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Yuan Y, He Q, Yang X, Flores JJ, Huang L, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Li R, Gu L, Dong S, Zhu S, Yi K, Han M, Wu L, Zhou Y, Zhang JH, Xie Z, Tang J. Mitochondrial ferritin upregulation reduced oxidative stress and blood-brain-barrier disruption by maintaining cellular iron homeostasis in a neonatal rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114703. [PMID: 38281588 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a devasting neurological disease in premature newborns. After GMH, brain iron overload associated with hemoglobin degradation contributed to oxidative stress, causing disruption of the already vulnerable blood-brain barrier (BBB). Mitochondrial ferritin (FTMT), a novel mitochondrial outer membrane protein, is crucial in maintaining cellular iron homeostasis. We aimed to investigate the effect of FTMT upregulation on oxidative stress and BBB disruption associated with brain iron overload in rats. A total of 222 Sprague-Dawley neonatal rat pups (7 days old) were used to establish a collagenase-induced GMH model and an iron-overload model of intracerebral FeCl2 injection. Deferiprone was administered via gastric lavage 1 h after GMH and given daily until euthanasia. FTMT CRISPR Knockout and adenovirus (Ad)-FTMT were administered intracerebroventricularly 48 h before GMH and FeCl2 injection, respectively. Neurobehavioral tests, immunofluorescence, Western blot, Malondialdehyde measurement, and brain water content were performed to evaluate neurobehavior deficits, oxidative stress, and BBB disruption, respectively. The results demonstrated that brain expressions of iron exporter Ferroportin (FPN) and antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) as well as BBB tight junction proteins including Claudin-5 and Zona Occulta (ZO)-1 were found to be decreased at 72 h after GMH. FTMT agonist Deferiprone attenuated oxidative stress and preserved BBB tight junction proteins after GMH. These effects were partially reversed by FTMT CRISPR Knockout. Iron overload by FeCl2 injection resulted in oxidative stress and BBB disruption, which were improved by Ad-FTMT mediated FTMT overexpression. Collectively, FTMT upregulation is neuroprotective against brain injury associated with iron overload. Deferiprone reduced oxidative stress and BBB disruption by maintaining cellular iron homeostasis partially by the upregulating of FTMT after GMH. Deferiprone may be an effective treatment for patients with GMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Qiuguang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Zongyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Ruihao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Lingui Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Malignant Brain Tumors, National Glioma MDT Alliance, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Siyuan Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Shiyi Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Kun Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mingyang Han
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Rodriguez-Perez LM, Ojeda-Pérez B, López-de-San-Sebastián J, García-Bonilla M, González-García M, Fernández-Muñoz B, Sánchez-Pernaute R, García-Martín ML, Domínguez-Pinos D, Cárdenas-García C, Jiménez AJ, Paez-Gonzalez P. Design of a Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Ependymal Repair in Hydrocephalus Associated With Germinal Matrix Hemorrhages. Stroke 2024; 55:1062-1074. [PMID: 38436063 PMCID: PMC10962438 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preterm birth germinal matrix hemorrhages (GMHs) and the consequent posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), the neuroepithelium/ependyma development is disrupted. This work is aimed to explore the possibilities of ependymal repair in GMH/PHH using a combination of neural stem cells, ependymal progenitors (EpPs), and mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS GMH/PHH was induced in 4-day-old mice using collagenase, blood, or blood serum injections. PHH severity was characterized 2 weeks later using magnetic resonance, immunofluorescence, and protein expression quantification with mass spectrometry. Ependymal restoration and wall regeneration after stem cell treatments were tested in vivo and in an ex vivo experimental approach using ventricular walls from mice developing moderate and severe GMH/PHH. The effect of the GMH environment on EpP differentiation was tested in vitro. Two-tailed Student t or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test was used to find differences between the treated and nontreated groups. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare >2 groups with post hoc Tukey and Dunn multiple comparison tests, respectively. RESULTS PHH severity was correlated with the extension of GMH and ependymal disruption (means, 88.22% severe versus 19.4% moderate). GMH/PHH hindered the survival rates of the transplanted neural stem cells/EpPs. New multiciliated ependymal cells could be generated from transplanted neural stem cells and more efficiently from EpPs (15% mean increase). Blood and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) negatively affected ciliogenesis in cells committed to ependyma differentiation (expressing Foxj1 [forkhead box J1] transcription factor). Pretreatment with mesenchymal stem cells improved the survival rates of EpPs and ependymal differentiation while reducing the edematous (means, 18% to 0.5% decrease in severe edema) and inflammatory conditions in the explants. The effectiveness of this therapeutical strategy was corroborated in vivo (means, 29% to 0% in severe edema). CONCLUSIONS In GMH/PHH, the ependyma can be restored and edema decreased from either neural stem cell or EpP transplantation in vitro and in vivo. Mesenchymal stem cell pretreatment improved the success of the ependymal restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Rodriguez-Perez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, University of Malaga, Spain. (L.M.R.-P.)
| | - Betsaida Ojeda-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, University of Malaga, Spain. (B.O.-P., J.L.-d.-S.-S., M.G.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain (B.O.-P., M.L.G.-M., D.D.-P., A.J.J., P.P.-G.)
| | - Javier López-de-San-Sebastián
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, University of Malaga, Spain. (B.O.-P., J.L.-d.-S.-S., M.G.-G.)
| | - María García-Bonilla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO (M.G.-B.)
| | - Marcos González-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, University of Malaga, Spain. (B.O.-P., J.L.-d.-S.-S., M.G.-G.)
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Muñoz
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular, Red Andaluza para el diseño y traslación de Terapias Avanzadas, Sevilla, Spain (B.F.-M.)
| | - Rosario Sánchez-Pernaute
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain (R.S.-P.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biobizkai, Barakaldo, Spain (R.S.-P.)
| | - María L García-Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain (B.O.-P., M.L.G.-M., D.D.-P., A.J.J., P.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, Spain (M.L.G.-M.)
| | - Dolores Domínguez-Pinos
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Oftalmología y Otorrinolaringología, University of Malaga, Spain. (D.D.-P.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain (B.O.-P., M.L.G.-M., D.D.-P., A.J.J., P.P.-G.)
| | | | - Antonio J Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain (B.O.-P., M.L.G.-M., D.D.-P., A.J.J., P.P.-G.)
| | - Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain (B.O.-P., M.L.G.-M., D.D.-P., A.J.J., P.P.-G.)
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Pozo AD, Hoz-Rivera MD, Romero A, Villa M, Martínez M, Silva L, Piscitelli F, Di Marzo V, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez A, Hind W, Martínez-Orgado J. Cannabidiol reduces intraventricular hemorrhage brain damage, preserving myelination and preventing blood brain barrier dysfunction in immature rats. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00326. [PMID: 38301326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is an important cause of long-term disability in extremely preterm infants, with no current treatment. This study assessed the potential neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in an IVH model using immature rats. IVH was induced in 1-day-old (P1) Wistar rats by left periventricular injection of Clostridial collagenase. Some rats received CBD prenatally (10 mg/kg i.p. to the dam) and then 5 mg/kg i.p. 6, 30 and 54 h after IVH (IVH+CBD, n = 30). Other IVH rats received vehicle (IVH+VEH, n = 34) and vehicle-treated non-IVH rats served as controls (SHM, n = 29). Rats were humanely killed at P6, P14 or P45. Brain damage (motor and memory performance, area of damage, Lactate/N-acetylaspartate ratio), white matter injury (ipsilateral hemisphere and corpus callosum volume, oligodendroglial cell density and myelin basic protein signal), blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity (Mfsd2a, occludin and MMP9 expression, gadolinium leakage), inflammation (TLR4, NFκB and TNFα expression, infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells), excitotoxicity (Glutamate/N-acetylspartate ratio) and oxidative stress (protein nitrosylation) were then evaluated. CBD prevented the long-lasting motor and cognitive consequences of IVH, reduced brain damage in the short- and long-term, protected oligodendroglial cells preserving adequate myelination and maintained BBB integrity. The protective effects of CBD were associated with the modulation of inflammation, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. In conclusion, in immature rats, CBD reduced IVH-induced brain damage and its short- and long-term consequences, showing robust and pleiotropic neuroprotective effects. CBD is a potential candidate to ameliorate IVH-induced immature brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Del Pozo
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María de Hoz-Rivera
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Angela Romero
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Villa
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Martínez
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Laura Silva
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - José Martínez-Orgado
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Neonatology Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Lu W, Huang J, Flores J, Li P, Wang W, Liu S, Zhang JH, Tang J. GW0742 reduces mast cells degranulation and attenuates neurological impairments via PPAR β/δ/CD300a/SHP1 pathway after GMH in neonatal rats. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114615. [PMID: 37995951 PMCID: PMC10842885 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of mast cells plays an important role in brain inflammation. CD300a, an inhibitory receptor located on mast cell surfaces, has been reported to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exert protective effects in inflammation-related diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, activation upregulates the transcription of CD300a. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of PPARβ/δ in the attenuation of germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH)-induced mast cell activation via CD300a/SHP1 pathway. METHODS GMH model was induced by intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase into the right hemispheric ganglionic eminence in P7 Sprague Dawley rats. GW0742, a PPARβ/δ agonist, was administered intranasally at 1 h post-ictus. CD300a small interfering RNA (siRNA) and PPARβ/δ siRNA were injected intracerebroventricularly 5 days and 2 days before GMH induction. Behavioral tests, Western blot, immunofluorescence, Toluidine Blue staining, and Nissl staining were applied to assess post-GMH evaluation. RESULTS Results demonstrated that endogenous protein levels of PPARβ/δ and CD300a were decreased, whereas chymase, tryptase, IL-17A and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) were elevated after GMH. GMH induced significant short- and long-term neurobehavioral deficits in rat pups. GW0742 decreased mast cell degranulation, improved neurological outcomes, and attenuated ventriculomegaly after GMH. Additionally, GW0742 increased expression of PPARβ/δ, CD300a and phosphorylation of SHP1, decreased phosphorylation of Syk, chymase, tryptase, IL-17A and TGF-β1 levels. PPARβ/δ siRNA and CD300a siRNA abolished the beneficial effects of GW0742. CONCLUSIONS GW0742 inhibited mast cell-induced inflammation and improved neurobehavior after GMH, which is mediated by PPARβ/δ/CD300a/SHP1 pathway. GW0742 may serve as a potential treatment to reduce brain injury for GMH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitian Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wenna Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Shengpeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Dutra M, Covas da Silva S, da Silva Beggiora Marques P, Oliveira Amaral I, Funo de Souza SN, Dutra LA, Volpon Santos M, Machado HR, da Silva Lopes L. Celecoxib attenuates neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis and promotes neuroprotection in young rats with experimental hydrocephalus. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102344. [PMID: 37777093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition with altered cerebrospinal fluid flow (CSF). The treatment is surgical and the most commonly used procedure is ventricle-peritoneal shunt. However, not all patients can undergo immediate surgery or achieve complete lesion reversal. Neuroprotective measures are valuable in such cases. It was evaluated whether the use of celecoxib, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, associated or not with ventricular-subcutaneous derivation, could offer benefits to the brain structures affected by experimental hydrocephalus. Seven-day-old male Wistar Hannover rats induced by intracisternal injection of kaolin 15% were used, divided into five groups with ten animals each: intact control (C), untreated hydrocephalus (H), hydrocephalus treated with celecoxib 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal (HTC), hydrocephalus treated with shunt (HTS) and hydrocephalus treated with shunt and celecoxib 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal (HTCS). Celecoxib was administered for 21 consecutive days, starting the day after hydrocephalus induction and continuing until the end of the experimental period. The surgery was performed seven days after inducing hydrocephalus. Multiple assessment methods were used, such as behavioral tests (water maze and open field), histological analysis (hematoxylin and eosin), immunohistochemistry (caspase-3, COX-2, and GFAP), and ELISA analysis of GFAP. The results of the behavioral and memory tests indicated that celecoxib improves the neurobehavioral response. The improvement can be attributed to the reduced neuroinflammation (p < 0.05), and astrogliosis (p < 0.05) in different brain regions. In conclusion, the results suggest that celecoxib holds great potential as an adjuvant neuroprotective drug for the treatment of experimental hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Dutra
