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Shkarubo AN, Ogurtsova AA, Yakupova ZF, Revishchin AV, Shishkina LV, Pronin IN, Chernov IV, Pavlova GV, Podoprigora AE, Shkarubo MA, Sinelnikov ME, Velichko AJ, Nikolenko VN. Experimental Reconstruction of the Optic Nerve with a Sural Nerve Graft: An in Vivo Experimental Study. World Neurosurg 2024; 188:e631-e641. [PMID: 38843973 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosurgical interventions and trauma are common causes of damage to the optic nerve. This determines the relevance of research for solutions aimed at restoration of the nerve's anatomical integrity, electrical conductivity, and subsequently - restoration of its function. Restore a damaged (cut) optic nerve using n. suralis autograft in vivo. METHODS The experiment involved reconstruction of the optic nerve through injury modulation, graft placement and restored nerve harvest and evaluation. Injury modulation included removal of a fragment of the optic nerve. Autograft harvesting and placement involved resection of a fragment of the sural (sensory) nerve and its subsequent anastomosis in place of the removed fragment of the optic nerve. As an experimental model, a rabbit of the "Burgundy" breed was used. The animal was previously examined for the presence of infectious and other diseases to confirm its health. RESULTS Four months post operatively when stimulating the operated right eye, low-amplitude components altered in shape are registered. Thus, signs of mild restoration of electrical conductivity on the treated optic nerve were seen. CONCLUSIONS Our initial experience shows the technical feasibility of reconstructing the optic nerve using an autograft, the possibility of axonal growth through the graft and, in the future, using this method for direct optic nerve reconstruction, as well as a bypass method for damage to the optic nerve with various tumor diseases of the optic nerve, tumors of the chiasmatic-sellar localization, orbital injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey N Shkarubo
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Ogurtsova
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zalija F Yakupova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peoples FrienSdship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia; Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Revishchin
- Department of Pathomorphology, Institut of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS (IHNA&NPh RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Shishkina
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor N Pronin
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilia V Chernov
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Galina V Pavlova
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia; Department of Pathomorphology, Institut of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS (IHNA&NPh RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey E Podoprigora
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Shkarubo
- Department of Neurooncology, Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail E Sinelnikov
- SINELAB Biomedical Research Centre, Port Jefferson, Minnesota, USA; Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arkadiy Ja Velichko
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Normal Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Sun L, Cen Y, Liu X, Wei J, Ke X, Wang Y, Liao Q, Chang M, Zhou M, Wu W. Systemic whole transcriptome analysis identified underlying molecular characteristics and regulatory networks implicated in the retina following optic nerve injury. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109929. [PMID: 38750783 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Optic nerve injuries are severely disrupt the structural and functional integrity of the retina, often leading to visual impairment or blindness. Despite the profound impact of these injuries, the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive whole-transcriptome analysis of mouse retina samples after optic nerve crush (ONC) to elucidate changes in gene expression and regulatory networks. Transcriptome analysis revealed a variety of molecular alterations, including 256 mRNAs, 530 lncRNAs, and 37 miRNAs, associated with metabolic, inflammatory, signaling, and biosynthetic pathways in the injured retina. The integrated analysis of co-expression and protein-protein interactions identified an active interconnected module comprising 5 co-expressed proteins (Fga, Serpina1a, Hpd, Slc38a4, and Ahsg) associated with the complement and coagulation cascades. Finally, 5 mRNAs (Fga, Serpinala, Hpd, Slc38a4, and Ahsg), 2 miRNAs (miR-671-5p and miR-3057-5p), and 6 lncRNAs (MSTRG. 1830.1, Gm10814, A530013C23Rik, Gm40634, MSTRG.9514.1, A330023F24Rik) were identified by qPCR in the injured retina, and some of them were validated as critical components of a ceRNA network active in 661W and HEK293T cells through dual-luciferase reporter assays. In conclusion, our study provides comprehensive insight into the complex and dynamic biological mechanisms involved in retinal injury responses and highlights promising potential targets to enhance neuroprotection and restore vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yixin Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaojiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jinfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qianling Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Mengchun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Wencan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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3
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Lin F, Lin ST, Wang J, Geisert EE. Optimizing retinal ganglion cell nuclear staining for automated cell counting. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109881. [PMID: 38554800 PMCID: PMC11055661 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) serve as the critical pathway for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain, yet they can be dramatically impacted by diseases such as glaucoma. When investigating disease processes affecting RGCs in mouse models, accurately quantifying affected cells becomes essential. However, the use of pan RGC markers like RBPMS or THY1 presents challenges in accurate total cell counting. While Brn3a serves as a reliable RGC nuclear marker for automated counting, it fails to encompass all RGC subtypes in mice. To address this limitation and enable precise automated counting, our research endeavors to develop a method for labeling nuclei in all RGC subtypes. Investigating RGC subtypes labeled with the nuclear marker POU6F2 revealed that numerous RGCs unlabeled by Brn3a were, in fact, labeled with POU6F2. We hypothesize that using antibodies against both Brn3a and POU6F2 would label virtually all RGC nuclei in the mouse retina. Our experiments confirmed that staining retinas with both markers resulted in the labeling of all RGCs. Additionally, when using the cell body marker RBPMS known to label all mouse RGCs, all RBPMS-labeled cells also exhibited Brn3a or POU6F2 labeling. This combination of Brn3a and POU6F2 antibodies provides a pan-RGC nuclear stain, facilitating accurate automated counting by labeling cell nuclei in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Su-Ting Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eldon E Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Meng M, Chaqour B, O'Neill N, Dine K, Sarabu N, Ying GS, Shindler KS, Ross AG. Comparison of Brn3a and RBPMS Labeling to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss During Aging and in a Model of Optic Neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:19. [PMID: 38587440 PMCID: PMC11005068 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss provides the basis for diagnosis and stage determination of many optic neuropathies, and quantification of RGC survival is a critical outcome measure in models of optic neuropathy. This study examines the accuracy of manual RGC counting using two selective markers, Brn3a and RBPMS. Methods Retinal flat mounts from 1- to 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice, and from mice after microbead (MB)-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, are immunostained with Brn3a and/or RBPMS antibodies. Four individuals masked to the experimental conditions manually counted labeled RGCs in three copies of five images, and inter- and intra-person reliability was evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results A larger population (approximately 10% higher) of RGCs are labeled with RBPMS than Brn3a antibody up to 6 months of age, but differences decrease to approximately 1% at older ages. Both RGC-labeled populations significantly decrease with age. MB-induced IOP elevation is associated with a significant decrease of both Brn3a- and RBPMS-positive RGCs. Notably, RGC labeling with Brn3a provides more consistent cell counts than RBPMS in interpersonal (ICC = 0.87 to 0.11, respectively) and intra-personal reliability (ICC = 0.97 to 0.66, respectively). Conclusions Brn3a and RBPMS markers are independently capable of detecting significant decreases of RGC number with age and in response to IOP elevation despite RPBMS detecting a larger number of RGCs up to 6 months of age. Brn3a labeling is less prone to manual cell counting variability than RBPMS labeling. Overall, either marker can be used as a single marker to detect significant changes in RGC survival, each offering distinct advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nuala O'Neill
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kimberly Dine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Neha Sarabu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Shindler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ahmara G. Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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5
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Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Norte-Muñoz M, Lucas-Ruiz F, Gallego-Ortega A, Calzaferri F, García-Bernal D, Martínez CM, Galindo-Romero C, de los Ríos C, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Retinal response to systemic inflammation differs between sexes and neurons. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340013. [PMID: 38384465 PMCID: PMC10880026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neurological dysfunction and glial activation are common in severe infections such as sepsis. There is a sexual dimorphism in the response to systemic inflammation in both patients and animal models, but there are few comparative studies. Here, we investigate the effect of systemic inflammation induced by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the retina of male and female mice and determine whether antagonism of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis have protective effects on the retina. Methods A single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) was administered to two months old C57BL/6J male and female mice. Retinas were examined longitudinally in vivo using electroretinography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and microglial activation were analysed in flat-mounts. Retinal extracts were used for flow cytometric analysis of CD45 and CD11b positive cells. Matched plasma and retinal levels of proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. Retinal function and RGC survival were assessed in animals treated with P2X7R and TNFR1 antagonists alone or in combination. Results In LPS-treated animals of both sexes, there was transient retinal dysfunction, loss of vision-forming but not non-vision forming RGCs, retinal swelling, microglial activation, cell infiltration, and increases in TNF and IL-1β. Compared to females, males showed higher vision-forming RGC death, slower functional recovery, and overexpression of lymphotoxin alpha in their retinas. P2X7R and TNFR1 antagonism, alone or in combination, rescued vision-forming RGCs. P2X7R antagonism also rescued retinal function. Response to treatment was better in females than in males. Conclusions Systemic LPS has neuronal and sex-specific adverse effects in the mouse retina, which are counteracted by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Our results highlight the need to analyse males and females in preclinical studies of inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy T. Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francesco Calzaferri
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Grupo de Trasplante Hematopoyético y Terapia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Martínez
