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Lee SJ, Noh SE, Jo DH, Cho CS, Park KS, Kim JH. IL-10-induced modulation of macrophage polarization suppresses outer-blood-retinal barrier disruption in the streptozotocin-induced early diabetic retinopathy mouse model. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23638. [PMID: 38713098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400053r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with ocular inflammation leading to retinal barrier breakdown, vascular leakage, macular edema, and vision loss. DR is not only a microvascular disease but also involves retinal neurodegeneration, demonstrating that pathological changes associated with neuroinflammation precede microvascular injury in early DR. Macrophage activation plays a central role in neuroinflammation. During DR, the inflammatory response depends on the polarization of retinal macrophages, triggering pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) activity. This study aimed to determine the role of macrophages in vascular leakage through the tight junction complexes of retinal pigment epithelium, which is the outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Furthermore, we aimed to assess whether interleukin-10 (IL-10), a representative M2-inducer, can decrease inflammatory macrophages and alleviate outer-BRB disruption. We found that modulation of macrophage polarization affects the structural and functional integrity of ARPE-19 cells in a co-culture system under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that intravitreal IL-10 injection induces an increase in the ratio of anti-inflammatory macrophages and effectively suppresses outer-BRB disruption and vascular leakage in a mouse model of early-stage streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Our results suggest that modulation of macrophage polarization by IL-10 administration during early-stage DR has a promising protective effect against outer-BRB disruption and vascular leakage. This finding provides valuable insights for early intervention in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jae Lee
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Noh
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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He B, Hu Y, Cao Q, Li Y, Tang Y, Cao T, Zhou X, Liu S. Progression of unfolded protein response and ferroptosis in angiogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116354. [PMID: 38442673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels on preexisting ones. It is the outcome of a multifactorial effect involving several cells, which can be brought on by different stress reactions.The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum occurs when cells are stressed due to environmental changes, where physical or chemical stimuli induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby activating the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostasis response designed to re-establish protein balance. Ferroptosis is a planned death of lipid peroxidation and anomalies in metabolism that is dependent on iron. Large concentrations of iron ions accumulate there, along with high concentrations of lipid peroxides and reactive oxygen species, all of which can contribute to the development of several diseases. Through the production of growth factors, adhesion factors, and inflammatory factors that trigger the start of angiogenesis, both UPR and Ferroptosis can be implicated in angiogenesis.To set the stage for further research on angiogenesis, this work concentrated on the effects of Ferroptosis and UPR on angiogenesis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisha He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yibao Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiangping Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Lim RR, Mahaling B, Tan A, Mehta M, Kaur C, Hunziker W, Kim JE, Barathi VA, Ghosh A, Chaurasia SS. ITF2357 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway to protect barrier integrity in retinal pigment epithelial cells. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23512. [PMID: 38430220 PMCID: PMC11019659 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301592r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The robust integrity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which contributes to the outer brain retina barrier (oBRB), is compromised in several retinal degenerative and vascular disorders, including diabetic macular edema (DME). This study evaluates the role of a new generation of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), ITF2357, in regulating outer blood-retinal barrier function and investigates the underlying mechanism of action in inhibiting TNFα-induced damage to RPE integrity. Using the immortalized RPE cell line (ARPE-19), ITF2357 was found to be non-toxic between 50 nM and 5 μM concentrations. When applied as a pre-treatment in conjunction with an inflammatory cytokine, TNFα, the HDACi was safe and effective in preventing epithelial permeability by fortifying tight junction (ZO-1, -2, -3, occludin, claudin-1, -2, -3, -5, -19) and adherens junction (E-cadherin, Nectin-1) protein expression post-TNFα stress. Mechanistically, ITF2357 depicted a late action at 24 h via attenuating IKK, IκBα, and p65 phosphorylation and ameliorated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1. Also, ITF2357 delayed IκBα synthesis and turnover. The use of Bay 11-7082 and MG132 further uncovered a possible role for ITF2357 in non-canonical NF-κB activation. Overall, this study revealed the protection effects of ITF2357 by regulating the turnover of tight and adherens junction proteins and modulating NF-κB signaling pathway in the presence of an inflammatory stressor, making it a potential therapeutic application for retinal vascular diseases such as DME with compromised outer blood-retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayne R. Lim
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Binapani Mahaling
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alison Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Milan Mehta
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR Agency, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judy E. Kim
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | | | - Shyam S. Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Zhou D, Petersen A, Adelöf J, Hernebring M, Zetterberg M. A Novel Primary Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Model with Preserved Properties. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:97-107. [PMID: 37725007 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2259636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish an ethical, reliable, and expandable retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell model with maintained RPE properties compatible with multifarious assays. METHODS RPE cells from abattoir-obtained porcine eyes were cultured under various conditions. Morphology, RPE cell-specific protein markers (RPE-65, CRALBP), and the tight junction marker ZO-1 were analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and western blot, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was determined to assess barrier function. RESULTS The porcine RPE cells (pRPE) were best established using TrypLE Express, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented high-glucose media, and subculturing at semi-confluency. The pRPE cells maintained epithelioid morphology with ZO-1 positive tight junctions at the cell-to-cell borders, the ability to establish proper barrier function (TEERmax: 346/375 Ω⋅cm2 at passage I/passage VI), and expressed CRALBP and RPE-65 for several passages. The RPE characteristics decreased and disappeared with transdifferentiation. CONCLUSIONS This work describes, for the first time, a pRPE cell model that exhibits preserved RPE properties for several passages on cell culture plastic plates. Though RPE characteristics were maintained for at least 6 passages, the reduced CRALBP and RPE-65 with passaging emphasize that lower passage cells are advantageous to utilize, and that morphology, barrier function, and ZO-1 localization cannot be solely employed as a quality measure of RPE identity. Pigs are phylogenetically similar to humans, including similar physiology, anatomy and immune system. Therefore, porcine RPE cells constitute a relevant model system for studying human eye diseases, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinna Zhou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anne Petersen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Adelöf
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Hernebring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Zetterberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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5
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Twarog M, Schustak J, Xu Y, Coble M, Dolan K, Esterberg R, Huang Q, Saint-Geniez M, Bao Y. TNFα induced by DNA-sensing in macrophage compromises retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) barrier function. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14451. [PMID: 37660150 PMCID: PMC10475136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, the precise pathogenic stressors and sensors, and their impact on disease progression remain unclear. Several studies have demonstrated that type I interferon (IFN) response is activated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of AMD patients. Previously, we demonstrated that human RPE cells can initiate RNA-mediated type I IFN responses through RIG-I, yet are unable to directly sense and respond to DNA. In this study, we utilized a co-culture system combining primary human macrophage and iPS-derived RPE to study how each cell type responds to nucleic acids challenges and their effect on RPE barrier function in a homotypic and heterotypic manner. We find that DNA-induced macrophage activation induces an IFN response in the RPE, and compromises RPE barrier function via tight-junction remodeling. Investigation of the secreted cytokines responsible for RPE dysfunction following DNA-induced macrophages activation indicates that neutralization of macrophage-secreted TNFα, but not IFNβ, is sufficient to rescue RPE morphology and barrier function. Our data reveals a novel mechanism of intercellular communication by which DNA induces RPE dysfunction via macrophage-secreted TNFa, highlighting the complexity and potential pathological relevance of RPE and macrophage interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Twarog
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Schustak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - YongYao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Coble
