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Khan RN, Saporito AF, Zenon J, Goodman L, Zelikoff JT. Traffic-related air pollution in marginalized neighborhoods: a community perspective. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:343-354. [PMID: 38618680 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2331259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Marginalized communities are exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) than the general population. TRAP exposure is linked to pulmonary toxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity often through mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress. Early life exposure to TRAP is also implicated in higher rates of asthma in these same communities. There is a critical need for additional epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies to define the health risks of TRAP exposure affecting the most vulnerable groups to set strict, protective air pollution standards in these communities. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature review was conducted to summarize recent findings (2010-2024) concerning TRAP exposure and toxic mechanisms that are relevant to the most affected underserved communities. CONCLUSIONS Guided by the perspectives of NYC community scientists, this contemporary review of toxicological and epidemiological studies considers how the exposome could lead to disproportionate exposures and health effects in underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahanna N Khan
- Division of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio F Saporito
- Division of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jania Zenon
- Division of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Judith T Zelikoff
- Division of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Ferguson L, Taylor J, Symonds P, Davies M, Dimitroulopoulou S. Analysis of inequalities in personal exposure to PM 2.5: A modelling study for the Greater London school-aged population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167056. [PMID: 37717780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution can lead to negative health impacts, with children highly susceptible due to their immature immune and lung systems. Childhood exposure may vary by socio-economic status (SES) due to differences in both outdoor and indoor air pollution levels, the latter of which depends on, for example, building quality, overcrowding and occupant behaviours; however, exposure estimates typically rely on the outdoor component only. Quantifying population exposure across SES requires accounting for variations in time-activity patterns, outdoor air pollution concentrations, and concentrations in indoor microenvironments that account for pollution-generating occupant behaviours and building characteristics. Here, we present a model that estimates personal exposure to PM2.5 for ~1.3 million children aged 4-16 years old in the Greater London region from different income groups. The model combines 1) A national time-activity database, which gives the percentage of each group in different residential and non-residential microenvironments throughout a typical day; 2) Distributions of modelled outdoor PM2.5 concentrations; 3) Detailed estimates of domestic indoor concentrations for different housing and occupant typologies from the building physics model, EnergyPlus, and; 4) Non-domestic concentrations derived from a mass-balance approach. The results show differences in personal exposure across socio-economic groups for children, where the median daily exposure across all scenarios (winter/summer and weekends/weekdays) is 17.2 μg/m3 (95%CIs: 12.1 μg/m3-41.2 μg/m3) for children from households in the lowest income quintile versus 14.5 μg/m3 (95%CIs: 11.5 μg/m3 - 27.9 μg/m3) for those in the highest income quintile. Though those from lower-income homes generally fare worse, approximately 57 % of London's school-aged population across all income groups, equivalent to 761,976 children, have a median daily exposure which exceeds guideline 24-h limits set by the World Health Organisation. The findings suggest residential indoor sources of PM2.5 are a large contributor to personal exposure for school children in London. Interventions to reduce indoor exposure in the home (for example, via the maintenance of kitchen extract ventilation and transition to cleaner cooking fuels) should therefore be prioritised along with the continued mitigation of outdoor sources in Greater London.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Ferguson
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK; Air Quality and Public Health Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK.
| | - Jonathon Taylor
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Phil Symonds
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK
| | - Michael Davies
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK
| | - Sani Dimitroulopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK; Air Quality and Public Health Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
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Karakas F, Grassie D, Schwartz Y, Dong J, Chalabi Z, Mumovic D, Mavrogianni A, Milner J. School building energy efficiency and NO 2 related risk of childhood asthma in England and Wales: Modelling study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166109. [PMID: 37558063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change legislation will require dramatic increases in the energy efficiency of school buildings across the UK by 2050, which has the potential to affect air quality in schools. We assessed how different strategies for improving the energy efficiency of school buildings in England and Wales may affect asthma incidence and associated healthcare utilization costs in the future. METHODS Indoor concentrations of traffic-related NO2 were modelled inside school buildings representing 13 climate regions in England and Wales using a building physics school stock model. We used a health impact assessment model to quantify the resulting burden of childhood asthma incidence by combining regional health and population data with exposure-response functions from a recent high-quality systematic review/meta-analysis. We compared the effects of four energy efficiency interventions consisting of combinations of retrofit and operational strategies aiming to improve indoor air quality and thermal comfort on asthma incidence and associated hospitalization costs. RESULTS The highest childhood asthma incidence was found in the Thames Valley region (including London), in particular in older school buildings, while the lowest concentrations and health burdens were in the newest schools in Wales. Interventions consisting of only operational improvements or combinations of retrofit and operational strategies resulted in reductions in childhood asthma incidence (547 and 676 per annum regional average, respectively) and hospital utilization costs (£52,050 and £64,310 per annum regional average, respectively. Interventions that improved energy efficiency without operational measures resulted in higher childhood asthma incidence and hospital costs. CONCLUSION The effect of school energy efficiency retrofit on NO2 exposure and asthma incidence in schoolchildren depends critically on the use of appropriate building operation strategies. The findings from this study make several contributions to fill the knowledge gap about the impact of retrofitting schools on exposure to air pollutants and their effects on children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Karakas
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Jie Dong
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zaid Chalabi
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - James Milner
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Lee KM, Lee S, Kim YJ, Lee SE, Kim Y, Kang D, Kim SY. Occupational asthma related to indoor air pollution in a worker at an indoor air gun shooting range: a case report. Ann Occup Environ Med 2023; 35:e13. [PMID: 37614335 PMCID: PMC10442578 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor air pollution can cause and exacerbate asthma. We report a previously undescribed case of occupational asthma related to indoor air pollution in a worker at an indoor air gun shooting range and highlight the potential risk of developing occupational asthma in this environment. Case presentation A 31-year-old man presented with dyspnea, cough, and sputum and was diagnosed with asthma complicated by pneumonia. Objective evidence of asthma was obtained by performing a methacholine bronchial provocation test. It was suspected that the patient had occupational asthma, which began one month after changing jobs to work within the indoor air gun shooting range. The highest peak expiratory flow (PEF) diurnal variability on working days was 15%, but the highest variation was 24%, with 4 days out of 4 weeks having a variation of over 20% related to workplace exposure. Conversely, the diurnal variability on the rest days was 7%, and no day showed a variation exceeding 20%. The difference in the average PEF between working and rest days was 52 L/min. PEF deterioration during working days and improvement on rest days were noted. Conclusions The results obtained from the in-depth analysis of the PEF were adequate to diagnose the patient with occupational asthma. Exposure to indoor air pollution and lead and the patient's atopy and allergic rhinitis may have contributed to the development of occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Min Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seungho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ji Kim
- Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seung-eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Youngki Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Dongmug Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Se-Yeong Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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Hao L, Zhao Z, Yin H, Wang J, Li L, Lu W, Ge Y, Sjödin Å. Study of durability of diesel vehicle emissions performance based on real driving emission measurement. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134171. [PMID: 35247447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diesel vehicle emissions generally deteriorate with vehicle mileage due to the wear and deterioration of vehicle parts. Most of the experimental studies on vehicle emission durability were carried out based on the standard operation cycles of engine or vehicle, few research investigated vehicle emission deterioration characteristics under real driving conditions. In this research, the real driving emission (RDE) test method was used to investigate and evaluate the emission deterioration characteristics of two China-V diesel vehicles equipped with DOC and SCR systems. The experimental results show the emissions of CO and NOx from the N2 and N3 diesel vehicles increase with the vehicle mileage, showing the tendency of emission deterioration. The calculated deterioration factors of N2 and N3 diesel vehicle CO and NOx emissions are greater than the recommended values in China standard HJ 438-2008, which means experimental study on the vehicle emissions durability is necessary. The vehicle emissions deterioration depends on real driving conditions and the vehicle usage over vehicle lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhouhui Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lanju Li
- Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Shandong Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Shandong Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Yunshan Ge
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Åke Sjödin
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Influence of Land Use and Meteorological Factors on PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in Bangkok, Thailand. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is regarded a major problem worldwide because of the harm it causes to human health. Concentrations of PM with particle diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and with particle diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) are based on various emission sources as well as meteorological factors. In Bangkok, where the PM2.5 and PM10 monitoring stations are few, the ability to estimate concentrations at any location based on its environment will benefit healthcare policymakers. This research aimed to study the influence of land use, traffic load, and meteorological factors on the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Bangkok using a land-use regression (LUR) approach. The backward stepwise selection method was applied to select the significant variables to be included in the resultant models. Results showed that the adjusted coefficient of determination of the PM2.5 and PM10 LUR models were 0.58 and 0.57, respectively, which are in the same range as reported in the previous studies. The meteorological variables included in both models were rainfall and air pressure; wind speed contributed to only the PM2.5 LUR model. Further, the land-use types selected in the PM2.5 LUR model were industrial and transportation areas. The PM10 LUR model included residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural areas. Traffic load was excluded from both models. The root mean squared error obtained by 10-fold cross validation was 9.77 and 16.95 for the PM2.5 and PM10 LUR models, respectively.
