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Chen S, Janies D, Paul R, Thill JC. Leveraging advances in data-driven deep learning methods for hybrid epidemic modeling. Epidemics 2024; 48:100782. [PMID: 38971085 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling of epidemic dynamics is crucial to understand its underlying mechanisms, quantify important parameters, and make predictions that facilitate more informed decision-making. There are three major types of models: mechanistic models including the SEIR-type paradigm, alternative data-driven (DD) approaches, and hybrid models that combine mechanistic models with DD approaches. In this paper, we summarize our work in the COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub (SMH) for more than 12 rounds since early 2021 for informed decision support. We emphasize the importance of deep learning techniques for epidemic modeling via a flexible DD framework that substantially complements the mechanistic paradigm to evaluate various future epidemic scenarios. We start with a traditional curve-fitting approach to model cumulative COVID-19 based on the underlying SEIR-type mechanisms. Hospitalizations and deaths are modeled as binomial processes of cases and hospitalization, respectively. We further formulate two types of deep learning models based on multivariate long short term memory (LSTM) to address the challenges of more traditional DD models. The first LSTM is structurally similar to the curve fitting approach and assumes that hospitalizations and deaths are binomial processes of cases. Instead of using a predefined exponential curve, LSTM relies on the underlying data to identify the most appropriate functions, and is capable of capturing both long-term and short-term epidemic behaviors. We then relax the assumption of dependent inputs among cases, hospitalizations, and death. Another type of LSTM that handles all input time series as parallel signals, the independent multivariate LSTM, is developed. Independent multivariate LSTM can incorporate a wide range of data sources beyond traditional case-based epidemiological surveillance. The DD framework unleashes its potential in big data era with previously neglected heterogeneous surveillance data sources, such as syndromic, environment, genomic, serologic, infoveillance, and mobility data. DD approaches, especially LSTM, complement and integrate with the mechanistic modeling paradigm, provide a feasible alternative approach to model today's complex socio-epidemiological systems, and further leverage our ability to explore different scenarios for more informed decision-making during health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States.
| | - Daniel Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Rajib Paul
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Jean-Claude Thill
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Dial NJ, Croft SL, Chapman LAC, Terris-Prestholt F, Medley GF. Challenges of using modelling evidence in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme in India. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001049. [PMID: 36962829 PMCID: PMC10021829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As India comes closer to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem, surveillance efforts and elimination targets must be continuously revised and strengthened. Mathematical modelling is a compelling research discipline for informing policy and programme design in its capacity to project incidence across space and time, the likelihood of achieving benchmarks, and the impact of different interventions. To gauge the extent to which modelling informs policy in India, this qualitative analysis explores how and whether policy makers understand, value, and reference recently produced VL modelling research. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with both users- and producers- of VL modelling research, guided by a knowledge utilisation framework grounded in knowledge translation theory. Participants reported that barriers to knowledge utilisation include 1) scepticism that models accurately reflect transmission dynamics, 2) failure of modellers to apply their analyses to specific programme operations, and 3) lack of accountability in the process of translating knowledge to policy. Political trust and support are needed to translate knowledge into programme activities, and employment of a communication intermediary may be a necessary approach to improve this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Dial
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd A. C. Chapman
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fern Terris-Prestholt
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Mechanistic models of Rift Valley fever virus transmission: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010339. [PMID: 36399500 PMCID: PMC9718419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic arbovirosis which has been reported across Africa including the northernmost edge, South West Indian Ocean islands, and the Arabian Peninsula. The virus is responsible for high abortion rates and mortality in young ruminants, with economic impacts in affected countries. To date, RVF epidemiological mechanisms are not fully understood, due to the multiplicity of implicated vertebrate hosts, vectors, and ecosystems. In this context, mathematical models are useful tools to develop our understanding of complex systems, and mechanistic models are particularly suited to data-scarce settings. Here, we performed a systematic review of mechanistic models studying RVF, to explore their diversity and their contribution to the understanding of this disease epidemiology. Researching Pubmed and Scopus databases (October 2021), we eventually selected 48 papers, presenting overall 49 different models with numerical application to RVF. We categorized models as theoretical, applied, or grey, depending on whether they represented a specific geographical context or not, and whether they relied on an extensive use of data. We discussed their contributions to the understanding of RVF epidemiology, and highlighted that theoretical and applied models are used differently yet meet common objectives. Through the examination of model features, we identified research questions left unexplored across scales, such as the role of animal mobility, as well as the relative contributions of host and vector species to transmission. Importantly, we noted a substantial lack of justification when choosing a functional form for the force of infection. Overall, we showed a great diversity in RVF models, leading to important progress in our comprehension of epidemiological mechanisms. To go further, data gaps must be filled, and modelers need to improve their code accessibility.
