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Ni L, Xu Y, Wang Z, Yu C, Hua J, Yin Y, Li H, Gu C. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal that HhERF9 positively regulates salt tolerance in Hibiscus hamabo Siebold & Zuccarini. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108843. [PMID: 38879985 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Hibiscus hamabo Siebold & Zuccarini is one of the few semi-mangrove plants in the genus Hibiscus that can survive in saline-alkali soil and flooded land, but the mechanism underlying its adaptation to salt soil remains unknown. Here, to uncover this unsolved mystery, we characterized the changes in the accumulation of specific metabolites under salt stress in H. hamabo by integrating physiological, metabolic, and transcriptomic data, and found that osmotic adjustment and abscisic acid (ABA) is highly associated with the salt stress response. Further, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed on the root transcriptome data, which identified three key candidate transcription factors responsive to salt stress. Among them, the expression HhERF9 was significantly upregulated under salt stress and ABA treatment and was involved in regulating the expression of genes related to the salt stress response. Further research indicated that HhERF9 enhances the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars by regulating the expression of genes such as NHX2 and P5CS. These findings provide a reference for improving H. hamabo through targeted genetic engineering and lay a theoretical foundation for its future promotion and cultivation in saline-alkali areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Chaoguang Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Yunlong Yin
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Huogen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Chunsun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Wang R, Yan SJ, Liu C, Guo H, Cui YN. Comparative Physiological and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal Mechanisms Involved in Maintaining Photosynthesis Capacity, Alleviating Ion Toxicity and Oxidative Stress of Kentucky Bluegrass under NaCl Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2107. [PMID: 39124225 PMCID: PMC11313982 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), a widely used cool-season turfgrass, shows a high sensitivity to soil salinity. Clarifying the adaptative mechanisms of Kentucky bluegrass that serve to improve its salt tolerance in saline environments is urgent for the application of this turfgrass in salt-affected regions. In this study, physiological responses of the Kentucky bluegrass cultivars "Explorer" and "Blue Best" to NaCl treatment, as well as gene expressions related to photosynthesis, ion transport, and ROS degradation, were analyzed. The results showed that the growth of "Explorer" was obviously better compared to "Blue Best" under 400 mM NaCl treatment. "Explorer" exhibited a much stronger photosynthetic capacity than "Blue Best" under NaCl treatment, and the expression of key genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosystem II, and the Calvin cycle in "Explorer" was greatly induced by salt treatment. Compared with "Blue Best", "Explorer" could effectively maintain Na+/K+ homeostasis in its leaves under NaCl treatment, which can be attributed to upregulated expression of genes, such as HKT1;5, HAK5, and SKOR. The relative membrane permeability and contents of O2- and H2O2 in "Explorer" were significantly lower than those in "Blue Best" under NaCl treatment, and, correspondingly, the activities of SOD and POD in the former were significantly higher than in the latter. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of enzymes in the ROS-scavenging system of "Explorer" was immediately upregulated after NaCl treatment. Additionally, free proline and betaine are important organic osmolytes for maintaining hydration status in Kentucky bluegrass under NaCl treatment, as the contents of these metabolites in "Explorer" were significantly higher than in "Blue Best". This work lays a theoretical basis for the improvement of salt tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huan Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (R.W.); (S.-J.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Yan-Nong Cui
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (R.W.); (S.-J.Y.); (C.L.)
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3
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He SL, Li B, Zahurancik WJ, Arthur HC, Sidharthan V, Gopalan V, Wang L, Jang JC. Overexpression of stress granule protein TZF1 enhances salt stress tolerance by targeting ACA11 mRNA for degradation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1375478. [PMID: 38799098 PMCID: PMC11122021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1375478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tandem CCCH zinc finger (TZF) proteins play diverse roles in plant growth and stress response. Although as many as 11 TZF proteins have been identified in Arabidopsis, little is known about the mechanism by which TZF proteins select and regulate the target mRNAs. Here, we report that Arabidopsis TZF1 is a bona-fide stress granule protein. Ectopic expression of TZF1 (TZF1 OE), but not an mRNA binding-defective mutant (TZF1H186Y OE), enhances salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. RNA-seq analyses of NaCl-treated plants revealed that the down-regulated genes in TZF1 OE plants are enriched for functions in salt and oxidative stress responses. Because many of these down-regulated mRNAs contain AU- and/or U-rich elements (AREs and/or UREs) in their 3'-UTRs, we hypothesized that TZF1-ARE/URE interaction might contribute to the observed gene expression changes. Results from RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR analysis, gel-shift, and mRNA half-life assays indicate that TZF1 binds and triggers degradation of the autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase 11 (ACA11) mRNA, which encodes a tonoplast-localized calcium pump that extrudes calcium and dampens signal transduction pathways necessary for salt stress tolerance. Furthermore, this salt stress-tolerance phenotype was recapitulated in aca11 null mutants. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that TZF1 binds and initiates degradation of specific mRNAs to enhance salt stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siou-Luan He
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Academician Workstation of Agricultural High-Tech Industrial Area of the Yellow River Delta, National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Shandong, China
| | - Walter J. Zahurancik
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Henry C. Arthur
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Sidharthan
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Venkat Gopalan
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Academician Workstation of Agricultural High-Tech Industrial Area of the Yellow River Delta, National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Shandong, China
| | - Jyan-Chyun Jang
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Li X, Xu Y, Zhang J, Xu K, Zheng X, Luo J, Lu J. Integrative physiology and transcriptome reveal salt-tolerance differences between two licorice species: Ion transport, Casparian strip formation and flavonoids biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:272. [PMID: 38605293 PMCID: PMC11007891 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. are both original plants of 'Gan Cao' in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and G. uralensis is currently the mainstream variety of licorice and has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Both of these species have shown some degree of tolerance to salinity, G. inflata exhibits higher salt tolerance than G. uralensis and can grow on saline meadow soils and crusty saline soils. However, the regulatory mechanism responsible for the differences in salt tolerance between different licorice species is unclear. Due to land area-related limitations, the excavation and cultivation of licorice varieties in saline-alkaline areas that both exhibit tolerance to salt and contain highly efficient active substances are needed. The systematic identification of the key genes and pathways associated with the differences in salt tolerance between these two licorice species will be beneficial for cultivating high-quality salt-tolerant licorice G. uralensis plant varieties and for the long-term development of the licorice industry. In this research, the differences in growth response indicators, ion accumulation, and transcription expression between the two licorice species were analyzed. RESULTS This research included a comprehensive comparison of growth response indicators, including biomass, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and total flavonoids content, between two distinct licorice species and an analysis of their ion content and transcriptome expression. In contrast to the result found for G. uralensis, the salt treatment of G. inflata ensured the stable accumulation of biomass and total flavonoids at 0.5 d, 15 d, and 30 d and the restriction of Na+ to the roots while allowing for more K+ and Ca2+ accumulation. Notably, despite the increase in the Na+ concentration in the roots, the MDA concentration remained low. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the regulatory effects of growth and ion transport on the two licorice species were strongly correlated with the following pathways and relevant DEGs: the TCA cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway involved in carbon metabolism; Casparian strip formation (lignin oxidation and translocation, suberin formation) in response to Na+; K+ and Ca2+ translocation, organic solute synthesis (arginine, polyamines, GABA) in response to osmotic stresses; and the biosynthesis of the nonenzymatic antioxidants carotenoids and flavonoids in response to antioxidant stress. Furthermore, the differential expression of the DEGs related to ABA signaling in hormone transduction and the regulation of transcription factors such as the HSF and GRAS families may be associated with the remarkable salt tolerance of G. inflata. CONCLUSION Compared with G. uralensis, G. inflata exhibits greater salt tolerance, which is primarily attributable to factors related to carbon metabolism, endodermal barrier formation and development, K+ and Ca2+ transport, biosynthesis of carotenoids and flavonoids, and regulation of signal transduction pathways and salt-responsive transcription factors. The formation of the Casparian strip, especially the transport and oxidation of lignin precursors, is likely the primary reason for the markedly higher amount of Na+ in the roots of G. inflata than in those of G. uralensis. The tendency of G. inflata to maintain low MDA levels in its roots under such conditions is closely related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids and carotenoids and the maintenance of the osmotic balance in roots by the absorption of more K+ and Ca2+ to meet growth needs. These findings may provide new insights for developing and cultivating G. uralensis plant species selected for cultivation in saline environments or soils managed through agronomic practices that involve the use of water with a high salt content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jiade Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Xuerong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jiafen Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
