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Zhang Y, Han Y, Dong L, Deng X, Ye D, Shao S. Spatiotemporal variations and source on black carbon over Chongqing, China: Long-term changes and observational experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174127. [PMID: 38908574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), as a critical light-absorbing constituent within aerosols, exerts profound effects on atmospheric radiation balance, climate, air quality and human health, etc. And it is also a long-standing focus in rapidly developing megacities. So, this study primarily focuses on investigating the variation characteristics and underlying causes of BC in Chongqing (31,914,300 population), which is one of the municipalities directly under the central government of China, serving as a pivotal economic hub in southwest China. Utilizing MERRA-2 reanalysis data, we examined the long-term changes of atmospheric BC over Chongqing 20 years (from 2002 to 2021). Moreover, BC mass concentration observations were conducted using an Aethalometer (AE-33) from March 15 to June 14, 2021 in Liangping District, Chongqing. The statistical analysis over the last 20 years reveals an annual mean BC concentration in Chongqing of 3.42 ± 0.20 μg/m3, exhibiting growth from 2002 to 2008, followed by a decline from 2008 to 2021. Monthly concentration displays a "U-shaped" trend, with the lowest values occurring in summer and the highest in winter. Due to topographical and meteorological influences, local emissions primarily contribute to BC pollution, characterized by a spatial distribution pattern of high in the west and low in the east. Ground observation indicates a distinct dual-peaked pattern in the diurnal variation of BC, with peak concentrations aligning with periods of high traffic emissions. The variation in BC is significantly influenced by meteorological conditions (wind, temperature, atmospheric boundary layer) and local pollution sources (predominantly traffic). Furthermore, extreme events analysis suggests that local emissions and regional transport (with higher contributions from Chongqing and the Sichuan Basin) predominantly contributed to BC pollution. This study effectively makes up for the deficiency in analyzing the distribution and sources of BC pollution in Chongqing, providing valuable scientific insights for the atmospheric environment of megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Zhang
- Advanced Science & Technology of Space and Atmospheric Physics Group (ASAG), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yong Han
- Advanced Science & Technology of Space and Atmospheric Physics Group (ASAG), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Li Dong
- Advanced Science & Technology of Space and Atmospheric Physics Group (ASAG), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ximing Deng
- Advanced Science & Technology of Space and Atmospheric Physics Group (ASAG), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Advanced Science & Technology of Space and Atmospheric Physics Group (ASAG), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shiyong Shao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Liu X, Li Y, Xie W, Hu M, Li S, Hu Y, Ling K, Zhang S, Wei J. Long-term effects of fine particulate matter components on depression among middle-aged and elderly adults in China: A nationwide cohort study. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:720-727. [PMID: 38917887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been implicated in various health concerns. However, a comprehensive understanding of the specific PM2.5 components affecting depression remains limited. METHODS This study conducted a Cox proportional-hazards model to assess the effect of PM2.5 components on the incidence of depression based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Participants with 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) score of 10 or higher were classified as exhibiting depression. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated a significant positive correlation between long-term exposure to black carbon (BC), sulfate (SO42-), and organic matter (OM) components of PM2.5 and the prevalence of depression. Per 1 Interquartile Range (IQR) increment in 3-year average concentrations of BC, OM, and SO42- were associated with the hazard ratio (HR) of 1.54 (95 % confidence intervals (CI): 1.44, 1.64), 1.24 (95%CI: 1.16, 1.34) and 1.25 (95%CI: 1.16, 1.35). Notably, females, younger individuals, those with lower educational levels, urban residents, individuals who were single, widowed, or divorced, and those living in multi-story houses exhibited heightened vulnerability to the adverse effects of PM2.5 components on depression. LIMITATIONS Firstly, pollutant data is confined to subjects' fixed addresses, overlooking travel and international residence history. Secondly, the analysis only incorporates five fine particulate components, leaving room for further investigation into the remaining fine particulate components in future studies. CONCLUSIONS This study provides robust evidence supporting the detrimental impact of PM2.5 components on depression. The identification of specific vulnerable populations contributes to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the relationship between PM2.5 components and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtong Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wenhan Xie
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meiling Hu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuting Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yaoyu Hu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Kexin Ling
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, USA
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Patel H, Davy P, Tollemache C, Talbot N, Salmond J, Williams DE. Evaluating the efficacy of targeted traffic management interventions: A novel methodology for determining the composition of particulate matter in urban air pollution hotspots. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175414. [PMID: 39127221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, there is an increasing uptake of traffic management interventions aimed at reducing the impact of traffic related air pollution on public health. However, the evidence base linking the proposed changes with the resulting improvements in air quality is lacking. In this paper we present data from a micro-network of low-cost PM10 samplers collected from an isolated urban centre (Auckland, New Zealand). The data was then analysed using a new combination of analytical methods aimed to identify the composition and hence, the source of pollution. Whilst across the three sites mass concentration of PM10 and black carbon were similar, Raman spectroscopy successfully identified variations in the soot composition at different sites, enabling some particulate matter to be linked to diesel vehicle emissions. A mass reconstruction approach proved useful in determining that the airshed is well-mixed and also highlighted the impacts of urban design on recorded concentrations. The results show that networks of low-cost sensors, combined with the range of analytical techniques used here can help policymakers test the efficacy of interventions and management strategies designed to combat the burden of air pollution on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamesh Patel
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Mote Limited, 40a George Street, Mount Eden, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Perry Davy
- The Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Tollemache
- Mote Limited, 40a George Street, Mount Eden, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nick Talbot
- Environment Southland, Cnr North Rd &, Price Street, Waikiwi, Invercargill, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Salmond
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David E Williams
- Mote Limited, 40a George Street, Mount Eden, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zhou H, Liang X, Zhang X, Wu J, Jiang Y, Guo B, Wang J, Meng Q, Ding X, Baima Y, Li J, Wei J, Zhang J, Zhao X. Associations of Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Constituents With Cardiovascular Diseases and Underlying Metabolic Mediations: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort in Southwest China. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033455. [PMID: 38761074 PMCID: PMC11179805 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health effects of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) might differ depending on compositional variations. Little is known about the joint effect of PM2.5 constituents on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to evaluate the combined associations of PM2.5 components with CVD, identify the most detrimental constituent, and further quantify the mediation effect of metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 14 427 adults were included in a cohort study in Sichuan, China, and were followed to obtain the diagnosis of CVD until 2021. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the simultaneous occurrence of multiple metabolic disorders measured at baseline. The concentrations of PM2.5 chemical constituents within a 1-km2 grid were derived based on satellite- and ground-based detection methods. Cox proportional hazard models showed that black carbon, organic matter (OM), nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and sulfate were positively associated with CVD risks, with hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 1.24 to 2.11 (all P<0.05). Quantile g-computation showed positive associations with 4 types of CVD risks (HRs ranging from 1.48 to 2.25, all P<0.05). OM and chloride had maximum weights for CVD risks. Causal mediation analysis showed that the positive association of OM with total CVD was mediated by metabolic syndrome, with a mediation proportion of 1.3% (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical constituents is positively associated with CVD risks. OM and chloride appear to play the most responsible role in the positive associations between PM2.5 and CVD. OM is probably associated with CVD through metabolic-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xian Liang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Health Information Center of Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jialong Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Ye Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Bing Guo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Junhua Wang
- School of Public Health, The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University Guiyang China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health Kunming Medical University Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Xianbin Ding
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Chongqing China
| | | | - Jingzhong Li
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lhasa Tibet China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Juying Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xing Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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Takano APC, de André CDS, de Almeida R, Waked D, Veras MM, Saldiva PHN. Association of pulmonary black carbon accumulation with cardiac fibrosis in residents of Sao Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118380. [PMID: 38307182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that myocardial interstitial fibrosis, resulting from cardiac remodeling, may possibly be influenced by mechanisms activated through the inhalation of airborne pollutants. However, limited studies have explored the relationship between lifetime exposure to carbon-based particles and cardiac fibrosis, specially using post-mortem samples. This study examined whether long-term exposure to air pollution (estimated by black carbon accumulated in the lungs) is associated with myocardial fibrosis in urban dwellers of megacity of Sao Paulo. Data collection included epidemiological and autopsy-based approaches. Information was obtained by interviewing the next of kin and through the pathologist's report. The individual index of exposure to carbon-based particles, which we designed as the fraction of black carbon (FBC), was estimated through quantification of particles on the macroscopic lung surface. Myocardium samples were collected for histopathological analysis to evaluate the fraction of cardiac fibrosis. The association between cardiac fibrosis and FBC, age, sex, smoking status and hypertension was assessed by means of multiple linear regression models. Our study demonstrated that the association of FBC with cardiac fibrosis is influenced by smoking status and hypertension. Among hypertensive individuals, the cardiac fibrosis fraction tended to increase with the increase of the FBC in both groups of smokers and non-smokers. In non-hypertensive individuals, the association between cardiac fibrosis fraction and FBC was observed primarily in smokers. Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke and environmental particles may contribute to the cardiac remodeling response in individuals with pre-existing hypertension. This highlights the importance of considering hypertension as an additional risk factor for the health effects of air pollution on the cardiovascular system. Moreover, the study endorses the role of autopsy to investigate the effects of urban environment and personal habits in determining human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Cremasco Takano
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Dunia Waked
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Yu H, Li M, Zheng X, Zhu M, Zheng Z, Xie T, Yan G, Hu P, Cao Z, Feng J, Sun J. Potential source and health risks of black carbon based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data in a typical industrial city of North China Plain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120367. [PMID: 38387352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) significantly affects climate, environmental quality, and human health. This study utilised Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), which can compensate for the shortcomings of ground BC monitoring in spatial-temporal distribution to study the pollution characteristics of BC and potential pollution sources in a typical industrial city (Xinxiang) with serious air pollution in northern China. The results showed that average daily ground observation and MERRA-2 concentration of BC of 7.33 μg m-3 and 9.52 μg m-3. The mean BC concentration derived from MERRA-2 reanalysis data was higher than ground measurement due to resolution limitations and pollution from the northern regions. The reliability of the MERRA-2 data was confirmed through correlation analysis. Consideration of the spatial distribution of BC from MERRA-2 and incorporating the potential source contribution function (PSCF), concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT), and emission inventory, other possible source areas and primary sources of BC in Xinxiang were investigated. The results indicated that implementing transportation and residential emission control measures in Henan Province and its surrounding provinces, such as Hebei Province, will effectively decrease the BC level in Xinxiang City. A passively smoked cigarettes model was used to evaluate the risk of BC exposure. The percentage of lung function decrement (PLFD) was the highest in school-age children, while the impact on lung cancer (LC) health risk was comparatively lower. Notably, the BC health risk in Xinxiang was lower than in most cities across Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China.
| | - Menghui Li
- State Key Lab of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xueqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhensen Zheng
- State Key Lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Tianyi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China.