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Švigelj A, Hrovat A, Javornik T. User-Centric Proximity Estimation Using Smartphone Radio Fingerprinting. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155609. [PMID: 35957166 PMCID: PMC9370947 DOI: 10.3390/s22155609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The integration of infectious disease modeling with the data collection process is crucial to reach its maximum potential, and remains a significant research challenge. Ensuring a solid empirical foundation for models used to fill gaps in data and knowledge is of paramount importance. Personal wireless devices, such as smartphones, smartwatches and wireless bracelets, can serve as a means of bridging the gap between empirical data and the mathematical modeling of human contacts and networking. In this paper, we develop, implement, and evaluate concepts and architectures for advanced user-centric proximity estimation based on smartphone radio environment monitoring. We investigate innovative methods for the estimation of proximity, based on a person-radio-environment trace recorded by the smartphone, and define the proximity parameter. For this purpose, we developed a smartphone application and back-end services. The results show that, with the proposed procedure, we can estimate the proximity of two devices in terms of near, medium, and far distance with reasonable accuracy in real-world case scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Švigelj
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.H.); (T.J.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School (IPS), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrej Hrovat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.H.); (T.J.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School (IPS), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Javornik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.H.); (T.J.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School (IPS), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Vargas Bernal E, Saucedo O, Tien JH. Relating Eulerian and Lagrangian spatial models for vector-host disease dynamics through a fundamental matrix. J Math Biol 2022; 84:57. [PMID: 35676373 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We explore the relationship between Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches for modeling movement in vector-borne diseases for discrete space. In the Eulerian approach we account for the movement of hosts explicitly through movement rates captured by a graph Laplacian matrix L. In the Lagrangian approach we only account for the proportion of time that individuals spend in foreign patches through a mixing matrix P. We establish a relationship between an Eulerian model and a Lagrangian model for the hosts in terms of the matrices L and P. We say that the two modeling frameworks are consistent if for a given matrix P, the matrix L can be chosen so that the residence times of the matrix P and the matrix L match. We find a sufficient condition for consistency, and examine disease quantities such as the final outbreak size and basic reproduction number in both the consistent and inconsistent cases. In the special case of a two-patch model, we observe how similar values for the basic reproduction number and final outbreak size can occur even in the inconsistent case. However, there are scenarios where the final sizes in both approaches can significantly differ by means of the relationship we propose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Saucedo
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Joseph Hua Tien
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
The world is currently overwhelmed with the perils of the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As of May 18, 2020, there were 4,819,102 confirmed cases, of which there were 316,959 deaths worldwide. The devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world economy are more grievous than many natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis in history. Understanding the spread pattern of COVID-19 and predicting the disease dynamics have been essential to assist policymakers and health practitioners in the public and private health sector in providing an efficient way of alleviating the effects of the pandemic across continents. Scholars have steadily worked to provide timely information. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on which insights can be derived from all these endeavors, especially with regard to modeling and prediction techniques. In this study, we used a literature synthesis approach to provide a narrative review of the current research efforts geared toward predicting the spread of COVID-19 across continents. Such information is useful to provide a global perspective of the virus particularly with regard to modeling and prediction techniques and their outcomes. A total of 69 peer-reviewed articles were reviewed. We found that most articles were from Asia (34.8%) and Europe (23.2%), followed by North America (14.5%), and very few emanated from other continents including Africa and Australia (6.8% each), while no study was reported in Antarctica. Most of the modeling and predictions were based on compartmental epidemiologic models and a few used advanced machine learning techniques. While some models have accurately predicted the end of the epidemic in some countries, other predictions strongly deviate from reality. Interestingly, some studies showed that combining artificial intelligence with classical compartmental models provides a better prediction of the disease spread. Assumptions made when parameterizing the models might be wrong and might not suit the local contexts and might partly explain the observed deviation from the reality on the ground. Furthermore, lack of publicly available key data such as age, gender, comorbidity, and historical medical data of cases and deaths in some continents could limit researchers in addressing some essential aspects of the virus spread and its consequences.