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Zeng LL, Song LY, Wu X, Ma DN, Song SW, Wang XX, Zheng HL. Brassinosteroid enhances salt tolerance via S-nitrosoglutathione reductase and nitric oxide signaling pathway in mangrove Kandelia obovata. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:511-526. [PMID: 37869766 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) has been shown to modulate plant tolerance to various stresses. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is involved in the plant response to environment stress by fine-turning the level of nitric oxide (NO). However, whether GSNOR is involved in BR-regulated Na+ /K+ homeostasis to improve the salt tolerance in halophyte is unknown. Here, we firstly reported that high salinity increases the expression of BR-biosynthesis genes and the endogenous levels of BR in mangrove Kandelia obovata. Then, salt-induced BR triggers the activities and gene expressions of GSNOR and antioxidant enzymes, thereafter decrease the levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, BR-mediated GSNOR negatively regulates NO contributions to the reduction of reactive oxygen species generation and induction of the gene expression related to Na+ and K+ transport, leading to the decrease of Na+ /K+ ratio in the roots of K. obovata. Finally, the applications of exogenous BR, NO scavenger, BR biosynthetic inhibitor and GSNOR inhibitor further confirm the function of BR. Taken together, our result provides insight into the mechanism of BR in the response of mangrove K. obovata to high salinity via GSNOR and NO signaling pathway by reducing oxidative damage and modulating Na+ /K+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ling-Yu Song
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dong-Na Ma
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shi-Wei Song
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Wang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Ben Ammar R, Metwally A, Khaldi A, Zid E. Kinetics of growth, development and absorption of nutrients in stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) cultivated in the presence of NaCl. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e263214. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of the present work was to evaluate and analyze the growth and mineral nutrition response of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) seedlings, an economically important forest species. We analyzed the salinity effects on the kinetics of growth, development, and absorption of nutrients of plants cultivated under controlled conditions on a solid organic substrate. Pinus pinea plants were able to tolerate 25 mM NaCl concentration without reduced growth compared to the non-saline control. However, the salt concentration of 50 mM significantly affected the seedling growth after two weeks of treatment. Root growth activity was decreased more than the aerial parts at applied NaCl concentrations. On the other hand, seedlings restricted the transport of Na+ ions to the aerial parts and were strongly selective in favour of K+ ions. The presence of NaCl in the culture medium decreased the absorption rate and the export of K+ and Na+ ions to the aerial parts. This was reflected in the accumulation way of these two ions in the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ben Ammar
- King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia; Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - A.M.A. Metwally
- King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia; Assiut University, Egypt
| | - A. Khaldi
- Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural, Tunisia
| | - E. Zid
- Université Tunis-El-Manar, Tunisia
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Zhou H, Shi H, Yang Y, Feng X, Chen X, Xiao F, Lin H, Guo Y. Insights into plant salt stress signaling and tolerance. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:16-34. [PMID: 37647984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization is an essential environmental stressor, threatening agricultural yield and ecological security worldwide. Saline soils accumulate excessive soluble salts which are detrimental to most plants by limiting plant growth and productivity. It is of great necessity for plants to efficiently deal with the adverse effects caused by salt stress for survival and successful reproduction. Multiple determinants of salt tolerance have been identified in plants, and the cellular and physiological mechanisms of plant salt response and adaption have been intensely characterized. Plants respond to salt stress signals and rapidly initiate signaling pathways to re-establish cellular homeostasis with adjusted growth and cellular metabolism. This review summarizes the advances in salt stress perception, signaling, and response in plants. A better understanding of plant salt resistance will contribute to improving crop performance under saline conditions using multiple engineering approaches. The rhizosphere microbiome-mediated plant salt tolerance as well as chemical priming for enhanced plant salt resistance are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Haifan Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xixian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Lindberg S, Premkumar A. Ion Changes and Signaling under Salt Stress in Wheat and Other Important Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38202354 PMCID: PMC10780558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42-) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. Another important mechanism is the ability for fast extrusion of Na+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ is established as a ubiquitous secondary messenger, which transmits various stress signals into metabolic alterations that cause adaptive responses. When plants are under stress, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration can rise to 10 times or more from its resting level of 50-100 nanomolar. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to the Ca2+ alterations and are produced by stress. Depending on the type, frequency, and intensity of the stress, the cytosolic Ca2+ signals oscillate, are transient, or persist for a longer period and exhibit specific "signatures". Both the influx and efflux of Ca2+ affect the length and amplitude of the signal. According to several reports, under stress Ca2+ alterations can occur not only in the cytoplasm of the cell but also in the cell walls, nucleus, and other cell organelles and the Ca2+ waves propagate through the whole plant. Here, we will focus on how wheat and other important crops absorb Na+, K+, and Cl- when plants are under salt stress, as well as how Ca2+, K+, and pH cause intracellular signaling and homeostasis. Similar mechanisms in the model plant Arabidopsis will also be considered. Knowledge of these processes is important for understanding how plants react to salinity stress and for the development of tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Premkumar
- Bharathiyar Group of Institutes, Guduvanchery 603202, Tamilnadu, India;
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Martins TS, Da-Silva CJ, Shabala S, Striker GG, Carvalho IR, de Oliveira ACB, do Amarante L. Understanding plant responses to saline waterlogging: insights from halophytes and implications for crop tolerance. PLANTA 2023; 259:24. [PMID: 38108902 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Saline and wet environments stress most plants, reducing growth and yield. Halophytes adapt with ion regulation, energy maintenance, and antioxidants. Understanding these mechanisms aids in breeding resilient crops for climate change. Waterlogging and salinity are two abiotic stresses that have a major negative impact on crop growth and yield. These conditions cause osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stress, as well as energy deprivation, thus impairing plant growth and development. Although few crop species can tolerate the combination of salinity and waterlogging, halophytes are plant species that exhibit high tolerance to these conditions due to their morphological, anatomical, and metabolic adaptations. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms employed by plants exposed to saline waterlogging, intending to understand the mechanistic basis of their ion homeostasis. We summarize the knowledge of transporters and channels involved in ion accumulation and exclusion, and how they are modulated to prevent cytosolic toxicity. In addition, we discuss how reactive oxygen species production and cell signaling enhance ion transport and aerenchyma formation, and how plants exposed to saline waterlogging can control oxidative stress. We also address the morphological and anatomical modifications that plants undergo in response to combined stress, including aerenchyma formation, root porosity, and other traits that help to mitigate stress. Furthermore, we discuss the peculiarities of halophyte plants and their features that can be leveraged to improve crop yields in areas prone to saline waterlogging. This review provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of plant adaptation to saline waterlogging thus paving the path for future research on crop breeding and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires S Martins
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão Do Leão, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology (LCroP), Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane J Da-Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão Do Leão, Brazil.
- Department of Horticultural Science, NC State University, Raleigh, USA.