| | - Jinglan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environment Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, PR China
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7
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Wei J, Wang J, Li Z, Kondragunta S, Anenberg S, Wang Y, Zhang H, Diner D, Hand J, Lyapustin A, Kahn R, Colarco P, da Silva A, Ichoku C. Long-term mortality burden trends attributed to black carbon and PM 2·5 from wildfire emissions across the continental USA from 2000 to 2020: a deep learning modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e963-e975. [PMID: 38056967 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term improvements in air quality and public health in the continental USA were disrupted over the past decade by increased fire emissions that potentially offset the decrease in anthropogenic emissions. This study aims to estimate trends in black carbon and PM2·5 concentrations and their attributable mortality burden across the USA. METHODS In this study, we derived daily concentrations of PM2·5 and its highly toxic black carbon component at a 1-km resolution in the USA from 2000 to 2020 via deep learning that integrated big data from satellites, models, and surface observations. We estimated the annual PM2·5-attributable and black carbon-attributable mortality burden at each 1-km2 grid using concentration-response functions collected from a national cohort study and a meta-analysis study, respectively. We investigated the spatiotemporal linear-regressed trends in PM2·5 and black carbon pollution and their associated premature deaths from 2000 to 2020, and the impact of wildfires on air quality and public health. FINDINGS Our results showed that PM2·5 and black carbon estimates are reliable, with sample-based cross-validated coefficients of determination of 0·82 and 0·80, respectively, for daily estimates (0·97 and 0·95 for monthly estimates). Both PM2·5 and black carbon in the USA showed significantly decreasing trends overall during 2000 to 2020 (22% decrease for PM2·5 and 11% decrease for black carbon), leading to a reduction of around 4200 premature deaths per year (95% CI 2960-5050). However, since 2010, the decreasing trends of fine particles and premature deaths have reversed to increase in the western USA (55% increase in PM2·5, 86% increase in black carbon, and increase of 670 premature deaths [460-810]), while remaining mostly unchanged in the eastern USA. The western USA showed large interannual fluctuations that were attributable to the increasing incidence of wildfires. Furthermore, the black carbon-to-PM2·5 mass ratio increased annually by 2·4% across the USA, mainly due to increasing wildfire emissions in the western USA and more rapid reductions of other components in the eastern USA, suggesting a potential increase in the relative toxicity of PM2·5. 100% of populated areas in the USA have experienced at least one day of PM2·5 pollution exceeding the daily air quality guideline level of 15 μg/m3 during 2000-2020, with 99% experiencing at least 7 days and 85% experiencing at least 30 days. The recent widespread wildfires have greatly increased the daily exposure risks in the western USA, and have also impacted the midwestern USA due to the long-range transport of smoke. INTERPRETATION Wildfires have become increasingly intensive and frequent in the western USA, resulting in a significant increase in smoke-related emissions in populated areas. This increase is likely to have contributed to a decline in air quality and an increase in attributable mortality. Reducing fire risk via effective policies besides mitigation of climate warming, such as wildfire prevention and management, forest restoration, and new revenue generation, could substantially improve air quality and public health in the coming decades. FUNDING National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Applied Science programme, NASA MODIS maintenance programme, NASA MAIA satellite mission programme, NASA GMAO core fund, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) GEO-XO project, NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry, Carbon Cycle, and Climate (AC4) programme, and NOAA Educational Partnership Program with Minority Serving Institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Shobha Kondragunta
- Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Susan Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David Diner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- Climate and Radiation Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Ralph Kahn
- Climate and Radiation Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Peter Colarco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Arlindo da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Charles Ichoku
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Liu M, Meijer P, Lam TM, Timmermans EJ, Grobbee DE, Beulens JWJ, Vaartjes I, Lakerveld J. The built environment and cardiovascular disease: an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023; 30:1801-1827. [PMID: 37486178 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on objectively measured neighbourhood built environment exposures in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in adults. METHODS AND RESULTS We searched seven databases for systematic reviews on associations between objectively measured long-term built environmental exposures, covering at least one domain (i.e. outdoor air pollution, food environment, physical activity environment like greenspace and walkability, urbanization, light pollution, residential noise, and ambient temperature), and CVD events in adults. Two authors extracted summary data and assessed the risk of bias independently. Robustness of evidence was rated based on statistical heterogeneity, small-study effect, and excess significance bias. Meta-meta-analyses were conducted to combine the meta-analysis results from reviews with comparable exposure and outcome within each domain. From the 3304 initial hits, 51 systematic reviews were included, covering 5 domains and including 179 pooled estimates. There was strong evidence of the associations between increased air pollutants (especially PM2.5 exposure) and increased residential noise with greater risk of CVD. Highly suggestive evidence was found for an association between increased ambient temperature and greater risk of CVD. Systematic reviews on physical activity environment, food environment, light pollution, and urbanization in relation to CVD were scarce or lacking. CONCLUSION Air pollutants, increased noise levels, temperature, and greenspace were associated with CVD outcomes. Standardizing design and exposure assessments may foster the synthesis of evidence. Other crucial research gaps concern the lack of prospective study designs and lack of evidence from low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42021246580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Liu
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Str6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Meijer
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Str6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Upstream Team, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thao Minh Lam
- Upstream Team, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviours & Chronic Diseases, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Timmermans
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Str6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Str6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Str6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviours & Chronic Diseases, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Str6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Lakerveld
- Upstream Team, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviours & Chronic Diseases, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xiu M, Zhang Y, Zhu B, Ou Y, Wang S, Zheng C. Independent risk evaluation associated with short-term black carbon exposure on mortality in two megacities of Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163273. [PMID: 37028672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adverse health effects of PM2.5 have been well demonstrated by many studies. However, as a component of PM2.5, evidence on the mortality risk of black carbon (BC) is still limited. In this study, based on the data of daily mean PM2.5 concentration, BC concentration, meteorological factors, total non-accidental (all-cause) and cardiovascular mortality in Shanghai and Nanjing during 2015-2016, a semi-parameter generalized additive model (GAM) in the time series and the constituent residual approach were employed to explore the exposure-response relationship between BC and human mortality in these two megacities of Yangtze River Delta, China. The main objective was to separate the health effects of BC from total PM2.5, and compare the difference of mortality ER related to BC original concentration and adjusted concentration after controlling PM2.5. Results showed that there were all significantly associated with daily mortality for PM2.5 and BC. The percentage excess risk (ER) increases in all-cause and cardiovascular categories were 1.68 % (95 % s 1.28, 2.08) and 2.16 % (95 % CI: 1.54, 2.79) with 1 μg/m3 increment in original BC concentration in Shanghai. And the ER in Nanjing was smaller than that in Shanghai. After eliminating PM2.5 confounding effects by a constituent residual approach, the BC residual concentration still had a strong significant ER. The ER for BC residual in Shanghai got an obvious increase, and ER of the cardiovascular mortality for all, females and males increased by 0.55 %, 1.46 % and 0.62 %, respectively, while the ER in Nanjing decreased slightly. It also revealed that females were more sensitive to the health risk associated with short-term BC exposure than males. Our findings provide additional important evidence and ER for mortality related to independent BC exposure. Therefore, BC emission reduction should be paid more attention in air pollution control strategies to reduce BC-related health burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China; Chengdu Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Sichuan Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Chengdu 610225, China.
| | - Yuanrui Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Meng Xiu
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China; Chengdu Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Sichuan Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihan Ou
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Shigong Wang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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10
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Deslauriers JR, Redlich CA, Kang CM, Grady ST, Slade M, Koutrakis P, Garshick E. Determinants of indoor carbonaceous aerosols in homes in the Northeast United States. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:1-7. [PMID: 35079108 PMCID: PMC9309189 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about sources of residential exposure to carbonaceous aerosols, which include black carbon (BC), the elemental carbon core of combustion particles, and organic compounds from biomass combustion (delta carbon). OBJECTIVE Assess the impact of residential characteristics on indoor BC and delta carbon when known sources of combustion (e.g., smoking) are minimized. METHODS Between November 2012-December 2014, 125 subjects (129 homes) in Northeast USA were recruited and completed a residential characteristics questionnaire. Every 3 months, participants received an automated sampler to measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in their home during a weeklong period (N = 371 indoor air samples) and were also questioned about indoor exposures. The samples were analyzed using a transmissometer at 880 nm (reflecting BC) and at 370 nm. The difference between the two wavelengths estimates delta carbon. Outdoor BC and delta carbon were measured using a central site aethalometer. RESULTS Geometric mean indoor concentrations of BC and delta carbon (0.65 µg/m³ and 0.19 µg/m³, respectively), were greater than central site concentrations (0.53 µg/m³ and 0.02 µg/m³, respectively). Multivariable analysis showed that greater indoor concentrations of BC were associated with infrequent candle use, multi-family homes, winter season, lack of air conditioning, and central site BC. For delta carbon, greater indoor concentrations were associated with apartments, spring season, and central site concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE In addition to outdoor central site concentrations, factors related to the type of housing, season, and home exposures are associated with indoor exposure to carbonaceous aerosols. Recognition of these characteristics should enable greater understanding of indoor exposures and their sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Deslauriers
- Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Orlando VA Healthcare System, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Carrie A Redlich
- Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie T Grady
- Research and Development Service, VA Boston Health Care System, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicie, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Slade
- Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Garshick
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicie, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Khreis H, Sanchez KA, Foster M, Burns J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Jaikumar R, Ramani T, Zietsman J. Urban policy interventions to reduce traffic-related emissions and air pollution: A systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107805. [PMID: 36780750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban areas are hot spots for human exposure to air pollution, which originates in large part from traffic. As the urban population continues to grow, a greater number of people risk exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and its adverse, costly health effects. In many cities, there is a need and scope for air quality improvements through targeted policy interventions, which continue to grow including rapidly changing technologies. OBJECTIVE This systematic evidence map (SEM) examines and characterizes peer-reviewed evidence on urban-level policy interventions aimed at reducing traffic emissions and/or TRAP from on-road mobile sources, thus potentially reducing human exposures and adverse health effects and producing various co-benefits. METHODS This SEM follows a previously peer-reviewed and published protocol with minor deviations, explicitly outlined here. Articles indexed in Public Affairs Index, TRID, Medline and Embase were searched, limited to English, published between January 1, 2000, and June 1, 2020. Covidence was used to screen articles based on previously developed eligibility criteria. Data for included articles was extracted and manually documented into an Excel database. Data visualizations were created in Tableau. RESULTS We identified 7528 unique articles from database searches and included 376 unique articles in the final SEM. There were 58 unique policy interventions, and a total of 1,139 unique policy scenarios, comprising these interventions and different combinations thereof. The policy interventions fell under 6 overarching policy categories: 1) pricing, 2) land use, 3) infrastructure, 4) behavioral, 5) technology, and 6) management, standards, and services, with the latter being the most studied. For geographic location, 463 policy scenarios were studied in Europe, followed by 355 in Asia, 206 in North America, 57 in South America, 10 in Africa, and 7 in Australia. Alternative fuel technology was the most frequently studied intervention (271 times), followed by vehicle emission regulation (134 times). The least frequently studied interventions were vehicle ownership taxes, and studded tire regulations, studied once each. A mere 3 % of studies addressed all elements of the full-chain-traffic emissions, TRAP, exposures, and health. The evidence recorded for each unique policy scenario is hosted in an open-access, query-able Excel database, and a complementary interactive visualization tool. We showcase how users can find more about the effectiveness of the 1,139 included policy scenarios in reducing, increasing, having mixed or no effect on traffic emissions and/or TRAP. CONCLUSION This is the first peer-reviewed SEM to compile international evidence on urban-level policy interventions to reduce traffic emissions and/or TRAP in the context of human exposure and health effects. We also documented reported enablers, barriers, and co-benefits. The open-access Excel database and interactive visualization tool can be valuable resources for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. Future updates to this work are recommended. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION Sanchez, K.A., Foster, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., May, A.D., Ramani, T., Zietsman, J. and Khreis, H., 2020. Urban policy interventions to reduce traffic emissions and traffic-related air pollution: Protocol for a systematic evidence map. Environment international, 142, p.105826.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Khreis
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kristen A Sanchez
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA; Texas A&M School of Public Health, TX, USA.
| | - Margaret Foster
- Texas A&M University, Center for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Jacob Burns
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rohit Jaikumar
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA.
| | - Tara Ramani
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA.
| | - Josias Zietsman
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA.