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Glennon EE, Bruijning M, Lessler J, Miller IF, Rice BL, Thompson RN, Wells K, Metcalf CJE. Challenges in modeling the emergence of novel pathogens. Epidemics 2021; 37:100516. [PMID: 34775298 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious agents with pandemic potential present scientific challenges from detection to data interpretation to understanding determinants of risk and forecasts. Mathematical models could play an essential role in how we prepare for future emergent pathogens. Here, we describe core directions for expansion of the existing tools and knowledge base, including: using mathematical models to identify critical directions and paths for strengthening data collection to detect and respond to outbreaks of novel pathogens; expanding basic theory to identify infectious agents and contexts that present the greatest risks, over both the short and longer term; by strengthening estimation tools that make the most use of the likely range and uncertainties in existing data; and by ensuring modelling applications are carefully communicated and developed within diverse and equitable collaborations for increased public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Glennon
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Marjolein Bruijning
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Justin Lessler
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian F Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Benjamin L Rice
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar
| | - Robin N Thompson
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK; The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Konstans Wells
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PP, UK
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Adebowale AS, Fagbamigbe AF, Akinyemi JO, Obisesan KO, Awosanya EJ, Afolabi RF, Alarape SA, Obabiyi SO. Situation assessment and natural dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, 31 May 2020. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021; 12:e00844. [PMID: 34308003 PMCID: PMC8274274 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remains a global public health issue due to its high transmission and case fatality rate. There is apprehension on how to curb the spread and mitigate the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic, but timely and reliable daily confirmed cases' estimates are pertinent to the pandemic's containment. This study therefore conducted a situation assessment and applied simple predictive models to explore COVID-19 progression in Nigeria as at 31 May 2020. Methods Data used for this study were extracted from the websites of the European Centre for Disease Control (World Bank data) and Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. Besides descriptive statistics, four predictive models were fitted to investigate the pandemic natural dynamics. Results The case fatality rate of COVID-19 was 2.8%. A higher number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was reported daily after the relaxation of lockdown than before and during lockdown. Of the 36 states in Nigeria, including the Federal Capital Territory, 35 have been affected with COVID-19. Most active cases were in Lagos (n = 4064; 59.2%), followed by Kano (n = 669; 9.2%). The percentage of COVID-19 recovery in Nigeria (29.5%) was lower compared to South Africa (50.3%), but higher compared to Kenya (24.1%). The cubic polynomial model had the best fit. The projected value for COVID-19 cumulative cases for 30 June 2020 in Nigeria was 27,993 (95% C.I: 27,001–28,986). Conclusion The daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 are increasing in Nigeria. Increasing testing capacity for the disease may further reveal more confirmed cases. As observed in this study, the cubic polynomial model currently offers a better prediction of the future COVID-19 cases in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayo Stephen Adebowale
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Odunayo Akinyemi
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rotimi Felix Afolabi
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.,Population and Health Research Entity, Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Selim Adewale Alarape
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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9
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Murray MB. Shoe Leather Infectious Disease Modeling? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e97-e98. [PMID: 32951034 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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INFEKTA-An agent-based model for transmission of infectious diseases: The COVID-19 case in Bogotá, Colombia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245787. [PMID: 33606714 PMCID: PMC7894857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission dynamics of the coronavirus—COVID-19—have challenged humankind at almost every level. Currently, research groups around the globe are trying to figure out such transmission dynamics under special conditions such as separation policies enforced by governments. Mathematical and computational models, like the compartmental model or the agent-based model, are being used for this purpose. This paper proposes an agent-based model, called INFEKTA, for simulating the transmission of infectious diseases, not only the COVID-19, under social distancing policies. INFEKTA combines the transmission dynamic of a specific disease, (according to parameters found in the literature) with demographic information (population density, age, and genre of individuals) of geopolitical regions of the real town or city under study. Agents (virtual persons) can move, according to its mobility routines and the enforced social distancing policy, on a complex network of accessible places defined over an Euclidean space representing the town or city. The transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 under different social distancing policies in Bogotá city, the capital of Colombia, is simulated using INFEKTA with one million virtual persons. A sensitivity analysis of the impact of social distancing policies indicates that it is possible to establish a ‘medium’ (i.e., close 40% of the places) social distancing policy to achieve a significant reduction in the disease transmission.