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Gustavo G Striker
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ivan R Carvalho
- Departamento de Estudos Agrários, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Ijuí, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano do Amarante
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão Do Leão, Brazil
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Wang M, He C, Shi G, Yin Q, Zhang H, Yang W, Yue A, Wang L, Du W. Genome-wide analysis of the SCAMPs gene family of soybean and functional identification of GmSCAMP5 in salt tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:628. [PMID: 38062393 PMCID: PMC10704743 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salt damage on plants is mainly caused by the toxic effect of Na+. Studies showed that the secretory carrier membrane proteins were associated with the Na+ transport. However, the salt tolerance mechanism of secretory carrier protein (SCAMP) in soybean was yet to be defined. In this study, ten potential SCAMP genes distributed in seven soybean chromosomes were identified in the soybean genome. The phylogenetic tree of SCAMP domain sequences of several plants can divide SCAMPs into two groups. Most GmSCAMPs genes contained multiple Box4, MYB and MYC cis-elements indicated they may respond to abiotic stresses. We found that GmSCAMP1, GmSCAMP2 and GmSCAMP4 expressed in several tissues and GmSCAMP5 was significantly induced by salt stress. GmSCAMP5 showed the same expression patterns under NaCl treatment in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybean varieties, but the induced time of GmSCAMP5 in salt-tolerant variety was earlier than that of salt-sensitive variety. To further study the effect of GmSCAMP5 on the salt tolerance of soybean plants, compared to GmSCAMP5-RNAi and EV-Control plants, GmSCAMP5-OE had less wilted leave and higher SPAD value. Compared to empty vector control, less trypan blue staining was observed in GmSCAMP5-OE leaves while more staining in GmSCAMP5-RNAi leaves. The Na+ of GmSCAMP5-RNAi plants leaves under NaCl stress were significantly higher than that in EV-Control plants, while significantly lower Na+ in GmSCAMP5-OE plants than in that EV-Control plants. The contents of leaves K+ of GmSCAMP5-RNAi, EV-Control, and GmSCAMP5-OE plants under NaCl stress were opposite to that of leaves Na+ content. Finally, salt stress-related genes NHX1, CLC1, TIP1, SOD1, and SOS1 in transformed hairy root changed significantly compared with the empty control. The research will provide novel information for study the molecular regulation mechanism of soybean salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Chuanrong He
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Guangcheng Shi
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Qiukai Yin
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Wanmin Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Yuci, 030619, China
| | - Aiqin Yue
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
- Houji laboratory in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
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11
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Guo H, Nie CY, Li Z, Kang J, Wang XL, Cui YN. Physiological and Transcriptional Analyses Provide Insight into Maintaining Ion Homeostasis of Sweet Sorghum under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11045. [PMID: 37446223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet sorghum is an important bioenergy grass and valuable forage with a strong adaptability to saline environments. However, little is known about the mechanisms of sweet sorghum coping with ion toxicity under salt stresses. Here, we first evaluated the salt tolerance of a sweet sorghum cultivar "Lvjuren" and determined its ion accumulation traits under NaCl treatments; then, we explored key genes involved in Na+, Cl-, K+ and NO3- transport using transcriptome profiling and the qRT-PCR method. The results showed that growth and photosynthesis of sweet sorghum were unaffected by 50 and 100 mM NaCl treatments, indicative of a strong salt tolerance of this species. Under NaCl treatments, sweet sorghum could efficiently exclude Na+ from shoots and accumulate Cl- in leaf sheaths to avoid their overaccumulation in leaf blades; meanwhile, it possessed a prominent ability to sustain NO3- homeostasis in leaf blades. Transcriptome profiling identified several differentially expressed genes associated with Na+, Cl-, K+ and NO3- transport in roots, leaf sheaths and leaf blades after 200 mM NaCl treatment for 6 and 48 h. Moreover, transcriptome data and qRT-PCR results indicated that HKT1;5, CLCc and NPF7.3-1 should be key genes involved in Na+ retention in roots, Cl- accumulation in leaf sheaths and maintenance of NO3- homeostasis in leaf blades, respectively. Many TFs were also identified after NaCl treatment, which should play important regulatory roles in salt tolerance of sweet sorghum. In addition, GO analysis identified candidate genes involved in maintaining membrane stability and photosynthetic capacity under salt stresses. This work lays a preliminary foundation for clarifying the molecular basis underlying the adaptation of sweet sorghum to adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chun-Ya Nie
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jie Kang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yan-Nong Cui
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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12
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Vaziriyeganeh M, Khan S, Zwiazek JJ. Analysis of aquaporins in northern grasses reveal functional importance of Puccinellia nuttalliana PIP2;2 in salt tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2159-2173. [PMID: 37051679 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the roles of aquaporins in salt tolerance, we cloned PIP2;1, PIP2;2, PIP2;3, PIP1;1, PIP1;3, and TIP1;1 aquaporins from three northern grasses varying is salt tolerance including the halophytic grass Puccinellia nuttalliana, moderately salt tolerant Poa juncifolia, and relatively salt sensitive Poa pratensis. We analysed aquaporin expression in roots by exposing the plants to 0 and 150 mM for 6 days in hydroponic culture. NaCl treatment upregulated several PIP transcripts in P. nuttalliana while decreasing PnuTIP1;1. The PnuPIP2;2 transcripts increased by about six-fold in P. nuttalliana, two-fold in Poa juncifolia, and did not change in Poa pratensis. The NaCl treatment enhanced the rate of water transport in yeast expressing PnuPIP2;2 by 56% compared with control. PnuPIP2,2 expression also resulted in a higher Na+ uptake in yeast cells compared with an empty vector suggesting that PnuPIP2;2 may have both water and ion transporting functions. Structural analysis revealed that the transport properties of PnuPIP2;2 could be affected by its unique pore characteristics, which include a combination of hourglass, cylindrical, and increasing diameter conical entrance shape with pore hydropathy of -0.22.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanjida Khan
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janusz J Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Li CH, Tu YC, Wen MF, Tien HJ, Yen HE. Exogenous myo-inositol increases salt tolerance and accelerates CAM induction in the early juvenile stage of the facultative halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum but not in the late juvenile stage. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:363-377. [PMID: 36949582 DOI: 10.1071/fp22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (ice plant) develops salt tolerance during the transition from the juvenile to the adult stage through progressive morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes. Myo -inositol is the precursor for the synthesis of compatible solute D-pinitol and promotes Na+ transport in ice plants. We previously showed that supplying myo -inositol to 9-day-old seedlings alleviates salt damage by coordinating the expression of genes involved in inositol synthesis and transport, affecting osmotic adjustment and the Na/K balance. In this study, we examined the effects of myo -inositol on physiological parameters and inositol-related gene expression in early- and late-stage juvenile plants. The addition of myo -inositol to salt-treated, hydroponically grown late juvenile plants had no significant effects on growth or photosynthesis. In contrast, supplying exogenous myo -inositol to salt-treated early juvenile plants increased leaf biomass, relative water content, and chlorophyll content and improved PSII activity and CO2 assimilation. The treatment combining high salt and myo -inositol synergistically induced the expression of myo -inositol phosphate synthase (INPS ), myo -inositol O -methyltransferase (IMT ), and inositol transporters (INTs ), which modulated root-to-shoot Na/K ratio and increased leaf D-pinitol content. The results indicate that sufficient myo -inositol is a prerequisite for high salt tolerance in ice plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsun Li
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Cheng Tu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Fang Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jung Tien
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hungchen Emilie Yen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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14
