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Matzui LY, Syvolozhskyi OA, Vovchenko LL, Yakovenko OS, Len TA, Ischenko OV, Vakaliuk AV, Oliynyk VV, Zagorodnii VV, Naumenko A, Cojocari M, Fedorov G, Kuzhir P. Segregated Conductive Polymer Composite with Fe 3O 4-Decorated Graphite Nanoparticles for Microwave Shielding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2808. [PMID: 38930178 PMCID: PMC11204437 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs)-the segregated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-based composites with hybrid filler-decorated with Fe3O4 were developed. Using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, it was shown that the decorated component has the shape of separate granules, or their clusters were distributed evenly over the GNPs surface. The individual Fe3O4 nanoparticles are predominantly rounded, with diameters of approximately 20-60 nm. The use of GNPs/Fe3O4 as a filler leads to significant decreases in the percolation limit φc, 0.97 vol% vs. 0.56 vol% for GNPs/UHMWPE- and (GNPs/Fe3O4)/UHMWPE segregated composite material (SCM), respectively. Modification of the GNP surface with Fe3O4 leads to an essential improvement in the electromagnetic interference shielding due to enhanced microwave absorption in the 26-37 GHz frequency range in its turn by abundant surface functional groups and lattice defects of GNPs/Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Yu. Matzui
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Oleksii A. Syvolozhskyi
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Ludmila L. Vovchenko
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Olena S. Yakovenko
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Tetyana A. Len
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Olena V. Ischenko
- Facultiy of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.V.I.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Anna V. Vakaliuk
- Facultiy of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.V.I.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Victor V. Oliynyk
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Volodymyr V. Zagorodnii
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Antonina Naumenko
- Facultiy of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.A.S.); (L.L.V.); (O.S.Y.); (T.A.L.); (V.V.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Maria Cojocari
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (M.C.); (G.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Georgy Fedorov
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (M.C.); (G.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (M.C.); (G.F.); (P.K.)
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Panda DK, Das DP, Behera SK, Dhal NK. Review on the impact of cell phone radiation effects on green plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:565. [PMID: 38773047 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to assess the impact of cell phone radiation effects on green plants. Rapid progress in networking and communication systems has introduced frequency- and amplitude-modulated technologies to the world with higher allowed bands and greater speed by using high-powered radio generators, which facilitate high definition connectivity, rapid transfer of larger data files, and quick multiple accesses. These cause frequent exposure of cellular radiation to the biological world from a number of sources. Key factors like a range of frequencies, time durations, power densities, and electric fields were found to have differential impacts on the growth and development of green plants. As far as the effects on green plants are concerned in this review, alterations in their morphological characteristics like overall growth, canopy density, and pigmentation to physiological variations like chlorophyll fluorescence and change in membrane potential etc. have been found to be affected by cellular radiation. On the other hand, elevated oxidative status of the cell, macromolecular damage, and lipid peroxidation have been found frequently. On the chromosomal level, micronuclei formation, spindle detachments, and increased mitotic indexes etc. have been noticed. Transcription factors were found to be overexpressed in many cases due to the cellular radiation impact, which shows effects at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, RRL Campus, Sachivalaya MargAcharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debi Prasad Das
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Project Engineering and Instrumentation Department, CSIR-Institutes of Minerals and Materials Technology, Sachivalaya Marg , RRL Campus, Acharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Project Engineering and Instrumentation Department, CSIR-Institutes of Minerals and Materials Technology, Sachivalaya Marg , RRL Campus, Acharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Nabin Kumar Dhal
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, RRL Campus, Sachivalaya MargAcharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Krivova NA, Kudabaeva MS, Zaeva OB, Borodina SV, Lepekhina TB, Pavlenko OA, Makhmanazarov RM, Kokin DS, Shipilov SE. The effect of exposure to RF-EMF from the laboratory simulator of 5G NR base station on physiological parameters and cognitive abilities of male wistar rats of different ages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10283. [PMID: 38704416 PMCID: PMC11069554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this article, the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure from a simulated base station for the 5G New Radio (5G NR) telecommunication on rats was studied. The base station affects all age groups of the population, thus, for the first time, the experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats of three different ages (juvenile, adult, and presenile). The base station exposure parameters were chosen according to ICNIRP recommendations for limiting the exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field: frequency 2.4 GHz with an average specific absorption rate of 0.0076 W/kg and 0.0059 W/kg over the whole body of experimental animals. Throughout the experiment, body weight was examined weekly, and the dynamics of body weight gain was monitored. Rectal and skin surface temperature on the right hind limb was monitored weekly. Testing in the Morris water maze was performed during the last, Week 5, of RF-EMF exposure. After euthanasia, organ weights were determined in experimental and control animals. None of the investigated parameters did show any statistically significant differences between exposed and control animals of the same age. The data obtained can be used to assess the possible consequences of chronic exposure to RF-EMF from 5G NR base stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Krivova
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
| | | | - Olga B Zaeva
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Borodina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana B Lepekhina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Pavlenko
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Siberian Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ramdas M Makhmanazarov
- Department Scientific and Educational Center "Radio Electronics Microwave", Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kokin
- Department Scientific and Educational Center "Radio Electronics Microwave", Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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Li Z, Zhu H, Rao L, Huang M, Qian Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Lai Y, Che R. Wrinkle Structure Regulating Electromagnetic Parameters in Constructed Core-shell ZnFe 2O 4@PPy Microspheres as Absorption Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308581. [PMID: 38039500 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Structure engineering of magnetic-dielectric multi-components is emerging as an effective approach for presuming high-performance electromagnetic (EM) absorption, but still faces bottlenecks due to the ambiguous regulation mechanism of surface morphology. Here, a novel wrinkled surface structure is tailored on the ZnFe2O4 microsphere via a spray-pyrolysis induced Kirkendall diffusion effect, the conductivity of the sample is affected, and a better impedance matching is adjusted by modulating the concentration of metal nitrate precursors. Driven by a vapor phase polymerization, conductive polypyrrole (PPy) shell are in situ decorated on the ZnFe2O4 microsphere surfaces, ingeniously constructing a core-shell ZnFe2O4@PPy composites. Moreover, a systematic investigation reveals that this unique wrinkled surface structure is highly dependent on the metal salt concentration. Optimized wrinkle ZnFe2O4@PPy composite exhibits a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) reached -41.0 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) can cover as wide as 4.1 GHz. The enhanced interfacial polarization originated from high-density ZnFe2O4-PPy heterostructure, and the conduction loss of PPy contributes to the boosted dielectric loss capability. This study gives a significant guidance for preparing high-performance EM composites by tailoring the surface wrinkle structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Li
- Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Longjun Rao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mengqiu Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuetong Qian
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | | | - Yuxiang Lai
- Pico Electron Microscopy Center, Innovation Institute for Ocean Materials Characterization, Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Renchao Che
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