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Chen S, Owolabi Y, Li A, Lo E, Robinson P, Janies D, Lee C, Dulin M. Patch dynamics modeling framework from pathogens' perspective: Unified and standardized approach for complicated epidemic systems. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238186. [PMID: 33057348 PMCID: PMC7561140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models are powerful tools to investigate, simulate, and evaluate potential interventions for infectious diseases dynamics. Much effort has focused on the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR)-type compartment models. These models consider host populations and measure change of each compartment. In this study, we propose an alternative patch dynamic modeling framework from pathogens' perspective. Each patch, the basic module of this modeling framework, has four standard mechanisms of pathogen population size change: birth (replication), death, inflow, and outflow. This framework naturally distinguishes between-host transmission process (inflow and outflow) and within-host infection process (replication) during the entire transmission-infection cycle. We demonstrate that the SIR-type model is actually a special cross-sectional and discretized case of our patch dynamics model in pathogens' viewpoint. In addition, this patch dynamics modeling framework is also an agent-based model from hosts' perspective by incorporating individual host's specific traits. We provide an operational standard to formulate this modular-designed patch dynamics model. Model parameterization is feasible with a wide range of sources, including genomics data, surveillance data, electronic health record, and from other emerging technologies such as multiomics. We then provide two proof-of-concept case studies to tackle some of the existing challenges of SIR-type models: sexually transmitted disease and healthcare acquired infections. This patch dynamics modeling framework not only provides theoretical explanations to known phenomena, but also generates novel insights of disease dynamics from a more holistic viewpoint. It is also able to simulate and handle more complicated scenarios across biological scales such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Yakubu Owolabi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Division of HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Patrick Robinson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Academy of Population Health Innovation, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Daniel Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Chihoon Lee
- School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
| | - Michael Dulin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Academy of Population Health Innovation, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
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Kerr CC. Is epidemiology ready for Big Software? Pathog Dis 2019; 77:5304613. [PMID: 30715264 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale, open-source software projects like EMOD offer a new approach to epidemiological modeling. Built by a team of professional software developers, EMOD offers significant advantages over 'single-use' models designed by individual research teams, including comprehensive documentation, automated testing and extensive support. In addition, as an individual-based model, it allows much greater complexity and flexibility than the compartmental models that are most commonly used in epidemiology. Adopting modern software development practices, as embodied by EMOD, is essential for ensuring that the best models are available to the greatest number of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff C Kerr
- A28 Physics Rd, Camperdown, Complex Systems Group, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Lupo C, Travers MA, Tourbiez D, Barthélémy CF, Beaunée G, Ezanno P. Modeling the Transmission of Vibrio aestuarianus in Pacific Oysters Using Experimental Infection Data. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:142. [PMID: 31139636 PMCID: PMC6527844 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio aestuarianus is a bacterium related to mortality outbreaks in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in France, Ireland, and Scotland since 2011. Knowledge about its transmission dynamics is still lacking, impairing guidance to prevent and control the related disease spread. Mathematical modeling is a relevant approach to better understand the determinants of a disease and predict its dynamics in imperfectly observed pathosystems. We developed here the first marine epidemiological model to estimate the key parameters of V. aestuarianus infection at a local scale in a small and closed oyster population under controlled laboratory conditions. Using a compartmental model accounting for free-living bacteria in seawater, we predicted the infection dynamics using dedicated and model-driven collected laboratory experimental transmission data. We estimated parameters and showed that waterborne transmission of V. aestuarianus is possible under experimental conditions, with a basic reproduction number R0 of 2.88 (95% CI: 1.86; 3.35), and a generation time of 5.5 days. Our results highlighted a bacterial dose–dependent transmission of vibriosis at local scale. Global sensitivity analyses indicated that the bacteria shedding rate, the concentration of bacteria in seawater that yields a 50% chance of catching the infection, and the initial bacterial exposure dose W0 were three critical parameters explaining most of the variation in the selected model outputs related to disease spread, i.e., R0, the maximum prevalence, oyster survival curve, and bacteria concentration in seawater. Prevention and control should target the exposure of oysters to bacterial concentration in seawater. This combined laboratory–modeling approach enabled us to maximize the use of information obtained through experiments. The identified key epidemiological parameters should be better refined by further dedicated laboratory experiments. These results revealed the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to gain consistent insights into the marine epidemiology of oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Lupo
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Clément Félix Barthélémy
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
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Singh M, Sarkhel P, Kang GJ, Marathe A, Boyle K, Murray-Tuite P, Abbas KM, Swarup S. Impact of demographic disparities in social distancing and vaccination on influenza epidemics in urban and rural regions of the United States. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:221. [PMID: 30832594 PMCID: PMC6399923 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-protective behaviors of social distancing and vaccination uptake vary by demographics and affect the transmission dynamics of influenza in the United States. By incorporating the socio-behavioral differences in social distancing and vaccination uptake into mathematical models of influenza transmission dynamics, we can improve our estimates of epidemic outcomes. In this study we analyze the impact of demographic disparities in social distancing and vaccination on influenza epidemics in urban and rural regions of the United States. Methods We conducted a survey of a nationally representative sample of US adults to collect data on their self-protective behaviors, including social distancing and vaccination to protect themselves from influenza infection. We incorporated this data in an agent-based model to simulate the transmission dynamics of influenza in the urban region of Miami Dade county in Florida and the rural region of Montgomery county in Virginia. Results We compare epidemic scenarios wherein the social distancing and vaccination behaviors are uniform versus non-uniform across different demographic subpopulations. We infer that a uniform compliance of social distancing and vaccination uptake among different demographic subpopulations underestimates the severity of the epidemic in comparison to differentiated compliance among different demographic subpopulations. This result holds for both urban and rural regions. Conclusions By taking into account the behavioral differences in social distancing and vaccination uptake among different demographic subpopulations in analysis of influenza epidemics, we provide improved estimates of epidemic outcomes that can assist in improved public health interventions for prevention and control of influenza. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3703-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghendra Singh
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060, Virginia, USA
| | - Prasenjit Sarkhel
- Department of Economics, University of Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Gloria J Kang
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060, Virginia, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060, Virginia, USA
| | - Achla Marathe
- Biocomplexity Institute & Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA.
