08 and 369 associations (286 unique CpGs) at FDR p ≤ 5.00E-02. A large proportion of the genes have been observed to interact with PCBs or dioxins in model studies. Among the 28 genome-wide significant CpG/PCB associations, 14 displayed replicated directional effects in ACHS-II; however, only one in ACHS-II was statistically significant at p ≤ 1.70E-04. While we identified many novel CpGs significantly associated with PCB exposures in ACHS-I, the differential methylation was modest and the effect was attenuated seven years later in ACHS-II, suggesting a lack of persistence of the associations between PCB exposures and altered DNA methylation in blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. Pittman
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xuting Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marian Pavuk
- ATSDR, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Fulton, GA, USA
| | | | - Douglas A. Bell
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Wesselink AK, Bethea TN, McClean M, Weuve J, Williams PL, Hauser R, Sjödin A, Brasky TM, Baird DD, Wise LA. Predictors of plasma polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations among reproductive-aged black women. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1001-1010. [PMID: 31285139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of lipophilic endocrine-disrupting chemicals with wide industrial use in the U.S. from the 1930s through 1977. Due to their environmental and biological persistence, low levels of PCBs remain detected in wildlife and humans. Although U.S. studies have shown higher serum PCB concentrations among Black women compared with White women, studies of correlates of PCB exposure among Black women are scarce. We examined predictors of plasma PCB concentrations in a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective cohort study of 1693 premenopausal Black women aged 23-35 years from Detroit, Michigan (2010-2012). We collected demographic, behavioral, dietary, and medical data via self-administered questionnaires, telephone interviews, and in-person clinic visits, as well as non-fasting blood samples. We measured concentrations of 24 PCB congeners in baseline plasma from a subset of 762 participants. We used linear regression for log-transformed lipid-adjusted PCB concentrations to calculate percentage differences across levels of selected predictors. We did this separately for individual PCBs, sum of total PCBs, and sum of PCBs by degree of chlorination and hormonal activity. PCB concentrations were positively associated with age, duration of urban residence, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol intake, and being breastfed in infancy, and inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) and lactation duration. The strength of some associations varied by degree of chlorination. For example, a 5-kg/m2 higher BMI corresponded to a 2.9% lower summed concentration of tri- and tetra-substituted PCBs (95% CI -4.6%, -1.2%), an 8.3% lower summed concentration of penta- and hexa-substituted PCBs (95% CI -10.0%, -6.5%), and a 12.1% lower summed concentration of hepta-, octa-, nona-, and deca-substituted PCBs (95% CI -13.7%, -10.4%). Likewise, associations for age and being breastfed in infancy were stronger for higher-chlorinated PCBs. Results agree with studies on predictors of PCB body burdens, few of which include large numbers of Black women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia K Wesselink
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Traci N Bethea
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Weuve
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Donna D Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Wattigney WA, Irvin-Barnwell E, Li Z, Ragin-Wilson A. Biomonitoring of mercury and persistent organic pollutants in Michigan urban anglers and association with fish consumption. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:936-944. [PMID: 31257185 PMCID: PMC6705116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The 32-mile Detroit River and surrounding tributaries have been designated as a Great Lakes Area of Concern due to pollution from decades of municipal and industrial discharges, sewer overflows and urban development. Key pollutants in fish samples from the Detroit River include mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dioxins and furans. A biomonitoring study was conducted to assess exposures to these persistent toxic substances in Detroit urban shoreline anglers who may be at high exposure risk due to consumption of locally caught fish. Using a modified venue-based sampling approach, 287 adult shoreline anglers along the Detroit River were recruited and participated in the program. Study participants provided blood and urine specimens and completed a questionnaire following informed consent. We examined percentile estimates for total blood mercury, PCBs, DDE, and dioxin-like total toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations among study participants. Multiple linear regression was used to identify important predictors of contaminant concentrations. Participants consumed a median of 64 Detroit River caught fish meals in the past year. The Detroit urban anglers' median total blood mercury concentrations was 3.2 times higher than that for the general adult U.S. population. PCB concentrations among the Detroit anglers aged 18-39 years were higher than the U.S. population of the same race/ethnicity. Elevated levels of DDE and total TEQ concentrations were not observed in the cohort. Eating more locally caught fish was associated with higher total blood mercury and serum PCB concentrations. The biomonitoring data served to inform public health officials and help guide environmental public health actions to reduce harmful exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Wattigney
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Irvin-Barnwell
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Angela Ragin-Wilson
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
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16