- Plataforma de Patología, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Basavarajappa D, Galindo-Romero C, Gupta V, Agudo-Barriuso M, Gupta VB, Graham SL, Chitranshi N. Signalling pathways and cell death mechanisms in glaucoma: Insights into the molecular pathophysiology. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101216. [PMID: 37856930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex multifactorial eye disease manifesting in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and optic nerve degeneration, ultimately causing irreversible vision loss. Research in recent years has significantly enhanced our understanding of RGC degenerative mechanisms in glaucoma. It is evident that high intraocular pressure (IOP) is not the only contributing factor to glaucoma pathogenesis. The equilibrium of pro-survival and pro-death signalling pathways in the retina strongly influences the function and survival of RGCs and optic nerve axons in glaucoma. Molecular evidence from human retinal tissue analysis and a range of experimental models of glaucoma have significantly contributed to unravelling these mechanisms. Accumulating evidence reveals a wide range of molecular signalling pathways that can operate -either alone or via intricate networks - to induce neurodegeneration. The roles of several molecules, including neurotrophins, interplay of intracellular kinases and phosphates, caveolae and adapter proteins, serine proteases and their inhibitors, nuclear receptors, amyloid beta and tau, and how their dysfunction affects retinal neurons are discussed in this review. We further underscore how anatomical alterations in various animal models exhibiting RGC degeneration and susceptibility to glaucoma-related neuronal damage have helped to characterise molecular mechanisms in glaucoma. In addition, we also present different regulated cell death pathways that play a critical role in RGC degeneration in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) & Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) & Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Cabrera-Maqueda JM, Boia R, Lucas-Ruiz F, González-Riquelme MJ, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Galindo-Romero C. Neuroinflammation and gliosis in the injured and contralateral retinas after unilateral optic nerve crush. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109627. [PMID: 37619829 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of unilateral optic nerve crush in the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and gliosis markers in injured and contralateral retinas. Retinas from intact, unilaterally optic nerve injured or sham-operated C57BL/6J mice were analyzed 1, 3, 9 and 30 days after the surgery (n = 5/group and time point) and the relative expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α, Iba1, AQP4, GFAP, MHCII, and TSPO was analyzed in injured and contralateral using qPCR. The results indicated that compared with intact retinas, sham-operated animals showed an early (day 1) upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and TSPO and a late (day 30) upregulation of TNF-α. In sham-contralateral retinas, TNF-α and TSPO mRNA expression were upregulated and day 30 while GFAP, Iba1, AQP4 and MHCII downregulated at day 9. Compared with sham-operated animals, in retinas affected by optic nerve crush GFAP and TSPO upregulated at day 1 and TNF-α, Iba1, AQP4 and MHCII at day 3. In the crushed-contralateral retinas, TGF-β1, TNF-α, Iba1 and MHCII were upregulated at day 1. TSPO was upregulated up to day 30 whereas TGF-β1 and Iba1 downregulated after day 9. In conclusion, both sham surgery and optic nerve crush changed the profile of inflammatory and gliosis markers in the injured and contralateral retinas, changes that were more pronounced for optic nerve crush when compared to sham.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Cabrera-Maqueda
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Boia
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José González-Riquelme
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
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Atamena D, Gurram V, Petsophonsakul P, Khosrobakhsh F, Arrázola MS, Botella M, Wissinger B, Szelechowski M, Belenguer P. Genetic background modulates phenotypic expressivity in OPA1 mutated mice, relevance to DOA pathogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1241222. [PMID: 37736113 PMCID: PMC10510408 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1241222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is mainly caused by OPA1 mutations and is characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), whose axons form the optic nerve. The penetrance of DOA is incomplete and the disease is marked by highly variable expressivity, ranging from asymptomatic patients to some who are totally blind or who suffer from multisystemic effects. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been established to date. Taken together, these observations point toward the existence of modifying genetic and/or environmental factors that modulate disease severity. Here, we investigated the influence of genetic background on DOA expressivity by switching the previously described DOA mouse model bearing the c.1065 + 5G → A Opa1 mutation from mixed C3H; C57BL/6 J to a pure C57BL/6 J background. We no longer observed retinal and optic nerve abnormalities; the findings indicated no degeneration, but rather a sex-dependent negative effect on RGC connectivity. This highlights the fact that RGC synaptic alteration might precede neuronal death, as has been proposed in other neurodegenerative diseases, providing new clinical considerations for early diagnosis as well as a new therapeutic window for DOA. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the importance of secondary genetic factors in the variability of DOA expressivity and offer a model for screening for aggravating environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamaa Atamena
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Venu Gurram
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Petnoï Petsophonsakul
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Farnoosh Khosrobakhsh
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Biological Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Macarena S. Arrázola
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Botella
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marion Szelechowski
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Belenguer
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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9
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Duwat C, Léal P, Vautheny A, Aurégan G, Joséphine C, Gaillard MC, Hérard AS, Jan C, Gipchtein P, Mitja J, Fouquet S, Niepon ML, Hantraye P, Brouillet E, Bonvento G, Cambon K, Bemelmans AP. Development of an AAV-based model of tauopathy targeting retinal ganglion cells and the mouse visual pathway to study the role of microglia in Tau pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106116. [PMID: 37054900 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathy is a typical feature of Alzheimer's disease of major importance because it strongly correlates with the severity of cognitive deficits experienced by patients. During the pathology, it follows a characteristic spatiotemporal course which takes its origin in the transentorhinal cortex, and then gradually invades the entire forebrain. To study the mechanisms of tauopathy, and test new therapeutic strategies, it is necessary to set-up relevant and versatile in vivo models allowing to recapitulate tauopathy. With this in mind, we have developed a model of tauopathy by overexpression of the human wild-type Tau protein in retinal ganglion cells in mice (RGCs). This overexpression led to the presence of hyperphosphorylated forms of the protein in the transduced cells as well as to their progressive degeneration. The application of this model to mice deficient in TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-2, an important genetic risk factor for AD) as well as to 15-month-old mice showed that microglia actively participate in the degeneration of RGCs. Surprisingly, although we were able to detect the transgenic Tau protein up to the terminal arborization of RGCs at the level of the superior colliculi, spreading of the transgenic Tau protein to post-synaptic neurons was detected only in aged animals. This suggests that there may be neuron-intrinsic- or microenvironment mediators facilitating this spreading that appear with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Duwat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pauline Léal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Audrey Vautheny
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gwennaëlle Aurégan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Charlène Joséphine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Claude Gaillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hérard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pauline Gipchtein
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Mitja
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Hantraye
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Cambon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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10
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Comparative Analysis of Retinal Organotypic Cultures and In Vivo Axotomized Retinas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043481. [PMID: 36834893 PMCID: PMC9962025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal organotypic cultures (ROCs) are used as an in vivo surrogate to study retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and neuroprotection. In vivo, the gold standard to study RGC degeneration and neuroprotection is optic nerve lesion. We propose here to compare the course of RGC death and glial activation between both models. The left optic nerve of C57BL/6 male mice was crushed, and retinas analyzed from 1 to 9 days after the injury. ROCs were analyzed at the same time points. As a control, intact retinas were used. Retinas were studied anatomically to assess RGC survival, microglial, and macroglial activation. Macroglial and microglial cells showed different morphological activation between models and were activated earlier in ROCs. Furthermore, microglial cell density in the ganglion cell layer was always lower in ROCs than in vivo. RGC loss after axotomy and in vitro followed the same trend up to 5 days. Thereafter, there was an abrupt decrease in viable RGCs in ROCs. However, RGC somas were still immuno-identified by several molecular markers. ROCs are useful for proof-of-concept studies on neuroprotection, but long-term experiments should be carried out in vivo. Importantly, the differential glial activation observed between models and the concomitant death of photoreceptors that occurs in vitro may alter the efficacy of RGC neuroprotective therapies when tested in in vivo models of optic nerve injury.
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11
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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Galindo-Romero C, Lucas-Ruiz F, Marsh-Amstrong N, Li W, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Pan-retinal ganglion cell markers in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. Zool Res 2023; 44:226-248. [PMID: 36594396 PMCID: PMC9841181 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using retrograde tracing of retinorecipient areas. This is an invasive technique, and its use is precluded in higher mammals such as monkeys. In the past decade, several RGC markers have been described. Here, we reviewed and analyzed the specificity of nine markers used to identify all or most RGCs, i.e., pan-RGC markers, in rats, mice, and macaques. The best markers in the three species in terms of specificity, proportion of RGCs labeled, and indicators of viability were BRN3A, expressed by vision-forming RGCs, and RBPMS, expressed by vision- and non-vision-forming RGCs. NEUN, often used to identify RGCs, was expressed by non-RGCs in the ganglion cell layer, and therefore was not RGC-specific. γ-SYN, TUJ1, and NF-L labeled the RGC axons, which impaired the detection of their somas in the central retina but would be good for studying RGC morphology. In rats, TUJ1 and NF-L were also expressed by non-RGCs. BM88, ERRβ, and PGP9.5 are rarely used as markers, but they identified most RGCs in the rats and macaques and ERRβ in mice. However, PGP9.5 was also expressed by non-RGCs in rats and macaques and BM88 and ERRβ were not suitable markers of viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Amstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain. E-mail:
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain. E-mail:
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12
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Jacobi A, Tran NM. Defining Selective Neuronal Resilience and Identifying Targets for Neuroprotection and Axon Regeneration Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: Experimental Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2636:1-18. [PMID: 36881292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3012-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A prevalent feature among neurodegenerative conditions, including axonal injury, is that certain neuronal types are disproportionately affected, while others are more resilient. Identifying molecular features that separate resilient from susceptible populations could reveal potential targets for neuroprotection and axon regeneration. A powerful approach to resolve molecular differences across cell types is single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). scRNA-seq is a robustly scalable approach that enables the parallel sampling of gene expression across many individual cells. Here we present a systematic framework to apply scRNA-seq to track neuronal survival and gene expression changes following axonal injury. Our methods utilize the mouse retina because it is an experimentally accessible central nervous system tissue and its cell types have been comprehensively characterized by scRNA-seq. This chapter will focus on preparing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) for scRNA-seq and pre-processing of sequencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jacobi
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Vidal-Villegas B, Gallego-Ortega A, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Salinas-Navarro M, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Galindo-Romero C, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Valiente-Soriano FJ. Methods to Identify Rat and Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells in Retinal Flat-Mounts. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:175-194. [PMID: 37558971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification of distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) populations in flat-mounted retinas is key to investigating pathological or pharmacological effects in these cells. In this chapter, we review the main techniques for detecting the total population of RGCs and various of their subtypes in whole-mounted retinas of pigmented and albino rats and mice, four of the animal strains most studied by the scientific community in the retina field. These methods are based on the studies published by the Vidal-Sanz's laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vidal-Villegas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain.
