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McHugh K, Cummins T, Aherne J. The threat from ozone to vegetation in Ireland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119974. [PMID: 39270962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Ozone is the most damaging air pollutant to vegetation globally. Metrics of accumulated ozone above a concentration threshold (e.g. AOT40, ppb·h) have been widely used to assess ozone risk. However, there is growing consensus that accumulated Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD) above a receptor-specific critical stomatal flux threshold (y; nmol O3 m-2 s-1), expressed per unit of projected leaf area, provides a more reliable risk assessment, as it considers ozone entering the leaf (PODy, mmol m-2 leaf area). Few studies have assessed both concentration- and flux-based metrics using site-specific observations of ozone and meteorology. In this study we assessed the risk that ozone poses to five vegetation types across eight sites in Ireland during 2005-2021, using AOT40 and PODy risk metrics, and we predicted impacts using dose-response relationships. Long-term trends in both metrics were also assessed. The PODy critical level for vegetation protection was exceeded for all vegetation types, with exceedances most common at Atlantic coastal sites, and for tree species (beech POD1 15.7-25.7 mmol/m2 PLA). When PODy and AOT40 results were normalised based on their respective critical levels, predicted impacts were higher for PODy. There were significant increases in PODy for three vegetation types at rural sites during the study period, which also experienced increases in temperature and global solar radiation. The long-term trends were consistent with other European studies that show decreases in AOT40 and increases in PODy. While ozone concentrations in Ireland are relatively low (39-75 μg/m3 five-year average range), the humid climate and longer growing season may lead to elevated stomatal ozone uptake and thereby a risk to vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keelan McHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Thomas Cummins
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julian Aherne
- School of Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
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He L, Rosa L, Lobell DB, Wang Y, Yin Y, Doughty R, Yao Y, Berry JA, Frankenberg C. The weekly cycle of photosynthesis in Europe reveals the negative impact of particulate pollution on ecosystem productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306507120. [PMID: 37983483 PMCID: PMC10710040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306507120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerosols can affect photosynthesis through radiative perturbations such as scattering and absorbing solar radiation. This biophysical impact has been widely studied using field measurements, but the sign and magnitude at continental scales remain uncertain. Solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), emitted by chlorophyll, strongly correlates with photosynthesis. With recent advancements in Earth observation satellites, we leverage SIF observations from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) with unprecedented spatial resolution and near-daily global coverage, to investigate the impact of aerosols on photosynthesis. Our analysis reveals that on weekends when there is more plant-available sunlight due to less particulate pollution, 64% of regions across Europe show increased SIF, indicating more photosynthesis. Moreover, we find a widespread negative relationship between SIF and aerosol loading across Europe. This suggests the possible reduction in photosynthesis as aerosol levels increase, particularly in ecosystems limited by light availability. By considering two plausible scenarios of improved air quality-reducing aerosol levels to the weekly minimum 3-d values and levels observed during the COVID-19 period-we estimate a potential of 41 to 50 Mt net additional annual CO2 uptake by terrestrial ecosystems in Europe. This work assesses human impacts on photosynthesis via aerosol pollution at continental scales using satellite observations. Our results highlight i) the use of spatiotemporal variations in satellite SIF to estimate the human impacts on photosynthesis and ii) the potential of reducing particulate pollution to enhance ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyin He
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Lorenzo Rosa
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA94305
| | - David B. Lobell
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yi Yin
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY10003
| | - Russell Doughty
- College of Atmospheric and Geographic Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Yitong Yao
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Joseph A. Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91109
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Kwika A, Klamerus-Iwan A, Sadowska-Rociek A. Variability in Water Capacity of Small-Leaved Linden Associated with Both the Presence of Honeydew and Various Sources of Pollution. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3443. [PMID: 37836183 PMCID: PMC10574617 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The process of water retention on the surface of the assimilation apparatus of plants is inextricably linked with the water capacity of tree crowns and depends mainly on the condition of the leaf itself. The main objective of the present study was to investigate how the honeydew coverage and the location of trees related to the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affected the differences in the capability of small-leaved linden leaves to capture water. Honeydew coverage was determined with the use of AutoCAD, whereas the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was determined using gas chromatography. The value of S (water capacity) was much lower before the appearance of honeydew on the leaf than at the peak moment of honeydew collection. This is due to the hydrophobic properties of the substance. It was also found that the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in leaves varied depending on the distance of trees from pollution sources, and it was found that the amount of PAHs increased with the growth of honeydew on leaves and in locations exposed to pollution. The highest S and the total amount of PAHs occurred with the combination of the largest amount of pyrogenic impurities with the highest amount of honeydew. Combing pollutants from the air by plants is a very important function, but it may also change the physical properties of leaves, such as wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kwika
- Department of Ecological Engineering and Forest Hydrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29-Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Klamerus-Iwan
- Department of Ecological Engineering and Forest Hydrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29-Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Sadowska-Rociek
- Centre of Food Monitoring, Faculty of Food Technology, Malopolska University of Agriculture in Kraków, Ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland;
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Fu L, Xu Y, Zhao D, Wu B, Xu Z. Analysis of coniferous tree growth gradients in relation to regional pollution and climate change in the Miyun Reservoir Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55635-55648. [PMID: 36897442 PMCID: PMC10121506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Forests play a crucial role in regulating regional climate and mitigating local air pollution, but little is known about their responding to such changes. This study aimed to examine the potential responses of Pinus tabuliformis, the major coniferous tree species in the Miyun Reservoir Basin (MRB), along an air pollution gradient in Beijing. Tree rings were collected along a transect, and ring width (basal area increment, BAI) and chemical characteristics were determined and related to long-term climatic and environmental records. The results showed that Pinus tabuliformis showed an overall increase in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) at all sites, but the relationships between iWUE and BAI differed among the sites. The contribution of atmospheric CO2 concentration (ca) to tree growth was significant at the remote sites (> 90%). The study found that air pollution at these sites might have caused further stomatal closure, as evidenced by the higher δ13C levels (0.5 to 1‰ higher) during heavy pollution periods. The analysis of tree ring δ15N also revealed the potential of using δ15N to fingerprint major nitrogen (N) deposition, as shown in the increasing tree ring δ15N, and major nitrogen losses due to denitrification and leaching, as shown in the higher δ15N in tree rings during heavy rainfall events. Overall, the gradient analysis indicated the contributions of increasing ca, increasing water deficit and elevated air pollution to tree growth and forest development. The different BAI trajectories suggested that Pinus tabuliformis has the ability to adapt to the harsh environment in the MRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Yan Xu
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bingfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Hao X, Ouyang W, Zhang K, Wan X, Cui X, Zhu W. Enhanced release, export, and transport of diffuse nutrients from litter in forested watersheds with climate warming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155897. [PMID: 35569656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Variations in litter decomposition and nutrient migration are constraints to accurately estimate watershed diffuse forest pollution under the combined effects of topographic heterogeneity and climate change. In this study, remote sensing data, decomposition and leaching experiments, and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) were used to quantify the release, export, and transport characteristics of diffuse nutrients from forest litter under two climate scenarios (the current climate condition [S1] and the future warming and drying climate condition [S2]), and the impacts on aquatic environment were identified. The annual litter decomposition was 27.80 × 106 t in S2, which was 1.39 times that of S1. Additionally, the annual litter nutrient release in S2 (C, N, and P was 8.65 × 106, 3.31 × 105, and 1.57 × 104 t, respectively) also increased by 31.16%-45.62% compared with that of S1. The spatial patterns of nutrient export showed that the annual exports of C, N, and P in S1 were 109.77, 46.85, and 0.43 kg/ha, respectively. The annual nutrient export in S2 increased by 1.44 times, and S2 also had higher values of nutrient transport. In addition, variation trends of temperature and precipitation increased significantly with increasing altitude, which promoted differences in nutrient transport between S1 and S2 in the high-altitude areas. The response analysis of the diffuse nutrient in surface water also indicated that forest nutrient discharge load were critical factors affecting the aquatic environmental quality. This study indicated that climate warming accelerated litter decomposition and made litter a potential source of diffuse forest pollution, and watershed discharge load varied intensively with the terrestrial conditions. The combination of experiments and modeling can improve the accuracy of diffuse forest pollution simulation and provide valuable information for formulating watershed climate change adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Advanced interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Kehao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinyue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xintong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weihong Zhu
- School of Geographic and Ocean Sciences, Key laboratory of Wetland Ecological Functions and Ecological Security, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
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De Marco A, Sicard P, Feng Z, Agathokleous E, Alonso R, Araminiene V, Augustatis A, Badea O, Beasley JC, Branquinho C, Bruckman VJ, Collalti A, David‐Schwartz R, Domingos M, Du E, Garcia Gomez H, Hashimoto S, Hoshika Y, Jakovljevic T, McNulty S, Oksanen E, Omidi Khaniabadi Y, Prescher A, Saitanis CJ, Sase H, Schmitz A, Voigt G, Watanabe M, Wood MD, Kozlov MV, Paoletti E. Strategic roadmap to assess forest vulnerability under air pollution and climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5062-5085. [PMID: 35642454 PMCID: PMC9541114 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although it is an integral part of global change, most of the research addressing the effects of climate change on forests have overlooked the role of environmental pollution. Similarly, most studies investigating the effects of air pollutants on forests have generally neglected the impacts of climate change. We review the current knowledge on combined air pollution and climate change effects on global forest ecosystems and identify several key research priorities as a roadmap for the future. Specifically, we recommend (1) the establishment of much denser array of monitoring sites, particularly in the South Hemisphere; (2) further integration of ground and satellite monitoring; (3) generation of flux-based standards and critical levels taking into account the sensitivity of dominant forest tree species; (4) long-term monitoring of N, S, P cycles and base cations deposition together at global scale; (5) intensification of experimental studies, addressing the combined effects of different abiotic factors on forests by assuring a better representation of taxonomic and functional diversity across the ~73,000 tree species on Earth; (6) more experimental focus on phenomics and genomics; (7) improved knowledge on key processes regulating the dynamics of radionuclides in forest systems; and (8) development of models integrating air pollution and climate change data from long-term monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Rocio Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMATMadridSpain