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Shen C, Yuan J, Li X, Chen R, Li D, Wang F, Liu X, Li X. Genome-wide identification of NHX (Na +/H + antiporter) gene family in Cucurbita L. and functional analysis of CmoNHX1 under salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1136810. [PMID: 36998676 PMCID: PMC10043322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1136810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization, which is the accumulation of salt in soil, can have a negative impact on crop growth and development by creating an osmotic stress that can reduce water uptake and cause ion toxicity. The NHX gene family plays an important role in plant response to salt stress by encoding for Na+/H+ antiporters that help regulate the transport of sodium ions across cellular membranes. In this study, we identified 26 NHX genes in three cultivars of Cucurbita L., including 9 Cucurbita moschata NHXs (CmoNHX1-CmoNHX9), 9 Cucurbita maxima NHXs (CmaNHX1-CmaNHX9) and 8 Cucurbita pepo NHXs (CpNHX1-CpNHX8). The evolutionary tree splits the 21 NHX genes into three subfamilies: the endosome (Endo) subfamily, the plasma membrane (PM) subfamily, and the vacuole (Vac) subfamily. All the NHX genes were irregularly distributed throughout the 21 chromosomes. 26 NHXs were examined for conserved motifs and intron-exon organization. These findings suggested that the genes in the same subfamily may have similar functions while genes in other subfamilies may have functional diversity. The circular phylogenetic tree and collinearity analysis of multi-species revealed that Cucurbita L. had a substantially greater homology relationship than Populus trichocarpa and Arabidopsis thaliana in terms of NHX gene homology. We initially examined the cis-acting elements of the 26 NHXs in order to investigate how they responded to salt stress. We discovered that the CmoNHX1, CmaNHX1, CpNHX1, CmoNHX5, CmaNHX5, and CpNHX5 all had numerous ABRE and G-box cis-acting elements that were important to salt stress. Previous transcriptome data showed that in the mesophyll and veins of leaves, many CmoNHXs and CmaNHXs, such as CmoNHX1, responded significantly to salt stress. In addition, we heterologously expressed in A. thaliana plants in order to further confirm the response of CmoNHX1 to salt stress. The findings demonstrated that during salt stress, A. thaliana that had CmoNHX1 heterologously expression was found to have decreased salt tolerance. This study offers important details that will aid in further elucidating the molecular mechanism of NHX under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Shen
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of the Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Plants, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of the Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Plants, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruixiang Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of the Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Plants, Xinxiang, China
| | - Daohan Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of the Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Plants, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of the Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Plants, Xinxiang, China
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15
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Khalilova LA, Lobreva OV, Nedelyaeva OI, Karpichev IV, Balnokin YV. Involvement of the Membrane Nanodomain Protein, AtFlot1, in Vesicular Transport of Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase in Arabidopsis thaliana under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021251. [PMID: 36674767 PMCID: PMC9861627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the membrane nanodomain protein AtFlot1 is involved in vesicular transport pathways and regulation of the P-type H+-ATPase content in plasma membrane of A. thaliana under salt stress. Transmission electron microscopy revealed changes in the endosomal system of A. thaliana root cells due to knockout mutation SALK_205125C (Atflot1ko). Immunoblotting of the plasma membrane-enriched fractions isolated from plant organs with an antibody to the H+-ATPase demonstrated changes in the H+-ATPase content in plasma membrane in response to the Atflot1ko mutation and salt shock. Expression levels of the main H+-ATPase isoforms, PMA1 and PMA2, as well as endocytosis activity of root cells determined by endocytic probe FM4-64 uptake assay, were unchanged in the Atflot1ko mutant. We have shown that AtFlot1 participates in regulation of the H+-ATPase content in the plasma membrane. We hypothesized that AtFlot1 is involved in both exocytosis and endocytosis, and, thus, contributes to the maintenance of cell ion homeostasis under salt stress. The lack of a pronounced Atflot1ko phenotype under salt stress conditions may be due to the assumed ability of Atflot1ko to switch vesicular transport to alternative pathways. Functional redundancy of AtFlot proteins may play a role in the functioning of these alternative pathways.
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16
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Yuan Y, Zu M, Zuo J, Li R, Yang L, Tao J. Chaetomium globosum D5 confers salinity tolerance on Paeonia lactiflora Pall. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153878. [PMID: 36493668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants will interact with beneficial endophytic fungi to increase resistance under environmental stress. Among these stresses, salt stress poses one of the major threats to plant growth worldwide. We have studied the response mechanism of Chaetomium globosum D5, a salt-tolerant fungus isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora under salt stress, and its mechanism of action in helping P. lactiflora alleviate salt stress. In our study, high levels of salt inhibit growth, whereas low levels promote the growth of C. globosum D5, which resists salt stress by forming dense hyphae and producing more pigments, soluble proteins, and antioxidants. Under salt stress, growth and photosynthesis of P. lactiflora are inhibited, and they are subjected to osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and ionic stress. C. globosum D5 could help P. lactiflora promote growth and photosynthesis by increasing the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus and increasing the accumulation of the carbon and photosynthetic pigments, help P. lactiflora alleviate osmotic stress by increasing the accumulation of proline, help P. lactiflora alleviate ion stress by reducing Na+ and increasing K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na + ratios in P. lactiflora roots and leaves. In summary, joint action between P. lactiflora and C. globosum D5 is responsible for mitigating damage caused by P. lactiflora under salt stress. We first investigate the interaction between the fungus and P. lactiflora under salt stress, providing a theoretical basis for further investigations into the mechanisms of P. lactiflora's response to salt stress and its promotion in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center of Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Mengting Zu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center of Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jiajia Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center of Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Runze Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center of Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Liping Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center of Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center of Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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17
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Salt-Induced Changes in Cytosolic pH and Photosynthesis in Tobacco and Potato Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010491. [PMID: 36613934 PMCID: PMC9820604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most common factors limiting the productivity of crops. The damaging effect of salt stress on many vital plant processes is mediated, on the one hand, by the osmotic stress caused by large concentrations of Na+ and Cl- outside the root and, on the other hand, by the toxic effect of these ions loaded in the cell. In our work, the influence of salinity on the changes in photosynthesis, transpiration, water content and cytosolic pH in the leaves of two important crops of the Solanaceae family-tobacco and potato-was investigated. Salinity caused a decrease in photosynthesis activity, which manifested as a decrease in the quantum yield of photosystem II and an increase in non-photochemical quenching. Along with photosynthesis limitation, there was a slight reduction in the relative water content in the leaves and a decrease in transpiration, determined by the crop water stress index. Furthermore, a decrease in cytosolic pH was detected in tobacco and potato plants transformed by the gene of pH-sensitive protein Pt-GFP. The potential mechanisms of the salinity influence on the activity of photosynthesis were analyzed with the comparison of the parameters' dynamics, as well as the salt content in the leaves.