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Bai S, Zhao X, Liu Y, Lin S, Liu Y, Wang Z, Du S, Liu X, Wang Z. The effect window for sulfur dioxide exposure in pregnancy on childhood asthma and wheezing: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112286. [PMID: 34743895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between prenatal exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and childhood wheezing and asthma is unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between prenatal exposure to SO2 and childhood wheeze and asthma. To investigate the effects for the exposure during different pregnancy trimesters. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study firstly in Jinan City to get the prevalence of wheeze and asthma on children aged 18 months to 3 years. And then, we designed a case-control study based on population to evaluate the association between prenatal SO2 exposure and childhood asthma and wheezing. Based on the starting and ending date of pregnancy and specific residential addresses, the individual concentrations of SO2 during pregnancy was evaluated using an inverse distance weighted model. RESULTS The prevalence of wheeze and asthma on children aged 18 months to 3 years was 2.07% in our cross-sectional study. 236 cases and 1445 controls were available for exposure estimates. The OR (95% CI) of 1.296 (1.130-1.491) was significant after adjusting for the covariates. In the first and third trimesters, the effects were enhanced to 1.602 (1.275-2.022) and 1.448 (1.179-1.783) in the multi-pollutant model with adjusting the effects of other trimesters. Coincidentally, the SO2 exposure level of the case in the first trimester was higher than that in the second and third trimesters (P < 0.001); however, there was no significant difference in exposure levels of the case between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (P = 0.381). CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to higher concentration of SO2 could increase the risk of asthma and wheezing in younger children. The first trimester might be just the window for the toxic effect, while the third trimester was the sensitive window for the effect of SO2 exposure during pregnancy on childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoxin Bai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shaoqian Lin
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the production of exhaust emissions from a vehicle with a petrol engine with the Euro 4 emission standard and powered by petrol and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The paper presents new possibilities for monitoring exhaust emissions using an exhaust gas analyzer. At the same time, it points out the topicality and significance of the issue in the monitored area. It examines the impact of a change in fuel on emissions. This change is monitored in various areas of vehicle operation. Measurements were performed during real operation, which means that the results are fully usable and applicable in practice. The driving simulation as well as the test conditions correspond to the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test standard. A commercially available car was first selected to perform the tests, which was first measured in the original configuration (petrol drive). Based on real-time RDE driving tests, it is possible to determine the number of exhaust emissions. Subsequently, the same measurements were performed with the same vehicle, but the vehicle’s propulsion was changed to LPG. The vehicle was equipped with an additional system that allowed the vehicle to be powered by LPG. The results from the individual driving tests allowed the determination of the exhaust emissions. Emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), HC (hydrocarbons), and NOx (nitrogen oxides) were monitored as a matter of priority. Through the driving tests, it was found that the gasoline combustion produced higher CO (1.926 g/km) and CO2 (217.693 g/km) emissions compared to the combustion of liquefied gas, where the concentration of the CO emissions was 1.892 g/km and that of the CO2 emissions was 213.966 g/km. In contrast, the HC (0.00397 g/km) and NOx (0.03107 g/km) emissions were lower when petrol was burned. During LPG combustion, the HC emissions reached 0.00430 g/km, and the NOx emissions reached 0.05134 g/km. At the end of the research, the authors compared the emissions determined by real driving (in g/km) with the emission values produced by the emission standard EURO 4 and the certificate of conformity (COC). Practical measurements showed that the vehicle produced excessive amounts of CO when burning gasoline. This production is 0.926 g/km higher and 0.892 g/km higher when burning LPG compared to the limit set by the Euro 4 Emission Standard. The difference is even greater than the limit value stated in the COC document. For other substances, the monitored values are in the norm and are even far below the permitted value
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Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Barrera-Gómez J, Basagaña X, Cirach M, Daher C, Pulido MF, Iungman T, Gasparrini A, Hoek G, de Hoogh K, Khomenko S, Khreis H, de Nazelle A, Ramos A, Rojas-Rueda D, Pereira Barboza E, Tainio M, Thondoo M, Tonne C, Woodcock J, Mueller N. Study protocol of the European Urban Burden of Disease Project: a health impact assessment study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054270. [PMID: 35058262 PMCID: PMC8783806 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cities have long been known to be society's predominant engine of innovation and wealth creation, yet they are also hotspots of pollution and disease partly due to current urban and transport practices. The aim of the European Urban Burden of Disease project is to evaluate the health burden and its determinants related to current and future potential urban and transport planning practices and related exposures in European cities and make this evidence available for policy and decision making for healthy and sustainable futures. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Drawing on an established comparative risk assessment methodology (ie, Urban and Transport Planning Health Impact Assessment) tool), in nearly 1000 European cities we will (1) quantify the health impacts of current urban and transport planning related exposures (eg, air pollution, noise, excess heat, lack of green space) (2) and evaluate the relationship between current levels of exposure, health impacts and city characteristics (eg, size, density, design, mobility) (3) rank and compare the cities based on exposure levels and the health impacts, (4) in a number of selected cities assess in-depth the linkages between urban and transport planning, environment, physical activity and health, and model the health impacts of alternative and realistic urban and transport planning scenarios, and, finally, (5) construct a healthy city index and set up an effective knowledge translation hub to generate impact in society and policy. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION All data to be used in the project are publicly available data and do not need ethics approval. We will request consent for personal data on opinions and views and create data agreements for those providing information on current and future urban and transport planning scenarios.For dissemination and to generate impact, we will create a knowledge translation hub with information tailored to various stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolyn Daher
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Foraster Pulido
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gerard Hoek
- IRAS, Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Basel University Faculty of Philosophy and Natural Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Haneen Khreis
- Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ana Ramos
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marko Tainio
- SYKE, Helsinki, Finland
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - N Mueller
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
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Variations of Urban NO2 Pollution during the COVID-19 Outbreak and Post-Epidemic Era in China: A Synthesis of Remote Sensing and In Situ Measurements. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, China’s air pollution has been significantly affected by control measures on industrial production and human activities. In this study, we analyzed the temporal variations of NO2 concentrations during the COVID-19 lockdown and post-epidemic era in 11 Chinese megacities by using satellite and ground-based remote sensing as well as in situ measurements. The average satellite tropospheric vertical column density (TVCD) of NO2 by TROPOMI decreased by 39.2–71.93% during the 15 days after Chinese New Year when the lockdown was at its most rigorous compared to that of 2019, while the in situ NO2 concentration measured by China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (CNEMC) decreased by 42.53–69.81% for these cities. Such differences between both measurements were further investigated by using ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) remote sensing of NO2 vertical profiles. For instance, in Beijing, MAX-DOAS NO2 showed a decrease of 14.19% (versus 18.63% by in situ) at the ground surface, and 36.24% (versus 36.25% by satellite) for the total tropospheric column. Thus, vertical discrepancies of atmospheric NO2 can largely explain the differences between satellite and in situ NO2 variations. In the post-epidemic era of 2021, satellite NO2 TVCD and in situ NO2 concentrations decreased by 10.42–64.96% and 1.05–34.99% compared to 2019, respectively, possibly related to the reduction of the transportation industry. This study reveals the changes of China’s urban NO2 pollution in the post-epidemic era and indicates that COVID-19 had a profound impact on human social activities and industrial production.