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryKaunasLithuania
| | - Algirdas Augustatis
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and EcologyVytautas Magnus UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Ovidiu Badea
- “Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in ForestryVoluntariRomania
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering“Transilvania” UniversityBraşovRomania
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAikenSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Viktor J. Bruckman
- Commission for Interdisciplinary Ecological StudiesAustrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de BotanicaNucleo de Pesquisa em EcologiaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Enzai Du
- Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | | | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest SoilsForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringIndustrial Medial and Health, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO)AhvazIran
| | | | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental ScienceAgricultural University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Hiroyuki Sase
- Ecological Impact Research DepartmentAsia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP)NiigataJapan
| | - Andreas Schmitz
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection of North Rhine‐WestphaliaRecklinghausenGermany
| | | | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)FuchuJapan
| | - Michael D. Wood
- School of Science, Engineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- Department of Forest SoilsForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
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Biomass and Carbon Stock Quantification in Cork Oak Forest of Maamora Using a New Approach Based on the Combination of Aerial Laser Scanning Carried by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean forests, particularly Cork oak (Quercus suber L., 1927), make a major contribution to the fight against climate change through Carbon sequestration. Hence, there is a great interest in the accurate quantification of biomass and carbon stock. In this context, this study aims at assessing the performance of a new approach, based on the combination of Unmanned aerial vehicle airborne Aerial laser scanning (ALS-UAV) and Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data, in the determination of dendrometric parameters (Circumference at 1.30 m and Tree Height), and consequently the estimation of biomass and carbon stock, considering field data as reference. This study takes the Maamora forest in Morocco as an example of a Mediterranean Cork oak forest. The methodology consists of collecting data at three levels: the entire area level for an ALS-UAV scan, the plot and tree levels for TLS surveys, as well as field data collection. Afterwards, dendrometric parameters (Circumference at 1.30 m and the Tree height) were estimated using individual tree segmentation and biomass; the carbon stock (aboveground, belowground, and total) was estimated using allometric equations. The comparison of the estimated dendrometric parameters with those measured in the field shows a strong relationship, with a Pearson coefficient of 0.86 and 0.83, a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.81 and 0.71, and a Root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.84 cm and 0.47 m, respectively. Concerning the biomass and carbon stock estimation, the proposed approach gives a satisfactory accuracy, with a Pearson coefficient of 0.77, an R2 of 0.83, and an RMSE of 36.40 kg for biomass and 20.24 kg for carbon stock.
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Changes in growth pattern and rhizospheric soil biochemical properties of a leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala under long-term exposure to elevated ozone. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35755800 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3) exert significant impacts on the plants, but there is limited data for belowground processes. We studied the effects of long-term exposure of elevated O3 (EO3) on plant growth parameters (plant height and biomass) and biochemical parameters (nutrients, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities) of rhizospheric soil of leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala. L. leucocephala seedlings were grown under ambient O3 (AO3) and EO3 (+20 ppb above ambient) under Free Air Ozone Concentration Enrichment (O3-FACE) facility and changes in plant growth and their rhizospheric soil properties were studied during 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. L. leucocephala showed significant reductions in shoot length, root biomass, shoot biomass, leaf biomass and total biomass during 12, 18 and 24 months of exposure to EO3. Total nutrients in rhizospheric soil like carbon and phosphorus were significantly reduced after 24 months of EO3 exposure. Most of the available nutrients showed significant reduction after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. A significant decrease was apparent in microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 treatment. Significant reductions were observed in extracellular enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glycosidase, fluorescein diacetate, arylsulfatase, cellulase and protease) of soil after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. These results suggest that increasing O3 concentrations will directly impact L. leucocephala growth as well as have indirect impact on the nutrient contents (C, N, and P), microbial biomass and extracellular enzymatic activities of rhizospheric soil of L. leucocephala. Our results suggest that continuous increase in O3 concentrations will have serious implications for aboveground plant growth and belowground soil fertility in this region considered as O3 hotspot. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1.
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Masui N, Agathokleous E, Tani A, Matsuura H, Koike T. Plant-insect communication in urban forests: Similarities of plant volatile compositions among tree species (host vs. non-host trees) for alder leaf beetle Agelastica coerulea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111996. [PMID: 34480944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Behavior of insects, such as pollination and grazing, is usually determined by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). However, particularly in O3-polluted urban forests, the BVOCs-based plant-insect communication can be disrupted by the reaction of O3 with leaf-emitted BVOCs, such as between Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) and a leaf beetle (Agelastica coerulea). To understand plant-insect communication in O3-polluted environments, it is necessary to identify chemical species of BVOCs that contribute to attractiveness toward insects but are diminished by elevated O3. In this study, we conducted olfactory response tests and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses to clarify whether there is a similarity of BVOC components among Betulaceae host trees that can explain the attraction of the stenophagous insect A. coerulea. The olfactory response tests indicated that Betulaceae host trees attract A. coerulea via leaf-emitted BVOCs, while there was no preference of the leaf beetles to non-host trees (Sorbus commixta and Morus bombycis). However, GC-MS analyses indicated that the composition of BVOC blends considerably differed among Betulaceae host trees, although alders (Alnus hirsuta and A. japonica) had a similar composition of BVOC blend in each season (June and September) during which the adult leaf beetle is active. A distinct characteristic of the emission from B. platyphylla was that 2-carene and limonene, which are O3-reactive species, were emitted with a high monoterpene ratio irrespective of the season. Thus, these volatiles and the blend could be expected to lead the disrupted communication found between B. platyphylla and A. coerulea under elevated O3 in previous field studies. In addition, our results indicated that A. coerulea is attracted to more than one blend within Betulaceae host trees, suggesting that grazing damages can be affected by different host preferences and O3 reactivity with specific BVOCs in the field. BVOCs-based plant-insect interactions should be further studied in multi-species communities to better understand plant-insect communication in O3-polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Masui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Akira Tani
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 4228526, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
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Kittipornkul P, Krobthong S, Yingchutrakul Y, Thiravetyan P. Mechanisms of ozone responses in sensitive and tolerant mungbean cultivars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149550. [PMID: 34426356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O 3) is one of the major air pollutants, with negative impacts on human health, vegetation and agricultural production. It affects plants by reducing green leaf area and leading to necrosis, lesions and chlorosis, resulting in yield loss. Four mungbean cultivars were used to study O 3 sensitivity under elevated O 3 concentrations in the range of 70-100 ppb in an O 3 open-top chamber during the growing season. Based on O 3 response mechanisms, we classified mungbean cultivars into two groups: (1) O 3 -sensitive cultivars (Chainat 3 and 4) and (2) O 3 -tolerant cultivars (Chainat 84-1-1 and Kampangsan 2). The most O 3 -sensitive cultivars (Chainat 4) had the highest visible injury symptoms and the lowest in plant biomass. This evidence was due to Chainat 4 had lower ascorbic acid, indole acetic biosynthesis protein, defence related protein related to antioxidant systems, attribute to higher H 2 O 2 accumulation and an increase in salicylic acid contents. In contrast to the most O 3 -tolerant cultivars (Chainat 84-1-1) which had higher ascorbic acid levels, an upregulation of defence related protein, especially ascorbic acid biosynthesis and regenerate, indole acetic acid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis protein resulting in balanced H 2 O 2 levels, lower salicylic acid accumulation and little visible injury under elevated O 3 concentrations. Therefore, we conclude that the increased abundance of indole acetic acid, antioxidant related proteins facilitating stomata physiology in O 3 -tolerant under O 3 stress. This is the first report of the responses of mungbean cultivars in Thailand to elevated O 3 concentrations, facilitating the selection of suitable cultivars and the biomonitoring of O 3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyatida Kittipornkul
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Proteomics Research Team, National Omics Center, NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
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11
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Satellite-Observed Effects from Ozone Pollution and Climate Change on Growing-Season Vegetation Activity over China during 1982–2020. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing vegetation index data contain important information about the effects of ozone pollution, climate change and other factors on vegetation growth. However, the absence of long-term observational data on surface ozone pollution and neglected air pollution-induced effects on vegetation growth have made it difficult to conduct in-depth studies on the long-term, large-scale ozone pollution effects on vegetation health. In this study, a multiple linear regression model was developed, based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, ozone mass mixing ratio (OMR) data at 1000 hPa, and temperature (T), precipitation (P) and surface net radiation (SSR) data during 1982–2020 to quantitatively assess the impact of ozone pollution and climate change on vegetation growth in China on growing season. The OMR data showed an increasing trend in 99.9% of regions in China over the last 39 years, and both NDVI values showed increasing trends on a spatial basis with different ozone pollution levels. Additionally, the significant correlations between NDVI and OMR, temperature and SSR indicate that vegetation activity is closely related to ozone pollution and climate change. Ozone pollution affected 12.5% of NDVI, and climate change affected 26.7% of NDVI. Furthermore, the effects from ozone pollution and climate change on forest, shrub, grass and crop vegetation were evaluated. Notably, the impact of ozone pollution on vegetation growth was 0.47 times that of climate change, indicating that the impact of ozone pollution on vegetation growth cannot be ignored. This study not only deepens the understanding of the effects of ozone pollution and climate change on vegetation growth but also provides a research framework for the large-scale monitoring of air pollution on vegetation health using remote sensing vegetation data.