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12
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Trevenen ML, Heyworth J, Almeida OP, Yeap BB, Hankey GJ, Golledge J, Etherton-Beer C, Robinson S, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Flicker L. Ambient air pollution and risk of incident dementia in older men living in a region with relatively low concentrations of pollutants: The Health in Men Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114349. [PMID: 36116491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In areas with moderate to severe air pollution, pollutant concentrations are associated with dementia risk. It is unclear whether the same relationship is present in regions with lower ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVE To determine whether exposure to air pollution is associated with risk of incident dementia in general, and Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in particular, in older men living in a relatively low ambient air pollution region. METHODS The cohort comprised 11,243 men residing in Perth, Australia. Participants were aged ≥65 years and free of a dementia diagnosis at time of recruitment in 1996-1999. Incident dementia was identified from recruitment to 2018 via ICD diagnosis codes and subsequent study waves. Concentrations for three air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), and black carbon (BC) were estimated at participants' home addresses using land-use regression models. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusting for smoking status, physical activity, BMI, education, and socio-economic status. RESULTS Of 3053 (27.2%) incident cases of dementia, 1670 (54.7%) and 355 (11.6%) had documented Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. The average concentration of NO2 was 13.5 (SD 4.4) μg/m3, of PM2.5 was 4.54 (SD 1.6) μg/m3 and of BC was 0.97 (SD 0.29) ×10-5 m-1. None of the air pollutants were associated with incident dementia or Alzheimer's disease. In the unadjusted model, increased exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of vascular dementia (for a 5 μg/m3 increase: HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13, 2.31). However, this association was attenuated following adjustment for confounders (HR 1.39, 95% CI 0.93, 2.08). NO2 and BC were not associated with vascular dementia incidence. DISCUSSION Exposure to air pollution is not associated with increased risk of incident dementia in older men living in a region with relatively low ambient air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Trevenen
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jane Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Osvaldo P Almeida
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University and Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Etherton-Beer
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Leon Flicker
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Wu B, Wu Z, Yao Z, Li J, Wang W, Shen X, Hao X. Multi-type emission factors quantification of black carbon from agricultural machinery based on the whole tillage processes in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120280. [PMID: 36167170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), as one of the short-lived climate pollutants, is becoming more prominent contribution from non-road mobile source, especially for agricultural machinery (AM) in China. However, the understanding of BC emissions from AM is still not clear, and the BC emission factors (EFs) are also limited. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on twenty AM to investigate the instantaneous BC emission characteristics and quantify BC EFs under the whole tillage processes. We find the instantaneous BC emissions and fuel consumptions are obvious differences and present good synchronization under different tillage processes. Multi-type (CO2-, fuel-, distance-, time-, and area-based) EFs of BC are developed, which are significantly affected by different tillage processes and emission standards of the used AM. While AM conducting rotary tillage, ploughing, harvest corn and harvest wheat on the same area of land, total BC emissions by using the China III emission standard AM will be reduced by 56%, 36%, 88%, and 87% than those by using China II emission standard AM, respectively. Furthermore, for corn and wheat production under the whole tillage processes, BC EFs are 16.90 (6.03-39.12) g/hm2 and 18.18 (5.91-38.69) g/hm2, CO2 EFs are 112.64 (72.07-195.98) g/hm2 and 103.72 (71.47-167.02) g/hm2, respectively. We estimate the BC and CO2 emissions from wheat and corn productions based on the average area-based EFs. The large fluctuation ranges of BC and CO2 emissions in different tillage processes and the whole processes can reflect that the use of AM in China is uneven. It also indicates that there is a large space for BC and CO2 emission reduction and optimization. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the control of BC and CO2 emissions from AM. We believe that the recommended multi-type EFs are applicable for the quantification of BC emissions from AM in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zichun Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jiahan Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xianbao Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuewei Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
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Bista S, Fancello G, Chaix B. Acute ambulatory blood pressure response to short-term black carbon exposure: The MobiliSense sensor-based study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157350. [PMID: 35870594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Documented relationships between black carbon (BC) exposure and blood pressure (BP) have been inconsistent. Very few studies measured both BC exposure and ambulatory BP across the multiple daily environments visited in the general population, and none adjusted for personal noise exposure, a major confounder. Our study addresses these gaps by considering 245 adults living in the Grand Paris region. Personal exposure to BC was monitored for 2 days using AE51 microaethalometers. Ambulatory BP was measured every 30 min after waking up using Arteriograph 24 monitors (n = 6772). Mixed effect models with a random intercept at the individual level and time-autocorrelation structure adjusted for personal noise exposure were used to evaluate the associations between BC exposure (averaged from 5 min to 1 h before each BP measurement) and BP. To increase the robustness of findings, we eliminated confounding by unmeasured time-invariant personal variables, by modelling the associations with fixed-effect models. All models were adjusted for potential confounders and short-term time trends. Results from mixed models show that a 1-μg/m3 increase in 5-minute averaged BC exposure was associated with an increase of 0.57 mmHg in ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) (95 % CI: 0.30, 0.83) and with an increase of 0.36 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (95 % CI: 0.14, 0.58). The slope of the exposure-response relationship gradually decreased for both SBP and DBP with the increase in the averaging period of BC exposure from 5 min to 1 h preceding each BP measurement. Findings from the fixed-effect models were consistent with these results. There was no effect modification by noise in the associations, across all exposure windows. We found evidence of a relationship between BC exposure and acute increase in ambulatory SBP and DBP after adjustment for personal noise exposure, with potential implications for the development of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Bista
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Giovanna Fancello
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Basile Chaix
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
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Frey HC, Grieshop AP, Khlystov A, Bang JJ, Rouphail N, Guinness J, Rodriguez D, Fuentes M, Saha P, Brantley H, Snyder M, Tanvir S, Ko K, Noussi T, Delavarrafiee M, Singh S. Characterizing Determinants of Near-Road Ambient Air Quality for an Urban Intersection and a Freeway Site. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2022; 2022:1-73. [PMID: 36314577 PMCID: PMC9620485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Near-road ambient air pollution concentrations that are affected by vehicle emissions are typically characterized by substantial spatial variability with respect to distance from the roadway and temporal variability based on the time of day, day of week, and season. The goal of this work is to identify variables that explain either temporal or spatial variability based on case studies for a freeway site and an urban intersection site. The key hypothesis is that dispersion modeling of near-road pollutant concentrations could be improved by adding estimates or indices for site-specific explanatory variables, particularly related to traffic. Based on case studies for a freeway site and an urban intersection site, the specific aims of this project are to (1) develop and test regression models that explain variability in traffic-related air pollutant (TRAP) ambient concentration at two near-roadway locations; (2) develop and test refined proxies for land use, traffic, emissions and dispersion; and (3) prioritize inputs according to their ability to explain variability in ambient concentrations to help focus efforts for future data collection and model development. The key pollutants that are the key focus of this work include nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC), fine particulate matter (PM2.5; PM ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), ultrafine particles (UFPs; PM ≤ 0.1 μm in aerodynamic diameter), and ozone (O3). NOx, CO, and BC are tracers of vehicle emissions and dispersion. PM2.5 is influenced by vehicle table emissions and regional sources. UFPs are sensitive to primary vehicle emissions. Secondary particles can form near roadways and on regional scales, influencing both PM2.5 and UFP concentrations. O3 concentrations are influenced by interaction with NOx near the roadway. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), CO, PM2.5, and O3 are regulated under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) because of demonstrated health effects. BC and UFPs are of concern for their potential health effects. Therefore, these pollutants are the focus of this work. METHODS The methodological approach includes case studies for which variables are identified and assesses their ability to explain either temporal or spatial variability in pollutant ambient concentrations. The case studies include one freeway location and one urban intersection. The case studies address (1) temporal variability at a fixed monitor 10 meters from a freeway; (2) downwind concentrations perpendicular to the same location; (3) variability in 24-hour average pollutant concentrations at five sites near an urban intersection; and (4) spatiotemporal variability along a walking path near that same intersection. The study boundary encompasses key factors in the continuum from vehicle emissions to near-road exposure concentrations. These factors include land use, transportation infrastructure and traffic control, vehicle mix, vehicle (traffic) flow, on-road emissions, meteorology, transport and evolution (transformation) of primary emissions, and production of secondary pollutants, and their resulting impact on measured concentrations in the near-road environment. We conducted field measurements of land use, traffic, vehicle emissions, and near-road ambient concentrations in the vicinity of two newly installed fixed-site monitors. One is a monitoring station jointly operated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ) on I-40 between Airport Boulevard and I-540 in Wake County, North Carolina. The other is a fixed-site monitor for measuring PM2.5 at the North Carolina Central University (NCCU) campus on E. Lawson Street in Durham, North Carolina. We refer to these two locations as the freeway site and the urban site, respectively. We developed statistical models for the freeway and urban sites. RESULTS We quantified land use metrics at each site, such as distances to the nearest bus stop. For the freeway site, we quantified lane-by-lane total vehicle count, heavy vehicle (HV) count, and several vehicle-activity indices that account for distance from each lane to the roadside monitor. For the urban site, we quantified vehicle counts for all 12 turning movements through the intersection. At each site, we measured microscale vehicle tailpipe emissions using a portable emission measurement system. At the freeway site, we measured the spatial gradient of NOx, BC, UFPs, and PM, quantified particle size distributions at selected distances from the roadway and assessed partitioning of particles as a function of evolving volatility. We also quantified fleet-average emission factors for several pollutants. At the urban site, we measured daily average concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), NOx, O3, and PM2.5 at five sites surrounding the intersection of interest; we also measured high resolution (1-second to 10-second averages) concentrations of O3, PM2.5, and UFPs along a pedestrian transect. At both sites, the Research LINE-source (R-LINE) dispersion model was applied to predict concentration gradients based on the physical dispersion of pollution. Statistical models were developed for each site for selected pollutants. With variables for local wind direction, heavy-vehicle index, temperature, and day type, the multiple coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.61 for hourly NOx concentrations at the freeway site. An interaction effect of the dispersion model and a real-time traffic index contributed only 24% of the response variance for NOx at the freeway site. Local wind direction, measured near the road, was typically more important than wind direction measured some distance away, and vehicle-activity metrics directly related to actual real-time traffic were important. At the urban site, variability in pollutant concentrations measured for a pedestrian walk-along route was explained primarily by real-time traffic metrics, meteorology, time of day, season, and real-world vehicle tailpipe emissions, depending on the pollutant. The regression models explained most of the variance in measured concentrations for BC, PM, UFPs, NO, and NOx at the freeway site and for UFPs and O3 at the urban site pedestrian transect. CONCLUSIONS Among the set of candidate explanatory variables, typically only a few were needed to explain most of the variability in observed ambient concentrations. At the freeway site, the concentration gradients perpendicular to the road were influenced by dilution, season, time of day, and whether the pollutant underwent chemical or physical transformations. The explanatory variables that were useful in explaining temporal variability in measured ambient concentrations, as well as spatial variability at the urban site, were typically localized real-time traffic-volume indices and local wind direction. However, the specific set of useful explanatory variables was site, context (e.g., next to road, quadrants around an intersection, pedestrian transects), and pollutant specific. Among the most novel of the indicators, variability in real-time measured tailpipe exhaust emissions was found to help explain variability in pedestrian transect UFP concentrations. UFP particle counts were very sensitive to real-time traffic indicators at both the freeway and urban sites. Localized site-specific data on traffic and meteorology contributed to explaining variability in ambient concentrations. HV traffic influenced near-road air quality at the freeway site more so than at the urban site. The statistical models typically explained most of the observed variability but were relatively simple. The results here are site-specific and not generalizable, but they are illustrative that near-road air quality can be highly sensitive to localized real-time indicators of traffic and meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J J Bang
- North Carolina Central University
| | | | | | | | | | - P Saha
- North Carolina State University
| | | | - M Snyder
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - K Ko
- North Carolina State University
| | - T Noussi
- North Carolina Central University
| | | | - S Singh
- North Carolina State University
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Verma S, Ghosh S, Boucher O, Wang R, Menut L. Black carbon health impacts in the Indo-Gangetic plain: Exposures, risks, and mitigation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4093. [PMID: 35930631 PMCID: PMC9355355 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A large discrepancy between simulated and observed black carbon (BC) surface concentrations over the densely populated Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) has so far limited our ability to assess the magnitude of BC health impacts in terms of population exposure, morbidity, and mortality. We evaluate these impacts using an integrated modeling framework, including successfully predicted BC concentrations. Population exposure to BC is notable, with more than 60 million people identified as living in hotspots of BC concentration (wintertime mean, >20 μg m-3). The attributable fraction of the total cardiovascular disease mortality (CVM) burden to BC exposures is 62% for the megacity. The semiurban area comprised about 49% of the total BC-attributable CVM burden over the IGP. More than 400,000 lives can potentially be saved from CVM annually by implementing prioritized emission reduction from the combustion of domestic biofuel in the semiurban area, diesel oil in transportation, and coal in thermal power plant and brick kiln industries in megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Verma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sanhita Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Olivier Boucher
- Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Laurent Menut
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Ecole Normale Supérieure, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Li Y, Zheng C, An X, Hou Q. Acute effects of black carbon on mortality in nine megacities of China, 2008-2016: a time-stratified case-crossover study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:57873-57884. [PMID: 35357648 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) may have more adverse effects on human health than other constituents of PM2.5. The daily mean concentrations of BC in China are much higher than those in developed countries and are estimated to account for more than a quarter of global anthropogenic BC emissions. However, reports on the health effects of BC in China have been limited. Thus, a time-stratified case-crossover study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of BC on daily mortality risk in nine Chinese megacities from 2008-2016. Our results show that for all-cause mortality, when compared to the interquartile range (IQR) of BC concentration increased, odds ratios (ORs) were in the range of 1.01-1.06 (95% CIs: 0.99-1.10). For cardiovascular mortality, ORs were in the range of 1.02-1.07 (95% CIs: 1.003-1.12), and for respiratory mortality, ORs were in the range of 1.01-1.15 (95% CIs: 1.00-1.18). The effects of BC in the nine cities were robust after adjusting for PM2.5, or even became more prominent. Furthermore, BC had stronger effects in spring and winter in northern cities, whereas in mid-latitude cities, BC had stronger effects in the warm seasons. In southern cities, BC had stronger effects in the cool and dry seasons. Our findings support an association between residential exposure to BC and mortality and thus provide further evidence that BC negatively impacts human health and is helpful for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xingqin An
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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18
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Xu Y, Chen X, Han Y, Chen W, Wang T, Gong J, Fan Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li H, Wang Q, Yao Y, Xue T, Wang J, Qiu X, Que C, Zheng M, Zhu T. Ceramide metabolism mediates the impaired glucose homeostasis following short-term black carbon exposure: A targeted lipidomic analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154657. [PMID: 35314239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient particulate matter (PM), especially its carbonaceous composition black carbon (BC) increases cardiometabolic risks, yet the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Ceramides (Cer; a class of sphingolipids) are biological intermediates in glucose metabolism. OBJECTIVES To explore whether Cer metabolism mediates impaired glucose homeostasis following short-term PM exposure. METHODS In a panel study in Beijing, China, 112 participants were followed-up between 2016 and 2017. Targeted lipidomic analyses quantified 26 sphingolipids in 387 plasma samples. Ambient BC and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were continuously monitored in a station. We examined the associations of sphingolipid levels with average BC and PM2.5 concentrations 1-14 days before clinical visits using linear mixed-effects models, and explored the mediation effects of sphingolipids on PM-associated fasting blood glucose (FBG) difference using mediation analyses. RESULTS Increased levels of FBG and multiple sphingolipids in Cer metabolic pathways were associated with BC exposure in 1-14-day time window, but not with PM2.5 exposure. For each 10 μg/m3 increase in the average BC concentration 1-14 days before the clinical visits, species in the Cer C24:1 pathway (Cer, dihydroceramide, hexosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and sphingomyelin C24:1) increased in levels ranging from 11.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.2-33.2) to 48.7% (95% CI: 8.8-103.4), as did the Cer C16:0, C18:0, and C20:0 metabolic pathway species, ranging from 3.2% (95% CI: -5.6-12.9) to 32.4% (95% CI: 7.0-63.8), respectively. The Cer C24:1 metabolic pathway species mediated 6.5-25.5% of the FBG increase associated with BC exposure in 9-day time window. The Cer C16:0, C18:0, and C20:0 metabolic pathway species mediated 5.4-26.2% of the BC-associated FBG difference. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Cer metabolism may mediate impaired glucose homeostasis following short-term BC exposure. The current findings are preliminary, which need to be corroborated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Human Settlement in Green Building, Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Xiongan, China
| | - Yiqun Han
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wu Chen
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Fan
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiyue Zhang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Shi Cha Hai Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haonan Li
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xue
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengli Que
- Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Liu L, Luo S, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhou P, Mo S, Zhang Y. Longitudinal Impacts of PM 2.5 Constituents on Adult Mortality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7224-7233. [PMID: 35089703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited evidence exists for long-term effects of PM2.5 constituents on mortality. Hence, we aimed to assess associations between all-cause mortality and long-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents in China. We designed a nationwide cohort study of 30524 adults from 162 prefectural areas across mainland China with follow-ups through years 2010-2017. Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposures were employed to quantify associations between all-cause mortality and long-term exposure to PM2.5 and constituents. A total of 1210 deaths occurred during 172297.7 person-years. A multiadjusted Cox model estimated an hazard ratio (HR) of 1.125 (95% confidence interval: 1.058-1.197) for all-cause mortality, associated with an interquartile range (IQR = 26.7 μg/m3) rise in exposure to PM2.5. Comparable or stronger associations were found among PM2.5 constituents with the mortality risk increased by 11.3-14.1% per IQR increase in exposure concentrations. After adjustment for the collinearity between total PM2.5 and constituents, effect estimates for nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate remained significant and became larger. Urban residents, alcohol drinkers, smokers, and men were more susceptible to chronic impacts from ambient PM2.5 constituents. This cohort study added the novel longitudinal evidence for elevated mortality linked with long-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents among Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjiong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixuan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaocai Mo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
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20
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Busenkell E, Collins CM, Moy ML, Hart JE, Grady ST, Coull BA, Schwartz JD, Koutrakis P, Garshick E. Modification of associations between indoor particulate matter and systemic inflammation in individuals with COPD. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112802. [PMID: 35101396 PMCID: PMC9159533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Little is known about personal characteristics and systemic responses to particulate pollution in patients with COPD. OBJECTIVES Assess whether diabetes, obesity, statins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) modify associations between indoor black carbon (BC) and fine particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) on systemic inflammation and endothelial activation. METHODS 144 individuals with COPD without current smoking and without major in-home combustion sources were recruited at Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System. PM2.5 and BC were measured in each participant's home seasonally for a week (up to 4 times; 482 observations) and plasma biomarkers of systemic inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP); interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and endothelial activation [soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)] measured. Linear mixed effects regression with a random intercept was used, and effect modification assessed with multiplicative interaction terms and stratum specific estimates. RESULTS Median (25%ile, 75%ile) indoor BC and PM2.5 were 0.6 (0.5,0.7) μg/m3 and 6.8 (4.8,10.4) μg/m3, respectively. Although p-values for effect modification were not statistically significant, there were positive associations (%-increase/interquartile range; 95% CI) between CRP and BC greater among non-statin (18.8%; 3.6-36.3) than statin users (11.1%; 2.1-20.9). There were also positive associations greater among non-statin users between PM2.5 and CRP. For IL-6, associations with BC and PM2.5 were also greater among non-statin users. Associations between CRP and BC were greater (20.3%; 4.5-38.5) in persons with diabetes than without diabetes (10.3%; 0.92-20.6) with similar effects of PM2.5. There were no consistent associations that differed based on obesity. Effect modification was not observed for NSAID use, or with any factor considered with sVCAM-1. CONCLUSIONS Associations between indoor BC and PM2.5 and CRP were greater in patients with diabetes and those not taking statins, and with IL-6 if not taking statins. These results suggest that these characteristics may modify the systemic response to indoor BC and PM2.5 in persons with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Busenkell
- Research and Development Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina M Collins
- Research and Development Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marilyn L Moy
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Garshick
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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de Bont J, Jaganathan S, Dahlquist M, Persson Å, Stafoggia M, Ljungman P. Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Intern Med 2022; 291:779-800. [PMID: 35138681 PMCID: PMC9310863 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The available evidence on the effects of ambient air pollution on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has increased substantially. In this umbrella review, we summarized the current epidemiological evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses linking ambient air pollution and CVDs, with a focus on geographical differences and vulnerable subpopulations. We performed a search strategy through multiple databases including articles between 2010 and 31 January 2021. We performed a quality assessment and evaluated the strength of evidence. Of the 56 included reviews, the most studied outcomes were stroke (22 reviews), all-cause CVD mortality, and morbidity (19). The strongest evidence was found between higher short- and long-term ambient air pollution exposure and all-cause CVD mortality and morbidity, stroke, blood pressure, and ischemic heart diseases (IHD). Short-term exposures to particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5 ), <10 μm (PM10 ), and nitrogen oxides (NOx ) were consistently associated with increased risks of hypertension and triggering of myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke (fatal and nonfatal). Long-term exposures of PM2.5 were largely associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, incident MI, hypertension, and incident stroke and stroke mortality. Few reviews evaluated other CVD outcomes including arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, or heart failure but they generally reported positive statistical associations. Stronger associations were found in Asian countries and vulnerable subpopulations, especially among the elderly, cardiac patients, and people with higher weight status. Consistent with experimental data, this comprehensive umbrella review found strong evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollution increase the risk of CVDs, especially all-cause CVD mortality, stroke, and IHD. These results emphasize the importance of reducing the alarming levels of air pollution across the globe, especially in Asia, and among vulnerable subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Bont
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suganthi Jaganathan
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Environmental Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi-NCR, India.,Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Marcus Dahlquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Persson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
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22
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Song X, Hu Y, Ma Y, Jiang L, Wang X, Shi A, Zhao J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Tang J, Li X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Wang S. Is short-term and long-term exposure to black carbon associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis based on evidence reliability. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e049516. [PMID: 35504636 PMCID: PMC9066484 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adverse health effects of fine particles (particulate matter2.5) have been well documented by a series of studies. However, evidences on the impacts of black carbon (BC) or elemental carbon (EC) on health are limited. The objectives were (1) to explored the effects of BC and EC on cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, and (2) to verified the reliability of the meta-analysis by drawing p value plots. DESIGN The systematic review and meta-analysis using adapted Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach and p value plots approach. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched from inception to 19 July 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Time series, case cross-over and cohort studies that evaluated the associations between BC/EC on cardiovascular or respiratory morbidity or mortality were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Outcomes were analysed via a random effects model and reported as relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. The certainty of evidences was assessed by adapted GRADE. The reliabilities of meta-analyses were analysed by p value plots. RESULTS Seventy studies met our inclusion criteria. (1) Short-term exposure to BC/EC was associated with 1.6% (95% CI 0.4% to 2.8%) increase in cardiovascular diseases per 1 µg/m3 in the elderly; (2) Long-term exposure to BC/EC was associated with 6.8% (95% CI 0.4% to 13.5%) increase in cardiovascular diseases and (3) The p value plot indicated that the association between BC/EC and respiratory diseases was consistent with randomness. CONCLUSIONS Both short-term and long-term exposures to BC/EC were related with cardiovascular diseases. However, the impact of BC/EC on respiratory diseases did not present consistent evidence and further investigations are required. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020186244.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Song
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liangzhen Jiang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Second Clinical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Anchen Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junxian Zhao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yunxu Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiayang Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Civil Affairs in Guizhou Province, Guizhou Province People's Government, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shigong Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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23
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Airborne and Dermal Collection Methods of Gunshot Residue for Toxicity Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) has potential negative health effects on humans as a result of inhalation and dermal exposure to the chemical and physical characteristics of GSR such as Pb, Sb, Ba, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and particulate size fraction. Filter (size selective) and double-sided tape (non-size selective) samples collected airborne GSR during single and triple firing of a 0.22 caliber revolver. Dermal exposures were considered using hand swabs and de-leading wipes, designed to remove the heavy metals. The samples underwent analysis to investigate physical (morphology, size distribution, zeta potential), chemical (black carbon and element concentrations), and potential to induce oxidative stress (oxidative potential via the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay). All sample types detected Pb concentrations higher than national ambient air standards. The de-leading wipes reduced the metal content on the hands of the shooter for Pb (15.57 ± 12.99 ppb and 3.13 ± 4.95 ppb). Filter samples provided health relevant data for airborne PM2.5 for all of the analysis methods except for GSR morphology. This work identified collection and analysis methods for GSR in an outdoor setting, providing protocols and considerations for future toxicological studies related to inhalation and dermal exposures to particulate GSR. Future studies should investigate the influence of meteorological factors on GSR exposure in an outdoor setting.