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Onyegbutulem HC, Dogo D, Henry-Onyegbutulem PI, Olorunfemi DS, Schwarz PEH, Bornstein SR. Belief, knowledge, attitude and practices towards COVID-19 amongst residents of Abuja, Nigeria: implications for pandemic preparedness. Pan Afr Med J 2024; 47:98. [PMID: 38799188 PMCID: PMC11126750 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.98.34331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction coronavirus disease, (COVID-19), was a pandemic with high global morbidity and mortality, partly due to a lack of preparedness. People´s knowledge, belief, attitude, and perception of disease outbreaks may affect their response, and this may impact their health-related behavior. This study was designed to determine the pattern of belief, knowledge, attitude, and practices (BKAP) of residents of Abuja, Nigeria, towards the COVID-19 pandemic. The outcome of the study may help to make informed decisions on future pandemic preparedness. Methods a cross-sectional study with data collected online about the local perceptions and common concerns, beliefs, misconceptions, attitudes, and conspiracy theories amongst residents of the FCT. A self-reported validated e-questionnaire prepared on Google Forms was used. The obtained data was downloaded on Excel sheet and then exported to SPSS for analysis. Results there were one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three (1,873) respondents, 1017 (54.3%) females and 856 (45.7%) males. Participants were majorly knowledgeable, the majority (31.2%) were in the 41-50 years age group. Surprisingly, about 17% did not know that wearing a face mask could prevent COVID-19. About 25% still met in crowded places, and slightly more than 33% did not wear outdoor masks. The highest knowledge of COVID-19 was found among people in the age range 41-50 years, females, University graduates, married people, and healthcare personnel, particularly doctors. Conclusion our study concludes that the overall population of Abuja had good knowledge and, a positive attitude, with pockets of poor attitudes and bad practices born out of misconceptions and infodemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chijioke Onyegbutulem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nile University Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Dilli Dogo
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Surgery, Nile University Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Peace Ijeoma Henry-Onyegbutulem
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Maitama District Hospital, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria
| | - David Samuel Olorunfemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences Bingham University, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Peter Egbert Hermann Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Richard Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King´s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Weller S, McCredden JE. Understanding the public voices and researchers speaking into the 5G narrative. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1339513. [PMID: 38283297 PMCID: PMC10820716 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1339513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The many different voices speaking into the current narrative surrounding the health effects of 5G technologies necessitate an exploration of the background of the various published author-spokespersons and their potential motives. This has been attempted recently by de Vocht and Albers. However, that opinion piece used a narrow investigative lens, resulting in an undermining of both the rationality of the concerned general public and the motives of specific researchers. At the same time, biases, conflicts of interest, and flaws found in "independent" reviews were not considered. To address these oversights, an evidence-based appraisal of public opinion and the scientific caliber of authors involved in the 5G health discussion is warranted. Subsequently, this review article presents an analysis of the available Australian data representing public voices, while also conducting a broader investigation of the level of expertise of recent author-spokespersons based on their experience as scientists, particularly in the area of health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. This review thus attempts to more clearly illustrate for the reader the caliber and motives of the voices speaking into the 5G narrative. The article concludes with a set of questions that need to be answered to enable scientists to advise policy makers more effectively on matters of 5G and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Weller
- Centre for Environmental and Population Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association Inc. (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie E. McCredden
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association Inc. (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, Australia
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Golomb BA, Berg BK, Han JH. Susceptibility to radiation adverse effects in veterans with Gulf War illness and healthy civilians. Sci Rep 2024; 14:874. [PMID: 38195674 PMCID: PMC10776672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether veterans with Gulf War illness (VGWI) report greater ionizing radiation adverse effects (RadAEs) than controls; whether radiation-sensitivity is tied to reported chemical-sensitivity; and whether environmental exposures are apparent risk factors for reported RadAEs (rRadAEs). 81 participants (41 VGWI, 40 controls) rated exposure to, and rRadAEs from, four radiation types. The relations of RadAE-propensity (defined as the ratio of rRadAEs to summed radiation exposures) to Gulf War illness (GWI) presence and severity, and to reported chemical-sensitivity were assessed. Ordinal logistic regression evaluated exposure prediction of RadAE-propensity in the full sample, in VGWI, and stratified by age and chemical-sensitivity. RadAE-propensity was increased in VGWI (vs. controls) and related to GWI severity (p < 0.01) and chemical-sensitivity (p < 0.01). Past carbon monoxide (CO) exposure emerged as a strong, robust predictor of RadAE-propensity on univariable and multivariable analyses (p < 0.001 on multivariable assessment, without and with adjustment for VGWI case status), retaining significance in age-stratified and chemical-sensitivity-stratified replication analyses. Thus, RadAE-propensity, a newly-described GWI-feature, relates to chemical-sensitivity, and is predicted by CO exposure-both features reported for nonionizing radiation sensitivity, consistent with shared mitochondrial/oxidative toxicity across radiation frequencies. Greater RadAE vulnerability fits an emerging picture of heightened drug/chemical susceptibility in VGWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Alexandra Golomb
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA.
| | - Brinton Keith Berg
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
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Qin TZ, Wang X, Du JZ, Lin JJ, Xue YZ, Guo L, Lai PP, Jing YT, Zhang ZW, Ding GR. Effects of radiofrequency field from 5G communications on the spatial memory and emotionality in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:316-327. [PMID: 36413628 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2149708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of 5G network technology has gained much popularity as well as concerns about its adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of 4.9 GHz (one of working frequencies of 5G communication) radiofrequency (RF) field on emotional behaviours and spatial memory in adult male mice. Open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST) and Y maze were used to evaluate anxiety, depression-like behaviour and spatial memory ability, respectively. It was found that the anxiety-like behaviour and spatial memory ability of mice did not change, but the depression-like behaviour was induced in mice after 4.9 GHz RF exposure. In addition, the number of neurons significantly reduced and the level of pyroptosis obviously increased in amygdala rather than hippocampus. These results suggested that 4.9 GHz RF exposure could induce depression-like behaviour, which might be associated with the neuronal pyroptosis in amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Zhou Qin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Ze Du
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Jin Lin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Xue
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan-Pan Lai
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Tao Jing
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
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Li J, Shi L, Chen H, Qu L, Yi Y, Zhang Q, Ma Y, Wang J. Causal optimal and optically transparent ultra-wideband microwave metamaterials absorber with high angular stability. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44385-44400. [PMID: 38178511 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Wideband microwave absorbers, especially those with high optical transparency, are significantly used in civil and military fields. This paper proposes an ultra-wideband optically transparent metamaterial absorber (MMA) with causal optimal thickness and high angular stability. Based on the equivalent circuits model of the MMA, a genetic algorithm is adopted to identify the best circuit parameters that can realize broadband microwave absorption. High transparent indium tin oxide and poly-methyl methacrylate are utilized to realize the absorber. Optimization and simulation results show that the designed MMA presents a high microwave absorption above 90%, covering a wide frequency of 2.05-15.5 GHz with an impressive FBW of 153.3%. The proposed MMA exhibits extraordinary angular stability. For TM polarization, it can still maintain a fractional bandwidth (FBW) over 114.5% at an incidence angle of 70° and over 142% at an incidence angle of 60°, while the FBW of both TE polarization and TM polarization exceeds 150% when the incidence angle is below 45°. Furthermore, the proposed absorber has the advantages of high transparency and polarization insensitiveness. A prototype of the proposed MMA is fabricated and experimentally tested. The measured results are in excellent agreement with the optimized design and the full-wave simulation results, demonstrating its excellent performance. Most significantly, the overall thickness of the absorber is 0.102 λ at the lowest working frequency and only 1.08 times the causality-dictated minimum sample thickness. The MMA proposed herein provides methods to achieve high compatibility with wideband microwave absorption, optical transparency, and wide-angle incidence, thus enabling a wide range of applications in stealth, electromagnetic pollution reduction, and electromagnetic compatible facilities.