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katie Dolan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Esterberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Carpineto P, Licata AM, Ciancaglini M. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Reappraisal. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5287. [PMID: 37629329 PMCID: PMC10455099 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains the main cause of failure after retinal detachment (RD) surgery. Despite the development of modern technologies and sophisticated techniques for the management of RD, the growth of fibrocellular membranes within the vitreous cavity and on both sides of the retinal surface, as well as intraretinal fibrosis, can compromise surgical outcomes. Since 1983, when the term PVR was coined by the Retina Society, a lot of knowledge has been obtained about the physiopathology and risk factors of PVR, but, despite the proposal of a lot of therapeutic challenges, surgical skills seem to be the only effective way to manage PVR complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Carpineto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Arturo Maria Licata
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marco Ciancaglini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
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7
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Chen L, Cao Y, Shen Y, Li H, Ye R, Yao J. Downregulation of PIK3IP1 in retinal microglia promotes retinal pathological neovascularization via PI3K-AKT pathway activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12754. [PMID: 37550343 PMCID: PMC10406944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pathological neovascularization involves endothelial cells, pericytes, photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells, and glial cells, whose roles remain unclear. Using the Scissor algorithm, we found that microglia are associated with formation of fibrovascular membranes and can promote pathological neovascularization. GO and KEGG results showed that PI3K-AKT pathway activation in retinal microglia was associated with pathological neovascularization, and PIK3IP1 was associated with retinal microglia activation. Then we used PCR, Western blot and Elisa techniques to confirm that the expression of VEGFA, FGF2, HGFα and MMP9 was increased in microglia after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. We also used cell flow cytometry and OIR models to verify the role of PI3K-AKT pathway and PIK3IP1 in microglia. Targeting of PIK3IP1 regulated the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in microglia, microglia function activation, and pro-angiogenic effects. These findings reveal the role of M1-type microglia in pathological neovascularization and suggests that targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway in microglia may be a new strategy for treating retinal pathological neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushu Chen
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 138 Han Zhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 138 Han Zhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yaming Shen
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 138 Han Zhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Huan Li
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 138 Han Zhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Rong Ye
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 138 Han Zhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jin Yao
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 138 Han Zhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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8
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Dörschmann P, Seeba C, Thalenhorst T, Roider J, Klettner A. Anti-inflammatory properties of antiangiogenic fucoidan in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15202. [PMID: 37123974 PMCID: PMC10130777 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease in which angiogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation are important contributing factors. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus (FV) in primary porcine RPE cells. Inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), Pam2CSK4 (Pam), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Cell viability was tested with thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, barrier function by measuring transepithelial electric resistance (TEER), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in ELISA, retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein (RPE65) and protectin (CD59) expression in Western blot, gene expression with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (IL6, IL8, MERTK, PIK3CA), and phagocytotic activity in a microscopic assay. FV fucoidan did not influence RPE cell viability. FV fucoidan reduced the Poly I:C proinflammatory cytokine secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. In addition, it decreased the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in RT-PCR. LPS and TNF-α reduced the expression of CD59 in Western blot, this reduction was lost under FV fucoidan treatment. Also, LPS and TNF-α reduced the expression of visual cycle protein RPE65, this reduction was again lost under FV fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, the significant reduction of barrier function after Poly I:C stimulation is ameliorated by FV fucoidan. Concerning phagocytosis, however, the inflammation-induced reduction was not improved by FV fucoidan. FV and proinflammatory milieu did not relevantly influence phagocytosis relevant gene expression either. In conclusion, we show that fucoidan from FV can reduce proinflammatory stimulation in RPE induced by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) activation and is of high interest as a potential compound for early AMD treatment.
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9
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Lehmann GL, Ginsberg M, Nolan DJ, Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J, Zeng S, Voigt AP, Mullins RF, Rafii S, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Benedicto I. Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Secreted VEGF-A Induces Alpha-2-Macroglobulin Expression in Endothelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:2975. [PMID: 36230937 PMCID: PMC9564307 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) is a protease inhibitor that regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) stability and turnover. Here, we show that A2M is expressed by endothelial cells (ECs) from human eye choroid. We demonstrate that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-conditioned medium induces A2M expression specifically in ECs. Experiments using chemical inhibitors, blocking antibodies, and recombinant proteins revealed a key role of VEGF-A in RPE-mediated A2M induction in ECs. Furthermore, incubation of ECs with RPE-conditioned medium reduces matrix metalloproteinase-2 gelatinase activity of culture supernatants, which is partially restored after A2M knockdown in ECs. We propose that dysfunctional RPE or choroidal blood vessels, as observed in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, may disrupt the crosstalk mechanism we describe here leading to alterations in the homeostasis of choroidal ECM, Bruch's membrane and visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Lehmann
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shemin Zeng
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Andrew P. Voigt
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Wang C, Qu K, Wang J, Qin R, Li B, Qiu J, Wang G. Biomechanical regulation of planar cell polarity in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166495. [PMID: 35850177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the uneven distribution of certain cytoplasmic components in a cell with a spatial order. The planar cell polarity (PCP), the cell aligns perpendicular to the polar plane, in endothelial cells (ECs) has become a research hot spot. The planar polarity of ECs has a positive significance on the regulation of cardiovascular dysfunction, pathological angiogenesis, and ischemic stroke. The endothelial polarity is stimulated and regulated by biomechanical force. Mechanical stimuli promote endothelial polarization and make ECs produce PCP to maintain the normal physiological and biochemical functions. Here, we overview recent advances in understanding the interplay and mechanism between PCP and ECs function involved in mechanical forces, with a focus on PCP signaling pathways and organelles in regulating the polarity of ECs. And then showed the related diseases caused by ECs polarity dysfunction. This study provides new ideas and therapeutic targets for the treatment of endothelial PCP-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Molins B, Mesquida M, Adan A. Bioengineering approaches for modelling retinal pathologies of the outer blood-retinal barrier. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022:101097. [PMID: 35840488 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the junctional complex of the outer blood-retinal barrier (oBRB), which is integrated by the close interaction of the retinal pigment epithelium, the Bruch's membrane, and the choriocapillaris, contribute to the loss of neuronal signalling and subsequent vision impairment in several retinal inflammatory disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Reductionist approaches into the mechanisms that underlie such diseases have been hindered by the absence of adequate in vitro models using human cells to provide the 3D dynamic architecture that enables expression of the in vivo phenotype of the oBRB. Conventional in vitro cell models are based on 2D monolayer cellular cultures, unable to properly recapitulate the complexity of living systems. The main drawbacks of conventional oBRB models also emerge from the cell sourcing, the lack of an appropriate Bruch's membrane analogue, and the lack of choroidal microvasculature with flow. In the last years, the advent of organ-on-a-chip, bioengineering, and stem cell technologies is providing more advanced 3D models with flow, multicellularity, and external control over microenvironmental properties. By incorporating additional biological complexity, organ-on-a-chip devices can mirror physiologically relevant properties of the native tissue while offering additional set ups to model and study disease. In this review we first examine the current understanding of oBRB biology as a functional unit, highlighting the coordinated contribution of the different components to barrier function in health and disease. Then we describe recent advances in the use of pluripotent stem cells-derived retinal cells, Bruch's membrane analogues, and co-culture techniques to recapitulate the oBRB. We finally discuss current advances and challenges of oBRB-on-a-chip technologies for disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Molins
- Group of Ocular Inflammation: Clinical and Experimental Studies, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Mesquida
- Group of Ocular Inflammation: Clinical and Experimental Studies, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo Adan