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Stephanya Covas da Silva
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Division of Anatomy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Washington Luiz Hig., Monjolinho, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pâmella da Silva Beggiora Marques
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Izadora Oliveira Amaral
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Stephanie Naomi Funo de Souza
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Dutra
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis, and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Volpon Santos
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Hélio Rubens Machado
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza da Silva Lopes
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Zhang X, Yuan J, Zhang S, Li W, Xu Y, Li H, Zhang L, Chen X, Ding W, Zhu J, Song J, Wang X, Zhu C. Germinal matrix hemorrhage induces immune responses, brain injury, and motor impairment in neonatal rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:49-65. [PMID: 36545808 PMCID: PMC10638988 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221147091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a major complication of prematurity that causes secondary brain injury and is associated with long-term neurological disabilities. This study used a postnatal day 5 rat model of GMH to explore immune response, brain injury, and neurobehavioral changes after hemorrhagic injury. The results showed that CD45high/CD11b+ immune cells increased in the brain after GMH and were accompanied by increased macrophage-related chemokine/cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Hematoma formed as early as 2 h after injection of collagenase VII and white matter injury appeared not only in the external capsule and hippocampus, but also in the thalamus. In addition, GMH caused abnormal motor function as revealed by gait analysis, and locomotor hyperactivity in the elevated plus maze, though no other obvious anxiety or recognition/memory function changes were noted when examined by the open field test and novel object recognition test. The animal model used here partially reproduces the GMH-induced brain injury and motor dysfunction seen in human neonates and therefore can be used as a valid tool in experimental studies for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for GMH-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wendong Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Ding
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Bran Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Li Q, Huang L, Ding Y, Sherchan P, Peng W, Zhang JH. Recombinant Slit2 suppresses neuroinflammation and Cdc42-mediated brain infiltration of peripheral immune cells via Robo1-srGAP1 pathway in a rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:249. [PMID: 37899442 PMCID: PMC10613398 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a devastating neonatal stroke, in which neuroinflammation is a critical pathological contributor. Slit2, a secreted extracellular matrix protein, plays a repulsive role in axon guidance and leukocyte chemotaxis via the roundabout1 (Robo1) receptor. This study aimed to explore effects of recombinant Slit2 on neuroinflammation and the underlying mechanism in a rat model of GMH. METHODS GMH was induced by stereotactically infusing 0.3 U of bacterial collagenase into the germinal matrix of 7-day-old Sprague Dawley rats. Recombinant Slit2 or its vehicle was administered intranasally at 1 h after GMH and daily for 3 consecutive days. A decoy receptor recombinant Robo1 was co-administered with recombinant Slit2 after GMH. Slit2 siRNA, srGAP1 siRNA or the scrambled sequences were administered intracerebroventricularly 24 h before GMH. Neurobehavior, brain water content, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and Cdc42 activity assays were performed. RESULTS The endogenous brain Slit2 and Robo1 expressions were increased after GMH. Robo1 was expressed on neuron, astrocytes and infiltrated peripheral immune cells in the brain. Endogenous Slit2 knockdown by Slit2 siRNA exacerbated brain edema and neurological deficits following GMH. Recombinant Slit2 (rSlit2) reduced neurological deficits, proinflammatory cytokines, intercellular adhesion molecules, peripheral immune cell markers, neuronal apoptosis and Cdc42 activity in the brain tissue after GMH. The anti-neuroinflammation effects were reversed by recombinant Robo1 co-administration or srGAP1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant Slit2 reduced neuroinflammation and neuron apoptosis after GMH. Its anti-neuroinflammation effects by suppressing onCdc42-mediated brain peripheral immune cells infiltration was at least in part via Robo1-srGAP1 pathway. These results imply that recombinant Slit2 may have potentials as a therapeutic option for neonatal brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, 10 Changjiang Access Rd, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 120 Longshan Access Rd, Yubei District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, 10 Changjiang Access Rd, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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8
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Femi-Akinlosotu OM, Olopade FE, Obiako J, Olopade JO, Shokunbi MT. Vanadium improves memory and spatial learning and protects the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus in juvenile hydrocephalic mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1116727. [PMID: 36846142 PMCID: PMC9947794 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1116727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition known to cause learning and memory disabilities due to its damaging effect on the hippocampal neurons, especially pyramidal neurons. Vanadium at low doses has been observed to improve learning and memory abilities in neurological disorders but it is uncertain whether such protection will be provided in hydrocephalus. We investigated the morphology of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and neurobehavior in vanadium-treated and control juvenile hydrocephalic mice. Methods Hydrocephalus was induced by intra-cisternal injection of sterile-kaolin into juvenile mice which were then allocated into 4 groups of 10 pups each, with one group serving as an untreated hydrocephalic control while others were treated with 0.15, 0.3 and 3 mg/kg i.p of vanadium compound respectively, starting 7 days post-induction for 28 days. Non-hydrocephalic sham controls (n = 10) were sham operated without any treatment. Mice were weighed before dosing and sacrifice. Y-maze, Morris Water Maze and Novel Object Recognition tests were carried out before the sacrifice, the brains harvested, and processed for Cresyl Violet and immunohistochemistry for neurons (NeuN) and astrocytes (GFAP). The pyramidal neurons of the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Data were analyzed using GraphPad prism 8. Results Escape latencies of vanadium-treated groups were significantly shorter (45.30 ± 26.30 s, 46.50 ± 26.35 s, 42.99 ± 18.44 s) than untreated group (62.06 ± 24.02 s) suggesting improvements in learning abilities. Time spent in the correct quadrant was significantly shorter in the untreated group (21.19 ± 4.15 s) compared to control (34.15 ± 9.44 s) and 3 mg/kg vanadium-treated group (34.35 ± 9.74 s). Recognition index and mean % alternation were lowest in untreated group (p = 0.0431, p=0.0158) suggesting memory impairments, with insignificant improvements in vanadium-treated groups. NeuN immuno-stained CA1 revealed loss of apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells in untreated hydrocephalus group relative to control and a gradual reversal attempt in the vanadium-treated groups. Astrocytic activation (GFAP stain) in the untreated hydrocephalus group were attenuated in the vanadium-treated groups under the GFAP stain. Pyknotic index in CA1 pyramidal layer of untreated (18.82 ± 2.59) and 0.15mg/kg vanadium-treated groups (18.14 ± 5.92) were significantly higher than control (11.11 ± 0.93; p = 0.0205, p = 0.0373) while there was no significant difference in CA3 pyknotic index across all groups. Conclusion Our results suggest that vanadium has a dose-dependent protective effect on the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and on memory and spatial learning functions in juvenile hydrocephalic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Funmilayo Eniola Olopade
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jane Obiako
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James Olukayode Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Matthew Temitayo Shokunbi
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria,Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria,*Correspondence: Matthew Temitayo Shokunbi ✉
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9
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Liu S, Deng S, Ding Y, Flores JJ, Zhang X, Jia X, Hu X, Peng J, Zuo G, Zhang JH, Gong Y, Tang J. Secukinumab attenuates neuroinflammation and neurobehavior defect via PKCβ/ERK/NF-κB pathway in a rat model of GMH. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114276. [PMID: 36402169 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a disastrous clinical event for newborns. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of neurological deficits after GMH. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of secukinumab after GMH and its underlying mechanisms involving PKCβ/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. METHODS A total of 154 Sprague-Dawley P7 rat pups were used. GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. Secukinumab was administered intranasally post-GMH. PKCβ activator PMA and p-ERK activator Ceramide C6 were administered intracerebroventricularly at 24 h prior to GMH induction, respectively. Neurobehavioral tests, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the efficacy of Secukinumab in both short-term and long-term studies. RESULTS Endogenous IL-17A, IL-17RA, PKCβ and p-ERK were increased after GMH. Secukinumab treatment improved short- and long-term neurological outcomes, reduced the synthesis of MPO and Iba-1 in the perihematoma area, and inhibited the synthesis of proinflammatory factors, such as NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, PMA and ceramide C6 abolished the beneficial effects of Secukinumab. CONCLUSION Secukinumab treatment suppressed neuroinflammation and attenuated neurological deficits after GMH, which was mediated through the downregulation of the PKCβ/ERK/NF-κB pathway. Secukinumab treatment may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for GMH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpeng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuixiang Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojing Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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10
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Shan T, Yang H, Jiang S, Jiang H. Monitoring neonatal brain hemorrhage progression by photoacoustic tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:118-127. [PMID: 36698652 PMCID: PMC9841991 DOI: 10.1364/boe.469324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal brain hemorrhage (NBH) is the most common neurological disorder in neonates and its clinical interventions are very limited. Understanding the pathology of NBH by non-invasive in-vivo characterization of standardized animal models is essential for developing potential treatments. Currently, there is no suitable tool to provide non-invasive, non-ionizing dynamic imaging of neonatal mouse models with high resolution, high contrast, and deep imaging depth. In this study, we implemented a fast 3D photoacoustic tomography (PAT) system suitable for imaging neonatal mouse brains with good image quality and demonstrated its feasibility in non-invasive monitoring of the dynamic process of NBH in the whole neonatal mouse brain. The results present a high resolution and sensitivity for NBH detection. Both morphological and hemodynamic changes of the hematoma were accurately obtained. Our results demonstrated the potential of PAT as a powerful tool for the preclinical study of neonatal brain hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shixie Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Huabei Jiang
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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11
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Flores JJ, Ding Y, Sherchan P, Zhang JH, Tang J. Annexin A1 upregulates hematoma resolution via the FPR2/p-ERK(1/2)/DUSP1/CD36 signaling pathway after germinal matrix hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114257. [PMID: 36279933 PMCID: PMC10681750 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants in the United States, with little progress made in its clinical management. Blood clots disrupting normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption after germinal matrix hemorrhage are key contributors towards post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus development. n-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been associated with the activation of p-ERK1/2, which in turn promotes the transcription of the DUSP1 gene, which may play a role in CD36 signaling. CD36 scavenger, a transmembrane glycoprotein, plays an essential role in microglia phagocytic blood clot clearance after GMH. FPR2's role in blood clot clearance after hemorrhagic stroke is unknown. We hypothesize that FPR2 activation by FPR2 agonist Annexin A1 (AnxA1) will enhance hematoma resolution via the upregulation of the CD36 signaling pathway, thereby improving short- and long-term neurological outcomes. Bacterial collagenase (0.3 U) was infused intraparenchymally into the right hemispheric ganglionic eminence in P7 rat pups to induce GMH. AnxA1 and FPR2 Inhibitor (Boc2) were given at 1-h post-GMH via intranasal administration. FPR2 CRISPR was given 48-h prior to GMH induction. Short-term neurological deficits were assessed using negative geotaxis test. Hematoma volume was assessed using hemoglobin assay. Protein expression was assessed using western blots. Long-term neurocognitive deficits and motor coordination were assessed using Morris water maze, rotarod, and foot fault tests. We have demonstrated that AnxA1 treatment enhances hematoma resolution and improved short and long-term outcomes. Lastly, FPR2 agonist AnxA1 treatment resulted in the upregulation of the FPR2/p-ERK(1/2)/DUSP1/CD36 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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12