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Loizeau N, Zahner M, Schindler J, Stephan C, Fröhlich J, Gugler M, Ziegler T, Röösli M. Comparison of ambient radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels in outdoor areas and public transport in Switzerland in 2014 and 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116921. [PMID: 37598840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Mobile communication technology has evolved rapidly over the last ten years with a drastic increase in wireless data traffic and the deployment of new telecommunication technologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ambient radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels and temporal changes in various microenvironments in Switzerland in 2014 and 2021. We measured the ambient RF-EMF levels in V/m in the same 49 outdoor areas and in public transport in 2014 and 2021 using portable RF-EMF exposure meters carried in a backpack. The areas were selected to represent some typical types of microenvironments (e.g. urban city centres, suburban and rural areas). We calculated the summary statistics (mean, percentiles) in mW/m2 and converted back to V/m for each microenvironment. We evaluated the distribution and the variability of the ambient RF-EMF levels per microenvironment types in 2021. Finally, we compared the ambient RF-EMF mean levels in 2014 and 2021 using multilevel regression modelling. In outdoor areas, the average ambient RF-EMF mean levels per microenvironment in 2021 ranged from 0.19 V/m in rural areas to 0.43 V/m in industrial areas (overall mean: 0.27 V/m). In public transports, the mean levels were 0.27 V/m in buses, 0.33 V/m in trains and 0.36 V/m in trams. In 2021, mean levels across all outdoor areas were -0.022 V/m lower (95% confidence interval: -0.072, 0.030) than in 2014. Results from our comprehensive measurement study across Switzerland suggest that RF-EMF levels in public places have not significantly changed between 2014 and 2021 despite an 18-fold increase in mobile data transmission during that period. The absence of temporal changes may be owed to the shift to newer mobile communication technologies, which are more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Loizeau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Schindler
- Grolimund + Partner AG Environmental Engineering, 3097, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa Stephan
- Grolimund + Partner AG Environmental Engineering, 3097, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Toni Ziegler
- Grolimund + Partner AG Environmental Engineering, 3097, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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Jin H, Zhou J, Tao J, Gu Y, Yu C, Chen P, Yao Z. Commonly Neglected Ester Groups Enhanced Microwave Absorption. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304536. [PMID: 37475494 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-containing functional groups have high potential to excite polarization loss. The nature and mechanism of the polarization loss brought on by oxygen-containing functional groups, however, remain unclear. In this study, metal-organic framework precursors are in situ pyrolyzed to produce ultrathin carbon nanosheets (UCS) that are abundant in oxygen functional groups. By altering the pyrolysis temperature, the type and concentration of functional groups are altered to produce good microwave absorption capabilities. It is demonstrated that the main processes of electromagnetic loss are polarization caused by "field effects and induced effects" brought on by strongly polar ester functional groups. Moreover, links between various oxygen functional groups and structural flaws are established, and their respective contributions to polarization are sharply separated. The sample with the highest ester group content ultimately achieves an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.47 GHz at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C. This research fills a theoretical hole in the frequently overlooked polarization mechanism in the microwave band by defining the key polarization parameters in chaotic multiple dipole systems and, in particular, redefining the significance of ester groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Material Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, P. R. China
| | - Jintang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Material Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Material Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, P. R. China
| | - Yansong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Material Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, P. R. China
| | - Chunyi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Material Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, P. R. China
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12
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Treder M, Müller M, Fellner L, Traynor K, Rosenkranz P. Defined exposure of honey bee colonies to simulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF): Negative effects on the homing ability, but not on brood development or longevity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165211. [PMID: 37391156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and the increasing use of wireless technologies lead to higher emission rates of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in populated areas. This anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation is a form of environmental pollution and a potential stressor on bees or other flying insects. Cities often have a high density of wireless devices operating on microwave frequencies, which generate electromagnetic frequencies e.g. in the 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands commonly used by the wireless technologies. To date the effects of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on the vitality and behavior of insects are poorly understood. In our experiment we used honey bees as model organisms and analyzed the effects of defined exposures to 2.4 and 5.8 GHz on brood development, longevity and homing ability under field conditions. To generate this radiation, we used a high-quality radiation source which generates a consistent, definable and realistic electromagnetic radiation, engineered for this experiment by the Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Our results show significant effects of long-term exposures on the homing ability of foraging honey bees, but no effects on brood development and adult worker longevity. Using this novel and high-quality technical set-up, this interdisciplinary work provides new data on the effects of these widely used frequencies on important fitness parameters of free-flying honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Treder
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Marcus Müller
- Communications Engineering Lab, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Larissa Fellner
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirsten Traynor
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Rosenkranz
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Lee JS, Kim JW, Lee JH, Son YK, Kim YB, Woo K, Lee C, Kim ID, Seok JY, Yu JW, Park JH, Lee KJ. Flash-Induced High-Throughput Porous Graphene via Synergistic Photo-Effects for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:191. [PMID: 37532956 PMCID: PMC10397175 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Porous 2D materials with high conductivity and large surface area have been proposed for potential electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials in future mobility and wearable applications to prevent signal noise, transmission inaccuracy, system malfunction, and health hazards. Here, we report on the synthesis of lightweight and flexible flash-induced porous graphene (FPG) with excellent EMI shielding performance. The broad spectrum of pulsed flashlight induces photo-chemical and photo-thermal reactions in polyimide films, forming 5 × 10 cm2-size porous graphene with a hollow pillar structure in a few milliseconds. The resulting material demonstrated low density (0.0354 g cm-3) and outstanding absolute EMI shielding effectiveness of 1.12 × 105 dB cm2 g-1. The FPG was characterized via thorough material analyses, and its mechanical durability and flexibility were confirmed by a bending cycle test. Finally, the FPG was utilized in drone and wearable applications, showing effective EMI shielding performance for internal/external EMI in a drone radar system and reducing the specific absorption rate in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Koo Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoohee Woo
- Department of Printed Electronics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seok
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Department of Aeronautics, Mechanical and Electronic Convergence Engineering), Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Shah SK, Zhongjun PT, Oláh J, Popp J, Acevedo-Duque Á. The relationship between 5G technology affordances, consumption values, trust and intentions: An exploration using the TCV and S-O-R paradigm. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14101. [PMID: 36915501 PMCID: PMC10006837 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
5G mobile communication technology is anticipated to merge with many other sectors, spurring innovation and creating substantial ripple effects. Despite the significance of this advancement, current research provides limited knowledge of users' behavioral reactions to the affordances, values, and trust generated from 5G technology. To investigate this relationship, this study used the Stimulus-response theory and the consumption values theory. The empirical data was gathered from 373 consumers in China using a survey method. To validate the model's suggested relationships, the author utilized the partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. The finding designates that the affordances and purchase intention relationship was mediated by consumption values and trust. Given the significance of 5G technology and its potential, this study investigates what drives and deters consumers from obtaining 5G technology. Original findings insights on the role of affordances in developing marketing strategies and increasing consumer intentions to purchase 5G technology products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Kifayat Shah