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18
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Morgan SH, Kader MA, Lindberg S. Cytosolic Sodium Influx in Mesophyll Protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana, wt, sos1:1 and nhx1 Differs and Induces Different Calcium Changes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3439. [PMID: 36559553 PMCID: PMC9780823 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sodium influx into the cytosol of mesophyll protoplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia, wild type, was compared with the influx into sos1-1 and nhx1 genotypes, which lack the Na+/H+ antiporter in the plasma membrane and tonoplast, respectively. Changes in cytosolic sodium and calcium concentrations upon a 100 mM NaCl addition were detected by use of epifluorescence microscopy and the sodium-specific fluorescent dye SBFI, AM, and calcium sensitive Fura 2, AM, respectively. There was a smaller and mainly transient influx of Na+ in the cytosol of the wild type compared with the sos1-1 and nhx1 genotypes, in which the influx lasted for a longer time. Sodium chloride addition to the protoplasts' medium induced a significant increase in cytosolic calcium concentration in the wild type at 1.0 mM external calcium, and to a lesser extent in nhx1, however, it was negligible in the sos1-1 genotype. LiCl inhibited the cytosolic calcium elevation in the wild type. The results suggest that the salt-induced calcium elevation in the cytosol of mesophyll cells depends on an influx from both internal and external stores and occurs in the presence of an intact Na+/H+ antiporter at the plasma membrane. The Arabidopsis SOS1 more effectively regulates sodium homeostasis than NHX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif H. Morgan
- Plant Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Md Abdul Kader
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Li X, Fan S, Cui X, Shao A, Wang W, Xie Y, Fu J. Transcriptome analysis of perennial ryegrass reveals the regulatory role of Aspergillus aculeatus under salt stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13805. [PMID: 36270788 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is an important turf grass and forage grass with moderately tolerant to salinity stress. Aspergillus aculeatus has been documented to involved in salt stress response of perennial ryegrass, while the A. aculeatus-mediated molecular mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying A. aculeatus-mediated salt tolerance, the comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the perennial ryegrass roots was performed. Twelve cDNA libraries from roots were constructed after 12 h of plant-fungus cocultivation under 300 mM salt stress concentrations. A total of 21,915 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through pairwise comparisons. Enrichment analysis revealed that potentially important A. aculeatus-induced salt responsive genes belonging to specific categories, such as hormonal metabolism (auxin and salicylic acid metabolism related genes), secondary metabolism (flavonoid's metabolism related genes) and transcription factors (MYB, HSF and AP2/EREBP family). In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that blue and black modules were significantly positively correlated with the peroxidase activity and proline content, then the hub genes within these two modules were further identified. Taken together, we found the categories of A. aculeatus-induced salt responsive genes, revealing underlying fungus-induced molecular mechanisms of salt stress response in perennial ryegrass roots. Besides, fungus-induced salt-tolerant hub genes represent a foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Li
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shugao Fan
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - An Shao
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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20
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Haque T, Bhaskara GB, Yin J, Bonnette J, Juenger TE. Natural variation in growth and leaf ion homeostasis in response to salinity stress in Panicum hallii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019169. [PMID: 36275527 PMCID: PMC9586453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity can negatively impact plants growth, development and fitness. Natural plant populations restricted to coastal environments may evolve in response to saline habitats and therefore provide insights into the process of salinity adaptation. We investigated the growth and physiological responses of coastal and inland populations of Panicum hallii to experimental salinity treatments. Coastal genotypes demonstrated less growth reduction and superior ion homeostasis compared to the inland genotypes in response to saline conditions, supporting a hypothesis of local adaptation. We identified several QTL associated with the plasticity of belowground biomass, leaf sodium and potassium content, and their ratio which underscores the genetic variation present in this species for salinity responses. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis in leaf and root tissue revealed tissue specific overexpression of genes including several cation transporters in the coastal genotype. These transporters mediate sodium ion compartmentalization and potassium ion retention and thus suggests that maintenance of ionic homeostasis of the coastal genotypes might be due to the regulation of these ion transporters. These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetics and molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation in natural populations, and widens the scope for genetic manipulation of these candidate genes to design plants more resilient to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima Haque
- *Correspondence: Taslima Haque, ; Thomas E. Juenger,
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21
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Santiago‐Rosario LY, Harms KE, Craven D. Contrasts among cationic phytochemical landscapes in the southern United States. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:226-241. [PMID: 37283990 PMCID: PMC10168053 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phytochemical landscapes of essential and nonessential chemical elements to plants provides an opportunity to better link biogeochemical cycles to trophic ecology. We investigated the formation and regulation of the cationic phytochemical landscapes of four key elements for biota: Ca, Mg, K, and Na. We collected aboveground tissues of plants in Atriplex, Helianthus, and Opuntia and adjacent soils from 51, 131, and 83 sites, respectively, across the southern United States. We determined the spatial variability of these cations in plants and soils. Also, we quantified the homeostasis coefficient for each cation and genus combination, by using mixed-effect models, with spatially correlated random effects. Additionally, using random forest models, we modeled the influence of bioclimatic, soil, and spatial variables on plant cationic concentrations. Sodium variability and spatial autocorrelation were considerably greater than for Ca, Mg, or K. Calcium, Mg, and K exhibited strongly homeostatic patterns, in striking contrast to non-homeostatic Na. Even so, climatic and soil variables explained a large proportion of plants' cationic concentrations. Essential elements (Ca, Mg, and K) appeared to be homeostatically regulated, which contrasted sharply with Na, a nonessential element for most plants. In addition, we provide evidence for the No-Escape-from-Sodium hypothesis in real-world ecosystems, indicating that plant Na concentrations tend to increase as substrate Na levels increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle E. Harms
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de EcosistemasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad MayorSantiago de ChileChile
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Jin T, An J, Xu H, Chen J, Pan L, Zhao R, Wang N, Gai J, Li Y. A soybean sodium/hydrogen exchanger GmNHX6 confers plant alkaline salt tolerance by regulating Na +/K + homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938635. [PMID: 36204047 PMCID: PMC9531905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline soil has a high pH due to carbonate salts and usually causes more detrimental effects on crop growth than saline soil. Sodium hydrogen exchangers (NHXs) are pivotal regulators of cellular Na+/K+ and pH homeostasis, which is essential for salt tolerance; however, their role in alkaline salt tolerance is largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the function of a soybean NHX gene, GmNHX6, in plant response to alkaline salt stress. GmNHX6 encodes a Golgi-localized sodium/hydrogen exchanger, and its transcript abundance is more upregulated in alkaline salt tolerant soybean variety in response to NaHCO3 stress. Ectopic expression of GmNHX6 in Arabidopsis enhanced alkaline salt tolerance by maintaining high K+ content and low Na+/K+ ratio. Overexpression of GmNHX6 also improved soybean tolerance to alkaline salt stress. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of NHX6 is associated with the alkaline salt tolerance in soybean germplasm. A superior promoter of GmNHX6 was isolated from an alkaline salt tolerant soybean variety, which showed stronger activity than the promoter from an alkaline salt sensitive soybean variety in response to alkali stress, by luciferase transient expression assays. Our results suggested soybean NHX6 gene plays an important role in plant tolerance to alkaline salt stress.