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Rao RB, Shiao ML, Ennis-Czerniak KM, Low WC. Nonhematopoietic Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Administration Improves Long-term Neurodevelopment After Periventricular-Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Neonatal Rats. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231189301. [PMID: 37493283 PMCID: PMC10387682 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231189301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is common in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGAN) and leads to motor and behavioral impairments. Currently there is no effective treatment for PIVH. Whether human nonhematopoietic umbilical cord blood-derived stem cell (nh-UCBSC) administration reduces the severity of brain injury and improves long-term motor and behavioral function was tested in an ELGAN-equivalent neonatal rat model of PIVH. In a collagenase-induced unilateral PIVH on postnatal day (P) 2 model, rat pups received a single dose of nh-UCBSCs at a dose of 1 × 106 cells i.p. on P6 (PIVH + UCBSC group) or were left untreated (Untreated PIVH group). Motor deficit was determined using forelimb placement, edge-push, and elevated body swing tests at 2 months (N = 5-8). Behavior was evaluated using open field exploration and rearing tests at 4 months (N =10-12). Cavity volume and hemispheric volume loss on the PIVH side were determined at 7 months (N = 6-7). Outcomes were compared between the Untreated PIVH and PIVH + UCBSC groups and a Control group. Unilateral motor deficits were present in 60%-100% of rats in the Untreated PIVH group and 12.5% rats in the PIVH + UCBSC group (P = 0.02). Untreated PIVH group exhibited a higher number of quadrant crossings in open field exploration, indicating low emotionality and poor habituation, and had a cavitary lesion and hemispheric volume loss on the PIVH side. Performance in open field exploration correlated with cavity volume (r2 = 0.25; P < 0.05). Compared with the Untreated PIVH group, performance in open field exploration was better (P = 0.0025) and hemispheric volume loss was lower (19.9 ± 4.4% vs 6.1 ± 2.6%, P = 0.018) in the PIVH + UCBSC group. These results suggest that a single dose of nh-UCBSCs administered in the subacute period after PIVH reduces the severity of injury and improves neurodevelopment in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra B. Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maple L. Shiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Ennis-Czerniak
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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13
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Intraventricular hemorrhage induces inflammatory brain damage with blood-brain barrier dysfunction in immature rats. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:78-88. [PMID: 35428877 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize a preclinical model of intraventricular hemorrhage-induced brain damage (IVH-BD) in extremely low birth weight newborns (ELBWN), to identify potential therapeutic targets based on its pathophysiology. METHODS IVH was induced in 1-day-old (P1) Wistar rats by left periventricular injection of clostridium collagenase (PVCC). At P6, P14, and P45 IVH-BD (area of damage, motor and cognitive deficits, Lactate/N-acetylaspartate ratio), white matter injury (WMI: ipsilateral hemisphere and corpus callosum atrophy, oligodendroglial population and myelin basic protein signal reduction), blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction (occludin and Mfsd2a expression, Gadolinium leakage) and inflammation (TNFα, TLR4, NFkB, and MMP9 expression; immune cell infiltration), excitotoxicity (Glutamate/N-acetylaspartate), and oxidative stress (protein nitrosylation) were assessed. Sham animals were similarly studied. RESULTS IVH-BD leads to long-term WMI, resulting in motor and cognitive impairment, thus reproducing IVH-BD features in ELBWN. BBB dysfunction with increased permeability was observed at P6 and P14, coincident with an increased inflammatory response with TLR4 overexpression, increased TNFα production, and increased immune cell infiltration, as well as increased excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS This model reproduced some key hallmarks of IVH-BD in ELBWN. Inflammation associated with BBB dysfunction appears as relevant therapeutic target to prevent IVH-BD-induced WMI. IMPACT Paraventricular injection of clostridium collagenase (PVCC) to 1-day-old Wistar rats uniquely reproduced the neuroimaging, histologic and functional characteristics of intraventricular hemorrhage-induced brain damage (IVH-BD) in extremely low birth weight newborns (ELBWN). PVCC-induced IVH triggered a prolonged inflammatory response associated with blood-brain barrier increased permeability, which in turn facilitates the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Thus, PVCC led to white matter injury (WMI) resulting in long-term motor and cognitive impairment. This model offers a valuable tool to obtain further insight into the mechanisms of IVH-BD in ELBWN and proposes some key therapeutic targets.
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14
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Pindrik J, Schulz L, Drapeau A. Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Neonatal Hydrocephalus. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 42:100969. [PMID: 35868728 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hydrocephalus represents an important pathological condition with significant impact on medical care and neurocognitive development. This condition requires early recognition, appropriate medical and surgical management, and long-term surveillance by clinicians and pediatric neurosurgeons. Common etiologies of neonatal and infant hydrocephalus include intraventricular hemorrhage related to prematurity with subsequent post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, and obstructive hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis. Clinical markers of elevated intracranial pressure include rapid increases in head circumference across percentiles, elevation and firmness of the anterior fontanelle, splitting or splaying of cranial sutures, upgaze palsy, lethargy, frequent emesis, or episodic bradycardia (unrelated to other comorbidities). Complementing these clinical markers, imaging modalities used for the diagnosis of neonatal hydrocephalus include head ultrasonography, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and head computed tomography in urgent or emergent situations. Following diagnosis, temporizing measures may be employed prior to definitive treatment and include ventricular access device or ventriculo-subgaleal shunt insertion. Definitive surgical management involves permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion via CSF shunt insertion, or endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization. Surgical decision-making and approaches vary based on patient age, hydrocephalus etiology, neuroanatomy, imaging findings, and medical comorbidities. Indications, surgical techniques, and clinical outcomes of these procedures continue to evolve and elicit significant attention in the research environment. In this review we describe the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical markers, imaging findings, early management, definitive surgical management, and clinical outcomes of pediatric patients with neonatal hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pindrik
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH.
| | - Lauren Schulz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Annie Drapeau
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
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15
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Xu N, Li X, Weng J, Wei C, He Z, Doycheva DM, Lenahan C, Tang W, Zhou J, Liu Y, Xu Q, Liu Y, He X, Tang J, Zhang JH, Duan C. Adiponectin Ameliorates GMH-Induced Brain Injury by Regulating Microglia M1/M2 Polarization Via AdipoR1/APPL1/AMPK/PPARγ Signaling Pathway in Neonatal Rats. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873382. [PMID: 35720361 PMCID: PMC9203698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN), a fat-derived plasma hormone, is a classic anti-inflammatory agent. Multiple studies have demonstrated the beneficial role of APN in acute brain injury, but the effect of APN in germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is unclear, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely undefined. In the current study, we used a GMH rat model with rh-APN treatment, and we observed that APN demonstrated a protective effect on neurological function and an inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation after GMH. To further explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects, we found that the expression of Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) primarily colocalized with microglia and neurons in the brain. Moreover, AdiopR1, but not AdipoR2, was largely increased in GMH rats. Meanwhile, further investigation showed that APN treatment promoted AdipoR1/APPL1-mediated AMPK phosphorylation, further increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression, and induced microglial M2 polarization to reduce the neuroinflammation and enhance hematoma resolution in GMH rats. Importantly, either knockdown of AdipoR1, APPL1, or LKB1, or specific inhibition of AMPK/PPARγ signaling in microglia abrogated the protective effect of APN after GMH in rats. In all, we propose that APN works as a potential therapeutic agent to ameliorate the inflammatory response following GMH by enhancing the M2 polarization of microglia via AdipoR1/APPL1/AMPK/PPARγ signaling pathway, ultimately attenuating inflammatory brain injury induced by hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Xu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xifeng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Weng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Desislava Met Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Wenhui Tang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Medical Science, Shunde Polytechnic College, Foshan, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuying He
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Nadeem T, Bommareddy A, Bolarinwa L, Cuervo H. Pericyte dynamics in the mouse germinal matrix angiogenesis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22339. [PMID: 35506590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200120r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is the most devastating neurological complication in premature infants. GM-IVH usually begins in the GM, a highly vascularized region of the developing brain where glial and neuronal precursors reside underneath the lateral ventricular ependyma. Previous studies using human fetal tissue have suggested increased angiogenesis and paucity of pericytes as key factors contributing to GM-IVH pathogenesis. Yet, despite its relevance, the mechanisms underlying the GM vasculature's susceptibility to hemorrhage remain poorly understood. To gain better understanding on the vascular dynamics of the GM, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the mouse GM vascular endothelium and pericytes during development. We hypothesize that vascular development of the mouse GM will provide a good model for studies of human GM vascularization and provide insights into the role of pericytes in GM-IVH pathogenesis. Our findings show that the mouse GM presents significantly greater vascular area and vascular branching compared to the developing cortex (CTX). Analysis of pericyte coverage showed abundance in PDGFRβ-positive and NG2-positive pericyte coverage in the GM similar to the developing CTX. However, we found a paucity in Desmin-positive pericyte coverage of the GM vasculature. Our results underscore the highly angiogenic nature of the GM and reveal that pericytes in the developing mouse GM exhibit distinct phenotypical and likely functional characteristics compared to other brain regions which might contribute to the high susceptibility of the GM vasculature to hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliha Nadeem
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Apoorva Bommareddy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lolade Bolarinwa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Henar Cuervo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Alshareef M, Mallah K, Vasas T, Alawieh A, Borucki D, Couch C, Cutrone J, Shope C, Eskandari R, Tomlinson S. A Role of Complement in the Pathogenic Sequelae of Mouse Neonatal Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2943. [PMID: 35328364 PMCID: PMC8954718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a devastating disease of infancy that results in intraventricular hemorrhage, post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), periventricular leukomalacia, and neurocognitive deficits. There are no curative treatments and limited surgical options. We developed and characterized a mouse model of GMH based on the injection of collagenase into the subventricular zone of post-natal pups and utilized the model to investigate the role of complement in PHH development. The site-targeted complement inhibitor CR2Crry, which binds deposited C3 complement activation products, localized specifically in the brain following its systemic administration after GMH. Compared to vehicle, CR2Crry treatment reduced PHH and lesion size, which was accompanied by decreased perilesional complement deposition, decreased astrocytosis and microgliosis, and the preservation of dendritic and neuronal density. Complement inhibition also improved survival and weight gain, and it improved motor performance and cognitive outcomes measured in adolescence. The progression to PHH, neuronal loss, and associated behavioral deficits was linked to the microglial phagocytosis of complement opsonized neurons, which was reversed with CR2Crry treatment. Thus, complement plays an important role in the pathological sequelae of GMH, and complement inhibition represents a novel therapeutic approach to reduce the disease progression of a condition for which there is currently no treatment outside of surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alshareef
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 301 CSB, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Khalil Mallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 204, MSC 504, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Tyler Vasas
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.V.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ali Alawieh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Davis Borucki
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.V.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (C.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Christine Couch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 204, MSC 504, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.M.); (C.C.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jonathan Cutrone
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.V.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Chelsea Shope
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.V.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ramin Eskandari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 301 CSB, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 204, MSC 504, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 204, MSC 504, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.M.); (C.C.)