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Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Avilés-Trigueros M, de la Villa P, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. Alpha retinal ganglion cells in pigmented mice retina: number and distribution. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1054849. [PMID: 36530520 PMCID: PMC9751430 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1054849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To identify and characterize numerically and topographically the population of alpha retinal ganglion cells (αRGCs) and their subtypes, the sustained-response ON-center αRGCs (ONs-αRGCs), which correspond to the type 4 intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (M4-ipRGCs), the transient-response ON-center αRGCs (ONt-αRGCs), the sustained-response OFF-center αRGCs (OFFs-αRGCs), and the transient-response OFF-center αRGCs (OFFt-αRGCs) in the adult pigmented mouse retina.Methods: The αRGC population and its subtypes were studied in flat-mounted retinas and radial sections immunodetected against non-phosphorylated high molecular weight neurofilament subunit (SMI-32) or osteopontin (OPN), two αRGCs pan-markers; Calbindin, expressed in ONs-αRGCs, and amacrines; T-box transcription factor T-brain 2 (Tbr2), a key transcriptional regulator for ipRGC development and maintenance, expressed in ipRGCs and GABA-displaced amacrine cells; OPN4, an anti-melanopsin antibody; or Brn3a and Brn3c, markers of RGCs. The total population of RGCs was counted automatically and αRGCs and its subtypes were counted manually, and color-coded neighborhood maps were used for their topographical representation.Results: The total mean number of αRGCs per retina is 2,252 ± 306 SMI32+αRGCs and 2,315 ± 175 OPN+αRGCs (n = 10), representing 5.08% and 5.22% of the total number of RGCs traced from the optic nerve, respectively. αRGCs are distributed throughout the retina, showing a higher density in the temporal hemiretina. ONs-αRGCs represent ≈36% [841 ± 110 cells (n = 10)] of all αRGCs and are located throughout the retina, with the highest density in the temporal region. ONt-αRGCs represent ≈34% [797 ± 146 cells (n = 10)] of all αRGCs and are mainly located in the central retinal region. OFF-αRGCs represent the remaining 32% of total αRGCs and are divided equally between OFFs-αRGCs and OFFt-αRGCs [363 ± 50 cells (n = 10) and 376 ± 36 cells (n = 10), respectively]. OFFs-αRGCs are mainly located in the supero-temporal peripheral region of the retina and OFFt-αRGCs in the mid-peripheral region of the retina, especially in the infero-temporal region.Conclusions: The combination of specific antibodies is a useful tool to identify and study αRGCs and their subtypes. αRGCs are distributed throughout the retina presenting higher density in the temporal area. The sustained ON and OFF response subtypes are mainly located in the periphery while the transient ON and OFF response subtypes are found in the central regions of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Visual Neurophysiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Vidal-Sanz Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Vidal-Sanz Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
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15
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Galindo-Romero C, Norte-Muñoz M, Gallego-Ortega A, Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Lucas-Ruiz F, González-Riquelme MJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. The retina of the lab rat: focus on retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:994890. [PMID: 36213609 PMCID: PMC9538360 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.994890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Albino and pigmented rat strains are widely used in models to study retinal degeneration and to test new therapies. Here, we have summarized the main topographical and functional characteristics of the rat retina focussing on photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the beginning and end of the retinal circuitry, respectively. These neurons are very sensitive to injury and disease, and thus knowing their normal number, topography, and function is essential to accurately investigate on neuronal survival and protection.
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16
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Hedberg-Buenz A, Meyer KJ, van der Heide CJ, Deng W, Lee K, Soukup DA, Kettelson M, Pellack D, Mercer H, Wang K, Garvin MK, Abramoff MD, Anderson MG. Biological Correlations and Confounders for Quantification of Retinal Ganglion Cells by Optical Coherence Tomography Based on Studies of Outbred Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 36135979 PMCID: PMC9513741 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite popularity of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucoma studies, it's unclear how well OCT-derived metrics compare to traditional measures of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) abundance. Here, Diversity Outbred (J:DO) mice are used to directly compare ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness measured by OCT to metrics of retinal anatomy measured ex vivo with retinal wholemounts and optic nerve histology. Methods J:DO mice (n = 48) underwent fundoscopic and OCT examinations, with automated segmentation of GCC thickness. RGC axons were quantified from para-phenylenediamine-stained optic nerve cross-sections and somas from BRN3A-immunolabeled retinal wholemounts, with total inner retinal cellularity assessed by TO-PRO and subsequent hematoxylin staining. Results J:DO tissues lacked overt disease. GCC thickness, RGC abundance, and total cell abundance varied broadly across individuals. GCC thickness correlated significantly to RGC somal density (r = 0.58) and axon number (r = 0.44), but not total cell density. Retinal area and nerve cross-sectional area varied widely. No metrics were significantly influenced by sex. In bilateral comparisons, GCC thickness (r = 0.95), axon (r = 0.72), and total cell density (r = 0.47) correlated significantly within individuals. Conclusions Amongst outbred mice, OCT-derived measurements of GCC thickness correlate significantly to RGC somal and axon abundance. Factors limiting correlation are likely both biological and methodological, including differences in retinal area that distort sampling-based estimates of RGC abundance. Translational Relevance There are significant-but imperfect-correlations between GCC thickness and RGC abundance across genetic contexts in mice, highlighting valid uses and ongoing challenges for meaningful use of OCT-derived metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kacie J. Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carly J. van der Heide
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wenxiang Deng
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kyungmoo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dana A. Soukup
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Monica Kettelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Danielle Pellack
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hannah Mercer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mona K. Garvin
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael D. Abramoff
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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17
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Claes M, Moons L. Retinal Ganglion Cells: Global Number, Density and Vulnerability to Glaucomatous Injury in Common Laboratory Mice. Cells 2022; 11:2689. [PMID: 36078097 PMCID: PMC9454702 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How many RBPMS+ retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) does a standard C57BL/6 laboratory mouse have on average and is this number substrain- or sex-dependent? Do RGCs of (European) C57BL/6J and -N mice show a different intrinsic vulnerability upon glaucomatous injury? Global RGC numbers and densities of common laboratory mice were previously determined via axon counts, retrograde tracing or BRN3A immunohistochemistry. Here, we report the global RGC number and density by exploiting the freely available tool RGCode to automatically count RGC numbers and densities on entire retinal wholemounts immunostained for the pan-RGC marker RBPMS. The intrinsic vulnerability of RGCs from different substrains to glaucomatous injury was evaluated upon introduction of the microbead occlusion model, followed by RBPMS counts, retrograde tracing and electroretinography five weeks post-injury. We demonstrate that the global RGC number and density varies between substrains, yet is not sex-dependent. C57BL/6J mice have on average 46K ± 2K RBPMS+ RGCs per retina, representing a global RGC density of 3268 ± 177 RGCs/mm2. C57BL/6N mice, on the other hand, have on average less RBPMS+ RGCs (41K ± 3K RGCs) and a lower density (3018 ± 189 RGCs/mm2). The vulnerability of the RGC population of the two C57BL/6 substrains to glaucomatous injury did, however, not differ in any of the interrogated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Immune recognition of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic stromal cell transplants in healthy retinas. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2022; 13:430. [PMID: 35987845 PMCID: PMC9392272 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Advanced therapies using adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for neurodegenerative diseases are not effectively translated into the clinic. The cross talk between the transplanted cells and the host tissue is something that, despite its importance, is not being systematically investigated. Methods We have compared the response of the mouse healthy retina to the intravitreal transplantation of MSCs derived from the bone marrow in four modalities: syngeneic, allogeneic, xenogeneic and allogeneic with immunosuppression using functional analysis in vivo and histology, cytometry and protein measurement post-mortem. Data were considered significant (p < 0.05) after nonparametric suitable statistical tests. Results Transplanted cells remain in the vitreous and are cleared by microglial cells a process that is quicker in allotransplants regardless of immunosuppression. All transplants cause anatomical remodelling which is more severe after xenotransplants. Xeno- and allotransplants with or without immunosuppression cause macro- and microglial activation and retinal functional impairment, being xenotransplants the most detrimental and the only ones that recruit CD45+Iba1−cells. The profile of proinflammatory cytokines changes in all transplantation settings. However, none of these changes affect the retinal ganglion cell population. Conclusions We show here a specific functional and anatomical retinal response depending on the MSC transplantation modality, an aspect that should be taken into consideration when conducting preclinical studies if we intend a more realistic translation into clinical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03129-y.
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19
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Tools and Biomarkers for the Study of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084287. [PMID: 35457104 PMCID: PMC9025234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is part of the central nervous system, its analysis may provide an idea of the health and functionality, not only of the retina, but also of the entire central nervous system, as has been shown in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases. Within the retina, the ganglion cells (RGC) are the neurons in charge of processing and sending light information to higher brain centers. Diverse insults and pathological states cause degeneration of RGC, leading to irreversible blindness or impaired vision. RGCs are the measurable endpoints in current research into experimental therapies and diagnosis in multiple ocular pathologies, like glaucoma. RGC subtype classifications are based on morphological, functional, genetical, and immunohistochemical aspects. Although great efforts are being made, there is still no classification accepted by consensus. Moreover, it has been observed that each RGC subtype has a different susceptibility to injury. Characterizing these subtypes together with cell death pathway identification will help to understand the degenerative process in the different injury and pathological models, and therefore prevent it. Here we review the known RGC subtypes, as well as the diagnostic techniques, probes, and biomarkers for programmed and unprogrammed cell death in RGC.