| | - Kevin Boyle
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060, Virginia, USA
| | - Pamela Murray-Tuite
- Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, 29634, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kaja M Abbas
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E7HT, UK
| | - Samarth Swarup
- Biocomplexity Institute & Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA
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15
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Abstract
Pandemic influenza remains the single greatest threat to global heath security. Efforts to increase our preparedness, by improving predictions of viral emergence, spread and disease severity, by targeting reduced transmission and improved vaccination and by mitigating health impacts in low- and middle-income countries, should receive renewed urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Horby
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium, Oxford, UK.
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16
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Temporally Varying Relative Risks for Infectious Diseases: Implications for Infectious Disease Control. Epidemiology 2018; 28:136-144. [PMID: 27748685 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Risks for disease in some population groups relative to others (relative risks) are usually considered to be consistent over time, although they are often modified by other, nontemporal factors. For infectious diseases, in which overall incidence often varies substantially over time, the patterns of temporal changes in relative risks can inform our understanding of basic epidemiologic questions. For example, recent studies suggest that temporal changes in relative risks of infection over the course of an epidemic cycle can both be used to identify population groups that drive infectious disease outbreaks, and help elucidate differences in the effect of vaccination against infection (that is relevant to transmission control) compared with its effect against disease episodes (that reflects individual protection). Patterns of change in the age groups affected over the course of seasonal outbreaks can provide clues to the types of pathogens that could be responsible for diseases for which an infectious cause is suspected. Changing apparent efficacy of vaccines during trials may provide clues to the vaccine's mode of action and/or indicate risk heterogeneity in the trial population. Declining importance of unusual behavioral risk factors may be a signal of increased local transmission of an infection. We review these developments and the related public health implications.
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17
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Willem L, Verelst F, Bilcke J, Hens N, Beutels P. Lessons from a decade of individual-based models for infectious disease transmission: a systematic review (2006-2015). BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:612. [PMID: 28893198 PMCID: PMC5594572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individual-based models (IBMs) are useful to simulate events subject to stochasticity and/or heterogeneity, and have become well established to model the potential (re)emergence of pathogens (e.g., pandemic influenza, bioterrorism). Individual heterogeneity at the host and pathogen level is increasingly documented to influence transmission of endemic diseases and it is well understood that the final stages of elimination strategies for vaccine-preventable childhood diseases (e.g., polio, measles) are subject to stochasticity. Even so it appears IBMs for both these phenomena are not well established. We review a decade of IBM publications aiming to obtain insights in their advantages, pitfalls and rationale for use and to make recommendations facilitating knowledge transfer within and across disciplines. Methods We systematically identified publications in Web of Science and PubMed from 2006-2015 based on title/abstract/keywords screening (and full-text if necessary) to retrieve topics, modeling purposes and general specifications. We extracted detailed modeling features from papers on established vaccine-preventable childhood diseases based on full-text screening. Results We identified 698 papers, which applied an IBM for infectious disease transmission, and listed these in a reference database, describing their general characteristics. The diversity of disease-topics and overall publication frequency have increased over time (38 to 115 annual publications from 2006 to 2015). The inclusion of intervention strategies (8 to 52) and economic consequences (1 to 20) are increasing, to the detriment of purely theoretical explorations. Unfortunately, terminology used to describe IBMs is inconsistent and ambiguous. We retrieved 24 studies on a vaccine-preventable childhood disease (covering 7 different diseases), with publication frequency increasing from the first such study published in 2008. IBMs have been useful to explore heterogeneous between- and within-host interactions, but combined applications are still sparse. The amount of missing information on model characteristics and study design is remarkable. Conclusions IBMs are suited to combine heterogeneous within- and between-host interactions, which offers many opportunities, especially to analyze targeted interventions for endemic infections. We advocate the exchange of (open-source) platforms and stress the need for consistent “branding”. Using (existing) conventions and reporting protocols would stimulate cross-fertilization between research groups and fields, and ultimately policy making in decades to come. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2699-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Willem
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Frederik Verelst
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joke Bilcke