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The Impact of Air Pollution on the Growth of Scots Pine Stands in Poland on the Basis of Dendrochronological Analyses. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate Scots pine stand degradation caused by the pollutants emitted from Zakłądy Azotowe Puławy, one of the biggest polluters of the environment in Poland for over 25 years (1966–1990). To assess the pollution stress in trees, we chose the dendrochronological analysis We outlined three directions for our research: (i) the spatio-temporal distribution of the growth response of trees to the stress associated with air pollution; (ii) the direct and indirect effects of air pollution which may have influenced the growth response of trees; and (iii) the role of local factors, both environmental and technological, in shaping the growth response of trees. Eight Scots pine stands were selected for study, seven plots located in different damage zones and a reference plot in an undamaged stand. We found that pollutant emission caused disturbances of incremental dynamics and long-term strong reduction of growth. A significant decrease in growth was observed for the majority of investigated trees (75%) from 1966 (start of factory) to the end of the 1990s. The zone of destruction extended primarily in easterly and southern directions, from the pollution source, associated with the prevailing winds of the region. At the end of the 1990s, the decreasing trend stopped and the wider tree-rings could be observed. This situation was related to a radical reduction in ammonia emissions and an improvement in environmental conditions. However, the growth of damaged trees due to the weakened health condition is lower than the growth of Scots pine on the reference plot and trees are more sensitive to stressful climatic conditions, especially to drought.
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Moura BB, Brunetti C, Engela MRGDS, Hoshika Y, Paoletti E, Ferrini F. Experimental assessment of ozone risk on ecotypes of the tropical tree Moringa oleifera. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111475. [PMID: 34166663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is an oxidative air pollutant that affects plant growth. Moringa oleifera is a tree species distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. This species presents high morphological plasticity, which increases its ability to tolerate stressful conditions, but with no O3 risk assessment calculated so far. The present study assessed the O3 risk to different M. oleifera ecotypes using exposure-based index (AOT40) or flux-based index (PODy - where y is a threshold of O3 uptake). PODy considers the O3 uptake through the stomata and the consequence of environmental climate conditions on stomatal conductance (gsto); thus, it is efficient in assessing O3 risk. Five M. oleifera ecotypes were subjected to ambient (Amb.); middle (Mid. X1.5), and High (x2.0) O3 concentrations for 77 days in a free-air controlled exposure facility (FACE). Leaf biomass (LB) was evaluated, and the biomass loss was projected assuming a clean atmosphere (10 ppb as 24 h O3 average). The gsto parameterization was calculated using the Jarvis-type multiplicative algorithm considering several climate factors, i.e., light intensity, air temperature, air vapor pressure deficit, and AOT40. Ozone exposure harmed the LB of all ecotypes. The high gsto (~559 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) can be considered the reason for the species' O3 sensitivity. M. oleifera is adapted to hot climate conditions, and gsto was restricted with air temperature (Tmin) below ~ 9 °C. As expected, the PODy index performed better than the AOT40 for estimating the O3 effect on biomass losses. We recommend a y threshold of 4 nmol m-2 s-1 to incorporate O3 effects on M. oleifera LB. To not exceed a 4% reduction of LB for any M. oleifera genotype, we recommend the critical levels of 1.1 mmol m-2 POD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Baêsso Moura
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food, and Forestry, University of Florence, Viale Delle Idee, 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food, and Forestry, University of Florence, Viale Delle Idee, 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food, and Forestry, University of Florence, Viale Delle Idee, 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Fernandes FF, Moura BB. Foliage visible injury in the tropical tree species, Astronium graveolens is strictly related to phytotoxic ozone dose (PODy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41726-41735. [PMID: 33791962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the development of visible injury related to phytotoxic ozone dose (PODy) in native tropical species Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) and validates the symptoms using structural markers attributed to oxidative burst and hypersensitive responses. Increasing POD0 was associated with increasing O3 visible injury using different metrics as the incidence (INC = number of injured plants/total number of plants × 100), severity (SF = number of injured leaves/total number of leaves on injured plant × 100), and severity leaflet (SFL = number of injured leaflets/total number leaflets injured plant × 100). The effective dose (ED), which represents the POD0 dose responsible for inducing 20 (ED20), 50 (ED50), or 80% (ED80) of visible injury, were used to demonstrate that for this species, the response is similar even when the plants are exposed to diverse climate environments. Further investigation of the INC and SF index may help in long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, while the SFL index seems to be an excellent indicator to be used in the short term to investigate the effects of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Baesso Moura
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food, and Forestry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Gandin A, Dizengremel P, Jolivet Y. Integrative role of plant mitochondria facing oxidative stress: The case of ozone. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:202-210. [PMID: 33385703 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a secondary air pollutant, which causes oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) starting by an external attack of leaf apoplast. ROS have a dual role, acting as signaling molecules, regulating different physiological processes and response to stress, but also inducing oxidative damage. The production of ROS in plant cells is compartmented and regulated by scavengers and specific enzyme pathways. Chronic doses of ozone are known to trigger an important increase of the respiratory process while decreasing photosynthesis. Mitochondria, which normally operate with usual levels of intracellular ROS, would have to play a prominent role to cope with an enhanced ozone-derived ROS production. It is thus needed to compile the available literature on the effects of ozone on mitochondria to precise their strategy facing oxidative stress. An overview of the mitochondrial fate in three steps is proposed, i) starting with the initial responses of the mitochondria for alleviating the overproduction of ROS by the enhancement of existing antioxidant metabolism and adjustments of the electron transport chain, ii) followed by the setting up of detoxifying processes through exchanges between mitochondria and the cell, and iii) ending by an accelerated senescence initiated by mitochondrial membrane permeability and leading to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gandin
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Dizengremel
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Yves Jolivet
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
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16
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Masui N, Agathokleous E, Mochizuki T, Tani A, Matsuura H, Koike T. Ozone disrupts the communication between plants and insects in urban and suburban areas: an updated insight on plant volatiles. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2021; 32:1337-1349. [PMID: 33456272 PMCID: PMC7797194 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-020-01287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plant-insect interactions are basic components of biodiversity conservation. To attain the international Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the interactions in urban and in suburban systems should be better understood to maintain the health of green infrastructure. The role of ground-level ozone (O3) as an environmental stress disrupting interaction webs is presented. Ozone mixing ratios in suburbs are usually higher than in the center of cities and may reduce photosynthetic productivity at a relatively higher degree. Consequently, carbon-based defense capacities of plants may be suppressed by elevated O3 more in the suburbs. However, contrary to this expectation, grazing damages by leaf beetles have been severe in some urban centers in comparison with the suburbs. To explain differences in grazing damages between urban areas and suburbs, the disruption of atmospheric communication signals by elevated O3 via changes in plant-regulated biogenic volatile organic compounds and long-chain fatty acids are considered. The ecological roles of plant volatiles and the effects of O3 from both a chemical and a biological perspective are presented. Ozone-disrupted plant volatiles should be considered to explain herbivory phenomena in urban and suburban systems. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s11676-020-01287-4) to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Masui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tomoki Mochizuki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Tani
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, CAS, Beijing, 100085 People’s Republic of China
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Takahashi M, Feng Z, Mikhailova TA, Kalugina OV, Shergina OV, Afanasieva LV, Heng RKJ, Majid NMA, Sase H. Air pollution monitoring and tree and forest decline in East Asia: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140288. [PMID: 32721711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and atmospheric deposition have adverse effects on tree and forest health. We reviewed studies on tree and forest decline in Northeast and Southeast Asia, Siberia, and the Russian Far East (hereafter referred to as East Asia). This included studies published in domestic journals and languages. We identified information about the locations, causes, periods, and tree species exhibiting decline. Past air pollution was also reviewed. Most East Asian countries show declining trends in SO2 concentration in recent years, although Mongolia and Russia show increasing trends. Ozone (O3) concentrations are stable or gradually increasing in the East Asia region, with high maxima. Wet nitrogen (N) deposition was high in China and tropical countries, but low in Russia. The decline of trees and forests primarily occurred in the mid-latitudes of Japan, Korea, China, and Russia. Long-term large N deposition resulted in the N saturation phenomenon in Japan and China, but no clear forest health response was observed. Thereafter, forest decline symptoms, suspected to be caused by O3, were observed in Japan and China. In East Russia, tree decline occurred around industrial centers in Siberia. Haze events have been increasing in tropical and boreal forests, and particulate matter inhibits photosynthesis. In recent years, chronically high O3 concentrations, in conjunction with climate change, are likely have adverse effects on tree physiology. The effects of air pollution and related factors on tree decline are summarized. Recently, the effects of air pollution on tree decline have not been apparent under the changing climate, however, monitoring air pollution is indispensable for identifying the cause of tree decline. Further economic growth is projected in Southeast Asia and therefore, the monitoring network should be expanded to tropical and boreal forest zones. Countermeasures such as restoring urban trees and rural forests are important for ensuring future ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Takahashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan; Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Tatyana A Mikhailova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | - Olga V Kalugina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | - Olga V Shergina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | - Larisa V Afanasieva