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20
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Mou Q, Yao K, Ye M, Zhao B, Hu Y, Lou X, Li H, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Modulation of Sirt1-mTORC1 Pathway in Microglia Attenuates Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss After Optic Nerve Injury. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6857-6869. [PMID: 34934336 PMCID: PMC8684404 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Optic nerve injury (ONI) causes neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration leading to visual deficits. The response of microglia has emerged as an impactful component of etiology in neurodegeneration. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SIRT1-mTORC1 signaling pathway in microglia regulation after ONI. Methods Cx3Cr1-CreERT2/RaptorF/F and Cx3Cr1-CreERT2/Sirt1F/F mice were used to delete Raptor and Sirt1 in microglia, respectively. Optic nerve crush (ONC) model was established to mimic ONI. PLX5622, a highly specific inhibitor of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), is used to eliminate microglia in optic nerve. Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) immunostaining was used to detect microglial activation. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified by Nissl staining and retinal whole-mount immunostaining with RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS). Axonal damage was valued by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Microglial activation emerged on day 3 post ONC and was earlier than RGCs loss which occurred at day 5 after injury. Depleting microglia with PLX5622 could attenuate the loss of RGCs and axon damage after ONC. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that SIRT1 determined the activation of microglia in optic nerve. In addition, microglia-specific deletion of Raptor resulted in decreased microglial activation. Interestingly, activating mTORC1 with CCT007093 could reverse the function of SIRT1 in regulating the process of microglial activation mediated RGCs loss. Conclusion Our study reveals a potential novel mechanism of SIRT1-mTORC1 pathway in microglia regulation, and indicates a therapeutic potential for the protection of RGCs in ONI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxue Mou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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21
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Norte-Muñoz M, Lucas-Ruiz F, Gallego-Ortega A, García-Bernal D, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa P, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Neuroprotection and Axonal Regeneration Induced by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Depend on the Type of Transplant. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:772223. [PMID: 34805178 PMCID: PMC8600074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.772223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases has not been as successful as expected in some preclinical studies. Because preclinical research is so diverse, it is difficult to know whether the therapeutic outcome is due to the cell type, the type of transplant or the model of disease. Our aim here was to analyze the effect of the type of transplant on neuroprotection and axonal regeneration, so we tested MSCs from the same niche in the same model of neurodegeneration in the three transplantation settings: xenogeneic, syngeneic and allogeneic. For this, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) isolated from healthy human volunteers or C57/BL6 mice were injected into the vitreous body of C57/BL6 mice (xenograft and syngraft) or BALB/c mice (allograft) right after optic nerve axotomy. As controls, vehicle matched groups were done. Retinal anatomy and function were analyzed in vivo by optical coherence tomography and electroretinogram, respectively. Survival of vision forming (Brn3a+) and non-vision forming (melanopsin+) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was assessed at 3, 5 and 90 days after the lesion. Regenerative axons were visualized by cholera toxin β anterograde transport. Our data show that grafted BM-MSCs did not integrate in the retina but formed a mesh on top of the ganglion cell layer. The xenotransplant caused retinal edema, detachment and folding, and a significant decrease of functionality compared to the murine transplants. RGC survival and axonal regeneration were significantly higher in the syngrafted retinas than in the other two groups or vehicle controls. Melanopsin+RGCs, but not Brn3a+RGCs, were also neuroprotected by the xenograft. In conclusion, the type of transplant has an impact on the therapeutic effect of BM-MSCs affecting not only neuronal survival but also the host tissue response. Our data indicate that syngrafts may be more beneficial than allografts and, interestingly, that the type of neuron that is rescued also plays a significant role in the successfulness of the cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Norte-Muñoz
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Biochemistry, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Systems Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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22
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Albaladejo-García V, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Mechanisms implicated in the contralateral effect in the central nervous system after unilateral injury: focus on the visual system. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2125-2131. [PMID: 33818483 PMCID: PMC8354113 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, as part of the central nervous system is an ideal model to study the response of neurons to injury and disease and to test new treatments. During the last decade is becoming clear that unilateral lesions in bilateral areas of the central nervous system trigger an inflammatory response in the contralateral uninjured site. This effect has been better studied in the visual system where, as a rule, one retina is used as experimental and the other as control. Contralateral retinas in unilateral models of retinal injury show neuronal degeneration and glial activation. The mechanisms by which this adverse response in the central nervous system occurs are discussed in this review, focusing primarily on the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Albaladejo-García
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
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23
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Galindo-Romero C, Vidal-Villegas B, Asís-Martínez J, Lucas-Ruiz F, Gallego-Ortega A, Vidal-Sanz M. 7,8-Dihydroxiflavone Protects Adult Rat Axotomized Retinal Ganglion Cells through MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910896. [PMID: 34639236 PMCID: PMC8509499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF)/TrkB signaling activation of two main intracellular pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT, in the neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods: Adult albino Sprague-Dawley rats received left intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) and were divided in two groups. One group received daily intraperitoneal DHF (5 mg/kg) and another vehicle (1%DMSO in 0.9%NaCl) from one day before IONT until processing. Additional intact rats were employed as control (n = 4). At 1, 3 or 7 days (d) after IONT, phosphorylated (p)AKT, p-MAPK, and non-phosphorylated AKT and MAPK expression levels were analyzed in the retina by Western blotting (n = 4/group). Radial sections were also immunodetected for the above-mentioned proteins, and for Brn3a and vimentin to identify RGCs and Müller cells (MCs), respectively (n = 3/group). Results: IONT induced increased levels of p-MAPK and MAPK at 3d in DHF- or vehicle-treated retinas and at 7d in DHF-treated retinas. IONT induced a fast decrease in AKT in retinas treated with DHF or vehicle, with higher levels of phosphorylation in DHF-treated retinas at 7d. In intact retinas and vehicle-treated groups, no p-MAPK or MAPK expression in RGCs was observed. In DHF- treated retinas p-MAPK and MAPK were expressed in the ganglion cell layer and in the RGC nuclei 3 and 7d after IONT. AKT was observed in intact and axotomized RGCs, but the signal intensity of p-AKT was stronger in DHF-treated retinas. Finally, MCs expressed higher quantities of both MAPK and AKT at 3d in both DHF- and vehicle-treated retinas, and at 7d the phosphorylation of p-MAPK was higher in DHF-treated groups. Conclusions: Phosphorylation and increased levels of AKT and MAPK through MCs and RGCs in retinas after DHF-treatment may be responsible for the increased and long-lasting RGC protection afforded by DHF after IONT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-8-688-893-09
| | - Beatriz Vidal-Villegas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Asís-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
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24
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van der Heide CJ, Meyer KJ, Hedberg-Buenz A, Pellack D, Pomernackas N, Mercer HE, Anderson MG. Quantification and image-derived phenotyping of retinal ganglion cell nuclei in the nee mouse model of congenital glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108774. [PMID: 34597676 PMCID: PMC8608716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nee mouse model exhibits characteristic features of congenital glaucoma, a common cause of childhood blindness. The current study of nee mice had two components. First, the time course of neurodegeneration in nee retinal flat-mounts was studied over time using a retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-marker, BRN3A; a pan-nuclear marker, TO-PRO-3; and H&E staining. Based on segmentation of nuclei using ImageJ and RetFM-J, this analysis identified a rapid loss of BRN3A+ nuclei from 4 to 15 weeks of age, with the first statistically significant difference in average density compared to age-matched controls detected in 8-week-old cohorts (49% reduction in nee). Consistent with a model of glaucoma, no reductions in BRN3A- nuclei were detected, but the combined analysis indicated that some RGCs lost BRN3A marker expression prior to actual cell loss. These results have a practical application in the design of experiments using nee mice to study mechanisms or potential therapies for congenital glaucoma. The second component of the study pertains to a discovery-based analysis of the large amount of image data with 748,782 segmented retinal nuclei. Using the automatedly collected region of interest feature data captured by ImageJ, we tested whether RGC density of glaucomatous mice was significantly correlated to average nuclear area, perimeter, Feret diameter, or MinFeret diameter. These results pointed to two events influencing nuclear size. For variations in RGC density above approximately 3000 nuclei/mm2 apparent spreading was observed, in which BRN3A- nuclei-regardless of genotype-became slightly larger as RGC density decreased. This same spreading occurred in BRN3A+ nuclei of wild-type mice. For variation in RGC density below 3000 nuclei/mm2, which only occurred in glaucomatous nee mutants, BRN3A+ nuclei became smaller as disease was progressively severe. These observations have relevance to defining RGCs of relatively higher sensitivity to glaucomatous cell death and the nuclear dynamics occurring during their demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J van der Heide
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Kacie J Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, 601 Hwy 6 West (151), Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
| | - Danielle Pellack
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Nicholas Pomernackas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Hannah E Mercer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, 601 Hwy 6 West (151), Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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25
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Establishing the ground squirrel as a superb model for retinal ganglion cell disorders and optic neuropathies. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1289-1303. [PMID: 34253851 PMCID: PMC8753557 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death occurs after optic nerve injury due to acute trauma or chronic degenerative conditions such as optic neuropathies (e.g., glaucoma). Currently, there are no effective therapies to prevent permanent vision loss resulting from RGC death, underlining the need for research on the pathogenesis of RGC disorders. Modeling human RGC/optic nerve diseases in non-human primates is ideal because of their similarity to humans, but has practical limitations including high cost and ethical considerations. In addition, many retinal degenerative disorders are age-related making the study in primate models prohibitively slow. For these reasons, mice and rats are commonly used to model RGC injuries. However, as nocturnal mammals, these rodents have retinal structures that differ from primates - possessing less than one-tenth of the RGCs found in the primate retina. Here we report the diurnal thirteen-lined ground squirrel (TLGS) as an alternative model. Compared to other rodent models, the number and distribution of RGCs in the TLGS retina are closer to primates. The TLGS retina possesses ~600,000 RGCs with the highest density along the equatorial retina matching the location of the highest cone density (visual streak). TLGS and primate retinas also share a similar interlocking pattern between RGC axons and astrocyte processes in the retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL). In addition, using TLGS we establish a new partial optic nerve injury model that precisely controls the extent of injury while sparing a portion of the retina as an ideal internal control for investigating the pathophysiology of axon degeneration and RGC death. Moreover, in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and ex vivo microscopic examinations of the retina in optic nerve injured TLGS confirm RGC loss precedes proximal axon degeneration, recapitulating human pathology. Thus, the TLGS retina is an excellent model, for translational research in neurodegeneration and therapeutic neuroprotection.