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Carillo P, Pannico A, Cirillo C, Ciriello M, Colla G, Cardarelli M, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Protein Hydrolysates from Animal or Vegetal Sources Affect Morpho-Physiological Traits, Ornamental Quality, Mineral Composition, and Shelf-Life of Chrysanthemum in a Distinctive Manner. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172321. [PMID: 36079702 PMCID: PMC9460061 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are a prominent category of plant biostimulants, mainly constituted of amino acids, oligopeptides and polypeptides, obtained by partial hydrolysis of animal or plant protein sources. Despite scientific evidence supporting the biostimulant action of PHs on vegetables, the morphological, physiological, and shelf-life performances underlying the PH action on cut flowers are still poorly explored. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to assess the effects of three commercial biostimulants, one animal PH (PH A, Hicure®) and two plant PHs (PH V1, Trainer® and PH V2, Vegamin©), on two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cultivars (Pinacolada and Radost). In both cultivars, only the plant-derived PH (V1 and V2) treatments recorded significantly higher fresh plant biomass than the control (on average +18%, in both cultivars). The foliar application of the vegetal-derived PHs but not the animal one, particularly in Pinacolada, improved the status of plants, stimulating stem elongation and the apical flower diameter. In Pinacolada, applications with PH V1 resulted in a significant increase in nitrate and P concentration in leaves and Ca content in flowers compared with the control (+43%, +27%, and +28% for nitrate, P, and Ca, respectively). In Radost, PH A and PH V2 applications caused a significant reduction in nitrate concentration in both leaves and flowers compared with the control. One week after harvest, in both cultivars, PH A applications caused flower stems to wilt faster than the control. In contrast, plants treated with PH V1 revealed significantly slower flower stem senescence compared to the control. Flower wilting during vase life was correlated to a decrease in the K-to-Na ratio in flowers due to an inability to transport K to the flowers from the leaves rather than an increase in Na in the flowers themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronia Carillo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Pannico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Chiara Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cardarelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Shahzad B, Shabala L, Zhou M, Venkataraman G, Solis CA, Page D, Chen ZH, Shabala S. Comparing Essentiality of SOS1-Mediated Na + Exclusion in Salinity Tolerance between Cultivated and Wild Rice Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9900. [PMID: 36077294 PMCID: PMC9456175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major constraint that affects plant growth and development. Rice is a staple food for more than half of the human population but is extremely sensitive to salinity. Among the several known mechanisms, the ability of the plant to exclude cytosolic Na+ is strongly correlated with salinity stress tolerance in different plant species. This exclusion is mediated by the plasma membrane (PM) Na+/H+ antiporter encoded by Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS1) gene and driven by a PM H+-ATPase generated proton gradient. However, it is not clear to what extent this mechanism is operational in wild and cultivated rice species, given the unique rice root anatomy and the existence of the bypass flow for Na+. As wild rice species provide a rich source of genetic diversity for possible introgression of abiotic stress tolerance, we investigated physiological and molecular basis of salinity stress tolerance in Oryza species by using two contrasting pairs of cultivated (Oryza sativa) and wild rice species (Oryza alta and Oryza punctata). Accordingly, dose- and age-dependent Na+ and H+ fluxes were measured using a non-invasive ion selective vibrating microelectrode (the MIFE technique) to measure potential activity of SOS1-encoded Na+/H+ antiporter genes. Consistent with GUS staining data reported in the literature, rice accessions had (~4-6-fold) greater net Na+ efflux in the root elongation zone (EZ) compared to the mature root zone (MZ). Pharmacological experiments showed that Na+ efflux in root EZ is suppressed by more than 90% by amiloride, indicating the possible involvement of Na+/H+ exchanger activity in root EZ. Within each group (cultivated vs. wild) the magnitude of amiloride-sensitive Na+ efflux was higher in tolerant genotypes; however, the activity of Na+/H+ exchanger was 2-3-fold higher in the cultivated rice compared with their wild counterparts. Gene expression levels of SOS1, SOS2 and SOS3 were upregulated under 24 h salinity treatment in all the tested genotypes, with the highest level of SOS1 transcript detected in salt-tolerant wild rice genotype O. alta (~5-6-fold increased transcript level) followed by another wild rice, O. punctata. There was no significant difference in SOS1 expression observed for cultivated rice (IR1-tolerant and IR29-sensitive) under both 0 and 24 h salinity exposure. Our findings suggest that salt-tolerant cultivated rice relies on the cytosolic Na+ exclusion mechanism to deal with salt stress to a greater extent than wild rice, but its operation seems to be regulated at a post-translational rather than transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Shahzad
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University; Foshan 528000, China
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Gayatri Venkataraman
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Celymar Angela Solis
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David Page
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University; Foshan 528000, China
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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25
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Singhal RK, Fahad S, Kumar P, Choyal P, Javed T, Jinger D, Singh P, Saha D, MD P, Bose B, Akash H, Gupta NK, Sodani R, Dev D, Suthar DL, Liu K, Harrison MT, Saud S, Shah AN, Nawaz T. Beneficial elements: New Players in improving nutrient use efficiency and abiotic stress tolerance. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10725-022-00843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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26
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Li Z, Zhang H, Cai C, Lin Z, Zhen Z, Chu J, Guo K. Histone acetyltransferase GCN5-mediated lysine acetylation modulates salt stress aadaption of Trichoderma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3033-3049. [PMID: 35376971 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma viride has a wide range of applications in plant growth promotion, biological control, cellulase production, and biomass utilization. Salinity is a major limitation to Trichoderma strains in the natural environment and fermentation environment, and to improve the adaptability of Trichoderma to salt stress is of great significance to its applications in industry and agriculture. Histone acetylation plays important roles in the regulation of physiological and biochemical processes including various stress responses. GCN5 is the most representative histone acetylase, which plays vital roles in chromatin remodeling of promoters to facilitate the transcription activation. In this paper, we identified a GCN5-encoding gene TvGCN5 in T. viride Tv-1511, and characterized the function and regulating mechanism of TvGCN5-mediated acetylation of histone H3 in the salt adoption of Tv-1511, by constructions of the deletion mutants (Tv-1511-△GCN5) and overexpression mutants (Tv-1511-GCN5-OE) of TvGCN5. Results showed that compared with wild-type Tv-1511, the over-expression of TvGCN5 resulted in the longer mycelia diameter and more biomass under salt stress. Furthermore, Tv-1511-△GCN5 strains obtained the improved sodium (Na+) compartmentation and antioxidant capacity by upregulating the transcriptional levels of genes encoding PM H+-ATPase, vacuolar H+-ATPase, and antioxidant enzymes. Notably, the changes in the transcriptional expressions of these genes are tightly modulated by the TvGCN5-mediated acetylated level of histone H3 in their promoter regions. In all, these results reveal that TvGCN5 plays an important role in stress tolerance of T. viride Tv-1511, and provides potential insight to facilitate the application of epigenetic modulation in the expanding utilization of Trichoderma. KEY POINTS: • Overexpresison of TvGCN5 improves the adoption of T. viride Tv-1511 to salt stress by increasing acetylation level of histone H3 on the promoter regions of sodium-transport and antioxidant-related genes, at H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K23ac, and H3K27ac. • Overexprsison of TvGCN5 enhances the ion transport and compartmentation capacity by upregulating the expressions and activities of PM and vacuolar H+-ATPase to tolerate salt stress. • Overexprsison of TvGCN5 promotes the antioxidant capacity by increasing the expressions and activities of antioxidant enzymes in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10085, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chunjing Cai
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Zhen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
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27
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Root Na+ Content Negatively Correlated to Salt Tolerance Determines the Salt Tolerance of Brassica napus L. Inbred Seedlings. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070906. [PMID: 35406886 PMCID: PMC9002931 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinization is a major environmental stressor that reduces the growth and yield of crops. Maintaining the balance of ions under salinity is vital for plant salt tolerance; however, little is known about the correlation between the salt tolerance of crops and the ion contents of their roots and shoots. Here, we investigated the poorly understood salt-tolerance mechanisms, particularly regarding ion contents (particularly Na+), in Brassica napus subsp. napus L., an agriculturally important species. Twenty B. napus inbred lines were randomly chosen from five salt-tolerance categories and treated with increasing concentrations of NaCl (0–200 mmol) for this work. We found that the root Na+ content is the most correlated limiting factor for the salt tolerance of B. napus; the higher the salt tolerance, the lower the root Na+ content. Correspondingly, the Ca2+/Na+ and K+/Na+ ratios of the roots were highly correlated with B. napus salt tolerance, indicating that the selective absorption ability of these ions by the roots and their translocation to the shoots play a pivotal role in this trait. These data provide a foundation for the further study of the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance and for breeding salt-tolerant B. napus cultivars.