- Institute of General & Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.
| | - Roland Kueh Jui Heng
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Muhamad Abd Majid
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Sarawak, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hiroyuki Sase
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata, Japan.
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Emberson L. Effects of ozone on agriculture, forests and grasslands. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190327. [PMID: 32981434 PMCID: PMC7536038 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The damage and injury that ground level ozone (O3) causes vegetation has become increasingly evident over the past half century with a large body of observational and experimental evidence demonstrating a variety of effects at ambient concentrations on crop, forest and grassland species and ecosystems. This paper explores the use of experimental data to develop exposure-response relationships for use in risk assessment studies. These studies have typically identified the USA mid-West, much of Europe, the Indo Gangetic Plain in South Asia and the Eastern coastal region of China as global regions where O3 is likely to threaten food supply and other ecosystems. Global risk assessment modelling estimates yield losses of staple crops between 3 to 16% causing economic losses of between US$14 to 26 billion in the year 2000. Changes in anthropogenic emissions of O3 precursors in recent decades have modified O3 concentration profiles (peaks versus background O3) and global distributions with the Northern Hemisphere seeing increases in O3 levels of between 1 and 5 ppb/decade since the 1950s and the emergence of Asia as the region with the highest O3 concentrations. In the future, O3 mitigation could focus on methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions; these will differentially influence global and local/regional O3 concentrations and influence daily and seasonal profiles. The consequent effects on vegetation will in part depend on how these changes in O3 profile alter the exceedance of detoxification thresholds for plant damage. Adaptation options may play an important role in enhancing food supply while mitigation strategies are being implemented. An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which O3 affects plants, and how this might influence detoxification thresholds and interactions with other environmental variables such as water stress and nutrients, would help develop O3 deposition and impact models to support the development of crop, land-surface exchange and ultimately earth system models for holistic assessments of global change. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, Environment Building, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NG, UK
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Moccia G, De Caro F, Pironti C, Boccia G, Capunzo M, Borrelli A, Motta O. Development and Improvement of an Effective Method for Air and Surfaces Disinfection with Ozone Gas as a Decontaminating Agent. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E578. [PMID: 33143010 PMCID: PMC7694113 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ozone has been one of the most investigated and discussed sanitization methods. This paper reports a procedure to sanitize air hospital environments, in particular chirurgical surgery rooms that require high levels of disinfection. The purpose of this work was the development and implementation of a cleansing and sanitizing procedure for critical clinical settings with ozone, to prevent hospital infections by the elimination of all toxic and harmful microorganisms in the air, and ensure safe use for operators and patients. Materials and Methods: The protocol for the study involved a structured selection of a representative environment of healthcare structures such as high, medium, and low-risk settings in air and examples of hospital furniture. Results: The concentration of ozone was measured during sanitization treatment and the estimation of the total microbial count in the air and on different surfaces before and after the sanitization operations was performed. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the microbial count that always fell below the threshold value. Conclusions: Currently, there are no air treatment strategies available for inactivating airborne organisms during hospital outbreaks, which is most probably due to the lack of approved protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Moccia
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Francesco De Caro
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (O.M.)
- University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, via S. Leonardo, 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Anna Borrelli
- University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, via S. Leonardo, 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (O.M.)
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Wang Z, Wang C, Wang B, Wang X, Li J, Wu J, Liu L. Interactive effects of air pollutants and atmospheric moisture stress on aspen growth and photosynthesis along an urban-rural gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114076. [PMID: 32041012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution could significantly alter tree growth independently and synergistically with meteorological conditions. North China offers a natural experiment for studying how plant growth responds to air pollution under different meteorological conditions, where rapid economic growth has led to severe air pollution and climate changes increase drought stress. Using a single aspen clone (Populus euramericana Neva.) as a 'phytometer', we conducted three experiments to monitor aspen leaf photosynthesis and stem growth during in situ exposure to atmospheric pollutants along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing. We used stepwise model selection to select the best multiple linear model, and we used binned regression to estimate the effects of air pollutants, atmospheric moisture stress and their interactions on aspen leaf photosynthesis and growth. Our results indicated that ozone (O3) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inhibited leaf photosynthesis and stem growth. The interactive effect of O3 and VPD resulted in a synergistic response: as the concentration of O3 increased, the negative impact of VPD on leaf photosynthesis and stem growth became more severe. We also found that nitrogen (N) deposition had a positive effect on stem growth, which may have been caused by an increase in canopy N uptake, although this hypothesis needs to be confirmed by further studies. The positive impact of aerosol loading may be due to diffuse radiation fertilization effects. Given the decline in aerosols and N deposition amidst increases in O3 concentration and drought risk, the negative effects of atmospheric pollution on tree growth may be aggravated in North China. In addition, the interaction between O3 and VPD may lead to a further reduction in ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Janík R, Kubov M, Schieber B. The ground-level ozone concentration in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in the West Carpathian Mountains. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:233. [PMID: 32166430 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The amount of ground-level ozone in beech forests depends not only on the pollution intensity but also on the other environmental factors. This paper presents the analysis of the concentrations of ground-level ozone during the growing season (April-September) of beech trees, which represent the main objects modifying the microclimate conditions inside the forest. The research was localized in the Kremnické vrchy Mountains in Slovakia and realized during the period of 2004-2013. The study was carried out on four research plots with different stand structure which was caused by various intensities of cuts. Our results showed that the maximum concentration of ozone during this period was observed on the plot where the original beech stand (without management intervention) grown-maximal concentration reached the values from 44.0 to 50.0 ppb (in the sub-periods 2004-2008 and 2009-2013, respectively). On the other hand, the minimum concentration, 14.0 ppb, was found immediately after the cutting in 2004 on the plot, where all adult trees were removed. A similar course was found within average values of the ozone concentration on the research plots. Despite the fact that the results did not confirm significant differences among the plots, temporal trend showed an increasing concentration of ozone on all plots during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Janík
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Kubov
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Schieber
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
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Does Ozone Alter the Attractiveness of Japanese White Birch Leaves to the Leaf Beetle Agelastica coerulea via Changes in Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs): An Examination with the Y-Tube Test. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Elevated ground-level ozone (O3) reduced C-based defense chemicals; however, severe grazing damages were found in leaves grown in the low O3 condition of a free air O3-concentration enrichment (O3-FACE) system. To explain this phenomenon, this study investigates the role of BVOCs (biogenic volatile organic compounds) as signaling compounds for insect herbivores. BVOCs act as scents for herbivore insects to locate host plants, while some BVOCs show high reactivity to O3, inducing changes in the composition of BVOCs in atmospheres with elevated O3. To assess the aforementioned phenomenon, profiles of BVOCs emitted from birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara) leaves were analyzed ex situ, and Y-tube insect preference tests were conducted in vitro to study the insect olfactory response. The assays were conducted in June and August or September, according to the life cycle of the adult alder leaf beetle Agelastica coerulea Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Y-tube tests revealed that the leaf beetles were attracted to BVOCs, and O3 per se had neither an attractant nor a repellent effect. BVOCs became less attractant when mixed with highly concentrated O3 (>80 ppb). About 20% of the total BVOCs emitted were highly O3-reactive compounds, such as β-ocimene. The results suggest that BVOCs emitted from the birch leaves can be altered by elevated O3, thus potentially reducing the attractiveness of leaves to herbivorous insects searching for food.