- Ralph Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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18
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Dawes W. Secondary Brain Injury Following Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: The Role of the Ciliated Ependyma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:887606. [PMID: 35844746 PMCID: PMC9280684 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.887606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage is recognized as a leading cause of hydrocephalus in the developed world and a key determinant of neurodevelopmental outcome following premature birth. Even in the absence of haemorrhagic infarction or posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus, there is increasing evidence of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental sequelae. The pathophysiology underlying this injury is thought to be due to a primary destructive and secondary developmental insult, but the exact mechanisms remain elusive and this has resulted in a paucity of therapeutic interventions. The presence of blood within the cerebrospinal fluid results in the loss of the delicate neurohumoral gradient within the developing brain, adversely impacting on the tightly regulated temporal and spatial control of cell proliferation and migration of the neural stem progenitor cells within the subventricular zone. In addition, haemolysis of the erythrocytes, associated with the release of clotting factors and leucocytes into the cerebrospinal (CSF), results in a toxic and inflammatory CSF microenvironment which is harmful to the periventricular tissues, resulting in damage and denudation of the multiciliated ependymal cells which line the choroid plexus and ventricular system. The ependyma plays a critical role in the developing brain and beyond, acting as both a protector and gatekeeper to the underlying parenchyma, controlling influx and efflux across the CSF to brain interstitial fluid interface. In this review I explore the hypothesis that damage and denudation of the ependymal layer at this critical juncture in the developing brain, seen following IVH, may adversely impact on the brain microenvironment, exposing the underlying periventricular tissues to toxic and inflammatory CSF, further exacerbating disordered activity within the subventricular zone (SVZ). By understanding the impact that intraventricular hemorrhage has on the microenvironment within the CSF, and the consequences that this has on the multiciliated ependymal cells which line the neuraxis, we can begin to develop and test novel therapeutic interventions to mitigate damage and reduce the associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dawes
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital BRC, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Nilsson G, Baburamani AA, Rutherford MA, Zhu C, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Vontell R, Wang X. White matter injury but not germinal matrix hemorrhage induces elevated osteopontin expression in human preterm brains. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:166. [PMID: 34654477 PMCID: PMC8518254 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein that mediates various physiological functions and is implicated in neuroinflammation, myelination, and perinatal brain injury. However, its expression in association with brain injury in preterm infants is unexplored. Here we examined the expression of OPN in postmortem brains of preterm infants and explored how this expression is affected in brain injury. We analyzed brain sections from cases with white matter injury (WMI) and cases with germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) and compared them to control cases having no brain injury. WMI cases displayed moderate to severe tissue injury in the periventricular and deep white matter that was accompanied by an increase of microglia with amoeboid morphology. Apart from visible hemorrhage in the germinal matrix, GMH cases displayed diffuse white matter injury in the periventricular and deep white matter. In non-injured preterm brains, OPN was expressed at low levels in microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. OPN expression was significantly increased in regions with white matter injury in both WMI cases and GMH cases. The main cellular source of OPN in white matter injury areas was amoeboid microglia, although a significant increase was also observed in astrocytes in WMI cases. OPN was not expressed in the germinal matrix of any case, regardless of whether there was hemorrhage. In conclusion, preterm brain injury induces elevated OPN expression in microglia and astrocytes, and this increase is found in sites closely related to injury in the white matter regions but not with the hemorrhage site in the germinal matrix. Thus, it appears that OPN takes part in the inflammatory process in white matter injury in preterm infants, and these findings facilitate our understanding of OPN's role under both physiological and pathological conditions in the human brain that may lead to greater elucidation of disease mechanisms and potentially better treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nilsson
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana A Baburamani
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mary A Rutherford
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regina Vontell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- University of Miami Brain Endowment Bank, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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20
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Xiao J, Cai T, Fang Y, Liu R, Flores JJ, Wang W, Gao L, Liu Y, Lu Q, Tang L, Zhang JH, Lu H, Tang J. Activation of GPR40 attenuates neuroinflammation and improves neurological function via PAK4/CREB/KDM6B pathway in an experimental GMH rat model. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:160. [PMID: 34275493 PMCID: PMC8286626 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is defined by the rupture of immature blood vessels in the germinal matrix, where subsequent hemorrhage enters the subependymal zone and the cerebral lateral ventricles. The consequent blood clot has been identified as the causative factor of secondary brain injury, which triggers a series of complex parallel and sequential harmful mechanisms, including neuroinflammation. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a free fatty acid (FFA) receptor 1, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects when activated and improved outcomes in animal models of stroke. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of GPR40 and its underlying mechanisms after GMH. METHODS GMH model was induced in 7-day-old rat pups by an intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. GPR40 agonist, GW9508, was administered intranasally 1 h, 25 h, and 49 h after GMH induction. CRISPR targeting GPR40, PAK4, and KDM6B were administered through intracerebroventricular injection 48 h before GMH induction. Neurologic scores, microglia polarization, and brain morphology were evaluated by negative geotaxis, right reflex, rotarod test, foot fault test, Morris water maze, immunofluorescence staining, Western blots, and nissl staining respectfully. RESULTS The results demonstrated that GW9508 improved neurological and morphological outcomes after GMH in the short (24 h, 48 h, 72h) and long-term (days 21-27). However, the neuroprotective effects of treatment were abolished by GW1100, a selective GPR40 antagonist. GW9508 treatment increased populations of M2 microglia and decreased M1 microglia in periventricular areas 24 h after GMH induction. GW9508 upregulated the phosphorylation of PAK4, CREB, and protein level of KDM6B, CD206, IL-10, which was also met with the downregulation of inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α. The mechanism study demonstrated that the knockdown of GPR40, PAK4, and KDM6B reversed the neuroprotective effects brought on by GW9508. This evidence suggests that GPR40/PAK4/CREB/KDM6B signaling pathway in microglia plays a role in the attenuation of neuroinflammation after GMH. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the activation of GPR40 attenuated GMH-induced neuroinflammation through the activation of the PAK4/CREB/KDM6B signaling pathway, and M2 microglia may be a major mediator of this effect. Thus, GPR40 may serve as a potential target in the reduction of the inflammatory response following GMH, thereby improving neurological outcomes in the short- and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Tao Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Wenna Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Lihui Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA.
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21
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da Conceição Pereira S, Manhães-de-Castro R, Visco DB, de Albuquerque GL, da Silva Calado CMS, da Silva Souza V, Toscano AE. Locomotion is impacted differently according to the perinatal brain injury model: Meta-analysis of preclinical studies with implications for cerebral palsy. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 360:109250. [PMID: 34116077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different approaches to reproduce cerebral palsy (CP) in animals, contribute to the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanism of this disease and provide a basis for the development of intervention strategies. Locomotion and coordination are the main cause of disability in CP, however, few studies highlight the quantitative differences of CP models, on locomotion parameters, considering the methodologies to cause brain lesions in the perinatal period. METHODS Studies with cerebral palsy animal models that assess locomotion parameters were systematically retrieved from Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS, and Web of Science. Methodological evaluation of included studies and quantitative assessment of locomotion parameters were performed after eligibility screening. RESULTS CP models were induced by hypoxia-ischemia (HI), Prenatal ischemia (PI), lipopolysaccharide inflammation (LPS), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), anoxia (A), sensorimotor restriction (SR), and a combination of different models. Overall, 63 studies included in qualitative synthesis showed a moderate quality of evidence. 16 studies were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Significant reduction was observed in models that combined LPS with HI related to distance traveled (SMD -7.24 95 % CI [-8.98, -5.51], Z = 1.18, p < 0.00001) and LPS with HI or anoxia with sensory-motor restriction (SMD -6.01, 95 % CI [-7.67, -4.35], Z = 7.11), or IVH (SMD -4.91, 95 % CI [-5.84, -3.98], Z = 10.31, p < 0.00001) related to motor coordination. CONCLUSION The combination of different approaches to reproduce CP in animals causes greater deficits in locomotion and motor coordination from the early stages of life to adulthood. These findings contribute to methodological refinement, reduction, and replacement in animal experimentation, favoring translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina da Conceição Pereira
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego Bulcão Visco
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa da Silva Souza
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Nursing, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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22
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Rasile M, Lauranzano E, Mirabella F, Matteoli M. Neurological consequences of neurovascular unit and brain vasculature damages: potential risks for pregnancy infections and COVID-19-babies. FEBS J 2021; 289:3374-3392. [PMID: 33998773 PMCID: PMC8237015 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intragravidic and perinatal infections, acting through either direct viral effect or immune-mediated responses, are recognized causes of liability for neurodevelopmental disorders in the progeny. The large amounts of epidemiological data and the wealth of information deriving from animal models of gestational infections have contributed to delineate, in the last years, possible underpinning mechanisms for this phenomenon, including defects in neuronal migration, impaired spine and synaptic development, and altered activation of microglia. Recently, dysfunctions of the neurovascular unit and anomalies of the brain vasculature have unexpectedly emerged as potential causes at the origin of behavioral abnormalities and psychiatric disorders consequent to prenatal and perinatal infections. This review aims to discuss the up-to-date literature evidence pointing to the neurovascular unit and brain vasculature damages as the etiological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental syndromes. We focus on the inflammatory events consequent to intragravidic viral infections as well as on the direct viral effects as the potential primary triggers. These authors hope that a timely review of the literature will help to envision promising research directions, also relevant for the present and future COVID-19 longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rasile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
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23
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IL-20R Activation via rIL-19 Enhances Hematoma Resolution through the IL-20R1/ERK/Nrf2 Pathway in an Experimental GMH Rat Pup Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5913424. [PMID: 33532035 PMCID: PMC7837781 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5913424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims Blood clots play the primary role in neurological deficits after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH). Previous studies have shown a beneficial effect in blood clot clearance after hemorrhagic stroke. The purpose of this study is to investigate interleukin-19's role in hematoma clearance after GMH and its underlying mechanism of IL-20R1/ERK/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Methods A total of 240 Sprague-Dawley P7 rat pups were used. GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. rIL-19 was administered intranasally 1 hour post-GMH. IL-20R1 CRISPR was administered intracerebroventricularly, or Nrf2 antagonist ML385 was administered intraperitoneally 48 hours and 1 hour before GMH induction, respectively. Neurobehavior, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, histology, and hemoglobin assay were used to evaluate treatment regiments in the short- and long-term. Results Endogenous IL-19, IL-20R1, IL-20R2, and scavenger receptor CD163 were increased after GMH. rIL-19 treatment improved neurological deficits, reduced hematoma volume and hemoglobin content, reduced ventriculomegaly, and attenuated cortical thickness loss. Additionally, treatment increased ERK, Nrf2, and CD163 expression, whereas IL-20R1 CRISPR-knockdown plasmid and ML385 inhibited the effects of rIL-19 on CD163 expression. Conclusion rIL-19 treatment improved hematoma clearance and attenuated neurological deficits induced by GMH, which was mediated through the upregulation of the IL-20R1/ERK/Nrf2 pathways. rIL-19 treatment may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for the GMH patient population.