- College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Pro Tang Zhongjun
- College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Judit Oláh
- John von Neumann University, 6000 Kecskemét, Hungary.,Izsáki út 10, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - József Popp
- John von Neumann University, 6000 Kecskemét, Hungary.,Izsáki út 10, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Ángel Acevedo-Duque
- Public Policy Observatory, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
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15
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Reategui-Inga M, Rojas EM, Tineo D, Araníbar-Araníbar MJ, Valdiviezo WA, Escalante CA, Ruiz Castre SJ. Effects of Artificial Electromagnetic Fields on Bees: A Global Review. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:23-32. [PMID: 37129202 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.23.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Electromagnetic fields coming from electric and electronic devices, mobile telephony antennas, or electrical installations are continuously growing and are in direct relation with population growth. In that sense, the purpose of this investigation was to determine what are the effects of artificial electromagnetic fields on the behavior and viability of bees through a global perspective (1968-2022). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The methodology used in this research consisted of the review of literature obtained from platforms such as Scopus, EBSCO, IEEE, Wiley, Google Scholar and Taylor & Francis. <b>Results:</b> It was possible to review 36 studies on the field and to state that investigations on this topic have increased in 2019, at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.86% (in a period of 54 years). Poland and USA are the leading countries in the number and importance of investigations on this topic. Keywords were grouped on the basis of the advancement of the research (honeybee, animals, <i>Apis mellifera</i> and apoideos). <b>Conclusion:</b> The study of the effects of electromagnetic fields on bees makes it possible to understand its impact on the metabolism and viability of bees.
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Weller S, May M, McCredden J, Leach V, Phung D, Belyaev I. Comment on "5G mobile networks and health-a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz" by Karipidis et al. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:17-20. [PMID: 36434135 PMCID: PMC9849131 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Weller
- Centre for Environmental and Population Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, 4020, Australia.
| | - Murray May
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, 4020, Australia
| | - Julie McCredden
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, 4020, Australia
| | - Victor Leach
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, 4020, Australia
| | - Dung Phung
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovak Republic
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17
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de Vocht F, Albers P. The population health effects from 5G: Controlling the narrative. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1082031. [PMID: 36600933 PMCID: PMC9806221 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1082031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank de Vocht
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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18
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Status of the Neuroendocrine System in Animals Chronically Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields of 5G Mobile Network Base Stations. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 174:277-279. [PMID: 36598666 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the biological effect of chronic exposure to multifrequency electromagnetic fields simulating the effects of 5G NR/IMT-2020 mobile communication systems. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 24-h radiation (250 μW/cm2) for 4 months. The exploratory activity of the animals and blood concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone were evaluated at the end of each month of exposure and 1 month after exposure. The results suggest that exposure to multifrequency electromagnetic field simulating the effects of 5G systems affected functional activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and was stressful in nature.
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19
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Jagetia GC. Genotoxic effects of electromagnetic field radiations from mobile phones. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113321. [PMID: 35508219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of wireless communication technology in mobile phones has revolutionized modern telecommunication and mobile phones have become so popular that their number exceeds the global population. Electromagnetic field radiations (EMR) are an integral part of wireless technology, which are emitted by mobile phones, mobile tower antennas, electric power stations, transmission lines, radars, microwave ovens, television sets, refrigerators, diagnostic, therapeutic, and other electronic devices. Manmade EMR sources have added to the existing burden of natural EMR human exposure arising from the Sun, cosmos, atmospheric discharges, and thunder storms. EMR including radiofrequency waves (RF) and extremely low-frequency radiation (ELF) has generated great interest as their short-term exposure causes headache, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, depression, memory loss, skin irritation, sleep disorders, nausea, cardiovascular effects, chest pain, immunity, and hormonal disorders in humans, whereas long-term exposure to EMR leads to the development of cancer. The review has been written by collecting the information using various search engines including google scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Science direct, EMF-portal, saferemr, and other websites from the internet. The main focus of this review is to delineate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of EMR in humans and mammals. Numerous investigations revealed that exposure in the range of 0-300 GHz EMR is harmless as it did not increase micronuclei and chromosome aberrations. On the contrary, several other studies have demonstrated that exposure to EMR is genotoxic and mutagenic as it increases the frequency of micronuclei, chromosome aberrations, DNA adducts, DNA single and double strand breaks at the molecular level in vitro and in vivo. The EMR exposure induces reactive oxygen species and changes the fidelity of genes involved in signal transduction, cytoskeleton formation, and cellular metabolism.
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Guo C, Li H. Application of 5G network combined with AI robots in personalized nursing in China: A literature review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:948303. [PMID: 36091551 PMCID: PMC9449115 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.948303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The medical and healthcare industry is currently developing into digitization. Attributed to the rapid development of advanced technologies such as the 5G network, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and big data, and their wide applications in the medical industry, the medical model is shifting into an intelligent one. By combining the 5G network with cloud healthcare platforms and AI, nursing robots can effectively improve the overall medical efficacy. Meanwhile, patients can enjoy personalized medical services, the supply and the sharing of medical and healthcare services are promoted, and the digital transformation of the healthcare industry is accelerated. In this paper, the application and practice of 5G network technology in the medical industry are introduced, including telecare, 5G first-aid remote medical service, and remote robot applications. Also, by combining application characteristics of AI and development requirements of smart healthcare, the overall planning, intelligence, and personalization of the 5G network in the medical industry, as well as opportunities and challenges of its application in the field of nursing are discussed. This paper provides references to the development and application of 5G network technology in the field of medical service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Presidents' Office, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Hong Li
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21
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Chand K, Zhang X, Chen Y. Recent Progress in MXene and Graphene based Nanocomposites for Microwave Absorption and EMI Shielding. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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22
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Instruments to measure environmental and personal radiofrequency-electromagnetic field exposures: an update. Phys Eng Sci Med 2022; 45:687-704. [PMID: 35737222 PMCID: PMC9448713 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Modern human populations are exposed to anthropogenic sources of radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), primarily to telecommunication and broadcasting technologies. As a result, ongoing concerns from some members of the public have arisen regarding potential health effects following RF-EMF exposures. In order to monitor human RF-EMF exposures and investigate potential health effects, an objective assessment of RF-EMF exposures is necessary. Accurate dosimetry is essential for any investigation of potential associations between RF-EMF exposure and health effects in human populations. This review updates state-of-the-art knowledge of currently available RF-EMF exposure assessment tools applicable in human epidemiological studies. These tools cater for assessing RF-EMF exposures in human environments; through mobile phone-based tools or other standalone tools. RF-EMF exposure assessment has been significantly improved through the application of some of these tools in recent years.