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Cori A, Donnelly CA, Dorigatti I, Ferguson NM, Fraser C, Garske T, Jombart T, Nedjati-Gilani G, Nouvellet P, Riley S, Van Kerkhove MD, Mills HL, Blake IM. Key data for outbreak evaluation: building on the Ebola experience. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160371. [PMID: 28396480 PMCID: PMC5394647 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the detection of an infectious disease outbreak, rapid epidemiological assessment is critical for guiding an effective public health response. To understand the transmission dynamics and potential impact of an outbreak, several types of data are necessary. Here we build on experience gained in the West African Ebola epidemic and prior emerging infectious disease outbreaks to set out a checklist of data needed to: (1) quantify severity and transmissibility; (2) characterize heterogeneities in transmission and their determinants; and (3) assess the effectiveness of different interventions. We differentiate data needs into individual-level data (e.g. a detailed list of reported cases), exposure data (e.g. identifying where/how cases may have been infected) and population-level data (e.g. size/demographics of the population(s) affected and when/where interventions were implemented). A remarkable amount of individual-level and exposure data was collected during the West African Ebola epidemic, which allowed the assessment of (1) and (2). However, gaps in population-level data (particularly around which interventions were applied when and where) posed challenges to the assessment of (3). Here we highlight recurrent data issues, give practical suggestions for addressing these issues and discuss priorities for improvements in data collection in future outbreaks.This article is part of the themed issue 'The 2013-2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cori
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christl A Donnelly
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ilaria Dorigatti
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Tini Garske
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Thibaut Jombart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Gemma Nedjati-Gilani
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Steven Riley
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Centre for Global Health, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Harriet L Mills
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Isobel M Blake
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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19
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Buhnerkempe MG, Prager KC, Strelioff CC, Greig DJ, Laake JL, Melin SR, DeLong RL, Gulland FMD, Lloyd-Smith JO. Detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: Leptospira interrogans in California sea lions. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:460-472. [PMID: 28207932 PMCID: PMC7166352 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying mechanisms driving pathogen persistence is a vital component of wildlife disease ecology and control. Asymptomatic, chronically infected individuals are an oft‐cited potential reservoir of infection, but demonstrations of the importance of chronic shedding to pathogen persistence at the population‐level remain scarce. Studying chronic shedding using commonly collected disease data is hampered by numerous challenges, including short‐term surveillance that focuses on single epidemics and acutely ill individuals, the subtle dynamical influence of chronic shedding relative to more obvious epidemic drivers, and poor ability to differentiate between the effects of population prevalence of chronic shedding vs. intensity and duration of chronic shedding in individuals. We use chronic shedding of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) as a case study to illustrate how these challenges can be addressed. Using leptospirosis‐induced strands as a measure of disease incidence, we fit models with and without chronic shedding, and with different seasonal drivers, to determine the time‐scale over which chronic shedding is detectable and the interactions between chronic shedding and seasonal drivers needed to explain persistence and outbreak patterns. Chronic shedding can enable persistence of L. interrogans within the sea lion population. However, the importance of chronic shedding was only apparent when surveillance data included at least two outbreaks and the intervening inter‐epidemic trough during which fadeout of transmission was most likely. Seasonal transmission, as opposed to seasonal recruitment of susceptibles, was the dominant driver of seasonality in this system, and both seasonal factors had limited impact on long‐term pathogen persistence. We show that the temporal extent of surveillance data can have a dramatic impact on inferences about population processes, where the failure to identify both short‐ and long‐term ecological drivers can have cascading impacts on understanding higher order ecological phenomena, such as pathogen persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Buhnerkempe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine C Prager
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Strelioff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeff L Laake
- National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon R Melin
- National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert L DeLong
- National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Comparing nonpharmaceutical interventions for containing emerging epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4023-4028. [PMID: 28351976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616438114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies for containing an emerging infectious disease outbreak must be nonpharmaceutical when drugs or vaccines for the pathogen do not yet exist or are unavailable. The success of these nonpharmaceutical strategies will depend on not only the effectiveness of isolation measures but also the epidemiological characteristics of the infection. However, there is currently no systematic framework to assess the relationship between different containment strategies and the natural history and epidemiological dynamics of the pathogen. Here, we compare the effectiveness of quarantine and symptom monitoring, implemented via contact tracing, in controlling epidemics using an agent-based branching model. We examine the relationship between epidemic containment and the disease dynamics of symptoms and infectiousness for seven case-study diseases with diverse natural histories, including Ebola, influenza A, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). We show that the comparative effectiveness of symptom monitoring and quarantine depends critically on the natural history of the infectious disease, its inherent transmissibility, and the intervention feasibility in the particular healthcare setting. The benefit of quarantine over symptom monitoring is generally maximized for fast-course diseases, but we show the conditions under which symptom monitoring alone can control certain outbreaks. This quantitative framework can guide policymakers on how best to use nonpharmaceutical interventions and prioritize research during an outbreak of an emerging pathogen.