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Bowen DJ, Jabson JM, Barrington WE, Littman AJ, Patrick DL, Moudon AV, Albano D, Beresford SAA. Environmental and Individual Predictors of Healthy Dietary Behaviors in a Sample of Middle Aged Hispanic and Caucasian Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2277. [PMID: 30336587 PMCID: PMC6210480 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this effort is to gather data to tailor interventions appropriately. Greater understanding of the correlates of socioeconomic status and obesogenic dietary behaviors was the focus of this manuscript. Using multistage sampling, women with varied education levels completed a baseline assessment in a longitudinal study of women aged 30 to 50 years. This study was conducted in low-SES areas of South King County, Washington State. This study included 530 Caucasian and 510 Hispanic women. Fruit and vegetable consumption was positively associated and soft drink consumption inversely associated with the level of education in Caucasian women. In contrast, percentage calories from fat was positively associated with the level of education in Hispanic women. In Hispanic women, level of education interacted significantly with food security in relation to percentage calories from fat, and with eating norms in relation to soft drink consumption. Neighborhood presence of ethnic food stores was associated with outcomes for Hispanic women, but for Caucasians, presence of fast food restaurants was important. Education was consistently associated with two of the three obesogenic dietary behaviors studied among Caucasian women. Education played a moderating role in the associations of food security and eating norms, independent of area level food availability, in two of three obesogenic dietary behaviors studied. However, these patterns differed for Hispanic women, indicating the need for more research into important variables to support change in Hispanic women. Women of differing ethnic groups did not respond similarly to environmental conditions and policy-relevant surroundings. These data have meaning for considering urban policy that impacts obesity levels in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Bowen
- Bioethics and Humanities, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1107 NE 45th Street #305, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Jabson
- Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Wendy E Barrington
- Psychosocial & Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Alyson J Littman
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Seattle, WA 87185, USA.
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Donald L Patrick
- Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Anne Vernez Moudon
- Urban Design & Planning, Architecture, Landscape Architecture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Denise Albano
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Shirley A A Beresford
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Jain RB, Ducatman A. Associations between smoking and lipid/lipoprotein concentrations among US adults aged ≥20 years. J Circ Biomark 2018; 7:1849454418779310. [PMID: 29899809 PMCID: PMC5985545 DOI: 10.1177/1849454418779310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 1999-2012 for those aged ≥20 years, fasting for at least 8 h, and classified as smokers and nonsmokers on the basis of observed serum cotinine levels were used to evaluate the impact of smoking on the adjusted and unadjusted concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). Adjustments were made for the effects of gender; race/ethnicity; survey year; dietary intake of alcohol; caffeine; cholesterol; saturated, unsaturated, and total fatty acids; fasting time; body mass index; and poverty income ratio. Adjusted levels of LDL and TC did not vary among smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers had lower adjusted levels of HDL than nonsmokers (48.8 vs. 51.4 mg/dL, p < 0.01) and higher adjusted levels of TG (124.4 vs. 111.9 mg/dL, p < 0.01) than nonsmokers. Adjusted odds of smokers having abnormal levels were 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-1.8) for HDL, 1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.4) for TC, and 1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.5) for TG. Males had lower adjusted levels than females for HDL (45.2 vs. 55.4 mg/dL, p < 0.01) and TC (191.3 vs. 196.6 mg/dL, p < 0.01) but higher adjusted levels than females for TG (126.3 vs. 110.1 mg/dL, p < 0.01) and LDL (114.4 vs. 112.6 mg/dL, p = 0.02). A unit increase in body mass index was associated with 1.4% decrease in the adjusted levels of HDL, 0.18% increase in the adjusted levels of LDL, and a 2.3% increase in the adjusted levels of TG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Ducatman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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18
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Ruiz D, Becerra M, Jagai JS, Ard K, Sargis RM. Disparities in Environmental Exposures to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Diabetes Risk in Vulnerable Populations. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:193-205. [PMID: 29142003 PMCID: PMC5741159 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Burgeoning epidemiological, animal, and cellular data link environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to metabolic dysfunction. Disproportionate exposure to diabetes-associated EDCs may be an underappreciated contributor to disparities in metabolic disease risk. The burden of diabetes is not uniformly borne by American society; rather, this disease disproportionately affects certain populations, including African Americans, Latinos, and low-income individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the evidence linking unequal exposures to EDCs with racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diabetes disparities in the U.S.; discuss social forces promoting these disparities; and explore potential interventions. Articles examining the links between chemical exposures and metabolic disease were extracted from the U.S. National Library of Medicine for the period of 1966 to 3 December 2016. EDCs associated with diabetes in the literature were then searched for evidence of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic exposure disparities. Among Latinos, African Americans, and low-income individuals, numerous studies have reported significantly higher exposures to diabetogenic EDCs, including polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, multiple chemical constituents of air pollution, bisphenol A, and phthalates. This review reveals that unequal exposure to EDCs may be a novel contributor to diabetes disparities. Efforts to reduce the individual and societal burden of diabetes should include educating clinicians on environmental exposures that may increase disease risk, strategies to reduce those exposures, and social policies to address environmental inequality as a novel source of diabetes disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruiz
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Marisol Becerra
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jyotsna S Jagai