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Clemons R, Kong M, Jawad K, Feygin Y, Caperell K. The Impact of Converting a Power Plant from Coal to Natural Gas on Pediatric Acute Asthma. J Asthma 2022; 59:2441-2448. [PMID: 35038390 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.2022159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Air pollutants play a pivotal role in the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms. As cleaner air initiatives are increasingly being implemented, it is important to appraise how these changes relate to acute pediatric asthma. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of a Gas and Electric Company's transition from using coal to natural gas as their fuel source on pediatric asthma-related illnesses in Louisville, KY.Methods: Data were collected for children 2-17 years old from a large regional healthcare system, for which an asthma-related primary diagnosis was present between April 1, 2013 and April 1, 2018. Using an interrupted time series design, we analyzed monthly rates of asthma-related visits to urgent care (UC) and emergency departments (ED). Segmented Poisson regression models were used to assess whether the power company's transition was associated with changes in trends of asthma-related visits.Results: There were a total of 7,735 subjects who met inclusion criteria. Prior to the complete factory transition from coal to natural gas, the mean monthly rate for asthma-related visits was 163.9. After the transition, we observed a significant decrease to a mean monthly rate of 100.3 asthma-related visits (p < 0.001). In addition, the proportion of inpatient (23.7% vs. 30.5%, p < 0.001) visits significantly increased, while ED & UC (76.3 vs. 69.5%, p < 0.001) were significantly decreased.Conclusion: Converting an electrical power plant from coal to natural gas lead to a profound and sustained decrease in pediatric acute asthma exacerbation in Louisville, KY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Clemons
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Maiying Kong
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States
| | - Kahir Jawad
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States
| | - Yana Feygin
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States
| | - Kerry Caperell
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, United States
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12
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Janbazacyabar H, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Leusink-Muis T, van Ark I, van Daal MT, Folkerts G, Braber S. Prenatal and Postnatal Cigarette Smoke Exposure Is Associated With Increased Risk of Exacerbated Allergic Airway Immune Responses: A Preclinical Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2022; 12:797376. [PMID: 35003121 PMCID: PMC8732376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased exposure to household air pollution and ambient air pollution has become one of the world’s major environmental health threats. In developing and developed countries, environmental cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is one of the main sources of household air pollution (HAP). Moreover, results from different epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that there is a strong association between HAP, specifically CS exposure, and the development of allergic diseases that often persists into later life. Here, we investigated the impact of prenatal and postnatal CS exposure on offspring susceptibility to the development of allergic airway responses by using a preclinical mouse model. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to either CS or air during pregnancy and lactation and in order to induce allergic asthma the offspring were sensitized and challenged with house dust mite (HDM). Decreased lung function parameters, like dynamic compliance and pleural pressure, were observed in PBS-treated offspring born to CS-exposed mothers compared to offspring from air-exposed mothers. Maternal CS exposure significantly increased the HDM-induced airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia in the offspring. Prenatal and postnatal CS exposure increased the frequency of Th2 cells in the lungs of HDM-treated offspring compared to offspring born to air-exposed mothers. Offspring born to CS-exposed mothers showed increased levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to offspring from air-exposed mothers. Ex-vivo restimulation of lung cells isolated from HDM-treated offspring born to CS-exposed mothers also resulted in increased IL-4 production. Finally, serum immunoglobulins levels of HDM-specific IgE and HDM-specific IgG1 were significantly increased upon a HDM challenge in offspring born to CS-exposed mothers compared to offspring from air-exposed mothers. In summary, our results reveal a biological plausibility for the epidemiological studies indicating that prenatal and postnatal CS exposure increases the susceptibility of offspring to allergic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Janbazacyabar
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Global Center of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Global Center of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marthe T van Daal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Nassikas NJ, Chan EAW, Nolte CG, Roman HA, Micklewhite N, Kinney PL, Carter EJ, Fann NL. Modeling future asthma attributable to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in a changing climate: a health impact assessment. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2022; 15:311-319. [PMID: 35173822 PMCID: PMC8842843 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-022-01155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with asthma development as well as asthma exacerbation in children. PM2.5 can be directly emitted or can form in the atmosphere from pollutant precursors. PM2.5 emitted and formed in the atmosphere is influenced by meteorology; future changes in climate may alter the concentration and distribution of PM2.5. Our aim is to estimate the future burden of climate change and PM2.5 on new and exacerbated cases of childhood asthma. Projected concentrations of PM2.5 are based on the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model version 3 climate model, the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 greenhouse gas scenario, and two air pollution emissions datasets: a 2011 emissions dataset and a 2040 emissions dataset that reflects substantial reductions in emissions of PM2.5 as compared to the 2011 inventory. We estimate additional PM2.5-attributable asthma as well as PM2.5-attributable albuterol inhaler use for four future years (2030, 2050, 2075, and 2095) relative to the year 2000. Exacerbations, regardless of the trigger, are counted as attributable to PM2.5 if the incident disease is attributable to PM2.5. We project 38 thousand (95% CI 36, 39 thousand) additional PM2.5-attributable incident childhood asthma cases and 29 million (95% CI 27, 31 million) additional PM2.5-attributable albuterol inhaler uses per year in 2030, increasing to 200 thousand (95% CI 190, 210 thousand) additional incident cases and 160 million (95% CI 150, 160 million) inhaler uses per year by 2095 relative to 2000 under the 2011 emissions dataset. These additional PM2.5-attributable incident asthma cases and albuterol inhaler use would cost billions of additional U.S. dollars per year by the late century. These outcomes could be mitigated by reducing air pollution emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Nassikas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Present Address: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. W. Chan
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - E. Jane Carter
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Neal L. Fann
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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de Ferreyro Monticelli D, Santos JM, Goulart EV, Mill JG, Kumar P, Reis NC. A review on the role of dispersion and receptor models in asthma research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117529. [PMID: 34186501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that air pollution exposure is associated with asthma prevalence that affects millions of people worldwide. Air pollutant exposure can be determined using dispersion models and refined with receptor models. Dispersion models offer the advantage of giving spatially distributed outdoor pollutants concentration while the receptor models offer the source apportionment of specific chemical species. However, the use of dispersion and/or receptor models in asthma research requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving experts on air quality and respiratory diseases. Here, we provide a literature review on the role of dispersion and receptor models in air pollution and asthma research, their limitations, gaps and the way forward. We found that the methodologies used to incorporate atmospheric dispersion and receptor models in human health studies may vary considerably, and several of the studies overlook features such as indoor air pollution, model validation and subject pathway between indoor spaces. Studies also show contrasting results of relative risk or odds ratio for a health outcome, even using similar methodologies. Dispersion models are mostly used to estimate air pollution levels outside the subject's home, school or workplace; however, very few studies addressed the subject's routines or indoor/outdoor relationships. Conversely, receptor models are employed in regions where asthma incidence/prevalence is high or where a dispersion model has been previously used for this assessment. Road traffic (vehicle exhaust) and NOx are found to be the most targeted source and pollutant, respectively. Other key findings were the absence of a standard indicator, shortage of studies addressing VOC and UFP, and the shift toward chemical speciation of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi de Ferreyro Monticelli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Valentim Goulart
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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15
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Effects of Air Pollutants on Airway Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189905. [PMID: 34574829 PMCID: PMC8465980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Air pollutants include toxic particles and gases emitted in large quantities from many different combustible materials. They also include particulate matter (PM) and ozone, and biological contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which can penetrate the human airway and reach the bloodstream, triggering airway inflammation, dysfunction, and fibrosis. Pollutants that accumulate in the lungs exacerbate symptoms of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthma, a heterogeneous disease with complex pathological mechanisms, is characterized by particular symptoms such as shortness of breath, a tight chest, coughing, and wheezing. Patients with COPD often experience exacerbations and worsening of symptoms, which may result in hospitalization and disease progression. PM varies in terms of composition, and can include solid and liquid particles of various sizes. PM concentrations are higher in urban areas. Ozone is one of the most toxic photochemical air pollutants. In general, air pollution decreases quality of life and life expectancy. It exacerbates acute and chronic respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic airway diseases, and increases the morbidity and risk of hospitalization associated with respiratory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Therefore, we reviewed the impact of air pollutants on airway diseases such as asthma and COPD, focusing on their underlying mechanisms.