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28
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Jabeen Z, Irshad F, Hussain N, Han Y, Zhang G. NHX-Type Na +/H + Antiporter Gene Expression Under Different Salt Levels and Allelic Diversity of HvNHX in Wild and Cultivated Barleys. Front Genet 2022; 12:809988. [PMID: 35273633 PMCID: PMC8902669 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.809988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity tolerance is a multifaceted trait attributed to various mechanisms. Wild barley is highly specialized to grow under severe environmental conditions of Tibet and is well-known for its diverse germplasm with high tolerance to abiotic stresses. The present study focused on determining the profile of the expression of isoforms of the HvNHX gene in 36 wild and two cultivated barley under salt stress. Our findings revealed that in leaves and roots, expression of HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 in XZ16 and CM72 was upregulated at all times as compared with sensitive ones. The HvNHX2 and HvNHX4 isoforms were also induced by salt stress, although not to the same extent as HvNHX1 and HvNHX3. Gene expression analysis revealed that HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 are the candidate genes that could have the function of regulators of ions by sequestration of Na+ in the vacuole. HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 showed a wide range of sequence variations in an amplicon, identified via single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Evaluation of the sequencing data of 38 barley genotypes, including Tibetan wild and cultivated varieties, showed polymorphisms, including SNPs, and small insertion and deletion (INDEL) sites in the targeted genes HvNHX1 and HvNHX3. Comprehensive analysis of the results revealed that Tibetan wild barley has distinctive alleles of HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 which confer tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, less sodium accumulation was observed in the root of XZ16 than the other genotypes as visualized by CoroNa-Green, a sodium-specific fluorophore. XZ16 is the tolerant genotype, showing least reduction of root and leaf dry weight under moderate (150 mM) and severe (300 mM) NaCl stress. Evaluation of genetic variation and identification of salt tolerance mechanism in wild barley could be promoting approaches to unravel the novel alleles involved in salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jabeen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Faiza Irshad
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Solis CA, Yong MT, Zhou M, Venkataraman G, Shabala L, Holford P, Shabala S, Chen ZH. Evolutionary Significance of NHX Family and NHX1 in Salinity Stress Adaptation in the Genus Oryza. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042092. [PMID: 35216206 PMCID: PMC8879705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa), a staple crop for a substantial part of the world’s population, is highly sensitive to soil salinity; however, some wild Oryza relatives can survive in highly saline environments. Sodium/hydrogen antiporter (NHX) family members contribute to Na+ homeostasis in plants and play a major role in conferring salinity tolerance. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of NHX family members using phylogeny, conserved domains, tertiary structures, expression patterns, and physiology of cultivated and wild Oryza species to decipher the role of NHXs in salt tolerance in Oryza. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the NHX family can be classified into three subfamilies directly related to their subcellular localization: endomembrane, plasma membrane, and tonoplast (vacuolar subfamily, vNHX1). Phylogenetic and structural analysis showed that vNHX1s have evolved from streptophyte algae (e.g., Klebsormidium nitens) and are abundant and highly conserved in all major land plant lineages, including Oryza. Moreover, we showed that tissue tolerance is a crucial trait conferring tolerance to salinity in wild rice species. Higher Na+ accumulation and reduced Na+ effluxes in leaf mesophyll were observed in the salt-tolerant wild rice species O. alta, O. latifolia, and O. coarctata. Among the key genes affecting tissue tolerance, expression of NHX1 and SOS1/NHX7 exhibited significant correlation with salt tolerance among the rice species and cultivars. This study provides insights into the evolutionary origin of plant NHXs and their role in tissue tolerance of Oryza species and facilitates the inclusion of this trait during the development of salinity-tolerant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celymar Angela Solis
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (C.A.S.); (M.-T.Y.); (P.H.)
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Miing-Tiem Yong
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (C.A.S.); (M.-T.Y.); (P.H.)
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Gayatri Venkataraman
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600113, India;
| | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (C.A.S.); (M.-T.Y.); (P.H.)
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (M.Z.); (L.S.)
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (Z.-H.C.); Tel.: +61-245-701-934 (Z.-H.C.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (C.A.S.); (M.-T.Y.); (P.H.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (Z.-H.C.); Tel.: +61-245-701-934 (Z.-H.C.)
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30
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Nedelyaeva OI, Popova LG, Volkov VS, Balnokin YV. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of SaCLCd, SaCLCf, and SaCLCg, Novel Proteins of the Chloride Channel Family (CLC) from the Halophyte Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:409. [PMID: 35161390 PMCID: PMC8839641 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coding sequences of the CLC family genes SaCLCd, SaCLCf, and SaCLCg, the putative orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana AtCLCd, AtCLCf, and AtCLCg genes, were cloned from the euhalophyte Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall. The key conserved motifs and glutamates inherent in proteins of the CLC family were identified in SaCLCd, SaCLCf, and SaCLCg amino acid sequences. SaCLCd and SaCLCg were characterized by higher homology to eukaryotic (human) CLCs, while SaCLCf was closer to prokaryotic CLCs. Ion specificities of the SaCLC proteins were studied in complementation assays by heterologous expression of the SaCLC genes in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GEF1 disrupted strain Δgef1. GEF1 encoded the only CLC family protein, the Cl- transporter Gef1p, in undisrupted strains of this organism. Expression of SaCLCd in Δgef1 cells restored their ability to grow on selective media. The complementation test and the presence of both the "gating" and "proton" conservative glutamates in SaCLCd amino acid sequence and serine specific for Cl- in its selectivity filter suggest that this protein operates as a Cl-/H+ antiporter. By contrast, expression of SaCLCf and SaCLCg did not complement the growth defect phenotype of Δgef1 cells. The selectivity filters of SaCLCf and SaCLCg also contained serine. However, SaCLCf included only the "gating" glutamate, while SaCLCg contained the "proton" glutamate, suggesting that SaCLCf and SaCLCg proteins act as Cl- channels. The SaCLCd, SaCLCf, and SaCLCg genes were shown to be expressed in the roots and leaves of S. altissima. In response to addition of NaCl to the growth medium, the relative transcript abundances of all three genes of S. altissima increased in the leaves but did not change significantly in the roots. The increase in expression of SaCLCd, SaCLCf, and SaCLCg in the leaves in response to increasing salinity was in line with Cl- accumulation in the leaf cells, indicating the possible participation of SaCLCd, SaCLCf, and SaCLCg proteins in Cl- sequestration in cell organelles. Generally, these results suggest the involvement of SaCLC proteins in the response of S. altissima plants to increasing salinity and possible participation in mechanisms underlying salt tolerance.
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31
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Acharya BR, Sandhu D, Dueñas C, Ferreira JFS, Grover KK. Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Salinity Tolerance in Guar ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) Using Transcriptome Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030291. [PMID: 35161272 PMCID: PMC8838131 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Guar is a commercially important legume crop known for guar gum. Guar is tolerant to various abiotic stresses, but the mechanisms involved in its salinity tolerance are not well established. This study aimed to understand molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in guar. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was employed to study the leaf and root transcriptomes of salt-tolerant (Matador) and salt-sensitive (PI 340261) guar genotypes under control and salinity. Our analyses identified a total of 296,114 unigenes assembled from 527 million clean reads. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the gene expression differences were more pronounced between salinity treatments than between genotypes. Differentially expressed genes associated with stress-signaling pathways, transporters, chromatin remodeling, microRNA biogenesis, and translational machinery play critical roles in guar salinity tolerance. Genes associated with several transporter families that were differentially expressed during salinity included ABC, MFS, GPH, and P-ATPase. Furthermore, genes encoding transcription factors/regulators belonging to several families, including SNF2, C2H2, bHLH, C3H, and MYB were differentially expressed in response to salinity. This study revealed the importance of various biological pathways during salinity stress and identified several candidate genes that may be used to develop salt-tolerant guar genotypes that might be suitable for cultivation in marginal soils with moderate to high salinity or using degraded water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa R. Acharya
- U.S. Salinity Lab (USDA-ARS), 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; (B.R.A.); (J.F.S.F.)