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kerry Ard
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Callahan CL, Pavuk M, Birnbaum LS, Ren X, Olson JR, Bonner MR. Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and leukocyte telomere length in a highly-exposed population: The Anniston Community Health Survey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:212-220. [PMID: 28886414 PMCID: PMC5623110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have previously been associated with longer leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in most, but not all, of the few previous studies. PCBs were produced in Anniston, Alabama from 1929 to 1971 and participants of the Anniston Community Health Survey (ACHS) were highly exposed. OBJECTIVES We evaluated serum levels of 35 PCBs and relative telomere length in 559 ACHS participants. METHODS Relative LTL was measured in DNA extracted from blood clots. We assessed PCBs individually, grouped by chlorination, and summed PCBs. We used linear regression to assess the association between each PCB metric while adjusting for pertinent covariates. RESULTS Serum PCBs were associated with longer LTL among white participants and the oldest age group of black participants. Among white participants, compared with those in the first quartile of sum PCBs those in the third quartile of sum PCBs had 8.09% longer relative LTL (95% CI: 1.99; 14.55) and those in the fourth had 7.58% longer relative LTL (95%CI: -0.01; 15.76) (p-quadratic=0.05). Among African American participants, serum PCBs were associated with longer relative LTL among those over age 64 only. Tests for interaction were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS We observed a non-linear positive association between serum PCBs and LTL among white participants. Serum PCBs were associated with longer LTL in the oldest age group of African Americans. This association may provide insight into the cancers previously associated with exposure to PCBs, melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which have been associated with long LTL in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Callahan
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Marian Pavuk
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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20
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Pollock BD, Hu T, Chen W, Harville EW, Li S, Webber LS, Fonseca V, Bazzano LA. Utility of existing diabetes risk prediction tools for young black and white adults: Evidence from the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:86-93. [PMID: 27503406 PMCID: PMC5209262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate several adult diabetes risk calculation tools for predicting the development of incident diabetes and pre-diabetes in a bi-racial, young adult population. METHODS Surveys beginning in young adulthood (baseline age ≥18) and continuing across multiple decades for 2122 participants of the Bogalusa Heart Study were used to test the associations of five well-known adult diabetes risk scores with incident diabetes and pre-diabetes using separate Cox models for each risk score. Racial differences were tested within each model. Predictive utility and discrimination were determined for each risk score using the Net Reclassification Index (NRI) and Harrell's c-statistic. RESULTS All risk scores were strongly associated (p<.0001) with incident diabetes and pre-diabetes. The Wilson model indicated greater risk of diabetes for blacks versus whites with equivalent risk scores (HR=1.59; 95% CI 1.11-2.28; p=.01). C-statistics for the diabetes risk models ranged from 0.79 to 0.83. Non-event NRIs indicated high specificity (non-event NRIs: 76%-88%), but poor sensitivity (event NRIs: -23% to -3%). CONCLUSIONS Five diabetes risk scores established in middle-aged, racially homogenous adult populations are generally applicable to younger adults with good specificity but poor sensitivity. The addition of race to these models did not result in greater predictive capabilities. A more sensitive risk score to predict diabetes in younger adults is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Pollock
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112.
| | - Tian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Emily W Harville
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Shengxu Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Larry S Webber
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Vivian Fonseca
- Department of Endocrinology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Lydia A Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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21
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Qin XD, Qian Z, Vaughn MG, Huang J, Ward P, Zeng XW, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Yuan P, Li M, Bai Z, Paul G, Hao YT, Chen W, Chen PC, Dong GH, Lee YL. Positive associations of serum perfluoroalkyl substances with uric acid and hyperuricemia in children from Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:519-524. [PMID: 26970855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the risk of hyperuricemia in relation to Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in children from Taiwan, 225 Taiwanese children aged 12-15 years were recruited from 2009 to 2010. Linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the influence of PFASs on serum uric acid levels. Findings revealed that eight of ten PFASs analyses were detected in >94% of the participants' serum samples. Multivariate linear regression models revealed that perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) was positively associated with serum uric acid levels (β = 0.1463, p < 0.05). Of all the PFASs analyses, only PFOA showed a significant effect on elevated levels of hyperuricemia (aOR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.29-3.61). When stratified by gender, the association between serum PFOA and uric acid levels was only evident among boys (aOR = 2.76, 95%CI: 1.37-5.56). In conclusion, PFOA was found to be associated with elevated serum levels of uric acid in Taiwanese children, especially boys. Further research is needed to elucidate these links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Patrick Ward
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Gunther Paul
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Yuan-Tao Hao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene and Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yungling Leo Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC.
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