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. An in vivo model of focal light emitting diode-induced cone photoreceptor phototoxicity in adult pigmented mice: Protection with bFGF. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108746. [PMID: 34450185 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a model of focal injury by blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) in pigmented mouse retinas and to study the effects on cone, Iba-1+ cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell populations after administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and minocycline, alone or combined. METHODS In anesthetized dark-adapted adult female pigmented C57BL/6 mice, left pupils were dilated and the eye exposed to LIP (500 lux, 45 s). The retina was monitored longitudinally in vivo with SD-OCT for 7 days (d). Ex vivo, the effects of LIP and its protection with bFGF (0.5 μg) administered alone or combined with minocycline (45 mg/kg) were studied in immunolabeled arrestin-cone outer segments (a+OS) and quantified within a predetermined fixed-size circular area (PCA) centered on the lesion in flattened retinas at 1, 3, 5 or 7d. Moreover, Iba-1+ cells and RPE cell morphology were analysed with Iba-1 and ZO-1 antibodies, respectively. RESULTS LIP caused a focal lesion within the superior-temporal retina with retinal thinning, particularly the outer retinal layers (116.5 ± 2.9 μm to 36.8 ± 6.3 μm at 7d), and with progressive diminution of a+OS within the PCA reaching minimum values at 7d (6218 ± 342 to 3966 ± 311). Administration of bFGF alone (4519 ± 320) or in combination with minocycline (4882 ± 446) had a significant effect on a+OS survival at 7d and Iba-1+ cell activation was attenuated in the groups treated with minocycline. In parallel, the RPE cell integrity was progressively altered after LIP and administration of neuroprotective components had no restorative effect at 7d. CONCLUSIONS LIP resulted in progressive outer retinal damage affecting the OS cone population and RPE. Administration of bFGF increased a+OS survival but did not prevent RPE deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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González-Riquelme MJ, Galindo-Romero C, Lucas-Ruiz F, Martínez-Carmona M, Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Cabrera-Maqueda JM, Norte-Muñoz M, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Axonal Injuries Cast Long Shadows: Long Term Glial Activation in Injured and Contralateral Retinas after Unilateral Axotomy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168517. [PMID: 34445225 PMCID: PMC8395228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To analyze the course of microglial and macroglial activation in injured and contralateral retinas after unilateral optic nerve crush (ONC). Methods: The left optic nerve of adult pigmented C57Bl/6 female mice was intraorbitally crushed and injured, and contralateral retinas were analyzed from 1 to 45 days post-lesion (dpl) in cross-sections and flat mounts. As controls, intact retinas were studied. Iba1+ microglial cells (MCs), activated phagocytic CD68+MCs and M2 CD206+MCs were quantified. Macroglial cell changes were analyzed by GFAP and vimentin signal intensity. Results: After ONC, MC density increased significantly from 5 to 21 dpl in the inner layers of injured retinas, remaining within intact values in the contralateral ones. However, in both retinas there was a significant and long-lasting increase of CD68+MCs. Constitutive CD206+MCs were rare and mostly found in the ciliary body and around the optic-nerve head. While in the injured retinas their number increased in the retina and ciliary body, in the contralateral retinas decreased. Astrocytes and Müller cells transiently hypertrophied in the injured retinas and to a lesser extent in the contralateral ones. Conclusions: Unilateral ONC triggers a bilateral and persistent activation of MCs and an opposed response of M2 MCs between both retinas. Macroglial hypertrophy is transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José González-Riquelme
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-R.); (M.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-868889309 (C.G.-R.); +34-868883996 (M.A.-B.)
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Martínez-Carmona
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Kristy T. Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José María Cabrera-Maqueda
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.G.-R.); (F.L.-R.); (M.M.-C.); (K.T.R.-R.); (J.M.C.-M.); (M.N.-M.); (M.V.-S.)
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-R.); (M.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-868889309 (C.G.-R.); +34-868883996 (M.A.-B.)
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Schmitt HM, Fehrman RL, Maes ME, Yang H, Guo LW, Schlamp CL, Pelzel HR, Nickells RW. Increased Susceptibility and Intrinsic Apoptotic Signaling in Neurons by Induced HDAC3 Expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:14. [PMID: 34398198 PMCID: PMC8375002 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inhibition or targeted deletion of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is neuroprotective in a variety neurodegenerative conditions, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after acute optic nerve damage. Consistent with this, induced HDAC3 expression in cultured cells shows selective toxicity to neurons. Despite an established role for HDAC3 in neuronal pathology, little is known regarding the mechanism of this pathology. Methods Induced expression of an HDAC3-mCherry fusion protein in mouse RGCs was accomplished by transduction with AAV2/2-Pgk-HDAC3-mCherry. Increased susceptibility to optic nerve damage in HDAC3-mCherry expressing RGCs was evaluated in transduced mice that received acute optic nerve crush surgery. Expression of HDAC3-FLAG or HDAC3-mCherry was induced by nucleofection or transfection of plasmids into differentiated or undifferentiated 661W tissue culture cells. Immunostaining for cleaved caspase 3, localization of a GFP-BAX fusion protein, and quantitative RT-PCR was used to evaluate HDAC3-induced damage. Results Induced expression of exogenous HDAC3 in RGCs by viral-mediated gene transfer resulted in modest levels of cell death but significantly increased the sensitivity of these neurons to axonal damage. Undifferentiated 661W retinal precursor cells were resilient to induced HDAC3 expression, but after differentiation, HDAC3 induced GFP-BAX recruitment to the mitochondria and BAX/BAK dependent activation of caspase 3. This was accompanied by an increase in accumulation of transcripts for the JNK2/3 kinases and the p53-regulated BH3-only gene Bbc3/Puma. Cell cycle arrest of undifferentiated 661W cells did not increase their sensitivity to HDAC3 expression. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicate that HDAC3-induced toxicity to neurons is mediated by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Schmitt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L. Fehrman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, United States
| | - Margaret E. Maes
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Schlamp
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Heather R. Pelzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI, United States
| | - Robert W. Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Axonopathy precedes cell death in ocular damage mediated by blast exposure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11774. [PMID: 34083587 PMCID: PMC8175471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) of varied types are common across all populations and can cause visual problems. For military personnel in combat settings, injuries from blast exposures (bTBI) are prevalent and arise from a myriad of different situations. To model these diverse conditions, we are one of several groups modeling bTBI using mice in varying ways. Here, we report a refined analysis of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in male C57BL/6J mice exposed to a blast-wave in an enclosed chamber. Ganglion cell layer thickness, RGC density (BRN3A and RBPMS immunoreactivity), cellular density of ganglion cell layer (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and axon numbers (paraphenylenediamine staining) were quantified at timepoints ranging from 1 to 17-weeks. RNA sequencing was performed at 1-week and 5-weeks post-injury. Earliest indices of damage, evident by 1-week post-injury, are a loss of RGC marker expression, damage to RGC axons, and increase in glial markers expression. Blast exposure caused a loss of RGC somas and axons—with greatest loss occurring by 5-weeks post-injury. While indices of glial involvement are prominent early, they quickly subside as RGCs are lost. The finding that axonopathy precedes soma loss resembles pathology observed in mouse models of glaucoma, suggesting similar mechanisms.
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Abbasi M, Gupta VK, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Ranjbaran R, Rajput R, Pushpitha K, KB D, You Y, Salekdeh GH, Parton RG, Mirzaei M, Graham SL. Inner retinal injury in experimental glaucoma is prevented upon AAV mediated Shp2 silencing in a caveolin dependent manner. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6154-6172. [PMID: 33995651 PMCID: PMC8120201 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2; PTPN11) regulates several intracellular pathways downstream of multiple growth factor receptors. Our studies implicate that Shp2 interacts with Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and negatively regulates BDNF/TrkB signaling. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of shp2 silencing in the RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Methods: Shp2 was silenced in the Cav-1 deficient mice and the age matched wildtype littermates using adeno-associated viral (AAV) constructs. Shp2 expression modulation was performed in an acute and a chronic mouse model of experimental glaucoma. AAV2 expressing Shp2 eGFP-shRNA under a strong synthetic CAG promoter was administered intravitreally in the animals' eyes. The contralateral eye received AAV-eGFP-scramble-shRNA as control. Animals with Shp2 downregulation were subjected to either microbead injections or acute ocular hypertension experimental paradigm. Changes in inner retinal function were evaluated by measuring positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) while structural and biochemical alterations were evaluated through H&E staining, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of the retinal tissues. Results: A greater loss of pSTR amplitudes was observed in the WT mice compared to Cav-1-/- retinas in both the models. Silencing of Shp2 phosphatase imparted protection against inner retinal function loss in chronic glaucoma model in WT mice. The functional rescue also translated to structural preservation of ganglion cell layer in the chronic glaucoma condition in WT mice which was not evident in Cav-1-/- mice retinas. Conclusions: This study indicates that protective effects of Shp2 ablation under chronic experimental glaucoma conditions are dependent on Cav-1 in the retina, suggesting in vivo interactions between the two proteins.
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Neurodegeneration, Neuroprotection and Regeneration in the Zebrafish Retina. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030633. [PMID: 33809186 PMCID: PMC8000332 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, involve a gradual loss of neurons in the retina as the disease progresses. Central nervous system neurons are not able to regenerate in mammals, therefore, an often sought after course of treatment for neuronal loss follows a neuroprotective or regenerative strategy. Neuroprotection is the process of preserving the structure and function of the neurons that have survived a harmful insult; while regenerative approaches aim to replace or rewire the neurons and synaptic connections that were lost, or induce regrowth of damaged axons or dendrites. In order to test the neuroprotective effectiveness or the regenerative capacity of a particular agent, a robust experimental model of retinal neuronal damage is essential. Zebrafish are being used more often in this type of study because their eye structure and development is well-conserved between zebrafish and mammals. Zebrafish are robust genetic tools and are relatively inexpensive to maintain. The large array of functional and behavioral tests available in zebrafish makes them an attractive model for neuroprotection studies. Some common insults used to model retinal disease and study neuroprotection in zebrafish include intense light, chemical toxicity and mechanical damage. This review covers the existing retinal neuroprotection and regeneration literature in the zebrafish and highlights their potential for future studies.