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24
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Chua PLC, Ng CFS, Tobias A, Seposo XT, Hashizume M. Associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections by pathogen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e202-e218. [PMID: 35278387 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have quantified the associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections, particularly all-cause enteric infections. However, the temperature sensitivity of enteric infections might be pathogen dependent. Here, we sought to identify pathogen-specific associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for peer-reviewed research articles published from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2019, and also hand searched reference lists of included articles and excluded reviews. We included studies that quantified the effects of ambient temperature increases on common pathogen-specific enteric infections in humans. We excluded studies that expressed ambient temperature as a categorical or diurnal range, or in a standardised format. Two authors screened the search results, one author extracted data from eligible studies, and four authors verified the data. We obtained the overall risks by pooling the relative risks of enteric infection by pathogen for each 1°C temperature rise using random-effects modelling and robust variance estimation for the correlated effect estimates. Between-study heterogeneity was measured using I2, τ2, and Q-statistic. Publication bias was determined using funnel plot asymmetry and the trim-and-fill method. Differences among pathogen-specific pooled estimates were determined using subgroup analysis of taxa-specific meta-analysis. The study protocol was not registered but followed the PRISMA guidelines. FINDINGS We identified 2981 articles via database searches and 57 articles from scanning reference lists of excluded reviews and included articles, of which 40 were eligible for pathogen-specific meta-analyses. The overall increased risks of incidence per 1°C temperature rise, expressed as relative risks, were 1·05 (95% CI 1·04-1·07; I2 97%) for salmonellosis, 1·07 (1·04-1·10; I2 99%) for shigellosis, 1·02 (1·01-1·04; I2 98%) for campylobacteriosis, 1·05 (1·04-1·07; I2 36%) for cholera, 1·04 (1·01-1·07; I2 98%) for Escherichia coli enteritis, and 1·15 (1·07-1·24; I2 0%) for typhoid. Reduced risks per 1°C temperature increase were 0·96 (95% CI 0·90-1·02; I2 97%) for rotaviral enteritis and 0·89 (0·81-0·99; I2 96%) for noroviral enteritis. There was evidence of between-pathogen differences in risk for bacterial infections but not for viral infections. INTERPRETATION Temperature sensitivity of enteric infections can vary according to the enteropathogen causing the infection, particularly for bacteria. Thus, we encourage a pathogen-specific health adaptation approach, such as vaccination, given the possibility of increasingly warm temperatures in the future. FUNDING Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Kakenhi) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L C Chua
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xerxes T Seposo
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Masselot P, Sera F, Schneider R, Kan H, Lavigne É, Stafoggia M, Tobias A, Chen H, Burnett RT, Schwartz J, Zanobetti A, Bell ML, Chen BY, Guo YLL, Ragettli MS, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Åström C, Forsberg B, Íñiguez C, Garland RM, Scovronick N, Madureira J, Nunes B, De la Valencia Cruz C, Diaz MH, Honda Y, Hashizume M, Ng CFC, Samoli E, Katsouyanni K, Schneider A, Breitner S, Ryti NR, Jaakkola JJ, Maasikmets M, Orru H, Guo Y, Ortega NV, Correa PM, Tong S, Gasparrini A. Differential Mortality Risks Associated With PM2.5 Components: A Multi-Country, Multi-City Study. Epidemiology 2022; 33:167-175. [PMID: 34907973 PMCID: PMC7612311 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and mortality widely differs between as well as within countries. Differences in PM2.5 composition can play a role in modifying the effect estimates, but there is little evidence about which components have higher impacts on mortality. METHODS We applied a 2-stage analysis on data collected from 210 locations in 16 countries. In the first stage, we estimated location-specific relative risks (RR) for mortality associated with daily total PM2.5 through time series regression analysis. We then pooled these estimates in a meta-regression model that included city-specific logratio-transformed proportions of seven PM2.5 components as well as meta-predictors derived from city-specific socio-economic and environmental indicators. RESULTS We found associations between RR and several PM2.5 components. Increasing the ammonium (NH4+) proportion from 1% to 22%, while keeping a relative average proportion of other components, increased the RR from 1.0063 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.0030, 1.0097) to 1.0102 (95% CI = 1.0070, 1.0135). Conversely, an increase in nitrate (NO3-) from 1% to 71% resulted in a reduced RR, from 1.0100 (95% CI = 1.0067, 1.0133) to 1.0037 (95% CI = 0.9998, 1.0077). Differences in composition explained a substantial part of the heterogeneity in PM2.5 risk. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to the identification of more hazardous emission sources. Further work is needed to understand the health impacts of PM2.5 components and sources given the overlapping sources and correlations among many components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Masselot
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Francesco Sera
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications “G. Parenti”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rochelle Schneider
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, Reading, UK
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Éric Lavigne
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bing-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Liang Leon Guo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | | | - Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christofer Åström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Carmen Íñiguez
- Department of Statistics and Computational Research. Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Ciberesp, Madrid. Spain
| | - Rebecca M. Garland
- Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Department of Geography, Geo-informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Noah Scovronick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Joana Madureira
- Department of Environmental Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - César De la Valencia Cruz
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Magali Hurtado Diaz
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Fook Cheng Ng
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niilo R.I. Ryti
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hans Orru
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Shilu Tong
- Shanghai Children’s Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health and Institute of Environment and Human Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Abstract
Air pollution is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and with cell death at a cellular level. However, the exact mechanism of particulate matter-induced cell death remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present in vitro study using human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) was to determine the cell death pathway(s) induced by black carbon (BC) and ozone oxidized-black carbon (O-BC). BC and O-BC induced A549 cell death and the cytotoxic effect was dose-dependent. Cell death was significantly abrogated by inhibitor of receptor protein interacting kinase 1 (RIPK1) but only mildly inhibited by apoptosis inhibitor and RIPK3. BC- and O-BC-treated cells showed RIPK1 and RIPK3 protein overexpression and high phosphorylated levels of these proteins, as well as detectable levels of caspase-8 active form. BC- and O-BC-triggered cell death was also fully rescued in A549 cells that under-expressed RIPK1 with RIPK1 siRNA. Our results indicated that BC and O-BC could induce cell death through a multitude of pathways including apoptotic and necroptotic pathways and that RIPK1 is the upstream signal protein of these cell death pathways, with an important role in the regulation of BC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Quanzhou Medical College
| | - Zhaojun Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College
| | - Shiyong Zeng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College
| | - Yuhui Ouyang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Affiliated with the Capital University of Medical Science
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27
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Walker DI, Hart JE, Patel CJ, Rudel R, Chu JH, Garshick E, Pennell KD, Laden F, Jones DP. Integrated molecular response of exposure to traffic-related pollutants in the US trucking industry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106957. [PMID: 34737152 PMCID: PMC9624233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related pollutants, including diesel exhaust, is associated with increased risk of cardiopulmonary disease and mortality; however, the precise biochemical pathways underlying these effects are not known. To investigate biological response mechanisms underlying exposure to traffic related pollutants, we used an integrated molecular response approach that included high-resolution metabolomic profiling and peripheral blood gene expression to identify biological responses to diesel exhaust exposure. Plasma samples were collected from 73 non-smoking males employed in the US trucking industry between February 2009 and October 2010, and analyzed using untargeted high-resolution metabolomics to characterize metabolite associations with shift- and week-averaged levels of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Metabolic associations with EC, OC and PM2.5 were evaluated for biochemical processes known to be associated with disease risk. Annotated metabolites associated with exposure were then tested for relationships with the peripheral blood transcriptome using multivariate selection and network correlation. Week-averaged EC and OC levels, which were averaged across multiple shifts during the workweek, resulted in the greatest exposure-associated metabolic alterations compared to shift-averaged exposure levels. Metabolic changes associated with EC exposure suggest increased lipid peroxidation products, biomarkers of oxidative stress, thrombotic signaling lipids, and metabolites associated with endothelial dysfunction from altered nitric oxide metabolism, while OC exposures were associated with antioxidants, oxidative stress biomarkers and critical intermediates in nitric oxide production. Correlation with whole blood RNA gene expression provided additional evidence of changes in processes related to endothelial function, immune response, inflammation, and oxidative stress. We did not detect metabolic associations with PM2.5. This study provides an integrated molecular assessment of human exposure to traffic-related air pollutants that includes diesel exhaust. Metabolite and transcriptomic changes associated with exposure to EC and OC are consistent with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and the adverse health effects of traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chirag J Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Jen-Hwa Chu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eric Garshick
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Francine Laden
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Shen M, Gu X, Li S, Yu Y, Zou B, Chen X. Exposure to black carbon is associated with symptoms of depression: A retrospective cohort study in college students. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106870. [PMID: 34534788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have revealed a significant association of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with emotional disorders. However, as a crucial component of PM2.5, little is known about the potential effect of exposure to black carbon (BC) on the symptoms of depression and anxiety. OBJECTIVES To explore the associations of long-term exposure to BC during the past six years with the current symptoms of depression and anxiety in a group of incoming college students. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of incoming students in five universities of China. Symptoms of depression and anxiety during the past two weeks were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), respectively. Levels of BC and other environmental factors during 2013 ∼ 2018 (six years prior to the recruitment) was obtained from public repositories and linked to individual data by home addresses. Averagely daily dose of BC exposure was estimated according to the respiratory rate. Demographic and behavioral variables were collected through a questionnaire. The associations of BC with symptoms of depression and anxiety were estimated by mixed linear models adjusting for socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics, and the principal components of multiple environmental exposures. Subgroup analysis was conducted to assess the effect modification by covariates. Overall effect of environmental mixture was evaluated by weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). RESULTS A total of 20,079 participants was included in the current study. After adjustment for covariates, long-term BC exposure was significantly associated with symptoms of depression (β = 0.17, P < 0.001) but not anxiety (β = 0.07, P = 0.125). Effect modification by sex and parental educational level: BC was correlated with depressive symptoms in women (β = 0.23, P < 0.001) but not in men (β = 0.04, P = 0.581), and higher educational level was associated with decreased effect sizes of BC. Sensitivity analysis showed that the acute and short-term effects of BC on depression was consistent with its long-term exposure (β varied from 0.18 to 0.20). WQS identified BC as the primary pollutant in association with symptoms of depression but not anxiety. BKMR identified no significant interaction between BC and other exposures. CONCLUSION Exposure to BC is associated with symptoms of depression but not anxiety in college students, and the relationship is modified by sex and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxue Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenxin Li
- Department of Surveying and Remote Sensing Science, School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Bin Zou
- Department of Surveying and Remote Sensing Science, School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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29
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Short-Term Cumulative Exposure to Ambient Traffic-Related Black Carbon and Blood Pressure: MMDA Traffic Enforcers' Health Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212122. [PMID: 34831878 PMCID: PMC8619089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is linked with acute alterations in blood pressure (BP). We examined the cumulative short-term effect of black carbon (BC) exposure on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP and assessed effect modification by participant characteristics. SBP and DBP were repeatedly measured on 152 traffic enforcers. Using a linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts, quadratic (QCDL) and cubic (CCDL) constrained distributed lag models were fitted to estimate the cumulative effect of BC concentration on SBP and DBP during the 10 hours (daily exposure) and 7 days (weekly exposure) before the BP measurement. Ambient BC was related to increased BP with QCDL models. An interquartile range change in BC cumulative during the 7 days before the BP measurement was associated with increased BP (1.2% change in mean SBP, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1 to 2.3; and 0.5% change in mean DBP, 95% CI, −0.8 to 1.7). Moreover, the association between the 10-h cumulative BC exposure and SBP was stronger for female (4.0% change, 95% CI: 2.1–5.9) versus male and for obese (2.9% change, 95% CI: 1.0–4.8) vs. non-obese traffic enforcers. Short-term cumulative exposure to ambient traffic-related BC could bring about cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms involving increased BP.