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Sun A, Zhao X, Li Z, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhou H, Dong G, Wang C. Effects of Long-Term and Multigeneration Exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to 9.4 GHz Microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:336-346. [PMID: 35544783 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies on the biological effects of microwaves are carried out using rodents and cells, but the conditions are difficult to control, and the irradiation period is short; the results obtained have always been controversial and difficult to reproduce. In this study, we expose nematodes to an electromagnetic environment for a long-term and multigeneration period to explore the possible biological effects. Wild-type N2 strains of Caenorhabditis elegans are exposed to 9.4 GHz microwaves at a specific adsorption rate of 4 W/kg for 10 h per day from L1 larvae to adults. Then, adult worms are washed off, and the laid eggs are kept to hatch L1 larvae, which are continuously exposed to microwaves until passing through 20 generations. The worms of the 10th, 15th, and 20th generations are collected for index detection. Interestingly, we found that the fecundity of C. elegans decreased significantly in the exposed group from the 15th generation. At the same time, we found that the growth of C. elegans decreased, motility decreased, and oxidative stress occurred in the exposed group from the 10th generation, which may play roles in the decreased spawning in worms. We preliminarily believe that the microwave energy received by worms leads to oxidative stress, which causes a decrease in the spawning rate, and the underlying mechanism needs to be further studied. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Sun
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guofu Dong
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
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Kifayat shah S, Tang Z. Understanding the mediating effect of anchoring price in extant mature 4G and market-creating 5G technology products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219877022500389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Zhang C. Smartphones and telemedicine for older people in China: Opportunities and challenges. Digit Health 2022; 8:20552076221133695. [PMID: 36353695 PMCID: PMC9638692 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221133695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of 5G technology has brought major advances and diverse
challenges in healthcare services for older people, and access to equitable
telemedicine is a high priority. Smartphones are most commonly used device to
access the internet and bring the convenience of telemedicine to the user's
fingertips. In the period where aging and informatization coexist in China, the
role of smartphones in their daily lives, long-term care, and future
opportunities and challenges needs serious reconsideration. We provide the
latest evidence of smartphone use among the older adults of China and expound on
issues about fairness in accessing mobile health, the substantial digital
divide, and potential drawbacks of problematic smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
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Conceptual-based design of an ultrabroadband microwave metamaterial absorber. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110490118. [PMID: 34480006 PMCID: PMC8433515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110490118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While microwave absorption is a widely pursued topic, a conceptual-based design can offer a theoretical basis for generalization and improvements. We offer a design recipe for ultrabroadband absorption based on the use of electrical dipole resonance in a metallic ring to generate, via interaction with its image resonance, two high-impedance resonances. Impedance matching over the frequency range in between the two resonances is obtained by adding resistance to the metallic ring. To extend the absorption to an ultrabroadband spectrum, we employ a double-layer self-similar structure in conjunction with absorption of the diffracted waves at the higher frequency end. The resulting absorber pushes the overall performance close to the causality limit over a large absorption bandwidth. By introducing metallic ring structural dipole resonances in the microwave regime, we have designed and realized a metamaterial absorber with hierarchical structures that can display an averaged −19.4 dB reflection loss (∼99% absorption) from 3 to 40 GHz. The measured performance is independent of the polarizations of the incident wave at normal incidence, while absorption at oblique incidence remains considerably effective up to 45°. We provide a conceptual basis for our absorber design based on the capacitive-coupled electrical dipole resonances in the lateral plane, coupled to the standing wave along the incident wave direction. To realize broadband impedance matching, resistive dissipation of the metallic ring is optimally tuned by using the approach of dispersion engineering. To further extend the absorption spectrum to an ultrabroadband range, we employ a double-layer self-similar structure in conjunction with the absorption of the diffracted waves at the higher end of the frequency spectrum. The overall thickness of the final sample is 14.2 mm, only 5% over the theoretical minimum thickness dictated by the causality limit.
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27
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Vyas MK, Chandra A. Magneto‐dielectric
and
magneto‐conducting
fillers based polymer composites: Effect of functionalization, coating and dispersion process on electromagnetic shielding properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Vyas
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Delhi India
| | - Amita Chandra
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Delhi India
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Stochastic Dosimetry Assessment of the Human RF-EMF Exposure to 3D Beamforming Antennas in indoor 5G Networks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The deployment of near future 5G networks will introduce modifications in the population’s exposure levels to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). The present work aimed to face the challenge of studying the exposure variability in the presence of an access point (AP) at 3.7 GHz with 64 patch elements uniform planar array antenna and 3D beamforming capability. The novelty introduced in the methodology of the exposure’s evaluation was the combining of traditional computational methods with a new approach based on stochastic dosimetry, called polynomial chaos kriging method, in order to estimate the exposure levels for 1000 different antenna beamforming patterns with low computational efforts. The simulations were evaluated considering a child model and computing the specific absorption rate (SAR) in different tissues. The analysis of the results highlighted a high exposure variability scenario depending on the beamforming patterns of the array antenna and identified the ranges of elevation and azimuth angles of the main antenna beam that may cause the highest levels of exposure.
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29
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Frank JW. Electromagnetic fields, 5G and health: what about the precautionary principle? J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:jech-2019-213595. [PMID: 33468601 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2019-213595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New fifth generation (5G) telecommunications systems, now being rolled out globally, have become the subject of a fierce controversy. Some health protection agencies and their scientific advisory committees have concluded that there is no conclusive scientific evidence of harm. Several recent reviews by independent scientists, however, suggest that there is significant uncertainty on this question, with rapidly emerging evidence of potentially harmful biological effects from radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures, at the levels 5G roll-out will entail. This essay identifies four relevant sources of scientific uncertainty and concern: (1) lack of clarity about precisely what technology is included in 5G; (2) a rapidly accumulating body of laboratory studies documenting disruptive in vitro and in vivo effects of RF-EMFs-but one with many gaps in it; (3) an almost total lack (as yet) of high-quality epidemiological studies of adverse human health effects from 5G EMF exposure specifically, but rapidly emerging epidemiological evidence of such effects from past generations of RF-EMF exposure; (4) persistent allegations that some national telecommunications regulatory authorities do not base their RF-EMF safety policies on the latest science, related to unmanaged conflicts of interest. The author, an experienced epidemiologist, concludes that one cannot dismiss the growing health concerns about RF-EMFs, especially in an era when higher population levels of exposure are occurring widely, due to the spatially dense transmitters which 5G systems require. Based on the precautionary principle, the author echoes the calls of others for a moratorium on the further roll-out of 5G systems globally, pending more conclusive research on their safety.