- Group of Ocular Inflammation: Clinical and Experimental Studies, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Clínic de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, C/ Sabino de Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Chen Y, Zhu X, Ye F, Wang H, Wan X, Zhang T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Bai X, Xiao Y, Sun X. Malondialdehyde-Modified Photoreceptor Outer Segments Promote Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:12. [PMID: 35015060 PMCID: PMC8762676 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to establish a novel choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model through subretinally injecting malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified photoreceptor outer segments (POS), which was more consistent with the pathogenesis of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods MDA-modified POS were subretinally injected in C57BL/6J mice. Four weeks later, to assess the volume of CNV and the morphology of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), isolectin B4 and zonula occludens-1 antibody were used for immunostaining. Fundus fluorescent angiography and optical coherence tomography imaging were used to describe the morphologic features of CNV. Transepithelial resistance was measured on polarized ARPE-19 cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the cell culture medium were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein and messenger RNA expression levels of autophagy markers were measured using Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results CNV and RPE atrophy were successfully induced in the mouse model. MDA-modified POS also significantly increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and disrupted cell junctions in RPE cells. In addition, MDA-modified POS induced autophagy–lysosomal impairment in RPE cells. Conclusions Subretinal injection of MDA-modified POS may generate a feasible CNV model that simulates the AMD pathological process. Translational Relevance This study expands the understanding of the role of MDA in AMD pathogenesis, which provides a potential therapeutic target of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuxiang Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushu Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Mukai A, Otsuki Y, Ito E, Fujita T, Ueno M, Maeda T, Kinoshita S, Sotozono C, Hamuro J. Mitochondrial miRNA494-3p in extracellular vesicles participates in cellular interplay of iPS-Derived human retinal pigment epithelium with macrophages. Exp Eye Res 2021; 208:108621. [PMID: 34000275 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To explore new molecular targets for therapy in human model systems by discerning the role of extracellular vesicle (EV) microRNAs (miRs) secreted by human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells and their cellular interplay with macrophages (Mps). Human Mps differentiated from THP-1 cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate were co-cultured with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived differentiated hRPE (iPS-hRPE) cells in Transwell® system separated by 0.40 μm or 0.03 μm filters. EV-associated CD63+ proteins (CD63+ EV) were detected by western blotting, and secreted EVs were analyzed by Nanosight tracking. The miR profiles of the secreted EVs were determined using 3D-gene human microRNA chips (Toray Industries, Inc.). Levels of CD63+ EV were increased in co-cultures concomitantly with the increased production of EV particles (50-150 nm). The increased production of EVs was associated with higher production of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8 from hRPE cells, and VEGF and repressed production of TNF-α from Mps and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) from RPE cells. Ultracentrifugation of semi-purified EVs increased the secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and EV particles from hRPE cells, but this effect was eliminated in transwells equipped with 0.03 μm filters, whereas no repression of PEDF and TNF-α secretion occurred. 3D-gene miR analysis revealed a selective increase in secretion of miR494-3p in EVs from iPS-hRPE cells during the interplay with Mps. The miRs in EVs secreted by hRPE cells may have a critical role in the vicious inflammatory cycle, whereas repression of TNF-α and PEDF require cell-to-cell contact that is independent of EVs or exosomes. MiR494-3p may be a candidate molecular target of diagnosis and therapy for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Yohei Otsuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Eiko Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Tadao Maeda
- Kobe Eye Center Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-minami-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Junji Hamuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
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Yang J, Yang K, Meng X, Liu P, Fu Y, Wang Y. Silenced SNHG1 Inhibited Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Inflammatory Response of ARPE-19 Cells Induced by High Glucose. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1563-1573. [PMID: 33907437 PMCID: PMC8068511 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s299010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) is a cerebral infarction-associated gene, its biological role and mechanism in diabetic retinopathy remain to be illuminated. The present study was designed to investigate the role of SNHG1 in high glucose induced human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). METHODS ARPE-19 cells were cultured and exposed to 60 mM high glucose for 48h, and 5.5mM glucose-exposed ARPE-19 cells were used as the control. The levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers E-cadherin, ZO-1, vimentin and α-SMA were measured, and the Cell inflammatory response was evaluated by detecting IL-6 and IL-1β levels. Then, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis were detected. The expression of the lncRNA SNHG1 in ARPE-19 cells was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. SNHG1 was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. The effects of SNHG1 inhibition on inflammation, EMT, migration, proliferation and apoptosis were observed. RESULTS The results showed that the expression of SNHG1 was significantly increased in ARPE-19 cells exposed to high glucose. Silencing SNHG1 reduced the expression of vimentin, α-SMA, and the expression of inflammatory chemokines IL-6 and IL-1β, inhibited migration and proliferation, elevated the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, and promoted apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION The lncRNA SNHG1 is involved in hyperglycemia-induced EMT and the inflammatory response of ARPE-19 cells and provides a new understanding of the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Yang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuxia Meng
- Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Penghui Liu
- Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yudong Fu
- Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Epithelial barrier function properties of the 16HBE14o- human bronchial epithelial cell culture model. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226530. [PMID: 32985670 PMCID: PMC7569203 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human bronchial epithelial cell line, 16HBE14o- (16HBE), is widely used as a model for respiratory epithelial diseases and barrier function. During differentiation, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) increased to approximately 800 Ohms × cm2, while 14C-d-mannitol flux rates (Jm) simultaneously decreased. Tight junctions (TJs) were shown by diffusion potential studies to be anion-selective with PC1/PNa = 1.9. Transepithelial leakiness could be induced by the phorbol ester, protein kinase C (PKC) activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Basal barrier function could not be improved by the micronutrients, zinc, or quercetin. Of methodological significance, TER was observed to be more variable and to spontaneously, significantly decrease after initial barrier formation, whereas Jm did not significantly fluctuate or increase. Unlike the strong inverse relationship between TER and Jm during differentiation, differentiated cell layers manifested no relationship between TER and Jm. There was also much greater variability for TER values compared with Jm. Investigating the dependence of 16HBE TER on transcellular ion conductance, inhibition of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) chloride channel with GlyH-101 produced a large decrease in short-circuit current (Isc) and a slight increase in TER, but no significant change in Jm. A strong temperature dependence was observed not only for Isc, but also for TER. In summary, research utilizing 16HBE as a model in airway barrier function studies needs to be aware of the complexity of TER as a parameter of barrier function given the influence of CFTR-dependent transcellular conductance on TER.
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16
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Otsuki Y, Ito E, Mukai A, Ueno M, Yamawaki T, Sotozono C, Kinoshita S, Hamuro J. CD63 + extracellular vesicles from retinal pigment epithelial cells participate in crosstalk with macrophages in the innate inflammatory axis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108496. [PMID: 33610602 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to clarify the participation of extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted by murine primary retinal pigment epithelial (mpRPE) cells in the cell to cell communication with macrophages (Mps), firstly described by the authors in 2016. In ocular inflammation, Mps act as sources of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an activator of RPE cells. TNF-α stimulates the production of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) by RPE cells, thereby causing greater recruitment of Mps to the sub-RPE space. Murine RAW 264.7 Mps cells were co-cultured with C57BL/6 mouse mpRPE cells, either together or separated in transwells, vertically or horizontally connectable, with 0.40 or 0.03 μm membrane filters. The association of EV with mpRPE or RAW 264.7 was quantified by fluorescence cell sorting (FACS) using Qdot655 streptavidin-conjugated biotinylated EV. Increased levels of CD63+ EV were detected in co-cultures by western blotting or FACS analysis, in accordance with the increased production of nanoparticles (50-150 nm) detected by Nanosight tracking analysis. The gene expressions of cytokines, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF in mpRPE cells and the corresponding proteins were increased in co-cultures even in transwells, vertically connected with 0.40 μm membrane filters, while the repressed TNF-α protein production was not affected. Most of the CD63+ EVs produced by mpRPE cells in co-cultures were associated with Raw264.7, but not with mpRPE cells. Semi-purified CD63+ EV secreted from mpRPE cells, increased the secretion of MCP-1, IL-6, and VEGF in co-cultures with RAW 264.7. Culture chamber separation horizontally connected with 0.03 μm membrane filters reduced this increased secretion. Collectively, mpRPE derived CD63+ EV partly participate in the sub-retinal innate inflammation. To evaluate the functional damage of RPE cells upon chronic exposure to here defined EVs will be the critical issue to uncover their roles in chronic retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Otsuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Eiko Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamawaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Hamuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan.