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24
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Jinnai M, Koning G, Singh-Mallah G, Jonsdotter A, Leverin AL, Svedin P, Nair S, Takeda S, Wang X, Mallard C, Ek CJ, Rocha-Ferreira E, Hagberg H. A Model of Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage in Preterm Rat Pups. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:535320. [PMID: 33343300 PMCID: PMC7744792 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.535320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a serious complication in extremely preterm infants associated with neurological deficits and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to develop and characterize a grade III and IV GMH model in postnatal day 5 (P5) rats, the equivalent of preterm human brain maturation. P5 Wistar rats were exposed to unilateral GMH through intracranial injection into the striatum close to the germinal matrix with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 U of collagenase VII. During 10 days following GMH induction, motor functions and body weight were assessed and brain tissue collected at P16. Animals were tested for anxiety, motor coordination and motor asymmetry on P22–26 and P36–40. Using immunohistochemical staining and neuropathological scoring we found that a collagenase dose of 0.3 U induced GMH. Neuropathological assessment revealed that the brain injury in the collagenase group was characterized by dilation of the ipsilateral ventricle combined with mild to severe cellular necrosis as well as mild to moderate atrophy at the levels of striatum and subcortical white matter, and to a lesser extent, hippocampus and cortex. Within 0.5 h post-collagenase injection there was clear bleeding at the site of injury, with progressive increase in iron and infiltration of neutrophils in the first 24 h, together with focal microglia activation. By P16, blood was no longer observed, although significant gray and white matter brain infarction persisted. Astrogliosis was also detected at this time-point. Animals exposed to GMH performed worse than controls in the negative geotaxis test and also opened their eyes with latency compared to control animals. At P40, GMH rats spent more time in the center of open field box and moved at higher speed compared to the controls, and continued to show ipsilateral injury in striatum and subcortical white matter. We have established a P5 rat model of collagenase-induced GMH for the study of preterm brain injury. Our results show that P5 rat pups exposed to GMH develop moderate brain injury affecting both gray and white matter associated with delayed eye opening and abnormal motor functions. These animals develop hyperactivity and show reduced anxiety in the juvenile stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Jinnai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gabriella Koning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Jonsdotter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Leverin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Syam Nair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Joakim Ek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine, Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn and Preclinical Models: Inflammatory Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218343. [PMID: 33172205 PMCID: PMC7664434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is one of the most important complications of the preterm newborn. Since these children are born at a critical time in brain development, they can develop short and long term neurological, sensory, cognitive and motor disabilities depending on the severity of the GM-IVH. In addition, hemorrhage triggers a microglia-mediated inflammatory response that damages the tissue adjacent to the injury. Nevertheless, a neuroprotective and neuroreparative role of the microglia has also been described, suggesting that neonatal microglia may have unique functions. While the implication of the inflammatory process in GM-IVH is well established, the difficulty to access a very delicate population has lead to the development of animal models that resemble the pathological features of GM-IVH. Genetically modified models and lesions induced by local administration of glycerol, collagenase or blood have been used to study associated inflammatory mechanisms as well as therapeutic targets. In the present study we review the GM-IVH complications, with special interest in inflammatory response and the role of microglia, both in patients and animal models, and we analyze specific proteins and cytokines that are currently under study as feasible predictors of GM-IVH evolution and prognosis.
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Martins CA, Neves LT, de Oliveira MMBP, Bagatini PB, Barboza R, Mestriner RG, Xavier LL, Rasia-Filho AA. Neuroprotective effect of ACTH on collagenase-induced peri-intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn male rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17734. [PMID: 33082383 PMCID: PMC7576182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a common and serious prematurity-related complication in neonates. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has neuroprotective actions and is a candidate to ameliorate brain damage following PIVH. Here, we tested the efficacy of ACTH1-24 on a collagenase-induced lesion of the germinal matrix (GM) in newborn male rats. Animals received microinjection of the vehicle (PBS, 2 µl) or collagenase type VII (0.3 IU) into the GM/periventricular tissue on postnatal day (PN) 2. Twelve hours later pups received microinjection of either the agonist ACTH1-24 (0.048 mg/kg), or the antagonist SHU9119 (antagonist of MCR3/MCR4 receptors, 0.01 mg/kg), or their combination. Morphological outcomes included striatal injury extension, neuronal and glial cells counting, and immunohistochemical expression of brain lesion biomarkers ipsilateral and contralateral to the hemorrhagic site. Data were evaluated on PN 8. Collagenase induced PIVH and severe ipsilateral striatal lesion. ACTH1-24 dampened the deleterious effects of collagenase-induced hemorrhage in significantly reducing the extension of the damaged area, the striatal neuronal and glial losses, and the immunoreactive expression of the GFAP, S100β, and NG2-glia biomarkers in the affected periventricular area. SHU9119 blocked the glial density rescuing effect of ACTH1-24. ACTH1-24 could be further evaluated to determine its suitability for preclinical models of PVH in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, 90170-050, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde/Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, R. Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90170-050, Brazil
| | - Laura Tartari Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Marina M B P de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Pamela Brambilla Bagatini
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Barboza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, 90170-050, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde/Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, R. Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90170-050, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90170-050, Brazil.
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Deng S, Sherchan P, Jin P, Huang L, Travis Z, Zhang JH, Gong Y, Tang J. Recombinant CCL17 Enhances Hematoma Resolution and Activation of CCR4/ERK/Nrf2/CD163 Signaling Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1940-1953. [PMID: 32783091 PMCID: PMC7851239 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematoma is a crucial factor leading to poor prognosis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Promoting microglial phagocytosis to enhance hematoma resolution may be an important therapeutic target for recovery after ICH. C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is important for regulating immune balance in the central nervous system. However, whether CCR4 activation can attenuate hematoma after ICH remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate whether CCL17 (a specific ligand of CCR4) treatment can promote hematoma resolution through CCR4/ERK/Nrf2/CD163 pathway after ICH. A total of 261 adult male CD1 mice were used. Mice were subjected to intrastriatal injection of autologous blood to induce ICH and randomly assigned to receive recombinant CCL17 (rCCL17) or vehicle which was administered intranasally at 1 h after ICH. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, C021, a selective inhibitor of CCR4 and ML385 and a selective inhibitor of Nrf2 were administered 1 h prior to ICH induction. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout for CD163 was administered by intracerebroventricular injection at 48 h before ICH. Brain edema, short- and long-term neurobehavior evaluation, hematoma volume, hemoglobin content, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were performed. Endogenous CCL17, CCR4, and CD163 expression increased and peaked at 72 h after ICH. CCR4 was expressed by microglia. CCR4 activation with rCCL17 significantly improved neurobehavioral scores and reduced hematoma volume and brain edema compared with vehicle. Moreover, rCCL17 treatment significantly promoted phosphorylation of ERK1/2, increased the expression Nrf2, and upregulated CD163 expression after ICH. The protective effects of rCCL17 were abolished by administration of C021, ML385, and CD163 CRISPR knockout. This study demonstrated that CCR4 activation with rCCL17 promoted hematoma resolution by increasing CD163 expression and CCR4/ERK/Nrf2 pathway activation after ICH, thereby reducing brain edema and improving neurological function. Overall, our study suggests that CCR4 activation may be a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate hematoma in early brain injury after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuixiang Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle WuLuMuQi, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle WuLuMuQi, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Zachary Travis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle WuLuMuQi, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA.
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Ye F, Garton HJL, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. The Role of Thrombin in Brain Injury After Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:496-511. [PMID: 32989665 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is increased in the brain after hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke primarily due to the prothrombin entry from blood either with a hemorrhage or following blood-brain barrier disruption. Increasing evidence indicates that thrombin and its receptors (protease-activated receptors (PARs)) play a major role in brain pathology following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (including intracerebral, intraventricular, and subarachnoid hemorrhage). Thrombin and PARs affect brain injury via multiple mechanisms that can be detrimental or protective. The cleavage of prothrombin into thrombin is the key step of hemostasis and thrombosis which takes place in every stroke and subsequent brain injury. The extravascular effects and direct cellular interactions of thrombin are mediated by PARs (PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4) and their downstream signaling in multiple brain cell types. Such effects include inducing blood-brain-barrier disruption, brain edema, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death, although low thrombin concentrations can promote cell survival. Also, thrombin directly links the coagulation system to the immune system by activating interleukin-1α. Such effects of thrombin can result in both short-term brain injury and long-term functional deficits, making extravascular thrombin an understudied therapeutic target for stroke. This review examines the role of thrombin and PARs in brain injury following hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and the potential treatment strategies which are complicated by their role in both hemostasis and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hugh J L Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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Li P, Zhao G, Chen F, Ding Y, Wang T, Liu S, Lu W, Xu W, Flores J, Ocak U, Zhang T, Zhang JH, Tang J. Rh-relaxin-2 attenuates degranulation of mast cells by inhibiting NF-κB through PI3K-AKT/TNFAIP3 pathway in an experimental germinal matrix hemorrhage rat model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:250. [PMID: 32859236 PMCID: PMC7455905 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells play an important role in early immune reactions in the brain by degranulation and the consequent inflammatory response. Our aim of the study is to investigate the effects of rh-relaxin-2 on mast cells and the underlying mechanisms in a germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) rat model. METHODS One hundred seventy-three P7 rat pups were subjected to GMH by an intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. Clodronate liposome was administered through intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections 24 h prior to GMH to inhibit microglia. Rh-relaxin-2 was administered intraperitoneally at 1 h and 13 h after GMH. Small interfering RNA of RXFP1 and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 were given by i.c.v. injection. Post-GMH evaluation included neurobehavioral function, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, Nissl staining, and toluidine blue staining. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that endogenous relaxin-2 was downregulated and that RXFP1 level peaked on the first day after GMH. Administration of rh-relaxin-2 improved neurological functions, attenuated degranulation of mast cells and neuroinflammation, and ameliorated post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) after GMH. These effects were associated with RXFP1 activation, increased expression of PI3K, phosphorylated AKT and TNFAIP3, and decreased levels of phosphorylated NF-κB, tryptase, chymase, IL-6, and TNF-α. However, knockdown of RXFP1 and PI3K inhibition abolished the protective effects of rh-relaxin-2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that rh-relaxin-2 attenuated degranulation of mast cells and neuroinflammation, improved neurological outcomes, and ameliorated hydrocephalus after GMH through RXFP1/PI3K-AKT/TNFAIP3/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, China
- Traumatic Research Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650101, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Shengpeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Weitian Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Wang T, Zhang J, Li P, Ding Y, Tang J, Chen G, Zhang JH. NT-4 attenuates neuroinflammation via TrkB/PI3K/FoxO1 pathway after germinal matrix hemorrhage in neonatal rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:158. [PMID: 32416727 PMCID: PMC7229625 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation plays an important role in pathogenesis of germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH). Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a member of the neurotrophin family and interacts with the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). NT-4 has been shown to confer neuroprotective effects following cerebral ischemia. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective function of NT-4-TrkB signaling, as well as its downstream signaling cascade phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), following GMH in neonatal rats. Methods GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase (0.3 U) in P7 rat pups. A total of 163 pups were used in this study. Recombinant human NT-4 was administered intranasally at 1 h after the collagenase injection. The selective TrkB antagonist ANA-12, selective PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and FoxO1 activating CRISPR were administered intracerebroventricularly at 24 h prior to NT-4 treatment to investigate the underlying mechanism. Short-term and long-term neurobehavioral assessments, immunofluorescence staining, Nissl’s staining, and Western blot were performed. Results Expression of phosphorylated TrkB increased after GMH, reaching the peak level at day 3 after hemorrhage. TrkB receptors were observed on neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. The administration of rh-NT-4 induced phosphorylation of TrkB, expression of PI3K, and phosphorylation of Akt. Meanwhile, it decreased FoxO1 and IL-6 levels. Selective inhibition of TrkB/PI3K/Akt signaling in microglia increased the expression levels of FoxO1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. FoxO1 activating CRISPR increased the expression of IL-6, suggesting that FoxO1 might be a potential inducer of pro-inflammatory factors. These results suggested that PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling may be the downstream pathway of activation of TrkB. The rat pups treated with rh-NT-4 performed better than vehicle-treated animals in both short-term and long-term behavioral tests. Conclusion These data showed that rh-NT-4 reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, improved neurological function, attenuated neuroinflammation, and thereby mitigated post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus after GMH by TrkB/PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway. These results indicated that rh-NT-4 could be a promising therapeutic strategy to ameliorate neuroinflammation and hydrocephalus after GMH or other similar brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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Delayed recanalization after MCAO ameliorates ischemic stroke by inhibiting apoptosis via HGF/c-Met/STAT3/Bcl-2 pathway in rats. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113359. [PMID: 32428505 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The activation of tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) showed an anti-apoptotic effect in numerous disease models. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of the HGF/c-Met axis-mediated anti-apoptosis underlying the delayed recanalization in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Permanent MCAO model (pMCAO) was induced by intravascular filament insertion. Recanalization was induced by withdrawing the filament at 3 days after MCAO (rMCAO). HGF levels in the blood serum and brain tissue expressions of HGF, c-Met, phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT3), STAT3, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3(CC3) were assessed using ELISA and western blot, respectively. To study the mechanism, HGF small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) and c-Met inhibitor, su11274, were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intranasally, respectively. The concentration of HGF in the serum was increased significantly after MCAO. Brain expression of HGF was increased after MCAO and peaked at 3 days after recanalization. HGF and c-Met were both co-localized with neurons. Compared to rats received permanent MCAO, delayed recanalization after MCAO decreased the infarction volume, inhibited neuronal apoptosis, and improved neurobehavioral function, increased expressions of p-STAT3 and its downstream Bcl-2. Mechanistic studies indicated that HGF siRNA and su11274 reversed the neuroprotection including anti-apoptotic effects provided by delayed recanalization. In conclusion, the delayed recanalization after MCAO increased the expression of HGF in the brain, and reduced the infarction and neuronal apoptosis after MCAO, partly via the activation of the HGF/c-Met/STAT3/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. The delayed recanalization may serve as a therapeutic alternative for a subset of ischemic stroke patients.