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16
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Martenies SE, Hoskovec L, Wilson A, Allshouse WB, Adgate JL, Dabelea D, Jathar S, Magzamen S. Assessing the Impact of Wildfires on the Use of Black Carbon as an Indicator of Traffic Exposures in Environmental Epidemiology Studies. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2020GH000347. [PMID: 34124496 PMCID: PMC8173457 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies frequently use black carbon (BC) as a proxy for traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). However, wildfire smoke (WFS) represents an important source of BC not often considered when using BC as a proxy for TRAP. Here, we examined the potential for WFS to bias TRAP exposure assessments based on BC measurements. Weekly integrated BC samples were collected across the Denver, CO region from May to November 2018. We collected 609 filters during our sampling campaigns, 35% of which were WFS-impacted. For each filter we calculated an average BC concentration. We assessed three GIS-based indicators of TRAP for each sampling location: annual average daily traffic within a 300 m buffer, the minimum distance to a highway, and the sum of the lengths of roadways within 300 m. Median BC concentrations were 9% higher for WFS-impacted filters (median = 1.14 μg/m3, IQR = 0.23 μg/m3) than nonimpacted filters (median = 1.04 μg/m3, IQR = 0.48 μg/m3). During WFS events, BC concentrations were elevated and expected spatial gradients in BC were reduced. We conducted a simulation study to estimate TRAP exposure misclassification as the result of regional WFS. Our results suggest that linear health effect estimates were biased away from the null when WFS was present. Thus, exposure assessments relying on BC as a proxy for TRAP may be biased by wildfire events. Alternative metrics that account for the influence of "brown" carbon associated with biomass burning may better isolate the effects of traffic emissions from those of other black carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Martenies
- Kinesiology and Community HealikthUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - L. Hoskovec
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - A. Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - W. B. Allshouse
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - J. L. Adgate
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - D. Dabelea
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD Center)University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- School of MedicineDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - S. Jathar
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - S. Magzamen
- Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
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17
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Gondim FDL, Moura MF, Ferreira RM, Serra DS, Araújo RS, Oliveira MLMD, Cavalcante FSÁ. Exposure to total particulate matter obtained from combustion of diesel vehicles (EURO 3 and EURO 5): Effects on the respiratory systems of emphysematous mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 83:103583. [PMID: 33434645 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and reduced life expectancy. This study investigated the deleterious effects caused by tobacco smoke and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) from vehicles operating under EURO 3 and EURO 5 standards. Experiments were carried out on C57BL/6 mice divided into six groups: control group, group exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), two groups exposed to DEP (AAE3 and AAE5), and two groups exposed to tobacco smoke and vehicle DEP (CSE3 and CSE5). Results showed that, when compared to AA, groups AAE3 and AAE5 showed changes in respiratory mechanics, and that DEP originating from EURO 5 diesel vehicles was less harmful when compared to DEP originating from EURO 3 diesel vehicles. Analyses of groups CSE3 and CSE5 revealed increased inspiratory capacity and decreased tissue elastance, when compared to their respective controls, suggesting an exacerbation of changes in respiratory system mechanics compatible with COPD development.
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18
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Ghennam K, Attou F, Abdoun F. Impact of atmospheric pollution on asthma and bronchitis based on lichen biomonitoring using IAP, IHI and GIS in Algiers Bay (Algeria). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:198. [PMID: 33730196 PMCID: PMC7970775 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association between air pollution and asthma and bronchitis hospital admissions in Algiers city (Algeria). In addition, we used geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical methods to evaluate their correlation with the atmospheric pollution estimated by the lichen biomonitoring method of the index of atmospheric purity (IAP), the index of human impact (IHI) and environmental parameters. Thus, we georeferenced 976 local patients (including 771 patients with asthma and 205 patients with bronchitis). Then, we compared the patients to the spatial distribution of IAP in thirty-five areas (communities). The results revealed a significant difference in the mean spatial variation in the diseases among those areas. In fact, maps and generalized linear models (GLMs) revealed a significant negative correlation between IAP and diseases. Therefore, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Monte Carlo tests described a significant effect of IAP, urbanization and the number of roads on the distribution of diseases. We hope our findings contribute to enriching the literature on health research with a low-cost method of monitoring outdoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Ghennam
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, University YAHIA FARES, Medea, Algeria.
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biologic Sciences (FSB), Vegetal Ecology and Environment Laboratory, U.S.T.H.B, BP32, 16000, Algiers, El Alia, Algeria.
| | - Fouzia Attou
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biologic Sciences (FSB), Dynamic and Biodiversity Laboratory, U.S.T.H.B, BP32, 16000, Algiers, El Alia, Algeria
| | - Fatiha Abdoun
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biologic Sciences (FSB), Vegetal Ecology and Environment Laboratory, U.S.T.H.B, BP32, 16000, Algiers, El Alia, Algeria
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19
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Han K, Ran Z, Wang X, Wu Q, Zhan N, Yi Z, Jin T. Traffic-related organic and inorganic air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110493. [PMID: 33217436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of early childhood exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on the development of asthma remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify potential associations between TRAP (fine particulate matter, PM2.5; nitrogen dioxide, NO2; Benzene and total volatile organic pollutants, TVOCs) and childhood asthma by integrating the results from previous studies. Elsevier, LISTA (EBSCO) and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between traffic-related air pollutants and health effects were recovered from individual studies and summary effect estimates (meta-OR) were generated in Review Manager 5.3. Twenty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis and the results showed that TRAP increased the risk of asthma among children: PM2.5 (meta-OR = 1.07, 95% CI:1.00-1.13), NO2 (meta-OR = 1.11, 95% CI:1.06-1.17), Benzene (meta-OR: 1.21, 95% CI:1.13-1.29) and TVOC (meta-OR:1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.10). Sensitivity analyses supported these findings. In addition, regional analysis showed that ORs of inorganic TRAP (PM2.5 and NO2) on the risk of childhood asthma were significantly higher in Asia than those in Europe and North America. Subsequent research should focus on the association between organic pollutants in TRAP and childhood asthma. Furthermore, the disentanglement between TRAP and other pollutant sources may be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Zheng Ran
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Naiyan Zhan
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Zhongqin Yi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Taosheng Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
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20
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Chatkin J, Correa L, Santos U. External Environmental Pollution as a Risk Factor for Asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:72-89. [PMID: 33433826 PMCID: PMC7801569 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a worrisome risk factor for global morbidity and mortality and plays a special role in many respiratory conditions. It contributes to around 8 million deaths/year, with outdoor exposure being responsible for more than 4.2 million deaths throughout the world, while more than 3.8 million die from situations related to indoor pollution. Pollutant agents induce several respiratory symptoms. In addition, there is a clear interference in numerous asthma outcomes, such as incidence, prevalence, hospital admission, visits to emergency departments, mortality, and asthma attacks, among others. The particulate matter group of pollutants includes coarse particles/PM10, fine particles/PM2.5, and ultrafine particles/PM0.1. The gaseous components include ground-level ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The timing, load, and route of allergen exposure are other items affecting allergic disease phenotypes. The complex interaction between pollutant exposures and human host factors has an implication in the development and rise of asthma as a public health problem. However, there are hiatuses in the understanding of the pathways in this disease. The routes through which pollutants induce asthma are multiple, and include the epigenetic changes that occur in the respiratory tract microbiome, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation. In addition, the expansion of the modern Westernized lifestyle, which is characterized by intense urbanization and more time spent indoors, resulted in greater exposure to polluted air. Another point to consider is the different role of the environment according to age groups. Children growing up in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods suffer more important negative health impacts. This narrative review highlights the principal polluting agents, their sources of emission, epidemiological findings, and mechanistic evidence that links environmental exposures to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Chatkin
- Pulmonology Division, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Liana Correa
- Health Sciences Doctorate Program, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Pulmonologist Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan Santos