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30
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Lloyd M, Carter E, Diaz FG, Magara-Gomez KT, Hong KY, Baumgartner J, Herrera G VM, Weichenthal S. Predicting Within-City Spatial Variations in Outdoor Ultrafine Particle and Black Carbon Concentrations in Bucaramanga, Colombia: A Hybrid Approach Using Open-Source Geographic Data and Digital Images. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12483-12492. [PMID: 34498865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor ultrafine particles (UFP, <0.1 μm) and black carbon (BC) vary greatly within cities and may have adverse impacts on human health. In this study, we used a hybrid approach to develop new models to estimate within-city spatial variations in outdoor UFP and BC concentrations across Bucaramanga, Colombia. We conducted a mobile monitoring campaign over 20 days in 2019. Regression models were trained on land use data and combined with predictions from convolutional neural networks (CNN) trained to predict UFP and BC concentrations using satellite and street-level images. The combined UFP model (R2 = 0.54) outperformed the CNN (R2 = 0.47) and land use regression (LUR) models (R2 = 0.47) on their own. Similarly, the combined BC model also outperformed the CNN and LUR BC models (R2 = 0.51 vs 0.43 and 0.45, respectively). Spatial variations in model performance were more stable for the CNN and combined models compared to the LUR models, suggesting that the combined approach may be less likely to contribute to differential exposure measurement error in epidemiological studies. In general, our findings demonstrated that satellite and street-level images can be combined with a traditional LUR modeling approach to improve predictions of within-city spatial variations in outdoor UFP and BC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Walter Scott, Jr. College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, United States
| | - Florencio Guzman Diaz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Walter Scott, Jr. College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, United States
| | | | - Kris Y Hong
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Víctor M Herrera G
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada
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Nilsson Sommar J, Andersson EM, Andersson N, Sallsten G, Stockfelt L, Ljungman PL, Segersson D, Eneroth K, Gidhagen L, Molnar P, Wennberg P, Rosengren A, Rizzuto D, Leander K, Lager A, Magnusson PK, Johansson C, Barregard L, Bellander T, Pershagen G, Forsberg B. Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and black carbon in relation to natural and cause-specific mortality: a multicohort study in Sweden. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046040. [PMID: 34497075 PMCID: PMC8438896 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate concentration-response relationships for particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) in relation to mortality in cohorts from three Swedish cities with comparatively low pollutant levels. SETTING Cohorts from Gothenburg, Stockholm and Umeå, Sweden. DESIGN High-resolution dispersion models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) and ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), and BC, at individual addresses during each year of follow-up, 1990-2011. Moving averages were calculated for the time windows 1-5 years (lag1-5) and 6-10 years (lag6-10) preceding the outcome. Cause-specific mortality data were obtained from the national cause of death registry. Cohort-specific HRs were estimated using Cox regression models and then meta-analysed including a random effect of cohort. PARTICIPANTS During the study period, 7 340 cases of natural mortality, 2 755 cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and 817 cases of respiratory and lung cancer mortality were observed among in total 68 679 individuals and 689 813 person-years of follow-up. RESULTS Both PM10 (range: 6.3-41.9 µg/m3) and BC (range: 0.2-6.8 µg/m3) were associated with natural mortality showing 17% (95% CI 6% to 31%) and 9% (95% CI 0% to 18%) increased risks per 10 µg/m3 and 1 µg/m3 of lag1-5 exposure, respectively. For PM2.5 (range: 4.0-22.4 µg/m3), the estimated increase was 13% per 5 µg/m3, but less precise (95% CI -9% to 40%). Estimates for CVD mortality appeared higher for both PM10 and PM2.5. No association was observed with respiratory mortality. CONCLUSION The results support an effect of long-term air pollution on natural mortality and mortality in CVD with high relative risks also at low exposure levels. These findings are relevant for future decisions concerning air quality policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nilsson Sommar
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva M Andersson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leonard Stockfelt
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petter Ls Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Segersson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Kristina Eneroth
- SLB-analys, Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Gidhagen
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Peter Molnar
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Wennberg
- Family Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Rosengren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Ageing Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Lager
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ke Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- SLB-analys, Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
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Sommar JN, Hvidtfeldt UA, Geels C, Frohn LM, Brandt J, Christensen JH, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Forsberg B. Long-Term Residential Exposure to Particulate Matter and Its Components, Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone-A Northern Sweden Cohort Study on Mortality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168476. [PMID: 34444225 PMCID: PMC8393394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate the mortality risk associated with air pollution in a Swedish cohort with relatively low exposure. Air pollution models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5), primary emitted carbonaceous particles (BC/pOC), sea salt, chemically formed particles grouped as secondary inorganic and organic aerosols (SIA and SOA) as well as ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The exposure, as a moving average was calculated based on home address for the time windows 1 year (lag 1), 1-5 years (lag 1-5) and 1-10 years (lag 1-10) preceding the death. During the study period, 1151 cases of natural mortality, 253 cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and 113 cases of respiratory and lung cancer mortality were observed during 369,394 person-years of follow-up. Increased natural mortality was observed in association with NO2 (3% [95% CI -8-14%] per IQR) and PM2.5 (2% [95% CI -5-9%] for an IQR increase) and its components, except for SOA where a decreased risk was observed. Higher risk increases were observed for CVD mortality (e.g., 18% [95% CI 1-39%] per IQR for NO2). These findings at low exposure levels are relevant for future decisions concerning air quality policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan N. Sommar
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-9-0785-3453
| | - Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (U.A.H.); (O.R.-N.)
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (C.G.); (L.M.F.); (J.B.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Lise M. Frohn
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (C.G.); (L.M.F.); (J.B.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (C.G.); (L.M.F.); (J.B.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Jesper H. Christensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (C.G.); (L.M.F.); (J.B.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (U.A.H.); (O.R.-N.)
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (C.G.); (L.M.F.); (J.B.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
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Jia H, Huo J, Fu Q, Duan Y, Lin Y, Hu X, Fan L, Cheng J. Atmospheric characteristics and population exposure assessment of black carbon at a regional representative site in the Yangtze River Delta region, China based on the five-year monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:145990. [PMID: 33684762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the multi-year atmospheric characteristic and population exposure level of black carbon (BC) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China, about five years of ambient BC measurement was performed at Dianshan Lake (DSL) regional Supersite from February 2014 to February 2019. BC concentration at DSL was 1.39 ± 1.15 μg m-3, which was at low to medium level compared to other areas in the world, and annual BC level was decreased by an average of 45.4% from 2014 to 2018. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) value was 1.30 ± 0.173, indicating the predominant contribution of liquid fuel sources such as traffic exhaust to BC. Meanwhile, AAE and BC values both showed the winter-high and summer-low temporal patterns, which highlighted the increasing contribution from solid fuels to BC in winter. Moreover, diurnal characteristics of BC, AAE, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide demonstrated the dominance of traffic sources for BC. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BC through inhalation for 17 population age subgroups were 0.0177-0.0811 μg kg-1 day-1, which the highest EDIs for male and female were both observed in infants (9 months ~ < 1 year). Male generally taken higher exposure level of BC compared to female. This work could improve the insights for atmospheric characteristic and population exposure level of BC, and potentially facilitate the development of abatement policies of BC in YRD region, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China.
| | - Yusen Duan
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yanfen Lin
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Xue Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Linping Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Traffic Density-Related Black Carbon Distribution: Impact of Wind in a Basin Town. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126490. [PMID: 34208506 PMCID: PMC8296370 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon is one of the riskiest particle matter pollutants that is harmful to human health. Although it has been increasingly investigated, factors that depend on black carbon distribution and concentration are still insufficiently researched. Variables, such as traffic density, wind speeds, and ground levels can lead to substantial variations of black carbon concentrations and potential exposure, which is even riskier for people living in less-airy sites. Therefore, this paper “fills the gaps” by studying black carbon distribution variations, concentrations, and oscillations, with special emphasis on traffic density and road segments, at multiple locations, in a small city located in a basin, with frequent temperature inversions and infrequent low wind speeds. As wind speed has a significant impact on black carbon concentration trends, it is critical to present how low wind speeds influence black carbon dispersion in a basin city, and how black carbon is dependent on traffic density. Our results revealed that when the wind reached speeds of 1 ms−1, black carbon concentrations actually increased. In lengthy wind periods, when wind speeds reached 2 or 3 ms−1, black carbon concentrations decreased during rush hour and in the time of severe winter biomass burning. By observing the results, it could be concluded that black carbon persists longer in higher altitudes than near ground level. Black carbon concentration oscillations were also seen as more pronounced on main roads with higher traffic density. The more the traffic decreases and becomes steady, the more black carbon concentrations oscillate.
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Rahmatinia M, Hadei M, Hopke PK, Querol X, Shahsavani A, Namvar Z, Kermani M. Relationship between ambient black carbon and daily mortality in Tehran, Iran: a distributed lag nonlinear time series analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:907-916. [PMID: 34150281 PMCID: PMC8172677 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of short-term exposure to ambient black carbon (BC) on daily cause-specific mortality, including mortality due to respiratory, cardiovascular, ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases in Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Daily non-accidental death counts, meteorological data and hourly concentrations of air pollutants from 2014 to 2017 were collected in Tehran. A distributed lag non-linear model was used to assess the association between exposure to BC and daily mortality. RESULTS The mean daily BC concentration during the study period was 3.96 ± 1.19 µg/m3. The results indicated that BC was significantly associated with cardiovascular, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular mortality, but not with respiratory mortality. In first model, each 10 µg/m3 increase in at lag 3, lag 4 and lag 5 were associated with cardiovascular mortality in 16-65 year age group with the relative risks (RRs) of 1.17 (95 % CI: 1.02-1.33), 1.17 (95 % CI: 1.04-1.31) and 1.12 (95 % CI: 1.02-1.24), respectively. The highest mortality rate per 10 µg/m3 increase in exposure was found for ischemic heart diseases with RR of 3.98 (95 % CI: 1.04-1.81, lag 01) for 16-65 age group. Cerebrovascular mortality was associated with 10 µg/m3 increases in non-cumulative exposure with RR of 1.17 (95 % 1.009-1.35, lag 5) in the age group ≥ 65 years. In the second model for a 10 µg/m3 increase in BC, cardiovascular mortality at specific lag days (5 and 6 days) in the age group ≤ 16 years were associated with RR of 1.34 (95 % CI 1.08-1.66) and 1.35(95 % CI 1.02-1.77), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study in Tehran found significant effects of BC exposure on daily mortality for cardiovascular, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-021-00659-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Rahmatinia
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip K. Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 13699 Potsdam, NY USA
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Namvar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Cheong DKW, Chandra Sekhar S, Tham KW, Balasubramanian R. Assessment of Home-Based and Mobility-Based Exposure to Black Carbon in an Urban Environment: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095028. [PMID: 34068742 PMCID: PMC8126254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of fossil fuels is a significant source of particulate-bound black carbon (BC) in urban environments. The personal exposure (PE) of urban dwellers to BC and subsequent health impacts remain poorly understood due to a lack of observational data. In this study, we assessed and quantified the levels of PE to BC under two exposure scenarios (home-based and mobility-based exposure) in the city of Trivandrum in India. In the home-based scenario, the PE to BC was assessed in a naturally ventilated building over 24 h each day during the study period while in the mobility-based scenario, the PE to BC was monitored across diverse microenvironments (MEs) during the day using the same study protocol for consistency. Elevated BC concentrations were observed during the transport by motorcycle (26.23 ± 2.33 µg/m3) and car (17.49 ± 2.37 µg/m3). The BC concentrations observed in the MEs decreased in the following order: 16.58 ± 1.38 µg/m3 (temple), 13.78 ± 2.07 µg/m3 (restaurant), 11.44 ± 1.37 µg/m3 (bus stop), and 8.27 ± 1.88 µg/m3 (home); the standard deviations represent the temporal and spatial variations of BC concentrations. Overall, a relatively larger inhaled dose of BC in the range of 148.98–163.87 µg/day was observed for the mobility-based scenario compared to the home-based one (118.10–137.03 µg/day). This work highlights the importance of reducing PE to fossil fuel-related particulate emissions in cities for which BC is a good indicator. The study outcome could be used to formulate effective strategies to improve the urban air quality as well as public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gerrit Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Faculty of Environment, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City 50608, Vietnam