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Fernandes FF, Esposito MP, da Silva Engela MRG, Cardoso-Gustavson P, Furlan CM, Hoshika Y, Carrari E, Magni G, Domingos M, Paoletti E. The passion fruit liana (Passiflora edulis Sims, Passifloraceae) is tolerant to ozone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1091-1101. [PMID: 30625641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Passiflora edulis Sims is a liana species of high economic interest and is an interesting model plant for understanding ozone action on disturbed vegetation. In this work we hypothesized that P. edulis has adaptive responses to oxidative stress that enable it to tolerate ozone damage based on its capacity to grow under a diversity of environmental conditions and to dominate disturbed areas. We exposed seedlings to three levels of ozone in a Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) system (22, 41 and 58 ppb h AOT40 and 13.52, 17.24 and 20.62 mmol m-2 POD0, over 97 days) for identifying its tolerance mechanisms. Anatomical (leaf blade structure and fluorescence emission of chloroplast metabolites), physiological (leaf gas exchange, growth rate and biomass production) and biochemical (pigments, total sugars, starch, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolites, reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation derivatives) responses were assessed. Ozone caused decreased total number of leaves, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mesophyll cells, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, O3 did not affect carbohydrates content, net photosynthetic rate, or total biomass production, indicating that the carboxylation efficiency and associated physiological processes were not affected. In addition, P. edulis showed higher leaf contents of ascorbic acid, glutathione (as well high ratio between their reduced and total forms), carotenoids, and flavonoids located in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. Our results indicate that P. edulis is an O3-tolerant species due to morphological acclimation responses and an effective antioxidant defense system represented by non-enzymatic antioxidants, which maintained the cellular redox balance under ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Faia Fernandes
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Miguel Stéfano Ave. 3687, 04045-972 SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisia Pannia Esposito
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Miguel Stéfano Ave. 3687, 04045-972 SP, Brazil
| | | | - Poliana Cardoso-Gustavson
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Arcturus St. 03, 09606-070 SBC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Furlan
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Matão St. 257, 05508-090 SP, Brazil
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisa Carrari
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giada Magni
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Miguel Stéfano Ave. 3687, 04045-972 SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Paoletti
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Dusart N, Gérard J, Le Thiec D, Collignon C, Jolivet Y, Vaultier MN. Integrated analysis of the detoxification responses of two Euramerican poplar genotypes exposed to ozone and water deficit: Focus on the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2365-2379. [PMID: 30336426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) and drought increase tree oxidative stress. To protect forest health, we need to improve risk assessment, using metric model such as the phytotoxic O3 dose above a threshold of y nmol·m-2·s-1 (PODy), while taking into account detoxification mechanisms and interacting stresses. The impact of drought events on the effect of O3 pollution deserves special attention. Water deficit may decrease O3 entrance into the leaves by reducing stomatal opening; however, water deficit also induces changes in cell redox homeostasis. Besides, the behaviour of the cell antioxidative charge in case of stress combination (water deficit and O3) still remains poorly investigated. To decipher the response of detoxification mechanisms relatively to the Halliwell-Asada-Foyer cycle (HAF), we exposed poplar saplings (Populus nigra × deltoides) composed of two genotypes (Carpaccio and Robusta), to various treatments for 17 days, i.e. i) mild water deficit, ii) 120 ppb O3, and iii) a combination of these two treatments. Ozone similarly impacted the growth of the two genotypes, with an important leaf loss. Water deficit decreased growth by almost one third as compared to the control plants. As for the combined treatment, water deficit protected the saplings from leaf ozone injury, but with an inhibitory effect on growth. The pool of total ascorbate was not modified by the different treatments, while the pool of total glutathione increased with POD0. We noticed a few differences between the two genotypes, particularly concerning the activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase relatively to POD0. The expression profiles of genes coding for the dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase isoforms differed, probably in link with the putative localisation of ROS production in response to water deficit and ozone, respectively. Our result would argue for a major role of MDHAR, GR and glutathione in the preservation of the redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dusart
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Inra, UMR Silva, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Joëlle Gérard
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Inra, UMR Silva, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Didier Le Thiec
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Inra, UMR Silva, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Yves Jolivet
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Inra, UMR Silva, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Anna KI, Emanuel G, Anna SR, Błońska E, Lasota J, Łagan S. Linking the contents of hydrophobic PAHs with the canopy water storage capacity of coniferous trees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1176-1184. [PMID: 30118907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The canopy water storage capacity (S) is an important parameter for the hydrological cycle in forests. One factor which influences the S is leaf texture, which in turn is thought to be affected by the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In order to improve our understanding of S we simulated rainfall and measured the S of coniferous species growing under various conditions. The contents of 18 PAHs were measured in the needles. The species chosen were: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) and silver fir (Abies Alba Mill.). Sample branches were collected in 3 locations: A - forest; B - housing estate; C - city center. We found that PAHs have a significant impact on the S of tree crowns. The increase in the total content of all of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SUM.PAH) translates into an increase of S for all species. The S is the highest for the P. abies species, followed by P. sylvestris and A. alba at all locations. Within the same species, an increase in the value of S is associated with an increase in the PAH content in needles measured by gas chromatography. For A.alba, the average S increased from 11.54% of the total amount of simulated rain (ml g-1) at location A, to 17.10% at location B, and 21.02% at location C. Similarly for P. abies the S was 21.78%, 29.06% and 34.36% at locations A, B and C respectively. The study extends the knowledge of the mechanisms of plant surface adhesion and the anthropogenic factors that may modify this process as well as foliage properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klamerus-Iwan Anna
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Engineering, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Gloor Emanuel
- University of Leeds, Faculty of Environment, School of Geography, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK
| | - Sadowska-Rociek Anna
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Food Technology, Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Błońska
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Soil Science, Al. 29 Listopada 46, Krakow, 31-425, Poland
| | - Jarosław Lasota
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Soil Science, Al. 29 Listopada 46, Krakow, 31-425, Poland
| | - Sylwia Łagan
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Applied Mechanics, 31-155, Cracow, Warszawska24, Poland
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Assessment of Pinus sylvestris L. tree health in urban forests at highway sides in Lithuania. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Understanding Forest Health with Remote Sensing, Part III: Requirements for a Scalable Multi-Source Forest Health Monitoring Network Based on Data Science Approaches. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems fulfill a whole host of ecosystem functions that are essential for life on our planet. However, an unprecedented level of anthropogenic influences is reducing the resilience and stability of our forest ecosystems as well as their ecosystem functions. The relationships between drivers, stress, and ecosystem functions in forest ecosystems are complex, multi-faceted, and often non-linear, and yet forest managers, decision makers, and politicians need to be able to make rapid decisions that are data-driven and based on short and long-term monitoring information, complex modeling, and analysis approaches. A huge number of long-standing and standardized forest health inventory approaches already exist, and are increasingly integrating remote-sensing based monitoring approaches. Unfortunately, these approaches in monitoring, data storage, analysis, prognosis, and assessment still do not satisfy the future requirements of information and digital knowledge processing of the 21st century. Therefore, this paper discusses and presents in detail five sets of requirements, including their relevance, necessity, and the possible solutions that would be necessary for establishing a feasible multi-source forest health monitoring network for the 21st century. Namely, these requirements are: (1) understanding the effects of multiple stressors on forest health; (2) using remote sensing (RS) approaches to monitor forest health; (3) coupling different monitoring approaches; (4) using data science as a bridge between complex and multidimensional big forest health (FH) data; and (5) a future multi-source forest health monitoring network. It became apparent that no existing monitoring approach, technique, model, or platform is sufficient on its own to monitor, model, forecast, or assess forest health and its resilience. In order to advance the development of a multi-source forest health monitoring network, we argue that in order to gain a better understanding of forest health in our complex world, it would be conducive to implement the concepts of data science with the components: (i) digitalization; (ii) standardization with metadata management after the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles; (iii) Semantic Web; (iv) proof, trust, and uncertainties; (v) tools for data science analysis; and (vi) easy tools for scientists, data managers, and stakeholders for decision-making support.