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Hatanaka H, Mukai A, Ito E, Ueno M, Sotozono C, Kinoshita S, Hamuro J. Epigenetic regulation of the epithelial mesenchymal transition induced by synergistic action of TNF-α and TGF-β in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 544:31-37. [PMID: 33516879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the influence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α on fibrotic phenotypes induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPECs) by epigenetic regulation. Human primary retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPECs including ARPE19) were used in cultures in the presence or absence of TNF-α and/or TGF-β2. RT2 Profiler™ (Qiagen) was used for PCR Array for fibrosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Microarray analysis by 3D gene DNA chip was outsourced to Toray Industries Inc. Quantification of histone acetyl transferase (HAT)-related and histone deacetylase (HDAC) related gene expression were also analyzed. HDAC and HAT activity was measured using an EpiQuik HDAC and HAT Activity/Inhibition Assay Kit (Epigentek). CD44, MMP-9, HAT, and HDAC in RPECs were analyzed by western blotting. Analysis of expression of the EMT/fibrosis related CD44 and MMP-9 phenotypes induced by TNF-α+TGF-β2 revealed four alterations in RPECs: 1) abolition of TGF-β2-induced α-SMA by TNF-α; 2) synergy between TNF-α+TGF-β2 for induction of CD44 and MMP-9 phenotypes 3) no inhibition of HDAC activity by either TNF-α or TGF-β2; and 4) significant inhibition of HAT activity by either TNF-α or TGF-β2, but no synergy. The HDAC activation through HAT inhibition by TNF-α+TGF-β was counteracted by HDAC inhibitors, leading to the inhibition of EMT/fibrosis. EMT/fibrotic CD44 and MMP-9 phenotypes were epigenetically upregulated by concerted action of TNF-α and TGF-β in RPECs. The intervention in epigenetic regulation may hold potential in preventing intraocular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hatanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Eiko Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Junji Hamuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan.
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Zhao Y, Xiong Z, Chen Y, Wang G, Zhao Y. Activation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2 Ameliorates Retinal Cell Damage and Exerts Protection in in vitro Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:266-275. [PMID: 33951651 DOI: 10.1159/000515662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major event in the development of diabetes-related blindness and vision impairment is the onset of retinal cell damage. Overall awareness of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) mechanisms emphasizes its protective behavior in retinal cells that help to provide new information about the development of treatment for retinal complications. OBJECTIVES This study analyzes the effect of in vitro changes associated with the cell survival and rescue mechanism in IGF2 inhibition and activation using chromeceptin and IGF2 peptides in ARPE-19 cells cultured in high glucose conditions. METHOD Cell death was induced using high glucose (15 mmol/L), IGF2 inhibition was done using chromeceptin (1 µM) (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), and IGF2 activation was done using IGF2 peptide (10 ng/mL). The cells were analyzed for changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis markers, antioxidant molecules, and alteration of cytokines. RESULTS The study demonstrated that cells lacking IGF2 exhibited a significant increase in reactive oxygen levels with apoptosis patterns. Also, gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR demonstrated a significant increase in Yes-associated protein 1, CDK2, TNF-α, and BIRC5 genes in cells under high glucose stress and IGF inhibition compared to control. Further, the cytokine analysis also revealed that cells devoid of IGF2 activated an increase in cytokines such as IL-8, CX43, ICAM-1, IL-17, CCL3, and MCP-1 and decreased paraoxonase compared to normal control cells. On the other hand, ARPE-19 cells grown in high glucose shows that IGF2 increases the survival genes with reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION The finding of the investigation, therefore, shows that the use of IGF2 activators may prevent the progression of ocular dysfunction in the control of diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Gaoqing County, Zibo City, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Etanercept as a TNF-alpha inhibitor depresses experimental retinal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:661-671. [PMID: 33043386 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The formation of retinal neovascularization (RNV) is the primary pathological process underlying retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Previous studies have shown that inflammatory factors are related to the formation of RNV. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as an important factor in the inflammatory response, is involved in the regulation of RNV formation. However, the mechanism through which TNF-α inhibition reduces RNV formation is not fully clarified. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of etanercept, an inhibitor of TNF-α, on RNV, and its possible mechanism. METHODS In vivo, an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model was used to determine the effect of etanercept on the formation of RNV by performing immunostaining. The effect of etanercept on tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), pro-angiogenic-related factors, and pro/anti-inflammatory factors in OIR mice was assessed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. In vitro, the effect of etanercept on TNF-α-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cell tube formation was evaluated by tube formation assays, and the potential mechanism of etanercept was explored by Western blotting. RESULTS In vivo, etanercept reduced the area of RNV and decreased the expression of TRAF2 in the OIR mouse model. Etanercept also suppressed the expression of several pro-angiogenic factors and regulated the pro/anti-inflammatory factors. In vitro, etanercept reduced endothelial cell tube formation by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Etanercept can regulate pro/anti-inflammatory factors and reduce the expression of pro-angiogenic factors by inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation, thereby reducing RNV formation.
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Klettner A, Brinkmann A, Winkelmann K, Käckenmeister T, Hildebrandt J, Roider J. Effect of long-term inflammation on viability and function of RPE cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108214. [PMID: 32898511 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Degenerative ocular disorders like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are associated with long-term pro-inflammatory signals on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of long term treatment of RPE cells with agonists of toll-like receptor (TLR) -3 (Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, Poly I:C), TLR-4 (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. METHODS All tests were conducted with primary porcine RPE. Cells were stimulated with Poly I:C (1, 10, 100 μg/ml), LPS (0.1, 1, 10 μg/ml) or TNFα (12.5, 25 or 50 ng/ml) for 1 day, 7 days or 4 weeks. Cell viability tests (MTT) were additionally tested in ARPE-19 cells. Cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNFα, TGF-β) was tested in ELISA, phagocytosis in a microscopic assay, and expression of RPE65 in Western blot. Barrier function was tested in transwell-cultured cells by measuring transepithelial resistance for up to 3 days. RESULTS LPS and TNFα significantly reduce cell viability after 1 day and 7 days, Poly I:C after 7 days and 4 weeks. LPS, Poly I:C and TNFα significantly induce the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 at all tested time points. IL-1β is increased by LPS and Poly I:C after 1 day, but not by TNFα. TNFα secretion is increased by Poly I:C and LPS after 1 day but not at later time points. TGF-β secretion is not influenced by any stimulus. Concerning RPE function, LPS decreased phagocytosis after 7 days, while Poly I:C and TNFα showed no effect. RPE65 expression was strongly reduced by TNFα and LPS after 4 weeks. Wound healing capacity was reduced by Poly I:C but induced by LPS after 7 d and 4 w. Barrier function was not affected by Poly I:C or LPS, while TNFα reduced barrier function after 1 h, 4 h and 3 days. CONCLUSION Long term pro-inflammatory stimuli reduce RPE viability, barrier properties and cellular function and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and therefore may contribute directly to atrophic changes in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Klettner
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anna Brinkmann
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrin Winkelmann
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tom Käckenmeister
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Hildebrandt
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Buyandelger U, Walker DG, Yanagisawa D, Morimura T, Tooyama I. Effects of FTMT Expression by Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on Features of Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103635. [PMID: 32455741 PMCID: PMC7279371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant angiogenesis is a pathological feature of a number of diseases and arises from the uncoordinated expression of angiogenic factors as response to different cellular stresses. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss, can result from pathological angiogenesis. As a mutation in the mitochondrial ferritin (FTMT) gene has been associated with AMD, its possible role in modulating angiogenic factors and angiogenesis was investigated. FTMT is an iron-sequestering protein primarily expressed in metabolically active cells and tissues with high oxygen demand, including retina. In this study, we utilized the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19, both as undifferentiated and differentiated cells. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines, FTMT knockdown, and transient and stable overexpression of FTMT were investigated on expression of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-angiogenic pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF). Proinflammatory cytokines induced FTMT and VEGF expression, while NF-κB inhibition significantly reduced FTMT expression. VEGF protein and mRNA expression were significantly increased in FTMT-silenced ARPE-19 cells. Using an in vitro angiogenesis assay with endothelial cells, we showed that conditioned media from FTMT-overexpressing cells had significant antiangiogenic effects. Collectively, our findings indicate that increased levels of FTMT inhibit angiogenesis, possibly by reducing levels of VEGF and increasing PEDF expression. The cellular models developed can be used to investigate if increased FTMT may be protective in angiogenic diseases, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-77-548-2330; Fax: +81-77-548-2331