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30
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Trends and Opportunities of Tertiary Education in Safety Engineering Moving towards Safety 4.0. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Industry and related work and workplaces are constantly changing as a result of the implementation of new technologies, substances and work processes, changes in the composition of the workforce and the labor market, and new forms of employment and work organization. The implementation of new technologies represents certain ambivalence. Next to the positive impact on workers’ health, new risks and challenges can arise in the area of process and occupational safety and health of people at work. On these bases, it follows the need for predicting and handling the new risks, in order to ensure safe and healthy workplaces in the future. The aim of most forecasting studies is not only to identify new emerging risks, but also to foresee changes that could affect occupational safety and health. However, a number of questions still require proper investigation, i.e., “What impact do new emerging risks have on tertiary education in the area of Safety engineering? Has tertiary education already reacted to progress in science and research and does it have these innovations in its syllabus? How are tertiary graduates prepared for the real world of new technologies?” This paper represents a first attempt in the literature to provide answers to the raised questions, by a survey approach involving academics, Health Safety and Environment (HSE) industrial experts and university students in the Czech Republic. Even if statistical evaluation is limited to a single Country and to a small sample size, the obtained results allow suggesting practical recommendations that can contribute to ensuring new challenges in the area of education by addressing relevant culture issues needed to support new workplace realities according to the newly defined Safety 4.0.
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31
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Saeed N, Loukil MH, Sarieddeen H, Al-Naffouri TY, Alouini MS. Body-Centric Terahertz Networks: Prospects and Challenges. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOLECULAR, BIOLOGICAL AND MULTI-SCALE COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 8:138-157. [PMID: 36345554 PMCID: PMC9564038 DOI: 10.1109/tmbmc.2021.3135198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Following recent advancements in Terahertz (THz) technology, THz communications are currently being celebrated as key enablers for various applications in future generations of communication networks. While typical communication use cases are over medium-range air interfaces, the inherently small beamwidths and transceiver footprints at THz frequencies support nano-communication paradigms. In particular, the use of the THz band for in-body and on-body communications has been gaining attention recently. By exploiting the accurate THz sensing and imaging capabilities, body-centric THz biomedical applications can transcend the limitations of molecular, acoustic, and radio-frequency solutions. In this paper, we study the use of the THz band for body-centric networks, by surveying works on THz device technologies, channel and noise modeling, modulation schemes, and networking topologies. We also promote THz sensing and imaging applications in the healthcare sector, especially for detecting zootonic viruses such as Coronavirus. We present several open research problems for body-centric THz networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Saeed
- Department of Electrical EngineeringNorthern Border University Arar 9280 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Habib Loukil
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Sarieddeen
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Y Al-Naffouri
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed-Slim Alouini
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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32
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Hunting ER, Matthews J, de Arróyabe Hernáez PF, England SJ, Kourtidis K, Koh K, Nicoll K, Harrison RG, Manser K, Price C, Dragovic S, Cifra M, Odzimek A, Robert D. Challenges in coupling atmospheric electricity with biological systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:45-58. [PMID: 32666310 PMCID: PMC7782408 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is host to a complex electric environment, ranging from a global electric circuit generating fluctuating atmospheric electric fields to local lightning strikes and ions. While research on interactions of organisms with their electrical environment is deeply rooted in the aquatic environment, it has hitherto been confined to interactions with local electrical phenomena and organismal perception of electric fields. However, there is emerging evidence of coupling between large- and small-scale atmospheric electrical phenomena and various biological processes in terrestrial environments that even appear to be tied to continental waters. Here, we synthesize our current understanding of this connectivity, discussing how atmospheric electricity can affect various levels of biological organization across multiple ecosystems. We identify opportunities for research, highlighting its complexity and interdisciplinary nature and draw attention to both conceptual and technical challenges lying ahead of our future understanding of the relationship between atmospheric electricity and the organization and functioning of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellard R Hunting
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | | | - Sam J England
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Konstantinos Kourtidis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Demokritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
- ISLP Xanthi Branch, ENTA Unit, ATHENA Research and Innovation Center, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Kuang Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Keri Nicoll
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Colin Price
- Department of Geophysics. Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Snezana Dragovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michal Cifra
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Odzimek
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Robert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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33
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J J B, A R M, S M J M. A New Look at Three Potential Mechanisms Proposed for the Carcinogenesis of 5G Radiation. J Biomed Phys Eng 2020; 10:675-678. [PMID: 33364204 PMCID: PMC7753259 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2008-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdizadeh A R
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mortazavi S M J
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- PhD, Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract
In today's world, most children are exposed to various manmade electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EMFs are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz. A developing child's brain is vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation; thus, their caregivers' concerns about the health effects of EMFs are increasing. EMF exposure is divided into 2 categories: extremely low frequencies (ELFs; 3-3,000 Hz), involving high-voltage transmission lines and in-house wiring; and radiofrequencies (RFs; 30 kHz to 300 GHz), involving mobile phones, smart devices, base stations, WiFi, and 5G technologies. The biological effects of EMFs on humans include stimulation, thermal, and nonthermal, the latter of which is the least known. Among the various health issues related to EMFs, the most important issue is human carcinogenicity. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer's (IARC's) evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, ELFs and RFs were evaluated as possible human carcinogens (Group 2B). However, the World Health Organization's (WHO's) view of EMFs remains undetermined. This article reviews the current knowledge of EMF exposure on humans, specifically children. EMF exposure sources, biological effects, current WHO and IARC opinions on carcinogenicity, and effects of EMF exposures on children will be discussed. As well-controlled EMF experiments in children are nearly impossible, scientific knowledge should be interpreted objectively. Precautionary approaches are recommended for children until the potential health effects of EMF are confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hwa Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Hardell L, Carlberg M. Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:15. [PMID: 32774488 PMCID: PMC7405337 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fifth generation, 5G, of radiofrequency (RF) radiation is about to be implemented globally without investigating the risks to human health and the environment. This has created debate among concerned individuals in numerous countries. In an appeal to the European Union (EU) in September 2017, currently endorsed by >390 scientists and medical doctors, a moratorium on 5G deployment was requested until proper scientific evaluation of potential negative consequences has been conducted. This request has not been acknowledged by the EU. The evaluation of RF radiation health risks from 5G technology is ignored in a report by a government expert group in Switzerland and a recent publication from The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Conflicts of interest and ties to the industry seem to have contributed to the biased reports. The lack of proper unbiased risk evaluation of the 5G technology places populations at risk. Furthermore, there seems to be a cartel of individuals monopolizing evaluation committees, thus reinforcing the no-risk paradigm. We believe that this activity should qualify as scientific misconduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hardell
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE-702 17 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Carlberg
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE-702 17 Örebro, Sweden
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36
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Impacts of high dose 3.5 GHz cellphone radiofrequency on zebrafish embryonic development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235869. [PMID: 32645106 PMCID: PMC7347199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid deployment of 5G spectrum by the telecommunication industry is intended to promote better connectivity and data integration among various industries. However, since exposures to radio frequency radiations (RFR) >2.4 GHz are still uncommon, concerns about their potential health impacts are ongoing. In this study, we used the embryonic zebrafish model to assess the impacts of a 3.5 GHz RFR on biology- a frequency typically used by 5G-enabled cell phones and lies within the 4G and 5G bandwidth. We established a plate-based exposure setup for RFRs, exposed developing zebrafish to 3.5 GHz RFR, specific absorption rate (SAR) ≈ 8.27 W/Kg from 6 h post fertilization (hpf) to 48 hpf, and measured a battery of morphological and behavioral endpoints at 120 hpf. Our results revealed no significant impacts on mortality, morphology or photomotor response and a modest inhibition of startle response suggesting some levels of sensorimotor disruptions. This suggests that the cell phone radiations at low GHz-level frequencies are likely benign, with subtle sensorimotor effects. Through this assessment, we have established a robust setup for zebrafish RFR exposures readily amenable to testing various powers and frequencies. Future developmental exposure studies in zebrafish will evaluate a wider portion of the radio frequency spectrum to discover the bioactive regions, the potential molecular targets of RFR and the potential long-term effects on adult behavior.