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Serelaxin activates eNOS, suppresses inflammation, attenuates developmental delay and improves cognitive functions of neonatal rats after germinal matrix hemorrhage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8115. [PMID: 32415164 PMCID: PMC7229117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a detrimental form of neonatal CNS injury. Following GMH-mediated eNOS inhibition, inflammation arises, contributing to GMH-induced brain injury. We investigated the beneficial effects of Serelaxin, a clinical tested recombinant Relaxin-2 protein, on brain injury after GMH in rats. We investigated whether effects of Serelaxin are mediated by its ability to activate the GMH-suppressed eNOS pathway resulting in attenuation of inflammatory marker overproduction. GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase (0.3U). Seven day old Sprague–Dawley rat pups (P7) were used (n = 63). GMH animals were divided in vehicle or serelaxin treated (3 µg once, 30 µg once, 30 µg multiple, i.p., starting 30 after GMH and then daily). Sham operated animals were used. We monitored the developmental profile working memory and spatial function (T-maze and open field test respectively). At day 28, all rats underwent MRI-scans for assessment of changes in cortical thickness and white matter loss. Effects of Serelaxin on eNOS pathway activation and post-GMH inflammation were evaluated. We demonstrated that Serelaxin dose-dependently attenuated GMH-induced developmental delay, protected brain and improved cognitive functions of rats after GMH. That was associated with the decreased post-GMH inflammation, mediated at least partly by amelioration of GMH-induced eNOS inhibition.
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Bell AH, Miller SL, Castillo-Melendez M, Malhotra A. The Neurovascular Unit: Effects of Brain Insults During the Perinatal Period. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1452. [PMID: 32038147 PMCID: PMC6987380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept in neuroscience that broadly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The NVU incorporates cellular and extracellular components involved in regulating cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier function. The NVU within the adult brain has attracted strong research interest and its structure and function is well described, however, the NVU in the developing brain over the fetal and neonatal period remains much less well known. One area of particular interest in perinatal brain development is the impact of known neuropathological insults on the NVU. The aim of this review is to synthesize existing literature to describe structure and function of the NVU in the developing brain, with a particular emphasis on exploring the effects of perinatal insults. Accordingly, a brief overview of NVU components and function is provided, before discussion of NVU development and how this may be affected by perinatal pathologies. We have focused this discussion around three common perinatal insults: prematurity, acute hypoxia, and chronic hypoxia. A greater understanding of processes affecting the NVU in the perinatal period may enable application of targeted therapies, as well as providing a useful basis for research as it expands further into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Bell
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abrantes De Lacerda Almeida T, Santos MV, Da Silva Lopes L, Goel G, Leonardo De Freitas R, De Medeiros P, Crippa JA, Machado HR. Intraperitoneal cannabidiol attenuates neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage-induced neuroinflamation and perilesional apoptosis. Neurol Res 2019; 41:980-990. [PMID: 31378168 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1651487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background. As the survival of preterm infants has increased significantly, germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) has become an important public health issue. Nevertheless, treatment strategies for the direct neuronal injury are still scarce. The present study aims to analyze the neuroprotective properties of cannabidiol in germinal matrix hemorrhage. Methods. 112 Wistar rat pups (P7) were submitted to an experimental collagenase induced model of GMH. Inflammatory response and neuronal death were analyzed both at the perilesional area as at the distant ipsilateral CA1 hippocampal area. Immunohistochemistry for GFAP and caspase 3 was used. The ipsilateral free water content was assessed for stimation of cerebral edema, and neurodevelopment and neurofunctional tests were conducted. Results. Reduction of reactive astrocytosis was observed both in the perilesional area 24 hours and 14 days after the hemorrhage lesion (p < 0.001) and in the Stratum oriens of the ipsilateral hippocampal CA1 14 days after the hemorrhage lesion (p < 0.05) in the treated groups. Similarly, there was a reduction in the number of Caspase 3-positive astrocytes in the perilesional area in the treated groups 24 hours after the hemorrhage lesion (p < 0.001). Finally, we found a significant increase in the weight of the rats treated with cannabidiol. Conclusion. The treatment of GMH with cannabidiol significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells and reactive astrocytes in the perilesional area and the ipsilateral hippocampus. In addition, this response was sustained 14 days after the hemorrhage. These results corroborate our hypothesis that cannabidiol is a potential neuroprotective agent in the treatment of germinal matrix hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timóteo Abrantes De Lacerda Almeida
- Pediatric neurosurgery division, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.,Division of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Marcelo Volpon Santos
- Pediatric neurosurgery division, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Luiza Da Silva Lopes
- Department of surgery and anatomy, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Division of neurosurgery, University of California San Diego , San Diego , USA
| | - Renato Leonardo De Freitas
- Laboratory of neuroscience for pain and emotions,Department of surgery and anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto,Brazil
| | - Priscila De Medeiros
- Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Crippa
- Department of psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Hélio Rubens Machado
- Pediatric neurosurgery division, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Li P, Zhao G, Ding Y, Wang T, Flores J, Ocak U, Wu P, Zhang T, Mo J, Zhang JH, Tang J. Rh-IFN-α attenuates neuroinflammation and improves neurological function by inhibiting NF-κB through JAK1-STAT1/TRAF3 pathway in an experimental GMH rat model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:174-185. [PMID: 30711510 PMCID: PMC6591046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) and induces secondary brain injury. Interferon-α (IFN-α) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in infectious diseases via activating IFNAR and its downstream signaling. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Recombinant human IFN-α (rh-IFN-α) and the underlying mechanisms in a rat GMH model. Two hundred and eighteen P7 rat pups of both sexes were subjected to GMH by an intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. Rh-IFN-α was administered intraperitoneally. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of IFNAR, and siRNA of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3) were administered through intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections. JAK1 inhibitor ruxolitinib was given by oral lavage. Post-GMH evaluation included neurobehavioral function, Nissl staining, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Our results showed that endogenous IFN-α and phosphorylated IFNAR levels were increased after GMH. Administration of rh-IFN-α improved neurological functions, attenuated neuroinflammation, inhibited microglial activation, and ameliorated post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus after GMH. These observations were concomitant with IFNAR activation, increased expression of phosphorylated JAK1, phosphorylated STAT1 and TRAF3, and decreased levels of phosphorylated NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α. Specifically, knockdown of IFNAR, JAK1 and TRAF3 abolished the protective effects of rh-IFN-α. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that rh-IFN-α treatment attenuated neuroinflammation, neurological deficits and hydrocephalus formation through inhibiting microglial activation after GMH, which might be mediated by IFNAR/JAK1-STAT1/TRAF3/NF-κB signaling pathway. Rh-IFN-α may be a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate brain injury via its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China; Traumatic Research Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Jun Mo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States.
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Ding Y, Zhang T, Wu G, McBride DW, Xu N, Klebe DW, Zhang Y, Li Q, Tang J, Zhang JH. Astrogliosis inhibition attenuates hydrocephalus by increasing cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption through the glymphatic system after germinal matrix hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:113003. [PMID: 31260658 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) results from the rupture of the immature thin-walled blood vessels and consequent bleeding into the subependymal germinal matrix and possible lateral ventricles. The purpose of this study is to investigate how astrogliosis impacts the glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reabsorption after GMH and how the anti-scarring agent olomoucine attenuates post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. GMH was induced by stereotaxic collagenase infusion into P7 Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to assess astrogliosis and how astrogliosis affects glymphatic function by measuring Aquaporin-4 expression. Intracisternal injection of fluorescence tracer was used to measure CSF diffusion throughout the brain, its dispersion in the paravascular area and CSF drainage into the deep cervical lymph nodes at 28 days after GMH. Both short-term and long-term behavioral tests were used to assess the neurological outcomes. Nissl staining was used to assess the morphological changes at 28 days after hemorrhage. GMH elicited astrogliotic scarring and reduced the exchange between CSF and interstitial fluid, as well as CSF reabsorption through the meningeal lymphatic vessels. This might be associated with redistribution of Aquaporin-4. Olomoucine ameliorated scar tissue formation and attenuated post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. These findings of this study suggested that the glymphatic system might play a role in CSF reabsorption in neonates following GMH. Scar tissue formation impairs this CSF clearance route, and therefore astrogliosis inhibition might be a potential therapeutic strategy for neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Guangyong Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Ningbo Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Damon W Klebe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States of America.