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23
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Lakkaraju A, Umapathy A, Tan LX, Daniele L, Philp NJ, Boesze-Battaglia K, Williams DS. The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 78:100846. [PMID: 32105772 PMCID: PMC8941496 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of post-mitotic polarized epithelial cells, strategically situated between the photoreceptors and the choroid, is the primary caretaker of photoreceptor health and function. Dysfunction of the RPE underlies many inherited and acquired diseases that cause permanent blindness. Decades of research have yielded valuable insight into the cell biology of the RPE. In recent years, new technologies such as live-cell imaging have resulted in major advancement in our understanding of areas such as the daily phagocytosis and clearance of photoreceptor outer segment tips, autophagy, endolysosome function, and the metabolic interplay between the RPE and photoreceptors. In this review, we aim to integrate these studies with an emphasis on appropriate models and techniques to investigate RPE cell biology and metabolism, and discuss how RPE cell biology informs our understanding of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Lakkaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ankita Umapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Xuan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Daniele
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy J Philp
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Fields MA, Del Priore LV, Adelman RA, Rizzolo LJ. Interactions of the choroid, Bruch's membrane, retinal pigment epithelium, and neurosensory retina collaborate to form the outer blood-retinal-barrier. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100803. [PMID: 31704339 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The three interacting components of the outer blood-retinal barrier are the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris, and Bruch's membrane, the extracellular matrix that lies between them. Although previously reviewed independently, this review integrates these components into a more wholistic view of the barrier and discusses reconstitution models to explore the interactions among them. After updating our understanding of each component's contribution to barrier function, we discuss recent efforts to examine how the components interact. Recent studies demonstrate that claudin-19 regulates multiple aspects of RPE's barrier function and identifies a barrier function whereby mutations of claudin-19 affect retinal development. Co-culture approaches to reconstitute components of the outer blood-retinal barrier are beginning to reveal two-way interactions between the RPE and choriocapillaris. These interactions affect barrier function and the composition of the intervening Bruch's membrane. Normal or disease models of Bruch's membrane, reconstituted with healthy or diseased RPE, demonstrate adverse effects of diseased matrix on RPE metabolism. A stumbling block for reconstitution studies is the substrates typically used to culture cells are inadequate substitutes for Bruch's membrane. Together with human stem cells, the alternative substrates that have been designed offer an opportunity to engineer second-generation culture models of the outer blood-retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Fields
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208061, New Haven, CT, 06520-8061, USA
| | - Lucian V Del Priore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208061, New Haven, CT, 06520-8061, USA
| | - Ron A Adelman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208061, New Haven, CT, 06520-8061, USA
| | - Lawrence J Rizzolo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208061, New Haven, CT, 06520-8061, USA; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA.
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25
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Ragelle H, Goncalves A, Kustermann S, Antonetti DA, Jayagopal A. Organ-On-A-Chip Technologies for Advanced Blood-Retinal Barrier Models. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 36:30-41. [PMID: 31140899 PMCID: PMC6985766 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) protects the retina by maintaining an adequate microenvironment for neuronal function. Alterations of the junctional complex of the BRB and consequent BRB breakdown in disease contribute to a loss of neuronal signaling and vision loss. As new therapeutics are being developed to prevent or restore barrier function, it is critical to implement physiologically relevant in vitro models that recapitulate the important features of barrier biology to improve disease modeling, target validation, and toxicity assessment. New directions in organ-on-a-chip technology are enabling more sophisticated 3-dimensional models with flow, multicellularity, and control over microenvironmental properties. By capturing additional biological complexity, organs-on-chip can help approach actual tissue organization and function and offer additional tools to model and study disease compared with traditional 2-dimensional cell culture. This review describes the current state of barrier biology and barrier function in ocular diseases, describes recent advances in organ-on-a-chip design for modeling the BRB, and discusses the potential of such models for ophthalmic drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Ragelle
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreia Goncalves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Harbor, Michigan
| | - Stefan Kustermann
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - David A. Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Harbor, Michigan
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Schiff L, Boles NC, Fernandes M, Nachmani B, Gentile R, Blenkinsop TA. P38 inhibition reverses TGFβ1 and TNFα-induced contraction in a model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Commun Biol 2019; 2:162. [PMID: 31069271 PMCID: PMC6499805 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a metaplasia in the vitreous of the eye manifested by the transformation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and the development of contracting epiretinal membranes (ERM), which lead to retinal detachment and vision loss. While TGFβ1 and TNFα have been associated with PVR, here we show that these cytokines act synergistically to induce an aggressive contraction phenotype on adult human (ah)RPE. Connected RPE detach upon contraction and form motile membranes that recruit more cells. TGFβ1 and TNFα (TNT)-induced contracting membranes uniquely express muscle and extracellular rearrangement genes. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing of patient-dissected PVR membranes showed activation of the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. Inhibition of p38 during TNT treatment blocks ahRPE transformation and membrane contraction. Furthermore, TNT-induced membrane contractility can be reversed by p38 inhibition after induction. Therefore, targeting the p38-MAPK pathway may have therapeutic benefits for patients with PVR even after the onset of contracting ERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schiff
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | | | - Marie Fernandes
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Bar Nachmani
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ronald Gentile
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Timothy A. Blenkinsop
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY 10029 USA
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27
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Selner AN, Derafshi Z, Kunzer BE, Hetling JR. Three-Dimensional Model of Electroretinogram Field Potentials in the Rat Eye. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 65:2781-2789. [PMID: 29993425 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2816591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The information derived from the electroretinogram (ERG), especially with regard to local areas of retinal dysfunction or therapeutic rescue, can be enhanced by an increased understanding of the relationship between local retinal current sources and local ERG potentials measured at the cornea. A critical step in this direction is the development of a robust bioelectric field model of the ERG. METHODS A finite-element model was created to simulate ERG potentials at the cornea resulting from physiologically relevant transretinal currents. A magnetic resonance image of a rat eye was segmented to define all major ocular structures, tissues were assigned conductivity values from the literature. The model was optimized to multi-electrode ERG (meERG) data recorded in healthy rat eyes, and validated with meERG data from eyes with experimental lesions in peripheral retina. RESULTS Following optimization, the simulated distribution of corneal potentials was in good agreement with measured values; residual error was comparable to the average difference of individual eyes from the measured mean. The model predicted the corneal potential distribution for eight eyes with experimental lesions with similar accuracy, and a measure of pre- to post-lesion changes in corneal potential distribution was well correlated with the location of the lesion. CONCLUSION An eye model with high anatomical accuracy was successfully validated against a robust dataset. SIGNIFICANCE This model can now be used for optimization of ERG electrode design, and to support functional mapping of the retina from meERG data via solving the inverse bioelectric source problem.