- Pulmonology Division of Instituto Do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Wu S, Huang B, Wang J, He L, Wang Z, Yan Z, Lao X, Zhang F, Liu R, Du Z. Spatiotemporal mapping and assessment of daily ground NO 2 concentrations in China using high-resolution TROPOMI retrievals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116456. [PMID: 33477063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important air pollutant that causes direct harms to the environment and human health. Ground NO2 mapping with high spatiotemporal resolution is critical for fine-scale air pollution and environmental health research. We thus developed a spatiotemporal regression kriging model to map daily high-resolution (3-km) ground NO2 concentrations in China using the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite retrievals and geographical covariates. This model combined geographically and temporally weighted regression with spatiotemporal kriging and achieved robust prediction performance with sample-based and site-based cross-validation R2 values of 0.84 and 0.79. The annual mean and standard deviation of ground NO2 concentrations from June 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019 were predicted to be 15.05 ± 7.82 μg/m3, with that in 0.6% of China's area (10% of the population) exceeding the annual air quality standard (40 μg/m3). The ground NO2 concentrations during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) period (January and February in 2020) was 14% lower than that during the same period in 2019 and the mean population exposure to ground NO2 was reduced by 25%. This study was the first to use TROPOMI retrievals to map fine-scale daily ground NO2 concentrations across all of China. This was also an early application to use the satellite-estimated ground NO2 data to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the air pollution and population exposures. These newly satellite-derived ground NO2 data with high spatiotemporal resolution have value in advancing environmental and health research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Wu
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong; Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
| | - Jionghua Wang
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Lijie He
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Center of Agricultural and Rural Development, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiangqian Lao
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Zhenhong Du
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China
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22
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Khreis H, Alotaibi R, Horney J, McConnell R. The impact of baseline incidence rates on burden of disease assessment of air pollution and onset childhood asthma: analysis of data from the contiguous United States. Ann Epidemiol 2020; 53:76-88.e10. [PMID: 32956840 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Burden of disease (BoD) assessments typically rely on national-level incidence rates for the health outcomes of interest. The impact of using a constant national-level incidence rate, versus a more granular spatially varying rate, remains unknown and understudied in the literature. There has been an increasing number of publications estimating the BoD of childhood asthma attributable to air pollution, as emerging evidence demonstrates that traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) leads to onset of the disease. In this study, we estimated the burden of incident childhood asthma cases which may be attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a criteria pollutant and a good marker of TRAP, in the contiguous United States. We used both a national-level and newly generated state-specific asthma incidence rates and compared results from the two approaches. METHODS We estimated incident childhood asthma cases which may be attributable to NO2 using standard BoD assessment methods. We combined child (<18 years) counts with 2010 NO2 exposures at the census block level, concentration-response function, and state-specific asthma incidence rates. NO2 concentrations were obtained from a previously validated land-use regression model. We sourced the concentration-response function from a meta-analysis on TRAP and risk of childhood asthma. We estimated incidence rates using raw data collected in the 2006-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Asthma Call-back Surveys. We stratified the estimated BoD by urban versus rural status and by median household income, explored trends in BoD across 48 states and the District of Columbia, and compared our results with a published BoD analysis which used a constant national-level incidence rate across all states. RESULTS The overall mean (min-max) NO2 concentration(s) was 13.2 (1.5-58.3) ug/m3 and was highest in urbanized areas. The estimated national aggregate asthma incidence rate was 11.6 per 1000 at-risk children and ranged from 4.3 (Montana) to 17.7 (District of Columbia) per 1000 at-risk children. The 17 states that did not have data to estimate an incidence rate were assigned the national aggregate asthma incidence rate. Using the state-specific incidence rates, we estimated a total of 134,166 (95% confidence interval: 75,177-193,327) childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2, accounting for 17.6% of all childhood asthma incident cases. Using the national-level incidence rate, we estimated a total of 141,931 (95% confidence interval: 119,222-163,505) incident cases attributable to NO2, accounting for 17.9% of all childhood asthma incident cases. Using the state-specific incidence rates therefore reduced the attributable number of cases by 7,765 (5.5% relative reduction), compared with estimates using the national-level incidence rate. Across states, the change in the attributable number of cases ranged from -64.1% (Montana) to +33.8% (Texas). California had the largest absolute decrease (-6,190) in attributable cases, whereas Texas had the largest increase (+3,615). Stratifying by socioeconomic status and urban versus rural status produced new trends compared with the previously published BoD analysis showing high heterogeneity across the states. CONCLUSIONS We estimated new state-specific asthma incidence rates for the contiguous United States. Using state-specific incidence rates versus a constant national incidence rate resulted in a small change in the NO2 attributable BoD at the national level, but had a more prominent impact at the state level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Khreis
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation, Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), College Station, TX; ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raed Alotaibi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Public Health, TX
| | - Jennifer Horney
- Disaster Research Center, Program in Epidemiology, University of Delaware
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
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Amoatey P, Omidvarborna H, Baawain MS, Al-Mamun A. Evaluation of vehicular pollution levels using line source model for hot spots in Muscat, Oman. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31184-31201. [PMID: 32488708 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A detailed investigation was carried out to assess the concentration of near-road traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) using a dispersion model in Muscat. Two ambient air quality monitoring (AQM) stations were utilized separately at six locations near major roadways (each location for 2 months) to monitor carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The study aimed to measure the concentration of near-road TRAP in a city hot spots and develop a validated dispersion model via performance measures. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Line Source Model was implemented in which the pollutant emission factors were obtained through Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM) and COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT) model. Traffic data of all vehicle categories under normal driving conditions including average vehicle speed limits and local meteorological conditions were included in the modeling study. The analysis of monitoring data showed that hourly (00:00 to 23:00) concentrations of CO were within the US EPA limits, while NOx concentration was exceeded in most locations. Also, the measured pollutant levels were consistent with hourly peak and off-peak traffic volumes. The overall primary statistical performance measures showed that COPERT model was better than CMEM due to the high sensitivity of CMEM to the local meteorological factors. The best fractional bias (0.47 and 0.39), normalized mean square error (0.44 and 0.50), correlation coefficient (0.64 and 0.70), geometric mean bias (1.07 and 1.57), and geometric variance (2.00 and 2.32) were obtained for CO and NOx, respectively. However, the bootstrap 95% CI estimates over normalized mean square error, fractional bias, and correlation coefficient for COPERT and CMEM were found to be statistically significant from 0 in the case of combined model comparison across all the traffic locations for both CO and NOx. In overall, certain roads showed weak performance mainly due to the terrain features and the lack of reliable background concentrations, which need to be considered in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Amoatey
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh, 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hamid Omidvarborna
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh, 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mahad Said Baawain
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh, 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Abdullah Al-Mamun
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoudh, 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Residential Links to Air Pollution and School Children with Asthma in Vilnius (Population Study). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56070346. [PMID: 32668717 PMCID: PMC7404686 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56070346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Many studies have been carried out on the negative health effects of exposure to PM10, PM 2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and B[a]P for small populations. The main purpose of this study was to explore the association of air pollution to diagnosis of asthma for the whole huge population of school children between 7–17 years in Vilnius (Lithuania) using geographical information system analysis tools. Material and Methods: In the research, a child population of 51,235 individuals was involved. From this large database, we identified children who had asthma diagnosis J45 (ICD-10 AM). Residential pollution concentrations and proximity to roads and green spaces were obtained using the ArcGIS spatial analysis tool from simulated air pollution maps. Multiple stepwise logistic regression was used to explore the relation between air pollution concentration and proximity between the roads and green spaces where children with asthma were living. Further, we explored the interaction between variables. Results: From 51,235 school children aged 7–17 years, 3065 children had asthma in 2017. We investigated significant associations, such as the likelihood of getting sick with age (odds ratio (OR) = 0.949, p < 0.001), gender (OR = 1.357, p = 0.003), NO2 (OR = 1.013, p = 0.019), distance from the green spaces (OR = 1.327, p = 0.013) and interactions of age × gender (OR = 1.024, p = 0.051). The influence of gender on disease is partly explained by different age dependency slopes for boys and girls. Conclusions: According to our results, younger children are more likely to get sick, more cases appended on the lowest age group from 7 to 10 years (almost half cases (49.2%)) and asthma was respectively nearly twice more common in boys (64.1%) than in girls (35.9%). The risk of asthma is related to a higher concentration of NO2 and residence proximity to green spaces.