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Liu SP, Huang L, Flores J, Ding Y, Li P, Peng J, Zuo G, Zhang JH, Lu J, Tang JP. Secukinumab attenuates reactive astrogliosis via IL-17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 pathway in a rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1151-1161. [PMID: 31020769 PMCID: PMC6776744 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Reactive astrogliosis plays a critical role in neurological deficits after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH). It has been reported that interleukin‐17A and IL‐17A receptor IL‐17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 signaling pathway enhances reactive astrogliosis after brain injuries. We evaluated the effects of secukinumab on reactive astrogliosis in a rat pup model of GMH. Methods A total of 146 Sprague Dawley P7 rat pups were used. GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of collagenase. Secukinumab was administered intranasally 1 hour post‐GMH. C/EBPβ CRISPR or SIRT1 antagonist EX527 was administrated intracerebroventricularly (icv) 48 hours and 1 hour before GMH induction, respectively. Neurobehavior, Western blot, histology, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess treatment regiments in the short term and long term. Results The endogenous IL‐17A, IL‐17RA, C/EBPβ, and GFAP and proliferation marker CyclinD1 were increased, while SIRT1 expression was decreased after GMH. Secukinumab treatment improved neurological deficits, reduced ventriculomegaly, and increased cortical thickness. Additionally, treatment increased SIRT1 expression and lowered proliferation proteins PCNA and CyclinD1 as well as GFAP expression. C/EBPβ CRISPR activation plasmid and EX527 reversed the antireactive astrogliosis effects of secukinumab. Conclusion Secukinumab attenuated reactive astrogliosis and reduced neurological deficits after GMH, partly by regulating IL‐17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 pathways. Secukinumab may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for GMH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Peng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Ji-Ping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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Impaired hippocampal development and outcomes in very preterm infants with perinatal brain injury. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101787. [PMID: 30991622 PMCID: PMC6446074 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants are at high risk for brain injury during the perinatal period. Intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia, the two most common patterns of brain injury in prematurely-born children, are associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. The hippocampus is known to be critical for learning and memory; however, it remains unknown how these forms of brain injury affect hippocampal growth and how the resulting alterations in hippocampal development relate to childhood outcomes. To investigate these relationships, hippocampal segmentations were performed on term equivalent MRI scans from 55 full-term infants, 85 very preterm infants (born ≤32 weeks gestation) with no to mild brain injury and 73 very preterm infants with brain injury (e.g., grade III/IV intraventricular hemorrhage, post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cystic periventricular leukomalacia). Infants then underwent standardized neurodevelopmental testing using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition at age 2 years, corrected for prematurity. To delineate the effects of brain injury on early hippocampal development, hippocampal volumes were compared across groups and associations between neonatal volumes and neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2 years were explored. Very preterm infants with brain injury had smaller hippocampal volumes at term equivalent age compared to term and very preterm infants with no to mild injury, with the smallest hippocampi among those with grade III/IV intraventricular hemorrhage and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Further, larger ventricle size was associated with smaller hippocampal size. Smaller hippocampal volumes were related to worse motor performance at age 2 years across all groups. In addition, smaller hippocampal volumes in infants with brain injury were correlated with impaired cognitive scores at age 2 years, a relationship specific to this group. Consistent with our preclinical findings, these findings demonstrate that perinatal brain injury is associated with hippocampal size in preterm infants, with smaller volumes related to domain-specific neurodevelopmental impairments in this high-risk clinical population. Perinatal brain injury is related to smaller hippocampal volumes in preterm infants Infants with high-grade intraventricular hemorrhage have smallest hippocampi Larger ventricular size is related to smaller hippocampal volumes in hydrocephalus Smaller hippocampi are related to worse cognitive outcomes in brain injured infants Smaller hippocampal volumes associated with worse motor performance across groups
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Feng Z, Ye L, Klebe D, Ding Y, Guo ZN, Flores JJ, Yin C, Tang J, Zhang JH. Anti-inflammation conferred by stimulation of CD200R1 via Dok1 pathway in rat microglia after germinal matrix hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:97-107. [PMID: 28792282 PMCID: PMC6311673 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17725211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CD200 has been reported to be neuroprotective in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the potential protective effects of CD200 in germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) have not been investigated. We examined the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of CD200 after GMH. A total of 167 seven-day-old rat pups were used. The time-dependent effect of GMH on the levels of CD200 and CD200 Receptor 1 (CD200R1) was evaluated by western blot. CD200R1 was localized by immunohistochemistry. The short-term (24 h) and long-term (28 days) outcomes were evaluated after CD200 fusion protein (CD200Fc) treatment by neurobehavioral assessment. CD200 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and downstream of tyrosine kinase 1 (Dok1) siRNA were injected intracerebroventricularly. Western blot was employed to study the mechanisms of CD200 and CD200R1. GMH induced significant developmental delay and caused impairment in both cognitive and motor functions in rat pups. CD200Fc ameliorated GMH-induced damage. CD200Fc increased expression of Dok1 and decreased IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels. CD200R1 siRNA and Dok1 siRNA abolished the beneficial effects of CD200Fc, as demonstrated by enhanced expression levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. CD200Fc inhibited GMH-induced inflammation and this effect may be mediated by CD200R1/Dok1 pathway. Thus, CD200Fc may serve as a potential treatment to ameliorate brain injury for GMH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Feng
- 1 Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lan Ye
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,3 The Medical Function Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Damon Klebe
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jerry J Flores
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Yin
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- 2 Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4 Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,5 Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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An MR-based quantitative intraventricular hemorrhage porcine model for MR-guided focused ultrasound thrombolysis. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:1643-1650. [PMID: 29796753 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) affects approximately 50% of premature births where 50% further develop post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilation (PHVD). Patients face significant impact to long-term development if PHVD is not managed. Unfortunately, there is no accepted treatment to remove the thrombus caused by IVH. This paper describes an acute and chronic IVH model for use with magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thrombolysis. METHODS A total of 12 pigs (~ 1 month in age) were used in the model (eight acute and four chronic). A pre-operative brain MRI was obtained for ventricular targeting. 1.25 cm3/kg of autologous blood was injected through a burr hole lateral to the midline and anterior of the coronal suture at a rate of 0.6 cm3/min. A craniotomy was performed to simulate a "fontanelle". Post-operative MRI was used to calculate the clot volume. Chronic piglets were recovered, monitored daily with a neurological scoring system (NSS), and MRI scanned for 21 days. RESULTS The clot injection was well tolerated. The average clot size was 3987 mm3 (median = 4330 mm, standard deviation = 739 mm3). Postmortem examination validated the presence of the clot. In the chronic animals, there was an increase in ventricular volume of 30%. Transient neurological impairment immediately followed clot injection and with onset of hydrocephalus in the chronic animals. CONCLUSIONS This model establishes a measurable and targetable IVH clot in an MRI-based neonatal porcine model. The progressive post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilation in the chronic model is a potential alterable outcome from MRgFUS thrombolysis.
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Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV, Xiang J, Stamatovic SM, Antonetti DA, Hua Y, Xi G. Brain endothelial cell junctions after cerebral hemorrhage: Changes, mechanisms and therapeutic targets. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1255-1275. [PMID: 29737222 PMCID: PMC6092767 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18774666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disruption is the underlying cause of cerebral hemorrhage, including intracerebral, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. The disease etiology also involves cerebral hemorrhage-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which contributes an important component to brain injury after the initial cerebral hemorrhage. BBB loss drives vasogenic edema, allows leukocyte extravasation and may lead to the entry of potentially neurotoxic and vasoactive compounds into brain. This review summarizes current information on changes in brain endothelial junction proteins in response to cerebral hemorrhage (and clot-related factors), the mechanisms underlying junction modification and potential therapeutic targets to limit BBB disruption and, potentially, hemorrhage occurrence. It also addresses advances in the tools that are now available for assessing changes in junctions after cerebral hemorrhage and the potential importance of such junction changes. Recent studies suggest post-translational modification, conformational change and intracellular trafficking of junctional proteins may alter barrier properties. Understanding how cerebral hemorrhage alters BBB properties beyond changes in tight junction protein loss may provide important therapeutic insights to prevent BBB dysfunction and restore normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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42
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Burchell SR, Tang J, Zhang JH. Hematoma Expansion Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Mechanisms Targeting the Coagulation Cascade and Platelet Activation. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:1329-1344. [PMID: 28378693 DOI: 10.2174/1389450118666170329152305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hematoma expansion (HE), defined as a greater than 33% increase in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume within the first 24 hours, results in significant neurological deficits, and enhancement of ICH-induced primary and secondary brain injury. An escalation in the use of oral anticoagulants has led to a surge in the incidences of oral anticoagulation-associated ICH (OAT-ICH), which has been associated with a greater risk for HE and worse functional outcomes following ICH. The oral anticoagulants in use include vitamin K antagonists, and direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Fibrinolytic agents are also frequently administered. These all act via differing mechanisms and thus have varying degrees of impact on HE and ICH outcome. Additionally, antiplatelet medications have also been increasingly prescribed, and result in increased bleeding risks and worse outcomes after ICH. Aspirin, thienopyridines, and GPIIb/IIIa receptor blockers are some of the most common agents in use clinically, and also have different effects on ICH and hemorrhage growth, based on their mechanisms of action. Recent studies have found that reduced platelet activity may be more effective in predicting ICH risk, hemorrhage expansion, and outcomes, than antiplatelet agents, and activating platelets may thus be a novel target for ICH therapy. This review explores how dysfunctions or alterations in the coagulation and platelet cascades can lead to, and/or exacerbate, hematoma expansion following intracerebral hemorrhage, and describe the mechanisms behind these effects and the drugs that induce them. We also discuss potential future therapy aimed at increasing platelet activity after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrefa R Burchell
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda CA, USA