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Augustaitis A, Augustaitienė I, Baugarten M, Bičenkienė S, Girgždienė R, Kulbokas G, Linkevičius E, Marozas V, Mikalajūnas M, Mordas G, Mozgeris G, Petrauskas E, Pivoras A, Šidlauskas G, Ulevičius V, Vitas A, Matyssek R. Tree-ring formation as an indicator of forest capacity to adapt to the main threats of environmental changes in Lithuania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1247-1261. [PMID: 29751430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global changes occurring under different environmental conditions have changed stand competition, as well as nutrient and light availability, which has resulted in changes in productivity. Therefore, in the present study, the characteristics of tree-ring width formation of the prevailing Lithuanian tree species, Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver and downy birch, and key factors resulting in their differences during the last 36-year period were investigated at forest sites located on poor mineral oligotrophic and on nutrient-rich organic mesoeutrophic soils. The aim of the study was as follows: first, to separately detect the maximum possible seasonal effect of three groups of variables - meteorology, acidifying pollutants and surface ozone on the stem basal area increment (BAI) of the evaluated tree species; second, to assess the significance of each group of variables affecting the BAI of these tree species integrally with the remaining groups of variables. Norway spruce was found to be well adapted to recent environmental changes, which makes it one of the most favourable tree species for silviculture in the northeastern part of Europe. The rapid increases recorded in growth intensity since 1980 were attributed to the increase in air temperature, precipitation amount, nitrogen deposition during the vegetative stage and reductions in SO2 concentrations and S deposition. Scots pine demonstrated the highest level of resilience and capacity to adapt to recent global changes because its reaction to both negative and favourable environmental factors was best expressed. Silver and downy birch tree reactions to the effects of air concentrations of acidifying compounds, their deposition and surface ozone concentrations were the least expressed; however, a significant decline in growth intensity indicated that these tree species experienced a reduced resistance to recent changes in environmental conditions in the mature and over-mature age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Augustaitis
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | | | - Manuela Baugarten
- Chair Ecophysiology of Plants, Dep. Ecology, WZW, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Steigvilė Bičenkienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raselė Girgždienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Gintaras Kulbokas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Edgaras Linkevičius
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Vitas Marozas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Marius Mikalajūnas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Genrik Mordas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Gintautas Mozgeris
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Edmundas Petrauskas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Ainis Pivoras
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Giedrius Šidlauskas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Vidmantas Ulevičius
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Adomas Vitas
- Vytautas Magnum University, Centre of Environmental Research, Faculty of Nature Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Ž.E. Žilibero str. 2, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Chair Ecophysiology of Plants, Dep. Ecology, WZW, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Moura BB, Alves ES, Marabesi MA, de Souza SR, Schaub M, Vollenweider P. Ozone affects leaf physiology and causes injury to foliage of native tree species from the tropical Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:912-925. [PMID: 28830051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In southern Brazil, the recent increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations poses an additional threat to the biodiverse but endangered and fragmented remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Given the mostly unknown sensitivity of tropical species to oxidative stress, the principal objective of this study was to determine whether the current O3 levels in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), downwind of São Paulo, affect the native vegetation of forest remnants. Foliar responses to O3 of three tree species typical of the MRC forests were investigated using indoor chamber exposure experiments under controlled conditions and a field survey. Exposure to 70ppb O3 reduced assimilation and leaf conductance but increased respiration in Astronium graveolens while gas exchange in Croton floribundus was little affected. Both A. graveolens and Piptadenia gonoacantha developed characteristic O3-induced injury in the foliage, similar to visible symptoms observed in >30% of trees assessed in the MRC, while C. floribundus remained asymptomatic. The underlying structural symptoms in both O3-exposed and field samples were indicative of oxidative burst, hypersensitive responses, accelerated cell senescence and, primarily in field samples, interaction with photo-oxidative stress. The markers of O3 stress were thus mostly similar to those observed in other regions of the world. Further research is needed, to estimate the proportion of sensitive forest species, the O3 impact on tree growth and stand stability and to detect O3 hot spots where woody species in the Atlantic Forest are mostly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Baêsso Moura
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Edenise Segala Alves
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Finco A, Marzuoli R, Chiesa M, Gerosa G. Ozone risk assessment for an Alpine larch forest in two vegetative seasons with different approaches: comparison of POD 1 and AOT40. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26238-26248. [PMID: 28608159 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The upper vegetation belts like larch forests are supposed to be under great pressure because of climate change in the next decades. For this reason, the evaluation of the risks due to abiotic stressors like ozone is a key step. Two different approaches were used here: mapping AOT40 index by means of passive samplers and direct measurements of ozone deposition.Measurements of ozone fluxes using the eddy-correlation technique were carried out for the first time over a larch forest in Paspardo (I) at 1750 m a.s.l. Two field campaigns were run: the first one in 2010 from July to October and the second one in the following year from June to September. Vertical exchange of ozone, energy, and momentum were measured on a tower platform at 26 m above ground level to study fluxes dynamics over this ecosystem. Since the tower was located on a gentle slope, an "ad hoc" methodology was developed to minimize the effects of the terrain inclination. The larch forest uptake was estimated by means of a two-layer model to separate the understorey uptake from the larch one. Even if the total ozone fluxes were generally high, up to 30-40 nmol O3 m-2 s-1 in both years, the stomatal uptake by the larch forest was relatively low (around 15% of the total deposition).Ozone risk was assessed considering the POD1 received by the larch forest and the exposure index AOT40 estimated with both local data and data from the map obtained by the passive samplers monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Finco
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzuoli
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Chiesa
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Brescia, Italy.
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Matyssek R, Kozovits AR, Wieser G, King J, Rennenberg H. Woody-plant ecosystems under climate change and air pollution-response consistencies across zonobiomes? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:706-732. [PMID: 28338970 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forests store the largest terrestrial pools of carbon (C), helping to stabilize the global climate system, yet are threatened by climate change (CC) and associated air pollution (AP, highlighting ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)). We adopt the perspective that CC-AP drivers and physiological impacts are universal, resulting in consistent stress responses of forest ecosystems across zonobiomes. Evidence supporting this viewpoint is presented from the literature on ecosystem gross/net primary productivity and water cycling. Responses to CC-AP are compared across evergreen/deciduous foliage types, discussing implications of nutrition and resource turnover at tree and ecosystem scales. The availability of data is extremely uneven across zonobiomes, yet unifying patterns of ecosystem response are discernable. Ecosystem warming results in trade-offs between respiration and biomass production, affecting high elevation forests more than in the lowland tropics and low-elevation temperate zone. Resilience to drought is modulated by tree size and species richness. Elevated O3 tends to counteract stimulation by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). Biotic stress and genomic structure ultimately determine ecosystem responsiveness. Aggrading early- rather than mature late-successional communities respond to CO2 enhancement, whereas O3 affects North American and Eurasian tree species consistently under free-air fumigation. Insect herbivory is exacerbated by CC-AP in biome-specific ways. Rhizosphere responses reflect similar stand-level nutritional dynamics across zonobiomes, but are modulated by differences in tree-soil nutrient cycling between deciduous and evergreen systems, and natural versus anthropogenic nitrogen (N) oversupply. The hypothesis of consistency of forest responses to interacting CC-AP is supported by currently available data, establishing the precedent for a global network of long-term coordinated research sites across zonobiomes to simultaneously advance both bottom-up (e.g., mechanistic) and top-down (systems-level) understanding. This global, synthetic approach is needed because high biological plasticity and physiographic variation across individual ecosystems currently limit development of predictive models of forest responses to CC-AP. Integrated research on C and nutrient cycling, O3-vegetation interactions and water relations must target mechanisms' ecosystem responsiveness. Worldwide case studies must be subject to biostatistical exploration to elucidate overarching response patterns and synthesize the resulting empirical data through advanced modelling, in order to provide regionally coherent, yet globally integrated information in support of internationally coordinated decision-making and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Ecophysiology of Plants, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - A R Kozovits
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Department of Biodiversity, Evolution and Environment, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Bauxita, 35.400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - G Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, D79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Dong Q, Wang Y, Li P. Multifractal behavior of an air pollutant time series and the relevance to the predictability. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:444-457. [PMID: 28012664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the traditional method of detrended fluctuation analysis, which is used to characterize fractal scaling properties and long-range correlations, this research provides new insight into the multifractality and predictability of a nonstationary air pollutant time series using the methods of spectral analysis and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis. First, the existence of a significant power-law behavior and long-range correlations for such series are verified. Then, by employing shuffling and surrogating procedures and estimating the scaling exponents, the major source of multifractality in these pollutant series is found to be the fat-tailed probability density function. Long-range correlations also partly contribute to the multifractal features. The relationship between the predictability of the pollutant time series and their multifractal nature is then investigated with extended analyses from the quantitative perspective, and it is found that the contribution of the multifractal strength of long-range correlations to the overall multifractal strength can affect the predictability of a pollutant series in a specific region to some extent. The findings of this comprehensive study can help to better understand the mechanisms governing the dynamics of air pollutant series and aid in performing better meteorological assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Dong
- School of Statistics, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian 116025, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Statistics, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian 116025, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian 116025, China.