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Masin L, Claes M, Bergmans S, Cools L, Andries L, Davis BM, Moons L, De Groef L. A novel retinal ganglion cell quantification tool based on deep learning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:702. [PMID: 33436866 PMCID: PMC7804414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a disease associated with the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and remains one of the primary causes of blindness worldwide. Major research efforts are presently directed towards the understanding of disease pathogenesis and the development of new therapies, with the help of rodent models as an important preclinical research tool. The ultimate goal is reaching neuroprotection of the RGCs, which requires a tool to reliably quantify RGC survival. Hence, we demonstrate a novel deep learning pipeline that enables fully automated RGC quantification in the entire murine retina. This software, called RGCode (Retinal Ganglion Cell quantification based On DEep learning), provides a user-friendly interface that requires the input of RBPMS-immunostained flatmounts and returns the total RGC count, retinal area and density, together with output images showing the computed counts and isodensity maps. The counting model was trained on RBPMS-stained healthy and glaucomatous retinas, obtained from mice subjected to microbead-induced ocular hypertension and optic nerve crush injury paradigms. RGCode demonstrates excellent performance in RGC quantification as compared to manual counts. Furthermore, we convincingly show that RGCode has potential for wider application, by retraining the model with a minimal set of training data to count FluoroGold-traced RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Masin
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Claes
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Cools
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Andries
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin M. Davis
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.496779.2Central Laser Facility, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Lieve Moons
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Astragalus membranaceus Injection Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells by Regulating the Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Experimental Rat Traumatic Optic Neuropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2020:2429843. [PMID: 33381196 PMCID: PMC7762646 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2429843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling pathway is a potential method of treatment for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss due to traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). The present study aimed to explore the biological effects of injecting Astragalus membranaceus (A. mem) on RGCs in an experimental TON model. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated (SL), model (ML), and A. mem injection (AL). The left eyes of the rats were considered the experimental eyes, and the right eyes served as the controls. AL rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of A. mem (3 mL/kg), whereas ML and SL rats were administered the same volume of normal saline. The TON rat model was induced by optic nerve (ON) transverse quantitative traction. After two-week administration, the number of RGCs was determined using retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold. The protein levels of NGF, tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), JNK phosphorylation (p-JNK), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) were assessed using western blotting. The levels of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and NF-κB DNA binding were examined using real-time PCR and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In addition, the concentrations of JNK and p-JNK were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The number of RGCs in ML was found to be significantly decreased (P < 0.01) relative to both AL and SL, together with the downregulation of NGF (P < 0.01), TrkA (P < 0.05), and NF-κB (P < 0.01); upregulation of p75NTR mRNA (P < 0.01); and increased protein levels of JNK (P < 0.05) and p-JNK (P < 0.05). Treatment using A. mem injection significantly preserved the density of RGCs in rats with experimental TON and markedly upregulated the proteins of NGF (P < 0.01), TrkA (P < 0.05), and NF-κB (P < 0.01) and downregulated the mRNA level of p75NTR(P < 0.01), as well as the proteins of JNK (P < 0.05) and p-JNK (P < 0.01). Thus, A. mem injection could reduce RGC death in TON induced by ON transverse quantitative traction by stimulating the NGF signaling pathway.
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Pereiro X, Ruzafa N, Urcola JH, Sharma SC, Vecino E. Differential Distribution of RBPMS in Pig, Rat, and Human Retina after Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239330. [PMID: 33297577 PMCID: PMC7729751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) is expressed exclusively in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina and can label all RGCs in normal retinas of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and monkeys, but its function in these cells is not known. As a result of the limited knowledge regarding RBPMS, we analyzed the expression of RBPMS in the retina of different mammalian species (humans, pigs, and rats), in various stages of development (neonatal and adult) and with different levels of injury (control, hypoxia, and organotypic culture or explants). In control conditions, RBPMS was localized in the RGCs somas in the ganglion cell layer, whereas in hypoxic conditions, it was localized in the RGCs dendrites in the inner plexiform layer. Such differential distributions of RBPMS occurred in all analyzed species, and in adult and neonatal retinas. Furthermore, we demonstrate RBPMS localization in the degenerating RGCs axons in the nerve fiber layer of retinal explants. This is the first evidence regarding the possible transport of RBPMS in response to physiological damage in a mammalian retina. Therefore, RBPMS should be further investigated in relation to its role in axonal and dendritic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Pereiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Noelia Ruzafa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
| | - J. Haritz Urcola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Araba University Hospital, 01009 Vitoria, Alava, Spain
| | - Sansar C. Sharma
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Elena Vecino
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Abbasi M, Gupta VK, Chitranshi N, Gupta VB, Mirzaei M, Dheer Y, Garthwaite L, Zaw T, Parton RG, You Y, Graham SL. Caveolin-1 Ablation Imparts Partial Protection Against Inner Retinal Injury in Experimental Glaucoma and Reduces Apoptotic Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3759-3784. [PMID: 32578008 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell degeneration is a characteristic feature of glaucoma, and accordingly, protection of these cells constitutes a major therapeutic objective in the disease. Here, we demonstrate the key influence of caveolin (Cav) in regulating the inner retinal homeostasis in two models of experimentally elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Two groups of Cav-1-/- and wild-type mice were used in the study. Animals were subjected to experimentally induced chronic and acutely elevated IOP and any changes in their retinal function were assessed by positive scotopic threshold response recordings. TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 assays were performed to evaluate apoptotic changes in the retina while Brn3a immunostaining was used as a marker to assess and quantify ganglion cell layer (GCL) changes. H&E staining was carried out on retinal sections to evaluate histological differences in retinal laminar structure. Cav-1 ablation partially protected the inner retinal function in both chronic and acute models of elevated IOP. The protective effects of Cav-1 loss were also evident histologically by reduced loss of GCL density in both models. The phenotypic protection in Cav-1-/- glaucoma mice paralleled with increased TrkB phosphorylation and reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and apoptotic activation in the inner retinas. This study corroborated previous findings of enhanced Shp2 phosphorylation in a chronic glaucoma model and established a novel role of Cav-1 in mediating activation of this phosphatase in the inner retina in vivo. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical involvement of Cav-1 regulatory mechanisms in ganglion cells in response to increased IOP, implicating Cav-1 as a potential therapeutic target in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Abbasi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yogita Dheer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Linda Garthwaite
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Thiri Zaw
- Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Calvo E, Milla-Navarro S, Ortuño-Lizarán I, Gómez-Vicente V, Cuenca N, De la Villa P, Germain F. Deleterious Effect of NMDA Plus Kainate on the Inner Retinal Cells and Ganglion Cell Projection of the Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051570. [PMID: 32106602 PMCID: PMC7084685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined administration of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) on the inner retina was studied as a model of excitotoxicity. The right eye of C57BL6J mice was injected with 1 µL of PBS containing NMDA 30 mM and KA 10 mM. Only PBS was injected in the left eye. One week after intraocular injection, electroretinogram recordings and immunohistochemistry were performed on both eyes. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections were studied by fluorescent-cholerotoxin anterograde labeling. A clear decrease of the retinal "b" wave amplitude, both in scotopic and photopic conditions, was observed in the eyes injected with NMDA/KA. No significant effect on the "a" wave amplitude was observed, indicating the preservation of photoreceptors. Immunocytochemical labeling showed no effects on the outer nuclear layer, but a significant thinning on the inner retinal layers, thus indicating that NMDA and KA induce a deleterious effect on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Anterograde tracing of the visual pathway after NMDA and KA injection showed the absence of RGC projections to the contralateral superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus. We conclude that glutamate receptor agonists, NMDA and KA, induce a deleterious effect of the inner retina when injected together into the vitreous chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Calvo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
| | | | - Isabel Ortuño-Lizarán
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Violeta Gómez-Vicente
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Germain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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37
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Tran NM, Shekhar K, Whitney IE, Jacobi A, Benhar I, Hong G, Yan W, Adiconis X, Arnold ME, Lee JM, Levin JZ, Lin D, Wang C, Lieber CM, Regev A, He Z, Sanes JR. Single-Cell Profiles of Retinal Ganglion Cells Differing in Resilience to Injury Reveal Neuroprotective Genes. Neuron 2019; 104:1039-1055.e12. [PMID: 31784286 PMCID: PMC6923571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal types in the central nervous system differ dramatically in their resilience to injury or other insults. Here we studied the selective resilience of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush (ONC), which severs their axons and leads to death of ∼80% of RGCs within 2 weeks. To identify expression programs associated with differential resilience, we first used single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to generate a comprehensive molecular atlas of 46 RGC types in adult retina. We then tracked their survival after ONC; characterized transcriptomic, physiological, and morphological changes that preceded degeneration; and identified genes selectively expressed by each type. Finally, using loss- and gain-of-function assays in vivo, we showed that manipulating some of these genes improved neuronal survival and axon regeneration following ONC. This study provides a systematic framework for parsing type-specific responses to injury and demonstrates that differential gene expression can be used to reveal molecular targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Tran
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Irene E Whitney
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne Jacobi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Inbal Benhar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Material Science and Engineering and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xian Adiconis
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - McKinzie E Arnold
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joshua Z Levin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dingchang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA and Department of Biology and Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Locri F, Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Rusciano D, Bagnoli P. Protective Efficacy of a Dietary Supplement Based on Forskolin, Homotaurine, Spearmint Extract, and Group B Vitamins in a Mouse Model of Optic Nerve Injury. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122931. [PMID: 31816880 PMCID: PMC6950150 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial blinding disease with a major inflammatory component ultimately leading to apoptotic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Pharmacological treatments lowering intraocular pressure can help slow or prevent vision loss although the damage caused by glaucoma cannot be reversed. Recently, nutritional approaches have been evaluated for their efficacy in preventing degenerative events in the retina although mechanisms underlying their effectiveness remain to be elucidated. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a diet supplement consisting of forskolin, homotaurine, spearmint extract, and vitamins of the B group in counteracting retinal dysfunction in a mouse model of optic nerve crush (ONC) used as an in vivo model of glaucoma. After demonstrating that ONC did not affect retinal vasculature by fluorescein angiography, we determined the effect of the diet supplement on the photopic negative response (PhNR) whose amplitude is strictly related to RGC integrity and is therefore drastically reduced in concomitance with RGC death. We found that the diet supplementation prevents the reduction of PhNR amplitude (p < 0.001) and concomitantly counteracts RGC death, as in supplemented mice, RGC number assessed immunohistochemically is significantly higher than that in non-supplemented animals (p < 0.01). Major determinants of the protective efficacy of the compound are due to a reduction of ONC-associated cytokine secretion leading to decreased levels of apoptotic markers that in supplemented mice are significantly lower than in non-supplemented animals (p < 0.001), ultimately causing RGC survival and ameliorated visual dysfunction. Overall, our data suggest that the above association of compounds plays a neuroprotective role in this mouse model of glaucoma thus offering a new perspective in inflammation-associated neurodegenerative diseases of the inner retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Locri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (P.B.); Tel.: +39-050-2211426 (M.D.M.)