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Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha induces retinal pigment epithelium cell dedifferentiation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:85. [PMID: 29548329 PMCID: PMC5857126 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigmented cells with important barrier and immuno-suppressive functions in the eye. We have previously shown that acute stimulation of RPE cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) downregulates the expression of OTX2 (Orthodenticle homeobox 2) and dependent RPE genes. We here investigated the long-term effects of TNFα on RPE cell morphology and key functions in vitro. Methods Primary porcine RPE cells were exposed to TNFα (at 0.8, 4, or 20 ng/ml per day) for 10 days. RPE cell morphology, phagocytosis, barrier- and immunosuppressive-functions were assessed. Results Chronic (10 days) exposure of primary RPE cells to TNFα increases RPE cell size and polynucleation, decreases visual cycle gene expression, impedes RPE tight-junction organization and transepithelial resistance, and decreases the immunosuppressive capacities of the RPE. TNFα-induced morphological- and transepithelial-resistance changes were prevented by concomitant Transforming Growth Factor β inhibition. Conclusions Our results indicate that chronic TNFα-exposure is sufficient to alter RPE morphology and impede cardinal features that define the differentiated state of RPE cells with striking similarities to the alterations that are observed with age in neurodegenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
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Mechanisms of macular edema: Beyond the surface. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 63:20-68. [PMID: 29126927 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macular edema consists of intra- or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of central vision. Major causes of macular edema include diabetes, branch and central retinal vein occlusion, choroidal neovascularization, posterior uveitis, postoperative inflammation and central serous chorioretinopathy. The healthy retina is maintained in a relatively dehydrated, transparent state compatible with optimal light transmission by multiple active and passive systems. Fluid accumulation results from an imbalance between processes governing fluid entry and exit, and is driven by Starling equation when inner or outer blood-retinal barriers are disrupted. The multiple and intricate mechanisms involved in retinal hydro-ionic homeostasis, their molecular and cellular basis, and how their deregulation lead to retinal edema, are addressed in this review. Analyzing the distribution of junction proteins and water channels in the human macula, several hypotheses are raised to explain why edema forms specifically in the macular region. "Pure" clinical phenotypes of macular edema, that result presumably from a single causative mechanism, are detailed. Finally, diabetic macular edema is investigated, as a complex multifactorial pathogenic example. This comprehensive review on the current understanding of macular edema and its mechanisms opens perspectives to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this sight-threatening condition.
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Maidji E, Somsouk M, Rivera JM, Hunt PW, Stoddart CA. Replication of CMV in the gut of HIV-infected individuals and epithelial barrier dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006202. [PMID: 28241080 PMCID: PMC5328284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although invasive cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is uncommon in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), asymptomatic CMV coinfection is nearly ubiquitous in HIV infected individuals. While microbial translocation and gut epithelial barrier dysfunction may promote persistent immune activation in treated HIV infection, potentially contributing to morbidity and mortality, it has been unclear whether CMV replication in individuals with no symptoms of CMV disease might play a role in this process. We hypothesized that persistent CMV replication in the intestinal epithelium of HIV/CMV-coinfected individuals impairs gut epithelial barrier function. Using a combination of state-of-the-art in situ hybridization technology (RNAscope) and immunohistochemistry, we detected CMV DNA and proteins and evidence of intestinal damage in rectosigmoid samples from CMV-positive individuals with both untreated and ART-suppressed HIV infection. Two different model systems, primary human intestinal cells differentiated in vitro to form polarized monolayers and a humanized mouse model of human gut, together demonstrated that intestinal epithelial cells are fully permissive to CMV replication. Independent of HIV, CMV disrupted tight junctions of polarized intestinal cells, significantly reducing transepithelial electrical resistance, a measure of monolayer integrity, and enhancing transepithelial permeability. The effect of CMV infection on the intestinal epithelium is mediated, at least in part, by the CMV-induced proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Furthermore, letermovir, a novel anti-CMV drug, dampened the effects of CMV on the epithelium. Together, our data strongly suggest that CMV can disrupt epithelial junctions, leading to bacterial translocation and chronic inflammation in the gut and that CMV could serve as a target for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat gut epithelial barrier dysfunction during HIV infection. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is a well-known consequence of HIV infection that persists in spite of ART. The underlying mechanisms by which HIV perturbs intestinal epithelial junctions remain unclear, and the impact of opportunistic viral pathogens in the gut has not been fully appreciated. HIV-infected individuals are almost universally coinfected with CMV. While ART has resulted in a dramatic decline in the occurrence of end-organ CMV diseases, CMV remains an independent contributor to systemic inflammation in HIV-infected people. In our analysis of rectosigmoid biopsies from CMV/HIV-coinfected individuals, we found active CMV replication associated with intestinal damage in the gut of ART-suppressed HIV-infected individuals with no symptoms of CMV disease. We demonstrated that CMV productively infects intestinal epithelial cells and, independent of HIV, disrupts their tight junctions and compromises epithelial barrier function. Furthermore, the CMV-induced proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 is a key factor in this process, and attenuation of CMV replication by letermovir, a new anti-CMV agent currently in clinical development, was sufficient to prevent CMV-induced loss of epithelial integrity. Our data highlight the role of CMV as a cofactor in intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in asymptomatic HIV infection and suggest a novel treatment strategy to prevent intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Rivera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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PERMEABILITY AND ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR EFFECTS OF BEVACIZUMAB, RANIBIZUMAB, AND AFLIBERCEPT IN POLARIZED RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL LAYER IN VITRO. Retina 2017; 37:179-190. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ye F, Kaneko H, Hayashi Y, Takayama K, Hwang SJ, Nishizawa Y, Kimoto R, Nagasaka Y, Tsunekawa T, Matsuura T, Yasukawa T, Kondo T, Terasaki H. Malondialdehyde induces autophagy dysfunction and VEGF secretion in the retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 94:121-34. [PMID: 26923802 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in developed countries and is closely related to oxidative stress, which leads to lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a major byproduct of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation. Increased levels of MDA have been reported in eyes of AMD patients. However, little is known about the direct relationship between MDA and AMD. Here we show the biological importance of MDA in AMD pathogenesis. We first confirmed that MDA levels were significantly increased in eyes of AMD patients. In ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, MDA treatment induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression alternation, cell junction disruption, and autophagy dysfunction that was also observed in eyes of AMD patients. The MDA-induced VEGF increase was inhibited by autophagy-lysosomal inhibitors. Intravitreal MDA injection in mice increased laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (laser-CNV) volumes. In a mouse model fed a high-linoleic acid diet for 3 months, we found a significant increase in MDA levels, autophagic activity, and laser-CNV volumes. Our study revealed an important role of MDA, which acts not only as a marker but also as a causative factor of AMD pathogenesis-related autophagy dysfunction. Furthermore, higher dietary intake of linoleic acid promoted CNV progression in mice with increased MDA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Takayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shiang-Jyi Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Laboratory of Bell Research Center-Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishizawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Reona Kimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nagasaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taichi Tsunekawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsuura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yasukawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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PENETRATION OF BEVACIZUMAB AND RANIBIZUMAB THROUGH RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL LAYER IN VITRO. Retina 2015; 35:1007-15. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Korthagen NM, van Bilsen K, Swagemakers SMA, van de Peppel J, Bastiaans J, van der Spek PJ, van Hagen PM, Dik WA. Retinal pigment epithelial cells display specific transcriptional responses upon TNF-α stimulation. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:700-4. [PMID: 25680620 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key mediator of ocular inflammation and its interaction with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may be a driving force in vitreoretinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and diabetic retinopathy. Under inflammatory conditions, the ability of RPE cells to maintain the blood-retinal barrier and immune privilege may be lost and proliferation of RPE cells is facilitated. To gain insight into the effects of TNF-α on RPE cells, a gene expression study was performed. METHODS ARPE-19 and HT-29 cells were stimulated with 50 ng/mL TNF-α for 6 h. Gene expression patterns were compared between stimulated and control cells using whole genome gene expression arrays. Data were analysed using Partek and OmniViz and validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Functional annotation analysis was performed using Ingenuity and DAVID. RESULTS A total of 97 genes were uniquely modulated by TNF-α in ARPE-19 cells compared with HT-29 cells (86 upregulated and 11 downregulated). Most commonly affected biological processes were apoptosis, cell motility and cell signalling. The highest upregulated gene was EFNA1. Among the downregulated genes were transcription factors implicated in ocular development (SIX3, PAX6) and modulation of p53-mediated apoptosis (CITED2). CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the unique responses of RPE cells to TNF-α stimulation and suggests a role for genes involved in apoptosis and retinal epithelial development. These findings contribute to our understanding of the behaviour of RPE cells under inflammatory conditions and the crucial role of RPE cells in vitreoretinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline M Korthagen
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki van Bilsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Clinical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid M A Swagemakers