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37
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Redeker NS. Sensor technology for nursing research. Nurs Outlook 2020; 68:711-719. [PMID: 32580871 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic sensors measuring biological and behavioral aspects of health and the environment are becoming ubiquitous and, with advances in data science and ehealth technology, provide opportunities for new inquiry and innovative approaches to nursing research. PURPOSE To conceptualize the use of sensor technology from the perspective of nursing science. METHODS This review reports the keynote presentation from the Expanding Science of Sensor Technology in Nursing Research Conference presented by the Council for Advancement of Nursing Science in 2019 FINDINGS: Electronic sensors enable collection, recording, and transmission of data in real time in real life settings, remote monitoring, self-monitoring, and communication between health care professionals and patients. A deliberative approach to selecting and applying electronic sensors and analyzing and interpreting the data is needed for successful research. DISCUSSION Electronic sensors have high potential to advance nursing science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Redeker
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, West Haven CT.
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38
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Santiñà M. [5G technology, look from healthcare quality]. J Healthc Qual Res 2020; 35:269-271. [PMID: 32563718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhqr.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Santiñà
- Editor Journal Healthcare Quality Research, Adjunto Dirección de Calidad y Seguridad Clínica, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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39
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Driessen S, Bodewein L, Dechent D, Graefrath D, Schmiedchen K, Stunder D, Kraus T, Petri AK. Biological and health-related effects of weak static magnetic fields (≤ 1 mT) in humans and vertebrates: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230038. [PMID: 32516313 PMCID: PMC7282627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a rapid development in technologies that generate weak static magnetic fields (SMF) including high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, systems operating with batteries, such as electric cars, and devices using permanent magnets. However, few reviews on the effects of such fields on biological systems have been prepared and none of these evaluations have had a particular focus on weak SMF (≤ 1 mT). The aim of this review was to systematically analyze and evaluate possible effects of weak SMF (≤ 1 mT) on biological functioning and to provide an update on the current state of research. METHODS This review was prepared in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. Methodological limitations in individual studies were assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk-of-Bias Rating Tool. RESULTS Eleven studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. All included studies were experimental animal studies as no human studies were among the eligible articles. Eight of the eleven studies reported responses of rat, rabbits and quails to weak SMF exposure that were expressed as altered melatonin biosynthesis, reduced locomotor activity, altered vasomotion and blood pressure, transient changes in blood pressure-related biochemical parameters, or in the level of neurotransmitters and increases in enzyme activities. It remained largely unclear from the interpretation of the results whether the reported effects in the evaluated studies were beneficial or detrimental for health. CONCLUSION The available evidence from the literature reviewed is not sufficient to draw a conclusion for biological and health-related effects of exposure to weak SMF. There was a lack of homogeneity regarding the exposed biological systems and the examined endpoints as well as a lack of scientific rigor in most reviewed studies which lowered credibility in the reported results. We therefore encourage further and more systematic research in this area. Any new studies should particularly address effects of exposure to SMF on biological functioning in humans to evaluate whether SMF pose a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Driessen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lambert Bodewein
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Dechent
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Graefrath
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Schmiedchen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Stunder
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Petri
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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40
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Alhasnawi MKL, Abdulla S, Fatseas D, Addie RG. Spectral density constraints on wireless communication. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03979. [PMID: 32462089 PMCID: PMC7240121 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to man-made electromagnetic field (EMF) has been rising as modern technologies have grown and changes in social behavior have generated more synthetic sources. For safety of human health, EMF levels need to be regulated. The level of EMF should be well below levels where there might be harm, hence we do not expect to see any health effects at these levels. Current regulations fail to place a strict limit on EMF in situations where multiple nearby devices transmit simultaneously. The way these regulations are expressed needs great care because it will have an effect on the design of wireless communication systems. In this paper, it is argued that transmitted power constraints on wireless communication devices should be expressed in a different way, namely that devices should limit the EMF spectral density that they generate to the difference between the maximum allowed, by the standard, and the amount currently present, as measured by the device, in the spectral region where it is active. Note that the limit on EMF should be expressed in terms of its EMF spectral density rather than as a total EMF over each of a series of separate bands. If all devices limit their own EMF spectral density, in the spectral region where they are active, in such a way that total EMF spectral density is below the regulated limit in that region, then it is certain that the aggregate EMF spectral density will be below the regulated limit at all frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kaisb Layous Alhasnawi
- Faculty of Administration and Economics, Sumer University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Shahab Abdulla
- Open Access College, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - David Fatseas
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Ronald G. Addie
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
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41
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Deruelle F. The different sources of electromagnetic fields: Dangers are not limited to physical health. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:166-175. [PMID: 32151189 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1737811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of electromagnetic waves on health has been clearly established by many studies in recent decades. No State, with the exception of Russia, takes any real precautions in terms of standards for the population. Conflicts of interest and political lies are used to hide the truth about the dangers of electromagnetic pollution.In addition, it would seem that other sources of radiation than the most well-known ones (mobile phones, digital enhanced cordless telecommunication (DECT) phones, bluetooth, base stations, Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G) come into play. A system such as HAARP (High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program), as well as directed wave beams (related to past and recent scandals) must be analyzed and considered in a comprehensive way to understand why the wave level is only increasing despite the considerable amount of scientific work demonstrating that the standards are not adequate to maintain public health.Thus, official documents show that the impact of electromagnetic waves is not only physical and biological. Indeed, the climate and the behavior of the population are also targeted.