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21
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Camacho A, Eggo RM, Goeyvaerts N, Vandebosch A, Mogg R, Funk S, Kucharski AJ, Watson CH, Vangeneugden T, Edmunds WJ. Real-time dynamic modelling for the design of a cluster-randomized phase 3 Ebola vaccine trial in Sierra Leone. Vaccine 2016; 35:544-551. [PMID: 28024952 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declining incidence and spatial heterogeneity complicated the design of phase 3 Ebola vaccine trials during the tail of the 2013-16 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa. Mathematical models can provide forecasts of expected incidence through time and can account for both vaccine efficacy in participants and effectiveness in populations. Determining expected disease incidence was critical to calculating power and determining trial sample size. METHODS In real-time, we fitted, forecasted, and simulated a proposed phase 3 cluster-randomized vaccine trial for a prime-boost EVD vaccine in three candidate regions in Sierra Leone. The aim was to forecast trial feasibility in these areas through time and guide study design planning. RESULTS EVD incidence was highly variable during the epidemic, especially in the declining phase. Delays in trial start date were expected to greatly reduce the ability to discern an effect, particularly as a trial with an effective vaccine would cause the epidemic to go extinct more quickly in the vaccine arm. Real-time updates of the model allowed decision-makers to determine how trial feasibility changed with time. CONCLUSIONS This analysis was useful for vaccine trial planning because we simulated effectiveness as well as efficacy, which is possible with a dynamic transmission model. It contributed to decisions on choice of trial location and feasibility of the trial. Transmission models should be utilised as early as possible in the design process to provide mechanistic estimates of expected incidence, with which decisions about sample size, location, timing, and feasibility can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Camacho
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - R M Eggo
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | | | | | - R Mogg
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - S Funk
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - A J Kucharski
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - C H Watson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - W J Edmunds
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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22
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Verschave SH, Charlier J, Rose H, Claerebout E, Morgan ER. Cattle and Nematodes Under Global Change: Transmission Models as an Ally. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:724-738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Hollingsworth TD, Adams ER, Anderson RM, Atkins K, Bartsch S, Basáñez MG, Behrend M, Blok DJ, Chapman LAC, Coffeng L, Courtenay O, Crump RE, de Vlas SJ, Dobson A, Dyson L, Farkas H, Galvani AP, Gambhir M, Gurarie D, Irvine MA, Jervis S, Keeling MJ, Kelly-Hope L, King C, Lee BY, Le Rutte EA, Lietman TM, Ndeffo-Mbah M, Medley GF, Michael E, Pandey A, Peterson JK, Pinsent A, Porco TC, Richardus JH, Reimer L, Rock KS, Singh BK, Stolk W, Swaminathan S, Torr SJ, Townsend J, Truscott J, Walker M, Zoueva A. Quantitative analyses and modelling to support achievement of the 2020 goals for nine neglected tropical diseases. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:630. [PMID: 26652272 PMCID: PMC4674954 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis and mathematical models are useful tools in informing strategies to control or eliminate disease. Currently, there is an urgent need to develop these tools to inform policy to achieve the 2020 goals for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In this paper we give an overview of a collection of novel model-based analyses which aim to address key questions on the dynamics of transmission and control of nine NTDs: Chagas disease, visceral leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leprosy, soil-transmitted helminths, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma. Several common themes resonate throughout these analyses, including: the importance of epidemiological setting on the success of interventions; targeting groups who are at highest risk of infection or re-infection; and reaching populations who are not accessing interventions and may act as a reservoir for infection,. The results also highlight the challenge of maintaining elimination 'as a public health problem' when true elimination is not reached. The models elucidate the factors that may be contributing most to persistence of disease and discuss the requirements for eventually achieving true elimination, if that is possible. Overall this collection presents new analyses to inform current control initiatives. These papers form a base from which further development of the models and more rigorous validation against a variety of datasets can help to give more detailed advice. At the moment, the models' predictions are being considered as the world prepares for a final push towards control or elimination of neglected tropical diseases by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily R Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Katherine Atkins
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah Bartsch
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | | | - David J Blok
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Luc Coffeng
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ron E Crump
- University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sake J de Vlas
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andy Dobson
- Princeton University, New Jersey, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Gurarie
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles King
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bruce Y Lee
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Epke A Le Rutte
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Graham F Medley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Edwin Michael
- University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 47556, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Pinsent
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Travis C Porco
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Lisa Reimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Kat S Rock
- University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Wilma Stolk
- Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Steve J Torr
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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24
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Xia Q, Wang B, Liu M, Jiang K, Wang L. A new method to evaluate the effects of bacterial dosage, infection route and Vibrio strain in experimental challenges of Litopenaeus vannamei, based on the Cox proportional hazard model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:686-692. [PMID: 26255252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the shrimp challenge test the Vibrio dosage, infection route, and strain are considered as risk factors that result in mortality. Assessment of Vibrio/shrimp interactions, and disease dynamics following infection by Vibrio, are useful techniques needed for detailed studies on the control of risk factors. In this paper we used an application of the Cox proportional hazard model to assess relative survival probability, estimate mortality risk, and construct a prognostic model to assess predictions of estimated time to death. Results indicate that infection route was the most important prognostic factor contributing to mortality in the challenge test (β = 3.698, P < 0.000). The shrimp infection rate following injection was found to be 40.4 times greater than that following immersion (hazard ratio (HR) = 40.4; p = 0.000). Our results also indicated that the HR resulting in shrimp mortality following a high dose of 10(8) cfu/shrimp was significantly greater (HR = 5.9, P < 0.000), than that following a baseline dosage of 10(7) cfu/shrimp. Strain Vh was found to be more virulent than Strain Vp (HR = 4.8; P < 0.000). The prognostic index also indicated that the infection route is the most important prognostic factor contributing to mortality in the challenge test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, No.19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Baojie Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Mei Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Keyong Jiang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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25
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Abstract
Mathematical modelling provides an effective way to challenge conventional wisdom about
parasite evolution and investigate why parasites ‘do what they do’ within the host. Models
can reveal when intuition cannot explain observed patterns, when more complicated biology
must be considered, and when experimental and statistical methods are likely to mislead.