| | - David Kok Wai Cheong
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Sitaraman Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Kwok Wai Tham
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-5135; Fax: +65-6779-1635
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Orach J, Rider CF, Carlsten C. Concentration-dependent health effects of air pollution in controlled human exposures. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106424. [PMID: 33596522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is a leading contributor to premature mortality worldwide and is often represented by particulate matter (PM), a key contributor to its harmful health effects. Concentration-response relationships are useful for quantifying the effects of air pollution in relevant populations and in considering potential effect thresholds. Controlled human exposures can provide data on acute effects and concentration-response relationships that complement epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVES We examined PM concentration-responses after controlled human air pollution exposures to examine exposure-response markers, assess effect modifiers, and identify potential effect thresholds. METHODS We reviewed primary research from published controlled human exposure studies where responses were reported at multiple target PM concentrations or summarized per unit change in PM to identify concentration-dependent effects. RESULTS Of the 191 publications identified through PubMed and supplementary searches, 31 were eligible. Eligible studies collectively represented four pollutant models: concentrated ambient particles, engineered carbon nanoparticles, diesel exhaust, and woodsmoke. We identified concentration-dependent effects on oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and cardiovascular function that overlapped across different pollutants. Metabolic syndrome and glutathione s-transferase mu 1 genotype were identified as potential effect modifiers. DISCUSSION Improved understanding of concentration-response relationships is integral to biomonitoring and mitigation of health effects through impact assessment and policy. Although we identified potential concentration-response markers, thresholds, and modifiers, our conclusions on these relationships were limited by a dearth of eligible publications, considerable variability in methodology, and inconsistent reporting standards between studies. More research is required to validate these observations. We recommend that future studies harmonize estimate reporting to facilitate the identification of robust response markers across research and applied settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma Orach
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher F Rider
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Lequy E, Siemiatycki J, de Hoogh K, Vienneau D, Dupuy JF, Garès V, Hertel O, Christensen JH, Zhivin S, Goldberg M, Zins M, Jacquemin B. Contribution of Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Black Carbon to the Carcinogenicity of Air Pollution: Evidence regarding Risk of Cancer in the Gazel Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:37005. [PMID: 33759553 PMCID: PMC7989243 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black carbon (BC), a component of fine particulate matter [particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5)], may contribute to carcinogenic effects of air pollution. Until recently however, there has been little evidence to evaluate this hypothesis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to estimate the associations between long-term exposure to BC and risk of cancer. This study was conducted within the French Gazel cohort of 20,625 subjects. METHODS We assessed exposure to BC by linking subjects' histories of residential addresses to a map of European black carbon levels in 2010 with back- and forward-extrapolation between 1989 and 2015. We used extended Cox models, with attained age as time-scale and time-varying cumulative exposure to BC, adjusted for relevant sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. To consider latency between exposure and cancer diagnosis, we implemented a 10-y lag, and as a sensitivity analysis, a lag of 2 y. To isolate the effect of BC from that of total PM2.5, we regressed BC on PM2.5 and used the residuals as the exposure variable. RESULTS During the 26-y follow-up period, there were 3,711 incident cancer cases (all sites combined) and 349 incident lung cancers. Median baseline exposure in 1989 was 2.65 10-5/m [interquartile range (IQR): 2.23-3.33], which generally slightly decreased over time. Using 10 y as a lag-time in our models, the adjusted hazard ratio per each IQR increase of the natural log-transformed cumulative BC was 1.17 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.29) for all-sites cancer combined and 1.31 (0.93, 1.83) for lung cancer. Associations with BC residuals were also positive for both outcomes. Using 2 y as a lag-time, the results were similar. DISCUSSION Our findings for a cohort of French adults suggest that BC may partly explain the association between PM2.5 and lung cancer. Additional studies are needed to confirm our results and further disentangle the effects of BC, total PM2.5, and other constituents. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Lequy
- UMS 011, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm), Villejuif, France
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l’université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l’université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Valérie Garès
- UMR 6625 IRMAR, INSA, CNRS, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Ole Hertel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Sergey Zhivin
- UMS 011, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm), Villejuif, France
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- UMS 011, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm), Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Zins
- UMS 011, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm), Villejuif, France
| | - Bénédicte Jacquemin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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Deng Z, Kang P, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li W, Ou Y, Lei Y, Dang Y, Deng Z. The impact of urbanization and consumption patterns on China's black carbon emissions based on input-output analysis and structural decomposition analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2914-2922. [PMID: 32895797 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization in China has dramatically increased from 39.10 in 2002 to 58.52% in 2017. Studies have discussed the impacts of urbanization and its corresponding changes in consumption patterns on carbon dioxide emissions; however, little is known about their impacts on black carbon (BC). Therefore, we collected data on the BC emissions of various sectors to calculate the consumption-based BC emissions in China, and we used an input-output analysis (IOA) and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to explore the impacts of urbanization and changes in consumption patterns on BC emissions from 2002 to 2017, focusing on sectoral BC emissions. The total BC emissions of various sectors first increased and then decreased. BC emissions increased from 1083.47 in 2002 to 2550.83 Gg in 2012. They were then reduced to 2478.63 Gg in 2017. Additionally, with the rise in the urbanization rate, household consumption BC emissions increased from 446.18 in 2002 to 1080.12 Gg in 2017. Urban consumption, rural consumption, and BC emission intensity were the three main contributing factors to household consumption BC emission changes. Transport, storage, postal, and telecommunications services (TSP); farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery (FFA); and residential and other industries (RES) contributed the most to the urbanization-related BC emission increase. In particular, the TSP sector contributed the most to the BC emission increase because of the increasing TSP needs related to urbanization. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate mitigation policies for the TSP sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongci Deng
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Ping Kang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Weijie Li
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Yihan Ou
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Ying Dang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Zhongren Deng
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Tang H, Cheng Z, Li N, Mao S, Ma R, He H, Niu Z, Chen X, Xiang H. The short- and long-term associations of particulate matter with inflammation and blood coagulation markers: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115630. [PMID: 33254709 PMCID: PMC7687019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and the coagulation cascade are considered to be the potential mechanisms of ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure-induced adverse cardiovascular events. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and fibrinogen are arguably the four most commonly assayed markers to reflect the relationships of PM with inflammation and blood coagulation. This review summarized and quantitatively analyzed the existing studies reporting short- and long-term associations of PM2.5(PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm)/PM10 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter≤10 μm) with important inflammation and blood coagulation markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, fibrinogen). We reviewed relevant studies published up to July 2020, using three English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase) and two Chinese databases (Wang-Fang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure). The OHAT tool, with some modification, was applied to evaluate risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted with random-effects models for calculating the pooled estimate of markers. To assess the potential effect modifiers and the source of heterogeneity, we conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses where appropriate. The assessment and correction of publication bias were based on Begg's and Egger's test and "trim-and-fill" analysis. We identified 44 eligible studies. For short-term PM exposure, the percent change of a 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 increase on TNF-α and fibrinogen was 3.51% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21%, 5.81%) and 0.54% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21%, 0.86%) respectively. We also found a significant short-term association between PM10 and fibrinogen (percent change = 0.17%, 95% CI: 0.04%, 0.29%). Overall analysis showed that long-term associations of fibrinogen with PM2.5 and PM10 were not significant. Subgroup analysis showed that long-term associations of fibrinogen with PM2.5 and PM10 were significant only found in studies conducted in Asia. Our findings support significant short-term associations of PM with TNF-α and fibrinogen. Future epidemiological studies should address the role long-term PM exposure plays in inflammation and blood coagulation markers level change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Zilu Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyuan Mao
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Runxue Ma
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Haijun He
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiping Niu
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xiang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.
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41
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Niu Z, Liu F, Li B, Li N, Yu H, Wang Y, Tang H, Chen X, Lu Y, Cheng Z, Liu S, Chen G, Zhang Y, Xiang H. Acute effect of ambient fine particulate matter on heart rate variability: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of panel studies. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:77. [PMID: 33261557 PMCID: PMC7706193 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) is a predictor of autonomic system dysfunction, and is considered as a potential mechanism of increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) induced by exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). Previous studies have suggested that exposure to PM2.5 may lead to decreased HRV levels, but the results remain inconsistent. Methods An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of panel studies till November 1, 2019 was conducted to evaluate the acute effect of exposure to ambient PM2.5 on HRV. We searched electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) to identify panel studies reporting the associations between exposure to PM2.5 and the four indicators of HRV (standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences in adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (rMSSD), high frequency power (HF), and low frequency power (LF)). Random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect estimates. Results A total of 33 panel studies were included in our meta-analysis, with 16 studies conducted in North America, 12 studies in Asia, and 5 studies in Europe. The pooled results showed a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure which was significantly associated with a − 0.92% change in SDNN (95% confidence intervals (95%CI) − 1.26%, − 0.59%), − 1.47% change in rMSSD (95%CI − 2.17%, − 0.77%), − 2.17% change in HF (95%CI − 3.24%, − 1.10%), and − 1.52% change in LF (95%CI − 2.50%, − 0.54%), respectively. Overall, subgroup analysis suggested that short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with lower HRV levels in Asians, healthy population, and those aged ≥ 40 years. Conclusion Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with decreased HRV levels. Future studies are warranted to clarity the exact mechanism of exposure to PM2.5 on the cardiovascular system through disturbance of autonomic nervous function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12199-020-00912-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Niu
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Baojing Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18, Solna, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Na Li
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- School of Management, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37# Shierqiao Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health Sciences, University Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Zilu Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122# Luoshi Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Suyang Liu
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health risk Assessment; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China. .,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hao Xiang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China. .,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.