| | - Peizhi Li
- School of Statistics, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian 116025, China
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In Situ/Remote Sensing Integration to Assess Forest Health—A Review. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8060471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paoletti E, Sicard P. Preface to the IUFRO RG7.01 special section "Global Challenges of Air Pollution and Climate Change to Forests". ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:975-976. [PMID: 26878977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy.
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard BP234, 06904, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Sicard P, Augustaitis A, Belyazid S, Calfapietra C, de Marco A, Fenn M, Bytnerowicz A, Grulke N, He S, Matyssek R, Serengil Y, Wieser G, Paoletti E. Global topics and novel approaches in the study of air pollution, climate change and forest ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:977-987. [PMID: 26873061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Research directions from the 27th conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems (2015) reflect knowledge advancements about (i) Mechanistic bases of tree responses to multiple climate and pollution stressors, in particular the interaction of ozone (O3) with nitrogen (N) deposition and drought; (ii) Linking genetic control with physiological whole-tree activity; (iii) Epigenetic responses to climate change and air pollution; (iv) Embedding individual tree performance into the multi-factorial stand-level interaction network; (v) Interactions of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile compounds (molecular, functional and ecological bases); (vi) Estimating the potential for carbon/pollution mitigation and cost effectiveness of urban and peri-urban forests; (vii) Selection of trees adapted to the urban environment; (viii) Trophic, competitive and host/parasite relationships under changing pollution and climate; (ix) Atmosphere-biosphere-pedosphere interactions as affected by anthropospheric changes; (x) Statistical analyses for epidemiological investigations; (xi) Use of monitoring for the validation of models; (xii) Holistic view for linking the climate, carbon, N and O3 modelling; (xiii) Inclusion of multiple environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic) in critical load determinations; (xiv) Ecological impacts of N deposition in the under-investigated areas; (xv) Empirical models for mechanistic effects at the local scale; (xvi) Broad-scale N and sulphur deposition input and their effects on forest ecosystem services; (xvii) Measurements of dry deposition of N; (xviii) Assessment of evapotranspiration; (xix) Remote sensing assessment of hydrological parameters; and (xx) Forest management for maximizing water provision and overall forest ecosystem services. Ground-level O3 is still the phytotoxic air pollutant of major concern to forest health. Specific issues about O3 are: (xxi) Developing dose-response relationships and stomatal O3 flux parameterizations for risk assessment, especially, in under-investigated regions; (xxii) Defining biologically based O3 standards for protection thresholds and critical levels; (xxiii) Use of free-air exposure facilities; (xxiv) Assessing O3 impacts on forest ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 Route Du Pin Montard BP234, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas Dstr., LT-53362 Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | - Mark Fenn
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | | | - Shang He
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | | | - Gerhard Wieser
- Division of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Rennweg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy.
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Manninen S, Zverev V, Bergman I, Kozlov MV. Consequences of long-term severe industrial pollution for aboveground carbon and nitrogen pools in northern taiga forests at local and regional scales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:616-624. [PMID: 26254064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Boreal coniferous forests act as an important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The overall tree carbon (C) sink in the forests of Europe has increased during the past decades, especially due to management and elevated nitrogen (N) deposition; however, industrial atmospheric pollution, primarily sulphur dioxide and heavy metals, still negatively affect forest biomass production at different spatial scales. We report local and regional changes in forest aboveground biomass, C and N concentrations in plant tissues, and C and N pools caused by long-term atmospheric emissions from a large point source, the nickel-copper smelter in Monchegorsk, in north-western Russia. An increase in pollution load (assessed as Cu concentration in forest litter) caused C to increase in foliage but C remained unchanged in wood, while N decreased in foliage and increased in wood, demonstrating strong effects of pollution on resource translocation between green and woody tissues. The aboveground C and N pools were primarily governed by plant biomass, which strongly decreased with an increase in pollution load. In our study sites (located 1.6-39.7 km from the smelter) living aboveground plant biomass was 76 to 4888 gm(-2), and C and N pools ranged 35-2333 g C m(-2) and 0.5-35.1 g N m(-2), respectively. We estimate that the aboveground plant biomass is reduced due to chronic exposure to industrial air pollution over an area of about 107,200 km2, and the total (aboveground and belowground) loss of phytomass C stock amounts to 4.24×10(13) g C. Our results emphasize the need to account for the overall impact of industrial polluters on ecosystem C and N pools when assessing the C and N dynamics in northern boreal forests because of the marked long-term negative effects of their emissions on structure and productivity of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirkku Manninen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 2a), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Igor Bergman
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vos'mogo Marta 202, Yekaterinburg 620144, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Kozlov
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Schröder W, Nickel S, Jenssen M, Riediger J. Methodology to assess and map the potential development of forest ecosystems exposed to climate change and atmospheric nitrogen deposition: A pilot study in Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 521-522:108-122. [PMID: 25829289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A methodology for mapping ecosystems and their potential development under climate change and atmospheric nitrogen deposition was developed using examples from Germany. The methodology integrated data on vegetation, soil, climate change and atmospheric nitrogen deposition. These data were used to classify ecosystem types regarding six ecological functions and interrelated structures. Respective data covering 1961-1990 were used for reference. The assessment of functional and structural integrity relies on comparing a current or future state with an ecosystem type-specific reference. While current functions and structures of ecosystems were quantified by measurements, potential future developments were projected by geochemical soil modelling and data from a regional climate change model. The ecosystem types referenced the potential natural vegetation and were mapped using data on current tree species coverage and land use. In this manner, current ecosystem types were derived, which were related to data on elevation, soil texture, and climate for the years 1961-1990. These relations were quantified by Classification and Regression Trees, which were used to map the spatial patterns of ecosystem type clusters for 1961-1990. The climate data for these years were subsequently replaced by the results of a regional climate model for 1991-2010, 2011-2040, and 2041-2070. For each of these periods, one map of ecosystem type clusters was produced and evaluated with regard to the development of areal coverage of ecosystem type clusters over time. This evaluation of the structural aspects of ecological integrity at the national level was added by projecting potential future values of indicators for ecological functions at the site level by using the Very Simple Dynamic soil modelling technique based on climate data and two scenarios of nitrogen deposition as input. The results were compared to the reference and enabled an evaluation of site-specific ecosystem changes over time which proved to be both, positive and negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Schröder
- University of Vechta, Chair of Landscape Ecology, P.O.B. 1553, 49377 Vechta, Germany.