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Pierangeli I, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Cirach M, Rojas-Rueda D. Health equity and burden of childhood asthma - related to air pollution in Barcelona. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109067. [PMID: 32037015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is one of the major health risk factors in urban populations. Air pollution has been associated with asthma in children. Air pollution has also been suggested to be distributed unequally within the cities, something that can lead to urban health inequalities. AIM We aimed to estimate the number of childhood asthma cases attributable to three main air pollutants; Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (PM 2.5), and Black Carbon (BC) in the city of Barcelona, Spain. We also aimed to describe the distribution of those impacts depending on the social deprivation index in Barcelona. METHODS We estimated the number of childhood asthma cases in Barcelona by applying a quantitative Health Impact Assessment (HIA) approach. Air pollution (NO2, PM2.5, and BC) exposure assessment was estimated using a land-use regression model. Two scenarios were assessed and compared the current levels of air pollution with 1) achieving the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on exposure levels for NO2 and PM2.5 (scenario 1); and 2) achieving the minimum reported levels in a previously published meta-analysis (scenario 2), from where we also obtained the exposure-response functions. The relative risk and population attributable fraction (PAF) for each scenario and pollutant were estimated. Using the asthma incidence rate in Spain the expected number of asthma cases in Barcelona attributable to NO2, PM2.5, and BC for each scenario was estimated. RESULTS The annual average levels of NO2, PM2.5, and BC at census levels were 56 μg/m3, 17.11 μg/m3, and 2.88 μg/m3, respectively. The number of asthma cases attributable to NO2 and PM2.5 (percentage of total cases) estimated in scenario 1 was 454 (18%) and 478 (19%) respectively. For scenario 2, the estimated number of cases attributable to NO2, PM2.5, and BC were 1230 (48%), 992 (39%) and 789 (31%) respectively. Although NO2 and BC showed differences between asthma cases and areas with different deprivation index, only BC differences were statistically significant between less and more deprived areas. CONCLUSIONS This study estimated that up to 1230 (48%) of asthma cases in Barcelona could be attributable to air pollution each year. This study also found that in Barcelona, less socially deprived groups could be more affected by asthma-related to air pollution than those more socially deprived.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pierangeli
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - M J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Cirach
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Rojas-Rueda
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
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Quaranta JE, Swaine J, Ryszka S. Preschool asthma: Examining environmental influences using geographic information systems. Public Health Nurs 2020; 37:405-411. [PMID: 32281188 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to explore if environmental factors co-occur in areas with high asthma rates in Head Start (HS) children. DESIGN Descriptive. SAMPLE Convenience sample of 56 children with asthma enrolled in HS, ages 3-5 years. MEASUREMENTS Geographic Information Systems using ArcGIS 10.4 was used to geocode and map aggregated address data at the census tract level through vector map analysis. Location, race, economic status, pollution remediation sites, age of housing, and blood lead levels were assessed for areas with high asthma concentration. RESULTS Most children with asthma resided in one census tract, which was 1% of the total service area. Fifty-six percent of housing was built before 1960 with only 10% after 1990, suggesting deteriorating conditions. Pollution remediation sites were found in the vicinity of asthma cases. Elevated lead levels were found in 22% of all HS children; specific values for the children with asthma were not available. CONCLUSION Several co-occurring factors were identified. The need for proactive interventions to decrease asthma risk/poor asthma outcomes with HS is evident. GIS locates children with high susceptibility to asthma. This allows public health nurses to target interventions and educate and empower families about environmental exposures and asthma risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Quaranta
- Decker School of Nursing, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Swaine
- Decker School of Nursing, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Ryszka
- Decker School of Nursing, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Sohrabi S, Zietsman J, Khreis H. Burden of Disease Assessment of Ambient Air Pollution and Premature Mortality in Urban Areas: The Role of Socioeconomic Status and Transportation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1166. [PMID: 32059598 PMCID: PMC7068272 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With recent rapid urbanization, sustainable development is required to prevent health risks associated with adverse environmental exposures from the unsustainable development of cities. Ambient air pollution is the greatest environmental risk factor for human health and is responsible for considerable levels of mortality worldwide. Burden of disease assessment (BoD) of air pollution in and across cities, and how these estimates vary according to socioeconomic status and exposure to road traffic, can help city planners and health practitioners to mitigate adverse exposures and promote public health. In this study, we quantified the health impacts of air pollution exposure (PM2.5 and NO2) at the census tract level in Houston, Texas, employing a standard BoD assessment framework to estimate the premature deaths (adults 30 to 78 years old) attributable to PM2.5 and NO2. We found that 631 (95% CI: 366-809) premature deaths were attributable to PM2.5 in Houston, and 159 (95% CI: 0-609) were attributable to NO2, in 2010. Complying with the World Health Organization air quality guidelines (annual mean: 10 μg/m3 for PM2.5) and the US National Ambient Air Quality standard (annual mean: 12 μg/m3 for PM2.5) could save 82 (95% CI: 42-95) and 8 (95% CI: 6-10) lives in Houston, respectively. PM2.5 was responsible for 7.3% of all-cause premature deaths in Houston, in 2010, which is higher than the death rate associated with diabetes mellites, Alzheimer's disease, or motor vehicle crashes in the US. Households with lower income had a higher risk of adverse exposure and attributable premature deaths. We also showed a positive relationship between health impacts attributable to air pollution and road traffic passing through census tracts, which was more prominent for NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Sohrabi
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA;
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Joe Zietsman
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Haneen Khreis
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Khreis H, Cirach M, Mueller N, de Hoogh K, Hoek G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Rojas-Rueda D. Outdoor air pollution and the burden of childhood asthma across Europe. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.02194-2018. [PMID: 31391220 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02194-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to childhood asthma development. We estimated the burden of incident childhood asthma that may be attributable to outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) in Europe. METHODS We combined country-level childhood incidence rates and pooled exposure-response functions with childhood (age 1-14 years) population counts, and exposure estimates at 1 540 386 1 km×1 km cells, across 18 European countries and 63 442 419 children. Annual average pollutant concentrations were obtained from a validated and harmonised European land-use regression model. We investigated two exposure reduction scenarios. For the first, we used recommended annual World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values. For the second, we used the minimum air pollution levels recorded across 41 studies in the underlying meta-analysis. RESULTS NO2 ranged from 1.4 to 70.0 µg·m-3, with a mean of 11.8 µg·m-3. PM2.5 ranged from 2.0 to 41.1 µg·m-3, with a mean of 11.6 µg·m-3. BC ranged from 0.003 to 3.7×10-5 m-1, with a mean of 1.0×10-5 m-1. Compliance with the NO2 and PM2.5 WHO guidelines was estimated to prevent 2434 (0.4%) and 66 567 (11%) incident cases, respectively. Meeting the minimum air pollution levels for NO2 (1.5 µg·m-3), PM2.5 (0.4 µg·m-3) and BC (0.4×10-5 m-1) was estimated to prevent 135 257 (23%), 191 883 (33%) and 89 191 (15%) incident cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of childhood asthma cases may be attributable to outdoor air pollution and these cases could be prevented. Our estimates underline an urgent need to reduce children's exposure to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Khreis
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), College Station, TX, USA .,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,These authors are joint lead authors of the study
| | - Marta Cirach
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalie Mueller
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rojas-Rueda
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,These authors are joint lead authors of the study
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Energy and Health Efficiencies in China with the Inclusion of Technological Innovation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214225. [PMID: 31683540 PMCID: PMC6862312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The price people pay for low energy efficiency includes not only high manufacturing costs, but also public health. With technological innovation as the driving factor for improving energy efficiency, this study uses two-stage dynamic undesirable data envelopment analysis (TDU-DEA) under variable return to scale to evaluate energy and health efficiencies with inclusion of technological innovation in 30 provinces of China over the period 2013–2016. The results show that the mean overall efficiencies and ranks in the eastern region are significantly higher than those in the non-eastern region, with or without the inclusion of technological innovations, and that energy efficiency in most provinces is higher than health efficiency. The average technological innovation efficiencies for energy conservation are higher than those for respiratory medical treatment. The former gap between the eastern region and non-east region is also smaller than the latter. Lastly, regions with the best technological innovation efficiencies are Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Tianjin, Xinjiang, and Yunnan.