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42
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Kostoff RN, Heroux P, Aschner M, Tsatsakis A. Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:35-40. [PMID: 31991167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article identifies adverse effects of non-ionizing non-visible radiation (hereafter called wireless radiation) reported in the premier biomedical literature. It emphasizes that most of the laboratory experiments conducted to date are not designed to identify the more severe adverse effects reflective of the real-life operating environment in which wireless radiation systems operate. Many experiments do not include pulsing and modulation of the carrier signal. The vast majority do not account for synergistic adverse effects of other toxic stimuli (such as chemical and biological) acting in concert with the wireless radiation. This article also presents evidence that the nascent 5G mobile networking technology will affect not only the skin and eyes, as commonly believed, but will have adverse systemic effects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, United States.
| | - Paul Heroux
- Toxicology and Health Effects of Electromagnetism, McGill University, Canada
| | - Michael Aschner
- Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Center of Toxicology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Analytical, Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Vanbergen AJ, Potts SG, Vian A, Malkemper EP, Young J, Tscheulin T. Risk to pollinators from anthropogenic electro-magnetic radiation (EMR): Evidence and knowledge gaps. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133833. [PMID: 31419678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide urbanisation and use of mobile and wireless technologies (5G, Internet of Things) is leading to the proliferation of anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and campaigning voices continue to call for the risk to human health and wildlife to be recognised. Pollinators provide many benefits to nature and humankind, but face multiple anthropogenic threats. Here, we assess whether artificial light at night (ALAN) and anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (AREMR), such as used in wireless technologies (4G, 5G) or emitted from power lines, represent an additional and growing threat to pollinators. A lack of high quality scientific studies means that knowledge of the risk to pollinators from anthropogenic EMR is either inconclusive, unresolved, or only partly established. A handful of studies provide evidence that ALAN can alter pollinator communities, pollination and fruit set. Laboratory experiments provide some, albeit variable, evidence that the honey bee Apis mellifera and other invertebrates can detect EMR, potentially using it for orientation or navigation, but they do not provide evidence that AREMR affects insect behaviour in ecosystems. Scientifically robust evidence of AREMR impacts on abundance or diversity of pollinators (or other invertebrates) are limited to a single study reporting positive and negative effects depending on the pollinator group and geographical location. Therefore, whether anthropogenic EMR (ALAN or AREMR) poses a significant threat to insect pollinators and the benefits they provide to ecosystems and humanity remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Vanbergen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK.
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading University, RG6 6AR, UK.
| | - Alain Vian
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France.
| | - E Pascal Malkemper
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juliette Young
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK.
| | - Thomas Tscheulin
- Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, University Hill, GR-81100, Greece.
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Miller AB, Sears ME, Morgan LL, Davis DL, Hardell L, Oremus M, Soskolne CL. Risks to Health and Well-Being From Radio-Frequency Radiation Emitted by Cell Phones and Other Wireless Devices. Front Public Health 2019; 7:223. [PMID: 31457001 PMCID: PMC6701402 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation exposure has long been a concern for the public, policy makers, and health researchers. Beginning with radar during World War II, human exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) technologies has grown substantially over time. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed the published literature and categorized RFR as a "possible" (Group 2B) human carcinogen. A broad range of adverse human health effects associated with RFR have been reported since the IARC review. In addition, three large-scale carcinogenicity studies in rodents exposed to levels of RFR that mimic lifetime human exposures have shown significantly increased rates of Schwannomas and malignant gliomas, as well as chromosomal DNA damage. Of particular concern are the effects of RFR exposure on the developing brain in children. Compared with an adult male, a cell phone held against the head of a child exposes deeper brain structures to greater radiation doses per unit volume, and the young, thin skull's bone marrow absorbs a roughly 10-fold higher local dose. Experimental and observational studies also suggest that men who keep cell phones in their trouser pockets have significantly lower sperm counts and significantly impaired sperm motility and morphology, including mitochondrial DNA damage. Based on the accumulated evidence, we recommend that IARC re-evaluate its 2011 classification of the human carcinogenicity of RFR, and that WHO complete a systematic review of multiple other health effects such as sperm damage. In the interim, current knowledge provides justification for governments, public health authorities, and physicians/allied health professionals to warn the population that having a cell phone next to the body is harmful, and to support measures to reduce all exposures to RFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B. Miller
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret E. Sears
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Prevent Cancer Now, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L. Lloyd Morgan
- Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, United States
| | - Devra L. Davis
- Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, United States
| | - Lennart Hardell
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mark Oremus
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Colin L. Soskolne
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Carlberg M, Hedendahl L, Koppel T, Hardell L. High ambient radiofrequency radiation in Stockholm city, Sweden. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:1777-1783. [PMID: 30675237 PMCID: PMC6341832 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the radiofrequency (RF) radiation at central parts in Stockholm, Sweden in March and April 2017. The same measurement round tour was used each time. We used EME Spy 200 for the measurements as in our previous studies in Stockholm. The results were based on 11,482 entries, corresponding to more than 12 h measurements. The total mean level was 5,494 µW/m2 (median 3,346; range 36.6-205,155). The major contributions were down links from LTE 800 (4G), GSM + UMTS 900 (3G), GSM 1800 (2G), UMTS 2100 (3G) and LTE 2600 (4G). Regarding different places, the highest RF radiation was measured at the Hay Market with a mean level of 10,728 µW/m2 (median 8,578; range 335-68,815). This is a square used for shopping, and both retailers and visitors may spend considerable time at this place. Also, the Sergel Plaza had high radiation with a mean of 7,768 µW/m2. All measurements exceeded the target level of 30-60 µW/m2 based on non-thermal (no heating) effects, according to the BioInitiative Report. Based on short-term thermal effects, The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection established guideline 2 of 10 W/m2 (2,000,000-10,000,000 µW/m2) depending on frequency in 1998, and has not changed it despite solid evidence of non-thermal biological effects at substantially lower exposure levels. These environmental RF radiation levels are expected to increase with the introduction of 5G for wireless communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carlberg
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE 702 17 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lena Hedendahl
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE 702 17 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tarmo Koppel
- Department of Labour Environment and Safety, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 19086, Estonia
| | - Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE 702 17 Örebro, Sweden
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Hardell L, Carlberg M. Comments on the US National Toxicology Program technical reports on toxicology and carcinogenesis study in rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 900 MHz and in mice exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 1,900 MHz. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:111-127. [PMID: 30365129 PMCID: PMC6254861 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the use of handheld mobile and cordless phones, the brain is the main target of radiofrequency (RF) radiation. An increased risk of developing glioma and acoustic neuroma has been found in human epidemiological studies. Primarily based on these findings, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) classified in May, 2011 RF radiation at the frequency range of 30 kHz‑300 GHz as a 'possible' human carcinogen, Group 2B. A carcinogenic potential for RF radiation in animal studies was already published in 1982. This has been confirmed over the years, more recently in the Ramazzini Institute rat study. An increased incidence of glioma in the brain and malignant schwannoma in the heart was found in the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) study on rats and mice. The NTP final report is to be published; however, the extended reports are published on the internet for evaluation and are reviewed herein in more detail in relation to human epidemiological studies. Thus, the main aim of this study was to compare earlier human epidemiological studies with NTP findings, including a short review of animal studies. We conclude that there is clear evidence that RF radiation is a human carcinogen, causing glioma and vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). There is some evidence of an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer, and clear evidence that RF radiation is a multi‑site carcinogen. Based on the Preamble to the IARC Monographs, RF radiation should be classified as carcinogenic to humans, Group 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE 702 17 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Carlberg
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE 702 17 Örebro, Sweden
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