| | - Stefan Nickel
- University of Vechta, Chair of Landscape Ecology, P.O.B. 1553, 49377 Vechta, Germany
| | - Martin Jenssen
- Waldkunde-Institut Eberswalde GmbH, Hohensaatener Dorfstraße 27, 16259 Bad Freienwalde, Germany
| | - Jan Riediger
- University of Vechta, Chair of Landscape Ecology, P.O.B. 1553, 49377 Vechta, Germany
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Pautasso M, Schlegel M, Holdenrieder O. Forest health in a changing world. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:826-842. [PMID: 25502075 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Forest pathology, the science of forest health and tree diseases, is operating in a rapidly developing environment. Most importantly, global trade and climate change are increasing the threat to forest ecosystems posed by new diseases. Various studies relevant to forest pathology in a changing world are accumulating, thus making it necessary to provide an update of recent literature. In this contribution, we summarize research at the interface between forest pathology and landscape ecology, biogeography, global change science and research on tree endophytes. Regional outbreaks of tree diseases are requiring interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. between forest pathologists and landscape ecologists. When tree pathogens are widely distributed, the factors determining their broad-scale distribution can be studied using a biogeographic approach. Global change, the combination of climate and land use change, increased pollution, trade and urbanization, as well as invasive species, will influence the effects of forest disturbances such as wildfires, droughts, storms, diseases and insect outbreaks, thus affecting the health and resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree endophytes can contribute to biological control of infectious diseases, enhance tolerance to environmental stress or behave as opportunistic weak pathogens potentially competing with more harmful ones. New molecular techniques are available for studying the complete tree endobiome under the influence of global change stressors from the landscape to the intercontinental level. Given that exotic tree diseases have both ecologic and economic consequences, we call for increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the coming decades between forest pathologists and researchers studying endophytes with tree geneticists, evolutionary and landscape ecologists, biogeographers, conservation biologists and global change scientists and outline interdisciplinary research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pautasso
- Forest Pathology & Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland,
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39
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Matyssek R, Kozovits AR, Wieser G. Vegetation response to climate change and air pollution - unifying research and evidence from northern and southern hemisphere. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:480-482. [PMID: 25242283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, Ecophysiology of Plants, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Alessandra R Kozovits
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas e Biologicas, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Wieser
- Federal Office & Research Centre for Forests, Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Stravinskienè V, Bartkevičius E, Plaušinytè E. Impact of industrial pollution on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) radial growth in the areas of mineral fertilizer factory “Achema”. RUSS J ECOL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413614060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Pretzsch H, Biber P, Schütze G, Uhl E, Rötzer T. Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4967. [PMID: 25216297 PMCID: PMC4175583 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest ecosystems have been exposed to climate change for more than 100 years, whereas the consequences on forest growth remain elusive. Based on the oldest existing experimental forest plots in Central Europe, we show that, currently, the dominant tree species Norway spruce and European beech exhibit significantly faster tree growth (+32 to 77%), stand volume growth (+10 to 30%) and standing stock accumulation (+6 to 7%) than in 1960. Stands still follow similar general allometric rules, but proceed more rapidly through usual trajectories. As forest stands develop faster, tree numbers are currently 17–20% lower than in past same-aged stands. Self-thinning lines remain constant, while growth rates increase indicating the stock of resources have not changed, while growth velocity and turnover have altered. Statistical analyses of the experimental plots, and application of an ecophysiological model, suggest that mainly the rise in temperature and extended growing seasons contribute to increased growth acceleration, particularly on fertile sites. The growth dynamics of forest ecosystems undergoing climatic change are not well understood. Here Pretzsch et al. show that two of the dominant tree species of Central Europe have undergone significantly accelerated growth dynamics during the past century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Biber
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schütze
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Enno Uhl
- 1] Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany [2] Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Rötzer
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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42
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Dumont J, Keski-Saari S, Keinänen M, Cohen D, Ningre N, Kontunen-Soppela S, Baldet P, Gibon Y, Dizengremel P, Vaultier MN, Jolivet Y, Oksanen E, Le Thiec D. Ozone affects ascorbate and glutathione biosynthesis as well as amino acid contents in three Euramerican poplar genotypes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:253-266. [PMID: 24682617 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is an air pollutant that causes oxidative stress by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the leaf. The capacity to detoxify ROS and repair ROS-induced damage may contribute to ozone tolerance. Ascorbate and glutathione are known to be key players in detoxification. Ozone effects on their biosynthesis and on amino acid metabolism were investigated in three Euramerican poplar genotypes (Populus deltoides Bartr. × Populus nigra L.) differing in ozone sensitivity. Total ascorbate and glutathione contents were increased in response to ozone in all genotypes, with the most resistant genotype (Carpaccio) showing an increase of up to 70%. Reduced ascorbate (ASA) concentration at least doubled in the two most resistant genotypes (Carpaccio and Cima), whereas the most sensitive genotype (Robusta) seemed unable to regenerate ASA from oxidized ascorbate (DHA), leading to an increase of 80% of the oxidized form. Increased ascorbate (ASA + DHA) content correlated with the increase in gene expression in its biosynthetic pathway, especially the putative gene of GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase VTC2. Increased cysteine availability combined with increased expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1) and glutathione synthetase (GSH2) genes allows higher glutathione biosynthesis in response to ozone, particularly in Carpaccio. In addition, ozone caused a remobilization of amino acids with a decreased pool of total amino acids and an increase of Cys and putrescine, especially in Carpaccio. In addition, the expression of genes encoding threonine aldolase was strongly induced only in the most tolerant genotype, Carpaccio. Reduced ascorbate levels could partly explain the sensitivity to ozone for Robusta but not for Cima. Reduced ascorbate level alone is not sufficient to account for ozone tolerance in poplar, and it is necessary to consider several other factors including glutathione content.
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Hůnová I, Maznová J, Kurfürst P. Trends in atmospheric deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen in Czech forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:668-75. [PMID: 23751730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the temporal trends and spatial changes of deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in Czech forests based on records from long-term monitoring. A statistically significant trend for sulphur was detected at most of the sites measuring for wet, dry, and total deposition fluxes and at many of these the trend was also present for the period after 2000. The spatial pattern of the changes in sulphur deposition flux between 1995 and 2011 shows the decrease over the entire forested area in a wide range of 18.1-0.2 g m(-2) year(-1) with the most pronounced improvement in formerly most impacted regions. Nitrogen still represents a considerable stress in many areas. The value of nitrogen deposition flux of 1 g m(-2) year(-1) is exceeded over a significant portion of the country. On an equivalent basis, the ion ratios of NO3(-)/SO4(2-) and NH4(+)/SO4(2-) in precipitation show significantly increasing trends in time similarly to those of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hůnová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 17, 143 06 Prague 4 - Komořany, Czech Republic.
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44
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Dghim AA, Mhamdi A, Vaultier MN, Hasenfratz-Sauder MP, Le Thiec D, Dizengremel P, Noctor G, Jolivet Y. Analysis of cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase 1 in photoperiod-influenced responses to ozone using Arabidopsis knockout mutants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1981-91. [PMID: 23527794 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by ozone (O3 ) affects plant development, but the roles of specific redox-homeostatic enzymes in O3 responses are still unclear. While growth day length may affect oxidative stress outcomes, the potential influence of day length context on equal-time exposures to O3 is not known. In Arabidopsis Col-0, day length affected the outcome of O3 exposure. In short-days (SD), few lesions were elicited by treatments that caused extensive lesions in long days (LD). Lesion formation was not associated with significant perturbation of glutathione, ascorbate, NADP(H) or NAD(H). To investigate roles of two genes potentially underpinning this redox stability, O3 responses of mutants for cytosolic NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (icdh) and glutathione reductase 1 (gr1) were analysed. Loss of ICDH function did not affect O3 -induced lesions, but slightly increased glutathione oxidation, induction of other cytosolic NADPH-producing enzymes and pathogenesis-related gene 1 (PR1). In gr1, O3 -triggered lesions, salicylic acid accumulation, and induction of PR1 were all decreased relative to Col-0 despite enhanced accumulation of glutathione. Thus, even at identical irradiance and equal-time exposures, day length strongly influences phenotypes triggered by oxidants of atmospheric origin, while in addition to its antioxidant function, the GR-glutathione system seems to play novel signalling roles during O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Allah Dghim
- UMR1137 EEF, Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Cedex, France; UMR1137 EEF, INRA, F-54280, Champenoux, France; IFR110 EFABA, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Cedex, France
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45
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Chisti Y. Constraints to commercialization of algal fuels. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:201-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Ernst D. Integrated Studies on Abiotic Stress Defence in Trees. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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47
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Integrative Leaf-Level Phytotoxic Ozone Dose Assessment for Forest Risk Modelling. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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48
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Ozone Research, Quo Vadis? Lessons from the Free-Air Canopy Fumigation Experiment at Kranzberg Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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49
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Cieslik S, Tuovinen JP, Baumgarten M, Matyssek R, Brito P, Wieser G. Gaseous Exchange Between Forests and the Atmosphere. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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50
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Mikkelsen TN, Clarke N, Danielewska A, Fischer R. Towards Supersites in Forest Ecosystem Monitoring and Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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