We describe how models of within-host infection dynamics can refine experimental design,
and focus on the case study of malaria to highlight how integration between models and
data can guide understanding of parasite fitness in three areas: (1) the adaptive
significance of chronic infections; (2) the potential for tradeoffs between virulence and
transmission; and (3) the implications of within-vector dynamics. We emphasize that models
are often useful when they highlight unexpected patterns in parasite evolution, revealing
instead why intuition yields the wrong answer and what combination of theory and data are
needed to advance understanding.
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26
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes represent important sources of economic losses in farmed ruminants, and the increasing frequency of anthelmintic resistance requires an increased ability to explore alternative strategies. Theoretical approaches at the crossroads of immunology and epidemiology are valuable tools in that context. In the case of Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep, the immunological mechanisms important for resistance are increasingly well-characterized. However, despite the existence of a wide range of theoretical models, there is no framework integrating the characteristic features of this immune response into a tractable phenomenological model. Here, we propose to bridge that gap by developing a flexible modelling framework that allows for variability in nematode larval intake which can be used to track the variations in worm burdens. We parameterize this model using data from trickle infection of sheep and show that using simple immunological assumptions, our model can capture the dynamics of both adult worm burdens and nematode fecal egg counts. In addition, our analysis reveals interesting dose-dependent effects on the immune response. Finally, we discuss potential developments of this model and highlight how an improved cross-talk between empiricists and theoreticians would facilitate important advances in the study of infectious diseases.
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27
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Childs LM, Abuelezam NN, Dye C, Gupta S, Murray MB, Williams BG, Buckee CO. Modelling challenges in context: lessons from malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis. Epidemics 2015; 10:102-7. [PMID: 25843394 PMCID: PMC4451070 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis (TB) collectively account for several million deaths each year, with all three ranking among the top ten killers in low-income countries. Despite being caused by very different organisms, malaria, HIV, and TB present a suite of challenges for mathematical modellers that are particularly pronounced in these infections, but represent general problems in infectious disease modelling, and highlight many of the challenges described throughout this issue. Here, we describe some of the unifying challenges that arise in modelling malaria, HIV, and TB, including variation in dynamics within the host, diversity in the pathogen, and heterogeneity in human contact networks and behaviour. Through the lens of these three pathogens, we provide specific examples of the other challenges in this issue and discuss their implications for informing public health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Childs
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nadia N Abuelezam
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christopher Dye
- Office of the Director General, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Brian G Williams
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline O Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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28
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Hollingsworth TD, Pulliam JRC, Funk S, Truscott JE, Isham V, Lloyd AL. Seven challenges for modelling indirect transmission: vector-borne diseases, macroparasites and neglected tropical diseases. Epidemics 2014; 10:16-20. [PMID: 25843376 PMCID: PMC4383804 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the challenges which face modellers of directly transmitted pathogens also arise when modelling the epidemiology of pathogens with indirect transmission – whether through environmental stages, vectors, intermediate hosts or multiple hosts. In particular, understanding the roles of different hosts, how to measure contact and infection patterns, heterogeneities in contact rates, and the dynamics close to elimination are all relevant challenges, regardless of the mode of transmission. However, there remain a number of challenges that are specific and unique to modelling vector-borne diseases and macroparasites. Moreover, many of the neglected tropical diseases which are currently targeted for control and elimination are vector-borne, macroparasitic, or both, and so this article includes challenges which will assist in accelerating the control of these high-burden diseases. Here, we discuss the challenges of indirect measures of infection in humans, whether through vectors or transmission life stages and in estimating the contribution of different host groups to transmission. We also discuss the issues of “evolution-proof” interventions against vector-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Juliet R C Pulliam
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sebastian Funk
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James E Truscott
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG London, UK
| | - Valerie Isham
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alun L Lloyd
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Mathematics and Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
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