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42
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Raaschou-Nielsen O, Thorsteinson E, Antonsen S, Holst GJ, Sigsgaard T, Geels C, Frohn LM, Christensen JH, Brandt J, Pedersen CB, Hvidtfeldt UA. Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 28:100605. [PMID: 33163948 PMCID: PMC7610042 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown higher mortality in association with exposure to air pollution. We investigated this association with focus on differences between socioeconomic groups. METHODS We included all Danes born between 1921 and 1985 aged 30-85 years from 1991 to 2015 (N = 4,401,348). We applied a nested case-control design and identified those who died during follow-up and selected five controls per case. We modelled NO2, fine particulate matter (PM2·5), black carbon (BC) particles, and ozone (O3) as five-year average concentrations at the residential addresses of 672,895 all natural cause mortality cases and 3,426,533 controls in conditional logistic regression with adjustment for individual and neighbourhood level socio-demographic variables. FINDINGS In single pollutant models, a 10 μg/m3 (BC: 1 μg/m3) increase in NO2, PM2·5, BC, and O3 was associated with natural cause mortality rate ratios (MRR) of 1·05 (95% confidence interval 1·04-1·06), 1·08 (1·04-1·13), 1·05 (1·02-1·08), and 0·96 (0·95-0·97), respectively. The patterns were similar for respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality. O3 was associated with higher risk of CVD mortality. The rate differences for a unit increase in PM2·5, NO2, and BC were largest among those with the lowest income; this pattern was not detected when considering the relative risk measure, MRR. INTERPRETATION Long-term concentration of air pollution at the residence was associated with higher natural cause mortality in the Danish population and the strength of the association differed by socioeconomic group. We recommend that future studies express socioeconomic differences in absolute rather than relative risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Erla Thorsteinson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Sussie Antonsen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Gitte J Holst
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lise M Frohn
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H Christensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- iClimate - Aarhus University interdisciplinary Center for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Carsten B Pedersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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43
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Williams J, Petrik L, Wichmann J. PM 2.5 chemical composition and geographical origin of air masses in Cape Town, South Africa. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2020; 14:431-442. [PMID: 33042291 PMCID: PMC7539287 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 in the indoor and outdoor environment has been linked in epidemiology studies to the symptoms, hospital admissions and development of numerous health outcomes including death. The study was conducted during April 2017 and April 2018. PM2.5 samples were collected over 24 h and every third day. The mean PM2.5 level was 13.4 μg m-3 (range: 1.17-39.1 μg m-3). PM2.5 levels exceeded the daily World Health Organization air quality guideline (25 μg m-3) on 14 occasions. The mean soot level was 1.38 m-1 × 10-5 (range: 0 to 5.38 m-1 × 10-5). Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na and Zn were detected in the PM2.5 samples. The geographical origin of air masses that passed Cape Town was estimated using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory software. Four air masses were identified in the cluster analysis: Atlantic-Ocean-WSW, Atlantic-Ocean-SW, Atlantic-Ocean-SSW and Indian-Ocean. The population of Cape Town may experience various health outcomes from the outdoor exposure to PM2.5 and the chemical composition of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Williams
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janine Wichmann
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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44
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Shkirkova K, Lamorie-Foote K, Connor M, Patel A, Barisano G, Baertsch H, Liu Q, Morgan TE, Sioutas C, Mack WJ. Effects of ambient particulate matter on vascular tissue: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:319-350. [PMID: 32972334 PMCID: PMC7758078 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1822971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fine and ultra-fine particulate matter (PM) are major constituents of urban air pollution and recognized risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This review examined the effects of PM exposure on vascular tissue. Specific mechanisms by which PM affects the vasculature include inflammation, oxidative stress, actions on vascular tone and vasomotor responses, as well as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Further, there appears to be a greater PM exposure effect on susceptible individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista Lamorie-Foote
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Michelle Connor
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Arati Patel
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | - Hans Baertsch
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California
| | - William J. Mack
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
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45
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Zhou Y, Shao Y, Yuan Y, Liu J, Zou X, Bai P, Zhan M, Zhang P, Vlaanderen J, Vermeulen R, Downward GS. Personal black carbon and ultrafine particles exposures among high school students in urban China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114825. [PMID: 32474339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major public health challenge in the highly urbanized megacities of China. However, knowledge on exposure to ambient unregulated air pollutants such as black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) among the Chinese population, especially among urban high school students who may have highly variable time-activity patterns, is scarce. To address this, the personal exposures to BC and UFP of high school students (aged 17 to 18) in Chengdu, China were measured at 1-min intervals via portable samplers. Monitoring lasted for 2 consecutive 24-h periods with days classified as "school days" or "non-school days". Time-activity diaries and measurements were combined to explore spatial, temporal, and behavioral factors that contribute to different exposure profiles. The overall geometric means of BC and UFP were 3.60 μg/m3 and 1.83 × 104p/cm3, respectively with notable spatiotemporal variation in exposures observed. In general, the household and transport microenvironments were the predominant contributors to total BC (74.5%) and UFP (36.5%) exposure. However, the outdoor public microenvironment was found to have significantly higher overall average levels of BC than the household and transport microenvironments (p < 0.001) while also presenting the greatest exposure dose intensity (EDI - a measure of exposure in a microenvironment in proportion to time spent in that environment) of 4.79. The largest overall average level of UFP occurred in the indoor public microenvironment followed by transport. The outdoor public microenvironment also presented the greatest EDI of UFP (4.17). This study shows notable spatiotemporal variety in exposure patterns and will inform future exposure and population health studies. The high EDI outdoors may mean that health positive activities, such as exercise, may be being undermined by ambient pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yijun Shao
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Chengdu Shude High School, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pinqing Bai
- Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands.
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46
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Lin C, Hu D, Jia X, Chen J, Deng F, Guo X, Heal MR, Cowie H, Wilkinson P, Miller MR, Loh M. The relationship between personal exposure and ambient PM 2.5 and black carbon in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139801. [PMID: 32783824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study is part of the "Air Polluion Impacts on Cardiopulmonary disease in Beijing: an integrated study of Exposure Science, Toxicologenomics & Environmental Epidemiology (APIC-ESTEE)" project under the UK-China joint research programme "Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH-China)". The aim is to capture the spatio-temporal variability in people's exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) air pollution in Beijing, China. A total of 120 students were recruited for a panel study from ten universities in Haidian District in northwestern Beijing from December 2017 to June 2018. Real-time personal concentrations of PM2.5 and BC were measured over a 24-h period with two research-grade portable personal exposure monitors. Personal microenvironments (MEs) were determined by applying an algorithm to the handheld GPS unit data. On average, the participants spent the most time indoors (79% in Residence and 16% in Workplace), and much less time travelling by Walking, Cycling, Bus and Metro. Similar patterns were observed across participant gender and body-mass index classifications. The participants were exposed to 33.8 ± 27.8 μg m-3 PM2.5 and to 1.9 ± 1.2 μg m-3 BC over the 24-h monitoring period, on average 24.3 μg m-3 (42%) and 0.8 μg m-3 (28%) lower, respectively, than the concurrent fixed-site ambient measurements. Relative differences between personal and ambient BC concentrations showed greater variability across the MEs, highlighting significant contributions from Dining and travelling by Bus, which involve potential combustion of fuels. This study demonstrates the potential value of personal exposure monitoring in investigating air pollution related health effects, and in evaluating the effectiveness of pollution control and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Dayu Hu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mathew R Heal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Hilary Cowie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Miranda Loh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK.
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47
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Rabito FA, Yang Q, Zhang H, Werthmann D, Shankar A, Chillrud S. The association between short-term residential black carbon concentration on blood pressure in a general population sample. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:767-775. [PMID: 32003066 PMCID: PMC7985991 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to black carbon indoors may be associated with blood pressure; however, evidence is limited to vulnerable subpopulations and highly exposed individuals. Our objective was to explore the relationship between indoor black carbon at various exposure windows on resting blood pressure in a general population sample. METHODS Black carbon was measured in the home of 76 individuals aged 10-71 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Exposure was measured every 1 minute for up to 120 hours using an AE51 microaethalometer. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were measured at the conclusion of exposure monitoring. RESULTS In adjusted models, at all exposure windows, increasing black carbon was associated with increased systolic blood pressure. The period 0-72 hours prior to blood pressure measurement showed the strongest effect; a 1 μg/m3 increase in black carbon was associated with a 7.55 mm Hg (P = .02) increase in systolic blood pressure. The relationship was stronger in participants reporting doctor-diagnosed hypertension (β = 6.47 vs β = 3.27). Black carbon was not associated with diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION Increasing black carbon concentration indoors is positively associated with increasing systolic blood pressure with the most relevant exposure window being 0-72 hours prior to blood pressure measurement. Individuals with hypertension may be a more susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia A. Rabito
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Qiang Yang
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Derek Werthmann
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Arti Shankar
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
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Tapia V, Steenland K, Vu B, Liu Y, Vásquez V, Gonzales GF. PM 2.5 exposure on daily cardio-respiratory mortality in Lima, Peru, from 2010 to 2016. Environ Health 2020; 19:63. [PMID: 32503633 PMCID: PMC7275326 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been no studies of air pollution and mortality in Lima, Peru. We evaluate whether daily environmental PM2.5 exposure is associated to respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in Lima during 2010 to 2016. METHODS We analyzed 86,970 deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Lima from 2010 to 2016. Estimated daily PM2.5 was assigned based on district of residence. Poisson regression was used to estimate associations between daily district-level PM2.5 exposures and daily counts of deaths. RESULTS An increase in 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 on the day before was significantly associated with daily cardiorespiratory mortality (RR 1.029; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05) across all ages and in the age group over 65 (RR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.005-1.09) which included 74% of all deaths. We also observed associations with circulatory deaths for all age groups (RR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.11), and those over 65 (RR 1.06; 95% CI 1.00-1.12). A borderline significant trend was seen (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.99-1.06; p = 0.10) for respiratory deaths in persons aged over 65. Trends were driven by the highest quintile of exposure. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 exposure is associated with daily cardiorespiratory mortality in Lima, especially for older people. Our data suggest that the existing limits on air pollution exposure are too high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Tapia
- Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, and Laboratory of Investigation and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory U, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Bryan Vu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory U, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory U, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, and Laboratory of Investigation and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo F. Gonzales
- Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, and Laboratory of Investigation and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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49
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Zhou H, Lin J, Shen Y, Deng F, Gao Y, Liu Y, Dong H, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Fang J, Tang S, Wang Y, Du Y, Cui L, Ruan S, Kong F, Liu Z, Li T. Personal black carbon exposure and its determinants among elderly adults in urban China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105607. [PMID: 32142915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to air pollution is affected by its concentration in the microenvironment and individual time-activity patterns. To investigate personal black carbon (BC) exposure levels and identify their potential determinants, we conducted a panel study among 67 elderly residents aged 60-69 years in Jinan, China. Personal BC exposure was measured using portable real-time monitors, while corresponding ambient BC concentrations and meteorological conditions were also collected from the local central site. Time-activity and household characteristics were recorded. A linear mixed-effects model was used to identify potential determinants of personal BC exposure. The daily average personal BC exposure concentration was 4.1 ± 2.0 μg/m3 (±standard deviation, SD), which was significantly lower than the ambient concentration (4.6 ± 2.5 μg/m3) (p < 0.001). Strong correlation (Spearman's r = 0.63, p < 0.001) was found between personal and ambient BC concentrations. The fixed-site monitoring ambient concentration cannot fully reflect the actual personal exposure concentration. Ambient BC concentration, ambient temperature, relative humidity, education level and air purifier use were significant determinants of personal BC exposure. Our findings highlight the need for detailed assessment of personal exposure on health risk assessment of BC and also help develop strategies for targeted risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichan Zhou
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Shandong Provincial Eco-environmental Monitoring Center, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Shen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Dong
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Du
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Cui
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shiman Ruan
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Fanling Kong
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaorong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Fabisiak JP, Jackson EM, Brink LL, Presto AA. A risk-based model to assess environmental justice and coronary heart disease burden from traffic-related air pollutants. Environ Health 2020; 19:34. [PMID: 32178683 PMCID: PMC7075037 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communities need to efficiently estimate the burden from specific pollutants and identify those most at risk to make timely informed policy decisions. We developed a risk-based model to estimate the burden of black carbon (BC) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on coronary heart disease (CHD) across environmental justice (EJ) and non-EJ populations in Allegheny County, PA. METHODS Exposure estimates in census tracts were modeled via land use regression and analyzed in relation to US Census data. Tracts were ranked into quartiles of exposure (Q1-Q4). A risk-based model for estimating the CHD burden attributed to BC and NO2 was developed using county health statistics, census tract level exposure estimates, and quantitative effect estimates available in the literature. RESULTS For both pollutants, the relative occurrence of EJ tracts (> 20% poverty and/or > 30% non-white minority) in Q2 - Q4 compared to Q1 progressively increased and reached a maximum in Q4. EJ tracts were 4 to 25 times more likely to be in the highest quartile of exposure compared to the lowest quartile for BC and NO2, respectively. Pollutant-specific risk values (mean [95% CI]) for CHD mortality were higher in EJ tracts (5.49 × 10- 5 [5.05 × 10- 5 - 5.92 × 10- 5]; 5.72 × 10- 5 [5.44 × 10- 5 - 6.01 × 10- 5] for BC and NO2, respectively) compared to non-EJ tracts (3.94 × 10- 5 [3.66 × 10- 5 - 4.23 × 10- 5]; 3.49 × 10- 5 [3.27 × 10- 5 - 3.70 × 10- 5] for BC and NO2, respectively). While EJ tracts represented 28% of the county population, they accounted for about 40% of the CHD mortality attributed to each pollutant. EJ tracts are disproportionately skewed toward areas of high exposure and EJ residents bear a greater risk for air pollution-related disease compared to other county residents. CONCLUSIONS We have combined a risk-based model with spatially resolved long-term exposure estimates to predict CHD burden from air pollution at the census tract level. It provides quantitative estimates of effects that can be used to assess possible health disparities, track temporal changes, and inform timely local community policy decisions. Such an approach can be further expanded to include other pollutants and adverse health endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Fabisiak
- Center for Healthy Environments & Communities, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PUBHL-4132, 130 DeSoto Street Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Erica M Jackson
- Center for Healthy Environments & Communities, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PUBHL-4132, 130 DeSoto Street Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - LuAnn L Brink
- Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Albert A Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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