| | - Dario Rusciano
- Sooft Italia SpA, Contrada Molino 17, 63833 Montegiorgio (FM), Italy;
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (P.B.); Tel.: +39-050-2211426 (M.D.M.)
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Neuronal Death in the Contralateral Un-Injured Retina after Unilateral Axotomy: Role of Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225733. [PMID: 31731684 PMCID: PMC6888632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For years it has been known that unilateral optic nerve lesions induce a bilateral response that causes an inflammatory and microglial response in the contralateral un-injured retinas. Whether this contralateral response involves retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is still unknown. We have analyzed the population of RGCs and the expression of several genes in both retinas of pigmented mice after a unilateral axotomy performed close to the optic nerve head (0.5 mm), or the furthest away that the optic nerve can be accessed intraorbitally in mice (2 mm). In both retinas, RGC-specific genes were down-regulated, whereas caspase 3 was up-regulated. In the contralateral retinas, there was a significant loss of 15% of RGCs that did not progress further and that occurred earlier when the axotomy was performed at 2 mm, that is, closer to the contralateral retina. Finally, the systemic treatment with minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic that selectively inhibits microglial cells, or with meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, rescued RGCs in the contralateral but not in the injured retina. In conclusion, a unilateral optic nerve axotomy triggers a bilateral response that kills RGCs in the un-injured retina, a death that is controlled by anti-inflammatory and anti-microglial treatments. Thus, contralateral retinas should not be used as controls.
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40
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Salinas-Navarro M, González-Riquelme MJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo Barriuso M. Systemic and Intravitreal Antagonism of the TNFR1 Signaling Pathway Delays Axotomy-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1096. [PMID: 31680831 PMCID: PMC6803525 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we have blocked the signaling pathway of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in a mouse model of traumatic neuropathy using a small cell permeable molecule (R7050) that inhibits TNFα/TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) complex internalization. Adult pigmented mice were subjected to intraorbital optic nerve crush (ONC). Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of R7050, and/or a single intravitreal administration the day of the surgery. Some animals received a combinatorial treatment with R7050 (systemic or local) and a single intravitreal injection of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). As controls, untreated animals were used. Retinas were analyzed for RGC survival 5 and 14 days after the lesion i.e., during the quick and slow phase of axotomy-induced RGC death. qPCR analyses were done to verify that Tnfr1 and TNFα were up-regulated after ONC. At 5 days post-lesion, R7050 intravitreal or systemic treatment neuroprotected RGCs as much as BDNF alone. At 14 days, RGC rescue by systemic or intravitreal administration of R7050 was similar. At this time point, intravitreal treatment with BDNF was significantly better than intravitreal R7050. Combinatory treatment was not better than BDNF alone, although at both time points, the mean number of surviving RGCs was higher. In conclusion, antagonism of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis rescues axotomized RGCs as it does the activation of survival pathways by BDNF. However, manipulation of both pathways at the same time, does not improve RGC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Josefa González-Riquelme
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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41
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Short-Time Ocular Ischemia Induces Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Ganglion Cell Loss in the Pig Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194685. [PMID: 31546635 PMCID: PMC6801515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment and blindness are often caused by retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We aimed to characterize a new model of I/R in pigs, in which the intraocular pathways were not manipulated by invasive methods on the ocular system. After 12 min of ischemia followed by 20 h of reperfusion, reactivity of retinal arterioles was measured in vitro by video microscopy. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, quantification of neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer, and histological examination was performed. Retinal arterioles of I/R-treated pigs displayed marked attenuation in response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, bradykinin, compared to sham-treated pigs. DHE staining intensity and messenger RNA levels for HIF-1α, VEGF-A, NOX2, and iNOS were elevated in retinal arterioles following I/R. Immunoreactivity to HIF-1α, VEGF-A, NOX2, and iNOS was enhanced in retinal arteriole endothelium after I/R. Moreover, I/R evoked a substantial decrease in Brn3a-positive retinal ganglion cells and noticeable retinal thickening. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that short-time ocular ischemia impairs endothelial function and integrity of retinal blood vessels and induces structural changes in the retina. HIF-1α, VEGF-A, iNOS, and NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species appear to be involved in the pathophysiology.
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Smith CA, Hooper ML, Chauhan BC. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Mice: Quantitative Analysis After Experimental Models of Retinal Damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1556-1565. [PMID: 30995294 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We implemented optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in mice to: (1) develop quantitative parameters from OCT-A images, (2) measure the reproducibility of the parameters, and (3) determine the impact of experimental models of inner and outer retinal damage on OCT-A findings. Methods OCT-A images were acquired with a customized system (Spectralis Multiline OCT2). To assess reproducibility, imaging was performed five times over 1 month. Inner retinal damage was induced with optic nerve transection, crush, or intravitreal N-methyl-d-aspartic acid injection in transgenic mice with fluorescently labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Light-induced retinal damage was induced in albino mice. Mice were imaged at baseline and serially post injury. Perfusion density, vessel length, and branch points were computed from OCT-A images of the superficial, intermediate, and deep vascular plexuses. Results The range of relative differences measured between sessions across the vascular plexuses were: perfusion density (2.8%-7.0%), vessel length (1.9%-4.1%), and branch points (1.9%-5.0%). In mice with progressive RGC loss, imaged serially and culminating in around 70% loss in the fluorescence signal and 18% loss in inner retinal thickness, there were no measurable changes in any OCT-A parameter up to 4 months post injury that exceeded measurement variability. However, light-induced retinal damage elicited a progressive loss of the deep vascular plexus signal, starting as early as 3 days post injury. Conclusions Vessel length and branch points were generally the most reproducible among the parameters. Injury causing RGC loss in mice did not elicit an early change in the OCT-A signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michele L Hooper
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Balwantray C Chauhan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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43
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Claes M, De Groef L, Moons L. Target-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Deprivation Puts Retinal Ganglion Cells on Death Row: Cold Hard Evidence and Caveats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4314. [PMID: 31484425 PMCID: PMC6747494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies are characterized by axonal transport deficits. Axonal cargo travels back and forth between the soma and the axon terminus, a mechanism ensuring homeostasis and the viability of a neuron. An example of vital molecules in the axonal cargo are neurotrophic factors (NTFs). Hindered retrograde transport can cause a scarcity of those factors in the retina, which in turn can tilt the fate of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) towards apoptosis. This postulation is one of the most widely recognized theories to explain RGC death in the disease progression of glaucoma and is known as the NTF deprivation theory. For several decades, research has been focused on the use of NTFs as a novel neuroprotective glaucoma treatment. Until now, results in animal models have been promising, but translation to the clinic has been highly disappointing. Are we lacking important knowledge to lever NTF therapies towards the therapeutic armamentarium? Or did we get the wrong end of the stick regarding the NTF deprivation theory? In this review, we will tackle the existing evidence and caveats advocating for and against the target-derived NTF deprivation theory in glaucoma, whilst digging into associated therapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Claes
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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44
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Morquette B, Juźwik CA, Drake SS, Charabati M, Zhang Y, Lécuyer MA, Galloway DA, Dumas A, de Faria Junior O, Paradis-Isler N, Bueno M, Rambaldi I, Zandee S, Moore C, Bar-Or A, Vallières L, Prat A, Fournier AE. MicroRNA-223 protects neurons from degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain 2019; 142:2979-2995. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of miRNAs has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis. Morquette et al. show that overexpression of miR-223-3p prevents accumulation of axonal damage in a rodent model of multiple sclerosis, in part through regulation of glutamate receptor signalling. Manipulation of miRNA levels may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Morquette
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Camille A Juźwik
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sienna S Drake
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- CHUM research centre - Université de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yang Zhang
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dylan A Galloway
- Division of BioMedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Aline Dumas
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Centre of Québec - Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Mardja Bueno
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabel Rambaldi
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- CHUM research centre - Université de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Craig Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luc Vallières
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Centre of Québec - Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM research centre - Université de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- McGill University - Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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45
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Agostinone J, Alarcon-Martinez L, Gamlin C, Yu WQ, Wong ROL, Di Polo A. Insulin signalling promotes dendrite and synapse regeneration and restores circuit function after axonal injury. Brain 2019; 141:1963-1980. [PMID: 29931057 PMCID: PMC6022605 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite pathology and synapse disassembly are critical features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In spite of this, the capacity of injured neurons to regenerate dendrites has been largely ignored. Here, we show that, upon axonal injury, retinal ganglion cells undergo rapid dendritic retraction and massive synapse loss that preceded neuronal death. Human recombinant insulin, administered as eye drops or systemically after dendritic arbour shrinkage and prior to cell loss, promoted robust regeneration of dendrites and successful reconnection with presynaptic targets. Insulin-mediated regeneration of excitatory postsynaptic sites on retinal ganglion cell dendritic processes increased neuronal survival and rescued light-triggered retinal responses. Further, we show that axotomy-induced dendrite retraction triggered substantial loss of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity exclusively in retinal ganglion cells, and that insulin fully reversed this response. Targeted loss-of-function experiments revealed that insulin-dependent activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is required for new dendritic branching to restore arbour complexity, while complex 2 (mTORC2) drives dendritic process extension thus re-establishing field area. Our findings demonstrate that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system have the intrinsic capacity to regenerate dendrites and synapses after injury, and provide a strong rationale for the use of insulin and/or its analogues as pro-regenerative therapeutics for intractable neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Agostinone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis Alarcon-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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46