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Azmeh R, Greydanus DE, Agana MG, Dickson CA, Patel DR, Ischander MM, Lloyd RD. Update in Pediatric Asthma: Selected Issues. Dis Mon 2019; 66:100886. [PMID: 31570159 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2019.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex condition that affects 14% of the world's children and the approach to management includes both pharmacologic as well as non-pharmacologic strategies including attention to complex socioeconomic status phenomena. After an historical consideration of asthma, allergic and immunologic aspects of asthma in children and adolescents are presented. Concepts of socioeconomic aspects of asthma are considered along with environmental features and complications of asthma disparities. Also reviewed are links of asthma with mental health disorders, sleep disturbances and other comorbidities. A stepwise approach to asthma management is discussed that includes pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies in the pediatric population. The role of immunotherapy and use of various immunomodulators are considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roua Azmeh
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Donald E Greydanus
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.
| | - Marisha G Agana
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Cheryl A Dickson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States; Health Equity and Community Affairs, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States
| | - Dilip R Patel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Mariam M Ischander
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Robert D Lloyd
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine, Yakima, Washington, United States
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Effects of policy-driven hypothetical air pollutant interventions on childhood asthma incidence in southern California. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15883-15888. [PMID: 31332016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815678116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood asthma is a major public health concern and has significant adverse impacts on the lives of the children and their families, and on society. There is an emerging link between air pollution, which is ubiquitous in our environment, particularly in urban centers, and incident childhood asthma. Here, using data from 3 successive cohorts recruited from the same 9 communities in southern California over a span of 20 y (1993 to 2014), we estimated asthma incidence using G-computation under hypothetical air pollution exposure scenarios targeting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) in separate interventions. We reported comparisons of asthma incidence under each hypothetical air pollution intervention with incidence under the observed natural course of exposure; results that may be more tangible for policymakers compared with risk ratios. Model results indicated that childhood asthma incidence rates would have been statistically significantly higher had the observed reduction in ambient NO2 in southern California not occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s, and asthma incidence rates would have been significantly lower had NO2 been lower than what it was observed to be. For example, compliance with a hypothetical standard of 20 ppb NO2 was estimated to result in 20% lower childhood asthma incidence (95% CI, -27% to -11%) compared with the exposure that actually occurred. The findings for hypothetical PM2.5 interventions, although statistically significant, were smaller in magnitude compared with results for the hypothetical NO2 interventions. Our results suggest a large potential public health benefit of air pollutant reduction in reduced incidence of childhood asthma.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By 2050, 70% of the global population will live in urban areas, exposing a greater number of people to specific city-related health risks that will only be exacerbated by climate change. Two prominent health risks are poor air quality and physical inactivity. We aim to review the literature and state the best practices for clean air and active transportation in urban areas. RECENT FINDINGS Cities have been targeting reductions in air pollution and physical inactivity to improve population health. Oslo, Paris, and Madrid plan on banning cars from their city centers to mitigate climate change, reduce vehicle emissions, and increase walking and cycling. Urban streets are being redesigned to accommodate and integrate various modes of transportation to ensure individuals can become actively mobile and healthy. Investments in pedestrian, cycling, and public transport infrastructure and services can both improve air quality and support active transportation. Emerging technologies like electric and autonomous vehicles are being developed and may reduce air pollution but have limited impact on physical activity. Green spaces too can mitigate air pollution and encourage physical activity. Clean air and active transportation overlap considerably as they are both functions of mobility. The best practices of clean air and active transportation have produced impressive results, which are improved when enacted simultaneously in integrated policy packages. Further research is needed in middle- and low-income countries, using measurements from real-world interventions, tracing air pollution back to the sources responsible, and holistically addressing the entire spectrum of exposures and health outcomes related to transportation.
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Alotaibi R, Bechle M, Marshall JD, Ramani T, Zietsman J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Khreis H. Traffic related air pollution and the burden of childhood asthma in the contiguous United States in 2000 and 2010. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:858-867. [PMID: 30954275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is one of the leading chronic airway diseases among children in the United States (US). Emerging evidence indicates that Traffic Related Air Pollution (TRAP), as opposed to ambient air pollution, leads to the onset of childhood asthma. We estimated the number of incident asthma cases among children attributable to TRAP in the contiguous US, for the years 2000 and 2010. METHODS The number of incident childhood asthma cases and percentage due to TRAP were estimated using standard burden of disease assessment methods. We combined children (<18 years) counts and pollutant exposures at populated US census blocks with a national asthma incidence rate and meta-analysis derived concentration response functions (CRF). NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 were used as surrogates of TRAP exposures, with NO2 being most specific. Annual average concentrations were obtained from previously validated land-use regression (LUR) models. Asthma incidence rate and a CRF for each pollutant were obtained from the literature. Estimates were stratified by urban or rural living and by median household income. We also estimated the number of preventable cases among blocks that exceeded the limit for two counterfactual scenarios. The first scenario used the recommended air quality annual averages from the World Health Organization (WHO) as a limit. The second scenario used the minimum modeled concentration for each pollutant, in either year, as a limit. RESULTS Average concentrations in 2000 and 2010, respectively, were 20.6 and 13.2 μg/m3 for NO2, 12.1 and 9 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 21.5 and 17.9 μg/m3 for PM10. Attributable number of cases ranged between 209,100-331,200 for the year 2000 and 141,900-286,500 for 2010, depending on the pollutant. Asthma incident cases due to TRAP represented 27%-42% of all cases in 2000 and 18%-36% in 2010. Percentage of cases due to TRAP were higher (1) in urban areas than rural areas, and (2) in block groups with lowest median household income. Online open-access interactive maps and tables summarizing findings at the county level and 498 major US cities, are available at [https://carteehdata.org/l/s/TRAP-burden-of-childhood-asthma]. Assuming that pollutants did not exceed WHO air quality recommendations, the number of incident cases that could have been prevented ranged between 300 and 53,400, depending on the pollutant and year. Assuming that pollutant levels were limited to the minimum modeled concentration, the number of childhood asthma incident cases that could have been prevented ranged between 127,700 and 317,600, depending on the pollutant and year. CONCLUSION This is the first study to estimate the burden of incident childhood asthma attributable to TRAP at a national scale in the US. The attributable burden of childhood asthma dropped by 33% between 2000 and 2010. However, a significant proportion of cases can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Alotaibi
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia; Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Public Health, TX, USA
| | - Mathew Bechle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tara Ramani
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA
| | - Josias Zietsman
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haneen Khreis
- Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA; ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Achakulwisut P, Brauer M, Hystad P, Anenberg SC. Global, national, and urban burdens of paediatric asthma incidence attributable to ambient NO 2 pollution: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet Health 2019; 3:e166-e178. [PMID: 30981709 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric asthma incidence is associated with exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), but the TRAP-attributable burden remains poorly quantified. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major component and common proxy of TRAP. In this study, we estimated the annual global number of new paediatric asthma cases attributable to NO2 exposure at a resolution sufficient to resolve intra-urban exposure gradients. METHODS We obtained 2015 country-specific and age-group-specific asthma incidence rates from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation for 194 countries and 2015 population counts at a spatial resolution of 250 × 250 m from the Global Human Settlement population grid. We used 2010-12 annual average surface NO2 concentrations derived from land-use regression at a resolution of 100 × 100 m, and we derived concentration-response functions from relative risk estimates reported in a multinational meta-analysis. We then estimated the NO2-attributable burden of asthma incidence in children aged 1-18 years in 194 countries and 125 major cities at a resolution of 250 × 250 m. FINDINGS Globally, we estimated that 4·0 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·8-5·2) new paediatric asthma cases could be attributable to NO2 pollution annually; 64% of these occur in urban centres. This burden accounts for 13% (6-16) of global incidence. Regionally, the greatest burdens of new asthma cases associated with NO2 exposure per 100 000 children were estimated for Andean Latin America (340 cases per year, 95% UI 150-440), high-income North America (310, 140-400), and high-income Asia Pacific (300, 140-370). Within cities, the greatest burdens of new asthma cases associated with NO2 exposure per 100 000 children were estimated for Lima, Peru (690 cases per year, 95% UI 330-870); Shanghai, China (650, 340-770); and Bogota, Colombia (580, 270-730). Among 125 major cities, the percentage of new asthma cases attributable to NO2 pollution ranged from 5·6% (95% UI 2·4-7·4) in Orlu, Nigeria, to 48% (25-57) in Shanghai, China. This contribution exceeded 20% of new asthma cases in 92 cities. We estimated that about 92% of paediatric asthma incidence attributable to NO2 exposure occurred in areas with annual average NO2 concentrations lower than the WHO guideline of 21 parts per billion. INTERPRETATION Efforts to reduce NO2 exposure could help prevent a substantial portion of new paediatric asthma cases in both developed and developing countries, and especially in urban areas. Traffic emissions should be a target for exposure-mitigation strategies. The adequacy of the WHO guideline for ambient NO2 concentrations might need to be revisited. FUNDING George Washington University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanun Achakulwisut
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Zhu Y, Zhong T, Ge D, Li Q, Wu J. Multi-Factor Analysis of Single-Center Asthma Control in Xiamen, China. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:498. [PMID: 31850293 PMCID: PMC6901658 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of air pollutants, age, allergic history, family allergic history, treatment, treatment steps, and compliance on uncontrolled childhood asthma in Xiamen, China. The clinical data of children with asthma in the pediatric outpatient department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2016 to June 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the assessment of the patients' outcome including well-controlled, partly-controlled and uncontrolled, 7,211 cases of 3,268 patients were selected. Rank sum test and ordered multi-class logistic regression analysis were used. In the rank sum test, age, allergic history, family allergic history, season, treatment, treatment steps and compliance were found associated with uncontrolled rate (all P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that PM10, NO2, and SO2 raised uncontrolled-asthma rate (aOR 1.311, aOR 1.281, aOR 1.252, respectively). Older children had lower uncontrolled rate (OR = 0.849, 95% CI: 0.758-0.950), children with higher treatment steps had higher uncontrolled rate (OR = 1.227, 95%CI: 1.040-1.448), and children with better treatment compliance have lower uncontrolled rate (OR = 0.374 95% CI: 0.331-0.424). The order of the uncontrolled rate of asthma from high to low was winter, spring, autumn, and summer. PM10, NO2, SO2, age, season, treatment steps, and treatment compliance have significance for predicting the control rate of childhood asthma in Xiamen, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Taoling Zhong
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dandan Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinzhun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Mueller N, Rojas-Rueda D, Khreis H, Cirach M, Milà C, Espinosa A, Foraster M, McEachan RRC, Kelly B, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Socioeconomic inequalities in urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: A health impact assessment study for Bradford, UK. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:931-941. [PMID: 30347375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cities have unique geographic, environmental and sociocultural characteristics that influence the health status of their citizens. Identification and modification of these characteristics may help to promote healthier cities. OBJECTIVE We estimated premature mortality impacts of breaching international exposure guidelines for physical activity (PA), air pollution, noise and access to green space for Bradford (UK) adult residents (n = 393,091). METHODS We applied the Urban and TranspOrt Planning Health Impact Assessment (UTOPHIA) methodology and estimated mortality, life expectancy (LE) and economic impacts of non-compliance with recommended exposure levels. We also investigated the distribution of the mortality burden among the population, focusing on socioeconomic position (SEP) as defined by deprivation status and ethnicity. RESULTS We estimated that annually almost 10% of premature mortality (i.e. 375 deaths, 95% CI: 276-474) in Bradford is attributable to non-compliance with recommended exposure levels. Non-compliance was also estimated to result in over 300 days of LE lost (95% CI: 238-432), which translated in economic losses of over £50,000 per person (95% CI: 38,518-69,991). 90% of the premature mortality impact resulted from insufficient PA performance. Air and noise pollution and the lack of green space had smaller impacts (i.e. 48 deaths). Residents of lower SEP neighborhoods had the highest risks for adverse exposure and premature death. A larger number of deaths (i.e. 253 and 145, respectively) could be prevented by reducing air and noise pollution levels well below the guidelines. DISCUSSION Current urban and transport planning related exposures result in a considerable health burden that is unequally distributed among the Bradford population. Improvements in urban and transport planning practices including the reduction of motor traffic and the promotion of active transport together with greening of the district, particularly in areas of lower SEP, are promising strategies to increase PA performance and reduce harmful environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mueller
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rojas-Rueda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haneen Khreis
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), College Station, TX, USA
| | - Marta Cirach
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Milà
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Foraster
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llul, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Anenberg SC, Henze DK, Tinney V, Kinney PL, Raich W, Fann N, Malley CS, Roman H, Lamsal L, Duncan B, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, Brauer M, Doherty R, Jonson JE, Davila Y, Sudo K, Kuylenstierna JCI. Estimates of the Global Burden of Ambient [Formula: see text], Ozone, and [Formula: see text] on Asthma Incidence and Emergency Room Visits. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:107004. [PMID: 30392403 PMCID: PMC6371661 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide, affecting 358 million people in 2015. Ambient air pollution exacerbates asthma among populations around the world and may also contribute to new-onset asthma. OBJECTIVES We aimed to estimate the number of asthma emergency room visits and new onset asthma cases globally attributable to fine particulate matter ([Formula: see text]), ozone, and nitrogen dioxide ([Formula: see text]) concentrations. METHODS We used epidemiological health impact functions combined with data describing population, baseline asthma incidence and prevalence, and pollutant concentrations. We constructed a new dataset of national and regional emergency room visit rates among people with asthma using published survey data. RESULTS We estimated that 9–23 million and 5–10 million annual asthma emergency room visits globally in 2015 could be attributable to ozone and [Formula: see text], respectively, representing 8–20% and 4–9% of the annual number of global visits, respectively. The range reflects the application of central risk estimates from different epidemiological meta-analyses. Anthropogenic emissions were responsible for [Formula: see text] and 73% of ozone and [Formula: see text] impacts, respectively. Remaining impacts were attributable to naturally occurring ozone precursor emissions (e.g., from vegetation, lightning) and [Formula: see text] (e.g., dust, sea salt), though several of these sources are also influenced by humans. The largest impacts were estimated in China and India. CONCLUSIONS These findings estimate the magnitude of the global asthma burden that could be avoided by reducing ambient air pollution. We also identified key uncertainties and data limitations to be addressed to enable refined estimation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3766.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Daven K Henze
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Veronica Tinney
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Raich
- Industrial Economics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal Fann
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Henry Roman
- Industrial Economics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lok Lamsal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Duncan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Randall V Martin
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Yanko Davila
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
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Lozhkin V, Lozhkina O, Dobromirov V. A study of air pollution by exhaust gases from cars in well courtyards of Saint Petersburg. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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