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Clinical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bastiaans
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Section Clinical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Dik
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
A 67-year-old man was transported to our hospital and diagnosed with pneumococcal meningitis. We immediately administered ceftriaxone and vancomycin according to the guidelines, but did not administer dexamethasone to him because he had been previously administered antibiotics. His left eye became complicated by endogenous endophthalmitis on the next day, which resulted in blindness, although his meningitis rapidly ameliorated. In comparison to other patients who have been reported to recover from complications with endophthalmitis after the combination therapy of antibiotics, corticosteroids and vitreous surgery, we consider that this patient's poor visual outcome may have been caused by severe inflammation or the breakdown of the blood ocular barrier due to the action of S. pneumoniae. Corticosteroids may be able to successfully treat such inflammation or disruption of the blood ocular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Management of choroidal metastases. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:1119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kawano H, Sakamoto T, Ito T, Miyata K, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I. Hyaluronan protection of corneal endothelial cells against extracellular histones after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40:1885-93. [PMID: 25442884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of histones on corneal endothelial cells generated during cataract surgery. SETTING Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Standard phacoemulsification was performed on enucleated pig eyes. Histones in the anterior segment of the eye were determined by immunohistochemistry. Cultured human corneal endothelial cells were exposed to histones for 18 hours, and cell viability was determined by 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitro-phenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt assay. The concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the culture medium of human corneal endothelial cells was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of signal inhibitors U0126, SB203580, and SP600125 were evaluated. The protective effect of hyaluronan against histones was evaluated in human corneal endothelial cells with and without hyaluronan. RESULTS Cellular debris containing histones was observed in the anterior chamber of pig eyes after phacoemulsification. Exposure of human corneal endothelial cells to 50 μg/mL of histones or more led to cytotoxic effects. The IL-6 concentration was significantly increased dose dependently after exposure of human corneal endothelial cells to histones (P<.01). The histone-induced IL-6 production was significantly decreased by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors (P<.01). Co-incubation of hyaluronan and histones caused formation of histone aggregates, decreased the cytotoxic effects of the histones, and blocked the increase in IL-6 (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS Histones were released extracellularly during phacoemulsification and exposure of human corneal endothelial cells to histones increased the IL-6 secretion. The intraoperative use of hyaluronan may decrease the cytotoxic effects of histones released during cataract surgery. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawano
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Kawano, Sakamoto), the Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine (Hashiguchi), and the Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation (Ito, Maruyama), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, and Miyata Eye Hospitals (Miyata), Miyakonojyo, Japan
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Kawano, Sakamoto), the Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine (Hashiguchi), and the Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation (Ito, Maruyama), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, and Miyata Eye Hospitals (Miyata), Miyakonojyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ito
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Kawano, Sakamoto), the Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine (Hashiguchi), and the Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation (Ito, Maruyama), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, and Miyata Eye Hospitals (Miyata), Miyakonojyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyata
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Kawano, Sakamoto), the Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine (Hashiguchi), and the Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation (Ito, Maruyama), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, and Miyata Eye Hospitals (Miyata), Miyakonojyo, Japan
| | - Teruto Hashiguchi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Kawano, Sakamoto), the Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine (Hashiguchi), and the Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation (Ito, Maruyama), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, and Miyata Eye Hospitals (Miyata), Miyakonojyo, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Kawano, Sakamoto), the Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine (Hashiguchi), and the Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation (Ito, Maruyama), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, and Miyata Eye Hospitals (Miyata), Miyakonojyo, Japan
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Terasaki H, Shirasawa M, Otsuka H, Yamashita T, Uchino E, Hisatomi T, Sonoda S, Sakamoto T. Different Effects of Thrombin on VEGF Secretion, Proliferation, and Permeability in Polarized and Non-polarized Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:936-45. [PMID: 25310246 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.964417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of thrombin on the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), on cellular proliferation, and on the integrity of the barrier function of polarized retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In addition, we compared the responses of polarized to that of non-polarized RPE cells. Porcine polarized RPE cells were established using Transwell membranes. The polarization of the RPE cells was determined by their high transepithelial electrical resistance (TER > 200 Ω cm(2)) and by their differential secretion of VEGF (basal direction >apical direction by 2.5×). RPE cells were incubated with thrombin (5-20 U/ml) for 24 h. The concentration of VEGF in the culture medium was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the TER was measured. Cellular proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 immunostaining. The area of laser-induced choroidal naovascularization (CNV) was measured in rat eyes and compare to that of controls with or without thrombin. Our results showed that thrombin significantly increased VEGF secretion both in polarized and non-polarized RPE cells in a dose-dependent way. Thrombin did not significantly affect the TER or the expression of tight-junctional proteins in polarized RPE cells, but decreased it in non-polarized RPE cells by inducing intercellular gaps. Ki-67-positive cells were observed in non-polarized RPE cells but not in polarized RPE cells as controls. After thrombin exposure, the number of Ki-67-positive cells increased significantly in non-polarized RPE cells but not in polarized RPE cells. The area of CNV was larger in thrombin-injected eye than control eyes. Although thrombin increased VEGF secretion regardless of cell polarity, its effects on proliferation and barrier integrity were dependent upon cell polarity. Cell polarization is an important factor for determining the response of RPE cells to thrombin, and the different responsive patterns to thrombin upon cell polarity might explain the complicated pathology of such diseases as age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan and
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Kakei Y, Akashi M, Shigeta T, Hasegawa T, Komori T. Alteration of cell-cell junctions in cultured human lymphatic endothelial cells with inflammatory cytokine stimulation. Lymphat Res Biol 2014; 12:136-43. [PMID: 25166264 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maintain normal function, the lymphatic endothelium is regulated by cell-cell junctions. There have been few studies of lymphatic endothelial cell junctions using standard cell biological methods. This study had two purposes: to characterize cell junctions in cultured lymphatic endothelial cells and to investigate the effects of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α on altered cell-cell junctions. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) were immunostained with the tight junction marker, ZO-1, and adherens junction markers, VE-cadherin and PECAM-1. In TNF-α-treated HDLEC, we evaluated changes in endothelial cell junctions by immunostaining and through the use of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). Immunofluorescence staining of HDLEC revealed heterogeneity among the endothelial cell junctions, which could be classified into continuous and discontinuous junctions. In these cell junctions, ZO-1 and VE-cadherin were co-localized. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed the broad distribution of VE-cadherin at the cell periphery, where VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 were co-localized. TNF-α treatment decreased TER, caused a predominance in the appearance of discontinuous junctions with a reduction in the broad distribution of VE-cadherin at the cell periphery in HDLEC. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of cell junctions in HDLEC involving continuous and discontinuous junctions. Our data also suggest that TNF-α alters the normal distribution of cell junctions and affects the endothelial barrier of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells. The broad distribution of VE-cadherin at the cell periphery may reflect the lymphatic permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Kakei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
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Paraoxonase enzyme protects retinal pigment epithelium from chlorpyrifos insult. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101380. [PMID: 24979751 PMCID: PMC4076322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) provides nourishment and protection to the eye. RPE dysfunction due to oxidative stress and inflammation is one of the major reason for many of the retinal disorders. Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used in the agricultural, industrial and household activities in India. However, their effects on the eye in the context of RPE has not been studied. In this study the defense of the ARPE19 cells exposed to Chlorpyrifos (1 nM to 100 µM) in terms of the enzyme paraoxonase (PON) was studied at 24 hr and 9 days of treatment. Chlorpyrifos was found to induce oxidative stress in the ARPE19 cells as seen by significant increase in ROS and decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels without causing cell death. Tissue resident Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) mRNA expression was elevated with chlorpyrifos exposure. The three enzymatic activities of PON namely, paraoxonase (PONase), arylesterase (PON AREase) and thiolactonase (PON HCTLase) were also found to be significantly altered to detoxify and as an antioxidant defense. Among the transcription factors regulating PON2 expression, SP1 was significantly increased with chlorpyrifos exposure. PON2 expression was found to be crucial as ARPE19 cells showed a significant loss in their ability to withstand oxidative stress when the cells were subjected to chlorpyrifos after silencing PON2 expression. Treatment with N-acetyl cysteine positively regulated the PON 2 expression, thus promoting the antioxidant defense put up by the cells in response to chlorpyrifos.