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Lu T, Zhang Y, Xu N, McBride DW, Tang J, Zhang JH. Biliverdin reductase-A attenuated GMH-induced inflammatory response in the spleen by inhibiting toll-like receptor-4 through eNOS/NO pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:118. [PMID: 29678206 PMCID: PMC5910618 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a common neurologic event with high morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Spleen has been reported to play a critical role in inflammatory responses by regulating peripheral immune cells which contributes to secondary brain injury. METHODS The current study investigated the mechanistic role of biliverdin reductase-A (BLVRA) in the splenic response and brain damage in neonates following a collagenase GMH model. Neurological outcomes and splenic weights were assessed. Neutrophil production and infiltration were quantitated in the spleen and brain, respectively. Western blot was performed in both splenic and brain tissues to measure protein levels of toll-like receptor 4 and proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS BLVRA treatment alleviated GMH-induced developmental delay and attenuated splenic atrophy at 1 and 3 days after GMH. Quantification analysis showed that spleen-stored peripheral immune cells mobilized into circulation and infiltrated in the brain following GMH, which was abrogated by BLVRA administration, resulting in reduced splenic inflammatory response. Furthermore, we showed that regulation of eNOS/NO signaling by BLVRA stimulation blunted toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signal. The eNOS-generated NO, in part, translocated BLVRA into the nucleus, where BLVRA inhibited TLR4 expression. CONCLUSION We revealed a BLVRA-dependent signaling pathway in modulating the splenic inflammation in response to GMH via the eNOS/NO/TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tai Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ningbo Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Departments of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Li Q, Ding Y, Krafft P, Wan W, Yan F, Wu G, Zhang Y, Zhan Q, Zhang JH. Targeting Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage-Induced Overexpression of Sodium-Coupled Bicarbonate Exchanger Reduces Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Formation in Neonatal Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e007192. [PMID: 29386206 PMCID: PMC5850237 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a leading cause of mortality and lifelong morbidity in preterm infants. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is a common complication of GMH. A sodium-coupled bicarbonate exchanger (NCBE) encoded by solute carrier family 4 member 10 gene is expressed on the choroid plexus basolateral membrane and may play a role in cerebrospinal fluid production and the development of PHH. Following GMH, iron degraded from hemoglobin has been linked to PHH. Choroid plexus epithelial cells also contain iron-responsive element-binding proteins (IRPs), IRP1, and IRP2 that bind to mRNA iron-responsive elements. The present study aims to resolve the following issues: (1) whether the expression of NCBE is regulated by IRPs; (2) whether NCBE regulates the formation of GMH-induced hydrocephalus; and (3) whether inhibition of NCBE reduces PHH development. METHODS AND RESULTS GMH model was established in P7 rat pups by injecting bacterial collagenase into the right ganglionic eminence. Another group received iron trichloride injections instead of collagenase. Deferoxamine was administered intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days after GMH/iron trichloride. Solute carrier family 4 member 10 small interfering RNA or scrambled small interfering RNA was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 24 hours before GMH and followed with an injection every 7 days over 21 days. NCBE expression increased while IRP2 expression decreased after GMH/iron trichloride. Deferoxamine ameliorated both the GMH-induced and iron trichloride-induced decrease of IRP2 and decreased NCBE expressions. Deferoxamine and solute carrier family 4 member 10 small interfering RNA improved cognitive and motor functions at 21 to 28 days post GMH and reduced cerebrospinal fluid production as well as the degree of hydrocephalus at 28 days after GMH. CONCLUSIONS Targeting iron-induced overexpression of NCBE may be a translatable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PHH following GMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Paul Krafft
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Weifeng Wan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Guangyong Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Qunling Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
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Ye L, Feng Z, Doycheva D, Malaguit J, Dixon B, Xu N, Zhang JH, Tang J. CpG-ODN exerts a neuroprotective effect via the TLR9/pAMPK signaling pathway by activation of autophagy in a neonatal HIE rat model. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:70-80. [PMID: 29274721 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is an injury caused to the brain due to prolonged lack of oxygen and blood supply which results in death or long-term disabilities. The main aim of this study was to investigate the role of Cytosine-phospho-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) in autophagy after HIE. Ten-day old (P10) rat pups underwent right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5h of hypoxia as previously described by Rice-Vannucci. At 1h post HIE, rats were intranasally administered with recombinant CpG-ODN. Time-course expression levels of endogenous key proteins, TLR9, pAMPK/AMPK, LC3II/I, and LAMP1 involved in CpG-ODN's protective effects were measured using western blot. Short (48h) and long (4w) term neurobehavior studies were performed using righting reflex, negative geotaxis, water maze, foot fault and Rota rod tests. Brain samples were collected after long term for histological analysis. Furthermore, to elucidate the pathway via which CpG-ODN confers protection, TLR9 and AMPK inhibitors were used. Time course results showed that the expression of TLR9, pAMPK/AMPK, LC3II/I, LAMP1 increased after HIE. Neurobehavioral studies showed that HIE induced a significant delay in development and resulted in cognitive and motor function deficits. However, CpG-ODN ameliorated HIE-induced outcomes and improved long term neurological deficits. In addition, CpG-ODN increased expression of pAMPK/AMPK, p-ULK1/ULK1, P-AMBRA1/AMBRA1, LC3II/I and LAMP1 while inhibition of TLR9 and AMPK reversed those effects. In summary, CpG-ODN increased HIE-induced autophagy and improved short and long term neurobehavioral outcomes which may be mediated by the TLR9/pAMPK signaling pathway after HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ye
- The Medical Function Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States
| | - Zhanhui Feng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States
| | - Desislava Doycheva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States.
| | - Jay Malaguit
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Dixon
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States.
| | - Ningbo Xu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda 92354, CA, United States.
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Habiyaremye G, Morales DM, Morgan CD, McAllister JP, CreveCoeur TS, Han RH, Gabir M, Baksh B, Mercer D, Limbrick DD. Chemokine and cytokine levels in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of preterm infants with post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:35. [PMID: 29228970 PMCID: PMC5725948 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) of prematurity, but no comprehensive analysis of signaling molecules has been performed using human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS Lumbar CSF levels of key cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β1, IFN-γ) and chemokines (XCL-1, CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-19, CXCL-10, CXCL-11, CXCL-12) were measured using conventional and multiplexed Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays and compared between preterm infants with PHH and those with no known neurological injury. The relationships between individual biomarker levels and specific CSF cell counts were examined. RESULTS Total protein (TP) CSF levels were elevated in the PHH subjects compared to controls. CSF levels of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, CCL-3, CCL-19, and CXCL-10 were significantly increased in PHH whereas XCL-1 was significantly decreased in PHH. When normalizing by TP, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, CCL-3, and CCL-19 levels were significantly elevated compared to controls, while XCL-1 levels remained significantly decreased. Among those with significantly different levels in both absolute and normalized levels, only absolute CCL-19 levels showed a significant correlation with CSF nucleated cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. IL-1β and CXCL-10 also were correlated with total cell count, nucleated cells, red blood cells, and neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Neuroinflammation is likely to be an important process in the pathophysiology of PHH. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate CSF levels of chemokines in PHH as well as the only one to show XCL-1 selectively decreased in a diseased state. Additionally, CCL-19 was the only analyte studied that showed significant differences between groups and had significant correlation with cell count analysis. The selectivity of CCL-19 and XCL-1 should be further investigated. Future studies will further delineate the role of these cytokines and chemokines in PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gakwaya Habiyaremye
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Diego M Morales
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Clinton D Morgan
- Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - James P McAllister
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Travis S CreveCoeur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rowland H Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mohamed Gabir
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brandon Baksh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna Mercer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, One Children's Way, 4S20, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Lu T, Zhang Y, Xu N, Yu L, McBride DW, Flores JJ, Tang J, Zhang JH. Bliverdin reductase-A improves neurological function in a germinal matrix hemorrhage rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:122-132. [PMID: 29203281 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage is induced by stereotaxic injection of collagenase into the germinal matrix of P7 Sprague-Dawley rats. Hemoglobin assay, western blot, immunofluorescence and neurobehavioral tests were used to test the effects of BLVRA on hematoma resolution and anti-inflammatory response. We showed that BLVRA triggered a signaling cascade that ameliorated post-hemorrhagic neurological deficits in both short-term and long-term neurobehavioral tests in a GMH rat model. Specifically, BLVRA inhibited toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression by translocating to the nucleus in an endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO)-dependent manner. BLVRA also induced the upregulation of CD36 scavenger receptor level in microglia/microphages, of which the prominent role is to enhance hematoma resolution. However, the beneficial effects of BLVRA were abolished with the knockdown of eNOS, indicating that the eNOS/NO system is an important downstream factor of BLVRA. Our results demonstrate a mechanism of BLVRA modulating hematoma resolution and suppressing inflammation through eNOS/NO/TLR4 pathway in the GMH rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tai Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ningbo Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lingyan Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Klebe D, Flores JJ, McBride DW, Krafft PR, Rolland WB, Lekic T, Zhang JH. Dabigatran ameliorates post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus development after germinal matrix haemorrhage in neonatal rat pups. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3135-3149. [PMID: 28155585 PMCID: PMC5584693 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16684355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We aim to determine if direct thrombin inhibition by dabigatran will improve long-term brain morphological and neurofunctional outcomes and if potential therapeutic effects are dependent upon reduced PAR-1 stimulation and consequent mTOR activation. Germinal matrix haemorrhage was induced by stereotaxically injecting 0.3 U type VII-S collagenase into the germinal matrix of P7 rat pups. Animals were divided into five groups: sham, vehicle (5% DMSO), dabigatran intraperitoneal, dabigatran intraperitoneal + TFLLR-NH2 (PAR-1 agonist) intranasal, SCH79797 (PAR-1 antagonist) intraperitoneal, and dabigatran intranasal. Neurofunctional outcomes were determined by Morris water maze, rotarod, and foot fault evaluations at three weeks. Brain morphological outcomes were determined by histological Nissl staining at four weeks. Expression levels of p-mTOR/p-p70s6k at three days and vitronectin/fibronectin at 28 days were quantified. Intranasal and intraperitoneal dabigatran promoted long-term neurofunctional recovery, improved brain morphological outcomes, and reduced intracranial pressure at four weeks after GMH. PAR-1 stimulation tended to reverse dabigatran's effects on post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus development. Dabigatran also reduced expression of short-term p-mTOR and long-term extracellular matrix proteins, which tended to be reversed by PAR-1 agonist co-administration. PAR-1 inhibition alone, however, did not achieve the same therapeutic effects as dabigatran administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Klebe
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jerry J Flores
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - William B Rolland
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tim Lekic
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,2 Department of Anaesthesiology and Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Segado-Arenas A, Infante-Garcia C, Benavente-Fernandez I, Sanchez-Sotano D, Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Alonso-Ojembarrena A, Lubian-Lopez S, Garcia-Alloza M. Cognitive Impairment and Brain and Peripheral Alterations in a Murine Model of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Preterm Newborn. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4896-4910. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rolland WB, Krafft PR, Lekic T, Klebe D, LeGrand J, Weldon AJ, Xu L, Zhang JH. Fingolimod confers neuroprotection through activation of Rac1 after experimental germinal matrix hemorrhage in rat pups. J Neurochem 2017; 140:776-786. [PMID: 28054340 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonist, is clinically available to treat multiple sclerosis and is showing promise in treating stroke. We investigated if fingolimod provides long-term protection from experimental neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), aiming to support a potential mechanism of acute fingolimod-induced protection. GMH was induced in P7 rats by infusion of collagenase (0.3 U) into the right ganglionic eminence. Animals killed at 4 weeks post-GMH received low- or high-dose fingolimod (0.25 or 1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle, and underwent neurocognitive testing before histopathological evaluation. Subsequently, a cohort of animals killed at 72 h post-GMH received 1.0 mg/kg fingolimod; the specific S1PR1 agonist, SEW2871; or fingolimod co-administered with the S1PR1/3/4 inhibitor, VPC23019, or the Rac1 inhibitor, EHT1864. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally 1, 24, and 48 h post-surgery. At 72 h post-GMH, brain water content, extravasated Evans blue dye, and hemoglobin were measured as well as the expression levels of phospho-Akt, Akt, GTP-Rac1, Total-Rac1, ZO1, occludin, and claudin-3 determined. Fingolimod significantly improved long-term neurocognitive performance and ameliorated brain tissue loss. At 72 h post-GMH, fingolimod reduced brain water content and Evans blue dye extravasation as well as reversed GMH-induced loss of tight junctional proteins. S1PR1 agonism showed similar protection, whereas S1PR or Rac1 inhibition abolished the protective effect of fingolimod. Fingolimod treatment improved functional and morphological outcomes after GMH, in part, by tempering acute post-hemorrhagic blood-brain barrier disruption via the activation of the S1PR1/Akt/Rac1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rolland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Tim Lekic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Julia LeGrand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Abby Jones Weldon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
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