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Pérez de Lara MJ, Avilés-Trigueros M, Guzmán-Aránguez A, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa P, Vidal-Sanz M, Pintor J. Potential role of P2X7 receptor in neurodegenerative processes in a murine model of glaucoma. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:61-74. [PMID: 31102752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness, characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The mechanisms that trigger the development of glaucoma remain unknown and have gained significant relevance in the study of this neurodegenerative disease. P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7R) could be involved in the regulation of the synaptic transmission and neuronal death in the retina through different pathways. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular signals underlying glaucomatous retinal injury. The time-course of functional, morphological, and molecular changes in the glaucomatous retina of the DBA/2J mice were investigated. The expression and localization of P2X7R was analysed in relation with retinal markers. Caspase-3, JNK, and p38 were evaluated in control and glaucomatous mice by immunohistochemical and western-blot analysis. Furthermore, electroretinogram recordings (ERG) were performed to assess inner retina dysfunction. Glaucomatous mice exhibited changes in P2X7R expression as long as the pathology progressed. There was P2X7R overexpression in RGCs, the primary injured neurons, which correlated with the loss of function through ERG measurements. All analyzed MAPK and caspase-3 proteins were upregulated in the DBA/2J retinas suggesting a pro-apoptotic cell death. The increase in P2X7Rs presence may contribute, together with other factors, to the changes in retinal functionality and the concomitant death of RGCs. These findings provide evidence of possible intracellular pathways responsible for apoptosis regulation during glaucomatous degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pérez de Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalón 118, E-28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and Murcia Institute of Bio-Health Research (IMIB), E-30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Guzmán-Aránguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalón 118, E-28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and Murcia Institute of Bio-Health Research (IMIB), E-30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Systems Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and Murcia Institute of Bio-Health Research (IMIB), E-30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalón 118, E-28037, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Ibrahim AS, Elmasry K, Wan M, Abdulmoneim S, Still A, Khan F, Khalil A, Saul A, Hoda MN, Al-Shabrawey M. A Controlled Impact of Optic Nerve as a New Model of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy in Mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5548-5557. [PMID: 30480743 PMCID: PMC6262644 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is the most feared visual consequence of head and ocular trauma in both military and civilian communities, for which standard treatment does not exist. Animal models are critical for the development of novel TON therapies as well as the understanding of TON pathophysiology. However, the models currently used for TON have some limitations regarding consistency and mirroring the exact pathological progression of TON in closed ocular trauma. In this study, we modified the model of controlled cortical impact and adapted it for studying TON. Methods We defined new standardized procedures to induce TON in mice, wherein the optic nerve is reproducibly exposed to a graded controlled impact of known velocity to produce a graded deficit in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) electrophysiological functions. Results The key results of validating this newly modified model, “controlled orbital impact (COI),” included (1) the injury parameters (velocity as well as contusion depth and time), which were quantifiable and manageable to generate a wide range of TON severities; (2) a reproducible endpoint of diminished positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) has been achieved without the interference of surgical variability and destruction of surrounding tissues; (3) the contralateral eyes showed no significant difference to the eyes of naïve mice, allowing them to be used as an internal control to minimize interindividual variability among mice; and (4) the occurrence of injury-associated mortality and/or ocular comorbidity was rare. Conclusions Taken together, this model overcomes some limitations of prior TON mouse models and provides an innovative platform to identify therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and/or neurorestoration following traumatic ocular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Ibrahim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khaled Elmasry
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear & Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ming Wan
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Samer Abdulmoneim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Amber Still
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Farid Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Abraham Khalil
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Alan Saul
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging, and Radiological Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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48
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Feliciano-Sanchez A, García-Gil R, Cubas-Nuñez L, Castillo-Villalba J, Fuentes-Maestre J, Fil M, Gil-Perotin S, García-Verdugo JM. Development and optimisation of an animal model for the study of ganglion cells in degenerative diseases of the retina and optic nerve. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 94:263-272. [PMID: 30902474 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, chronic and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with axonal demyelination, gliosis and neurodegeneration. It is considered a frequent cause of neurological disability in young adults. In this work, an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was optimised by injecting a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55). The ophthalmological effects were studied, as well as its use as an experimental model in other studies of retinal ganglion cell degeneration (RGC) and optic nerve (ON). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 16 mice of 10 weeks that were placed into 2 study groups: a control group of 10 animals and another group of 6 animals with EAE that were injected with MOG35-55. The animals of the EAE model were monitored using motor disability scales. The retinas and optic nerves were processed for morphological examination by optical microscopy and ultrastructure studies. RESULTS The animal models presented with motor symptoms of spinal cord injury, with the first symptoms appearing between the 7th and 19th day post-injection, with a maximum disability mean of 3.5 points. In the retina, the mean RGC in the EAE group was 0.0891μm, compared with 0.1678μm of the control group (p=.0003). The ON was strongly affected with reactive gliosis, increased axonal damage and decreased density axonal (control group 0.38038 axons/μm2 versus EAE group 0.16 axons/μm2, p=.00032). CONCLUSIONS In this work an animal model of EAE has been characterised and detailed for the study of demyelinating alterations in the retina and the ON. Its characteristics make it an excellent tool for the study of neurodegenerative ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feliciano-Sanchez
- Unidad de Retina Médica y Quirúrgica, Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España.
| | - R García-Gil
- Unidad de Retina Médica y Quirúrgica, Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - L Cubas-Nuñez
- Neuroinmunologia y Regeneración Neuronal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLaFe), Valencia, España
| | - J Castillo-Villalba
- Neuroinmunologia y Regeneración Neuronal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLaFe), Valencia, España
| | - J Fuentes-Maestre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - M Fil
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - S Gil-Perotin
- Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - J M García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España; Departamento de Neurobiología comparada, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
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49
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Geeraerts E, Claes M, Dekeyster E, Salinas-Navarro M, De Groef L, Van den Haute C, Scheyltjens I, Baekelandt V, Arckens L, Moons L. Optogenetic Stimulation of the Superior Colliculus Confers Retinal Neuroprotection in a Mouse Glaucoma Model. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2313-2325. [PMID: 30655352 PMCID: PMC6433760 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0872-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye, which ultimately results in visual impairment or even blindness. Because current therapies often fail to halt disease progression, there is an unmet need for novel neuroprotective therapies to support RGC survival. Various research lines suggest that visual target centers in the brain support RGC functioning and survival. Here, we explored whether increasing neuronal activity in one of these projection areas could improve survival of RGCs in a mouse glaucoma model. Prolonged activation of an important murine RGC target area, the superior colliculus (SC), was established via a novel optogenetic stimulation paradigm. By leveraging the unique channel kinetics of the stabilized step function opsin (SSFO), protracted stimulation of the SC was achieved with only a brief light pulse. SSFO-mediated collicular stimulation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for the immediate-early gene c-Fos and behavioral tracking, which both demonstrated consistent neuronal activity upon repeated stimulation. Finally, the neuroprotective potential of optogenetic collicular stimulation was investigated in mice of either sex subjected to a glaucoma model and a 63% reduction in RGC loss was found. This work describes a new paradigm for optogenetic collicular stimulation and a first demonstration that increasing target neuron activity can increase survival of the projecting neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite glaucoma being a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide, no curative therapies exist. This study describes a novel paradigm to reduce retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration underlying glaucoma. Building on previous observations that RGC survival is supported by the target neurons to which they project and using an innovative optogenetic approach, we increased neuronal activity in the mouse superior colliculus, a main projection target of rodent RGCs. This proved to be efficient in reducing RGC loss in a glaucoma model. Our findings establish a new optogenetic paradigm for target stimulation and encourage further exploration of the molecular signaling pathways mediating retrograde neuroprotective communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Geeraerts
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Claes
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline Dekeyster
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Viral Vector Core Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium, and
| | - Isabelle Scheyltjens
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Department of Biology; KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Department of Biology; KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, García-Bernal D, Norte-Muñoz M, Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Salinas-Navarro M, Millán-Rivero JE, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for damaged retinal ganglion cells, is gold all that glitters? Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1851-1857. [PMID: 31290434 PMCID: PMC6676874 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells are an excellent source of stem cells because they are isolated from adult tissues or perinatal derivatives, avoiding the ethical concerns that encumber embryonic stem cells. In preclinical models, it has been shown that mesenchymal stromal cells have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties, both of which are ideal for central nervous system treatment and repair. Here we will review the current literature on mesenchymal stromal cells, focusing on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and mesenchymal stromal cells from the umbilical cord stroma, i.e., Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, we will discuss the use of these cells to alleviate retinal ganglion cell degeneration following axonal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Talmología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Talmología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Unidad de Terapia Celular y Trasplante Hematopoyético, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Medicina Interna, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Talmología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kristy T Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Talmología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Talmología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose E Millán-Rivero
- Unidad de Terapia Celular y Trasplante Hematopoyético, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Medicina Interna, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Talmología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Department of Talmología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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