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Ha JH, Shil PK, Zhu P, Gu L, Li Q, Chung S. Ocular inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress are attenuated by supplementation with grape polyphenols in human retinal pigmented epithelium cells and in C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr 2014; 144:799-806. [PMID: 24699803 PMCID: PMC6611528 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are common denominators for vision-threatening diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Based on our previous study, supplementation with muscadine grape polyphenols (MGPs) alleviated systemic insulin resistance and proinflammatory responses. In this study, we hypothesized that MGPs would also be effective in attenuating ocular inflammation and ER stress. We tested this hypothesis using the human retinal pigmented epithelium (ARPE-19) cells and C57BL/6 mice. In ARPE-19 cells, tumor necrosis factor-α-induced proinflammatory gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was decreased by 35.0%, 68.8%, and 62.5%, respectively, with MGP pretreatment, which was primarily due to the diminished mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and subsequent reduction of nuclear factor κ-B activation. Consistently, acute ocular inflammation and leukocyte infiltration were almost completely dampened (>95%) by MGP supplementation (100-200 mg/kg body weight) in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, MGPs reduced inflammation-mediated loss of tight junctions and retinal permeability. To further investigate the protective roles of MGPs against ER stress, ARPE-19 cells were stimulated with thapsigargin. Pretreatment with MGPs significantly decreased the following: 1) ER stress-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor secretion (3.47 ± 0.06 vs. 1.58 ± 0.02 μg/L, P < 0.0001), 2) unfolded protein response, and 3) early apoptotic cell death (64.4 ± 6.85 vs. 33.7 ± 4.32%, P = 0.0003). Collectively, we have demonstrated that MGP is effective in attenuating ocular inflammation and ER stress. Our work also suggests that MGP may provide a novel dietary strategy to prevent vision-threatening retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Liwei Gu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Enjoji S, Ohama T, Sato K. Regulation of epithelial cell tight junctions by protease-activated receptor 2. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1225-9. [PMID: 24881651 PMCID: PMC4197149 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A layer of epithelial cells
prevents the invasion of bacteria and the entry of foreign substances into the underlying
tissue. The disruption of epithelial tight junctions initiates and exacerbates
inflammation. However, the precise mechanism underlying the disruption of the epithelial
tight junction remains unclear. The activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by
serine proteases produced by some bacteria and mast cells contributes to inflammation in
many tissues. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that PAR2 activation affects
the structure and function of tight junctions in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.
Although the application of a PAR2-activating peptide, PAR2-AP, from the apical side of
MDCK cells failed to modify the transepithelial resistance (TER), its application from the
basal side markedly suppressed the TER. In 3-dimensional cultures of MDCK cells expressing
the mCherry-tagged PAR2, a lateral localization of PAR2 was observed. The application of
PAR2-AP from the basal side changed the localization of the tight junctional protein,
zonula occludin-1. Furthermore, PAR2-AP induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase. A
p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB202190, inhibited PAR2-AP-induced changes in TER. Our results
suggest that the activation of PAR2 leads to the disruption of tight junctions and
increases the barrier permeability through the activation of p38 MAPK, which may cause the
initiation and exacerbation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Enjoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Toops KA, Tan LX, Lakkaraju A. A detailed three-step protocol for live imaging of intracellular traffic in polarized primary porcine RPE monolayers. Exp Eye Res 2014; 124:74-85. [PMID: 24861273 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Toops
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Li Xuan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aparna Lakkaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Toxic effects of extracellular histones and their neutralization by vitreous in retinal detachment. J Transl Med 2014; 94:569-85. [PMID: 24614198 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are DNA-binding proteins and are involved in chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression. Histones can be released after tissue injuries, and the extracellular histones cause cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Regardless of their clinical significance, the role and relevance of histones in ocular diseases are unknown. We studied the role of histones in eyes with retinal detachment (RD). Vitreous samples were collected during vitrectomy, and the concentration of histone H3 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The location of the histones and related molecules was examined in a rat RD model. The release of histones and their effects on rat retinal progenitor cells R28 and ARPE-19 were evaluated in vitro. In addition, the protective role of the vitreous body against histones was tested. The intravitreal concentration of histones was higher in eyes with RD (mean, 30.9 ± 9.8 ng/ml) than in control eyes (below the limit of detection, P<0.05). In the rat RD model, histone H3 was observed on the outer side of the detached retina and was associated with photoreceptor death. Histone H3 was released from cultured R28 by oxidative stress. Histones at a concentration 10 μg/ml induced the production of interleukin-8 in ARPE-19 cells (2.5-fold increase, P<0.05) that was mediated through the ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK-dependent pathways and Toll-like receptor 4. Histones were toxic to cells at concentrations of ≥ 20 μg/ml. Vitreous body or hyaluronan decreased toxicity of histones by inhibiting diffusion of histones. These results indicate that histones are released from retinas with RD and may modulate the subretinal microenvironment by functioning as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, thereby inducing proinflammatory cytokines or cell toxicity. In addition, the important role of the vitreous body and hyaluronan in protecting the retina from these toxic effects is suggested.
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Rizzolo LJ. Barrier properties of cultured retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2014; 126:16-26. [PMID: 24731966 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principal function of an epithelium is to form a dynamic barrier that regulates movement between body compartments. Each epithelium is specialized with barrier functions that are specific for the tissues it serves. The apical surface commonly faces a lumen, but the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) appears to be unique by a facing solid tissue, the sensory retina. Nonetheless, there exists a thin (subretinal) space that can become fluid filled during pathology. RPE separates the subretinal space from the blood supply of the outer retina, thereby forming the outer blood-retinal barrier. The intricate interaction between the RPE and sensory retina presents challenges for learning how accurately culture models reflect native behavior. The challenge is heightened by findings that detail the variation of RPE barrier proteins both among species and at different stages of the life cycle. Among the striking differences is the expression of claudin family members. Claudins are the tight junction proteins that regulate ion diffusion across the spaces that lie between the cells of a monolayer. Claudin expression by RPE varies with species and life-stage, which implies functional differences among commonly used animal models. Investigators have turned to transcriptomics to supplement functional studies when comparing native and cultured tissue. The most detailed studies of the outer blood-retinal barrier have focused on human RPE with transcriptome and functional studies reported for human fetal, adult, and stem-cell derived RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Rizzolo
- Departments of Surgery and of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA.
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