- College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Devinder Sandhu
- U.S. Salinity Lab (USDA-ARS), 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; (B.R.A.); (J.F.S.F.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (K.K.G.)
| | - Christian Dueñas
- College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Jorge F. S. Ferreira
- U.S. Salinity Lab (USDA-ARS), 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; (B.R.A.); (J.F.S.F.)
| | - Kulbhushan K. Grover
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (K.K.G.)
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Athar HUR, Zulfiqar F, Moosa A, Ashraf M, Zafar ZU, Zhang L, Ahmed N, Kalaji HM, Nafees M, Hossain MA, Islam MS, El Sabagh A, Siddique KHM. Salt stress proteins in plants: An overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:999058. [PMID: 36589054 PMCID: PMC9800898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress is considered the most devastating abiotic stress for crop productivity. Accumulating different types of soluble proteins has evolved as a vital strategy that plays a central regulatory role in the growth and development of plants subjected to salt stress. In the last two decades, efforts have been undertaken to critically examine the genome structure and functions of the transcriptome in plants subjected to salinity stress. Although genomics and transcriptomics studies indicate physiological and biochemical alterations in plants, it do not reflect changes in the amount and type of proteins corresponding to gene expression at the transcriptome level. In addition, proteins are a more reliable determinant of salt tolerance than simple gene expression as they play major roles in shaping physiological traits in salt-tolerant phenotypes. However, little information is available on salt stress-responsive proteins and their possible modes of action in conferring salinity stress tolerance. In addition, a complete proteome profile under normal or stress conditions has not been established yet for any model plant species. Similarly, a complete set of low abundant and key stress regulatory proteins in plants has not been identified. Furthermore, insufficient information on post-translational modifications in salt stress regulatory proteins is available. Therefore, in recent past, studies focused on exploring changes in protein expression under salt stress, which will complement genomic, transcriptomic, and physiological studies in understanding mechanism of salt tolerance in plants. This review focused on recent studies on proteome profiling in plants subjected to salinity stress, and provide synthesis of updated literature about how salinity regulates various salt stress proteins involved in the plant salt tolerance mechanism. This review also highlights the recent reports on regulation of salt stress proteins using transgenic approaches with enhanced salt stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib-ur-Rehman Athar
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Faisal Zulfiqar, ; Kadambot H. M. Siddique,
| | - Anam Moosa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ullah Zafar
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Lixin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Botany, Mohy-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Pakistan
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Muhammad Nafees
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sohidul Islam
- Department of Agronomy, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Siirt University, Siirt, Türkiye
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Kadambot H. M. Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Petrth WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Faisal Zulfiqar, ; Kadambot H. M. Siddique,
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Ur Rahman S, Basit A, Ara N, Ullah I, Rehman AU. Morpho-physiological Responses of Tomato Genotypes Under Saline Conditions. GESUNDE PFLANZEN 2021; 73:541-553. [DOI: 10.1007/s10343-021-00576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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Frosi G, Ferreira-Neto JRC, Bezerra-Neto JP, Pandolfi V, da Silva MD, de Lima Morais DA, Benko-Iseppon AM, Santos MG. Transcriptome of Cenostigma pyramidale roots, a woody legume, under different salt stress times. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1463-1480. [PMID: 33973275 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress has a significant impact on the gain of plant biomass. Our study provides the first root transcriptome of Cenostigma pyramidale, a tolerant woody legume from a tropical dry forest, under three different salt stress times (30 min, 2 h, and 11 days). The transcriptome was assembled using the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) de novo pipeline from GenPipes. We observed 932, 804, and 3157 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 164, 273, and 1332 downregulated DEGs for salt over 30 min, 2 h, and 11 days, respectively. For DEGs annotated with the Viridiplantae clade in the early stress periods, the response to salt stress was mainly achieved by stabilizing homeostasis of such ions like Na+ and K+ , signaling by Ca2+ , transcription factor modulation, water transport, and oxidative stress. For salt stress at 11 days, we observed a higher modulation of transcription factors including the WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NAC, HSF, and AP2-EREBP families, as well as DEGs involved in hormonal responses, water transport, sugar metabolism, proline, and reactive oxygen scavenging mechanisms. Five selected DEGs (K+ transporter, aquaporin, glutathione S-transferase, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, and superoxide dismutase) were validated by qPCR. Our results indicated that C. pyramidale had an early perception of salt stress modulating ionic channels and transporters, and as the stress progressed, the focus turned to the antioxidant system, aquaporins, and complex hormone responses. The results of this first root transcriptome provide clues on how this native species modulate gene expression to achieve salt stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Frosi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Faculté des Sciences, Départament de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Valesca Pandolfi
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Guida Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Santiago‐Rosario LY, Harms KE, Elderd BD, Hart PB, Dassanayake M. No escape: The influence of substrate sodium on plant growth and tissue sodium responses. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14231-14249. [PMID: 34707851 PMCID: PMC8525147 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential micronutrient for many organisms, sodium plays an important role in ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Although plants mediate trophic fluxes of sodium, from substrates to higher trophic levels, relatively little comparative research has been published about plant growth and sodium accumulation in response to variation in substrate sodium. Accordingly, we carried out a systematic review of plants' responses to variation in substrate sodium concentrations.We compared biomass and tissue-sodium accumulation among 107 cultivars or populations (67 species in 20 plant families), broadly expanding beyond the agricultural and model taxa for which several generalizations previously had been made. We hypothesized a priori response models for each population's growth and sodium accumulation as a function of increasing substrate NaCl and used Bayesian Information Criterion to choose the best model. Additionally, using a phylogenetic signal analysis, we tested for phylogenetic patterning of responses across taxa.The influence of substrate sodium on growth differed across taxa, with most populations experiencing detrimental effects at high concentrations. Irrespective of growth responses, tissue sodium concentrations for most taxa increased as sodium concentration in the substrate increased. We found no strong associations between the type of growth response and the type of sodium accumulation response across taxa. Although experiments often fail to test plants across a sufficiently broad range of substrate salinities, non-crop species tended toward higher sodium tolerance than domesticated species. Moreover, some phylogenetic conservatism was apparent, in that evolutionary history helped predict the distribution of total-plant growth responses across the phylogeny, but not sodium accumulation responses.Our study reveals that saltier plants in saltier soils proves to be a broadly general pattern for sodium across plant taxa. Regardless of growth responses, sodium accumulation mostly followed an increasing trend as substrate sodium levels increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle E. Harms
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Bret D. Elderd
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Pamela B. Hart
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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Genetic Diversity and Synergistic Modulation of Salinity Tolerance Genes in Aegilops tauschii Coss. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071393. [PMID: 34371596 PMCID: PMC8309352 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n = 2x = 14, DD) is a problematic weed and a rich source of genetic material for wheat crop improvement programs. We used physiological traits (plant height, dry weight biomass, Na+ and K+ concentration) and 14 microsatellite markers to evaluate the genetic diversity and salinity tolerance in 40 Ae. tauschii populations. The molecular marker allied with salinity stress showed polymorphisms, and a cluster analysis divided the populations into different groups, which indicated diversity among populations. Results showed that the expression level of AeHKT1;4 and AeNHX1 were significantly induced during salinity stress treatments (50 and 200 mM), while AeHKT1;4 showed relative expression in roots, and AeNHX1 was expressed in leaves under the control conditions. Compared with the control conditions, the expression level of AeHKT1;4 significantly increased 1.7-fold under 50 mM salinity stress and 4.7-fold under 200 mM salinity stress in the roots of Ae. tauschii. AeNHX1 showed a relative expression level of 1.6-fold under 50 mM salinity stress and 4.6-fold under 200 mM salinity stress compared with the control conditions. The results provide strong evidence that, under salinity stress conditions, AeHKT1;4 and AeNHX1 synergistically regulate the Na+ homeostasis through regulating Na+ transport in Ae. tauschii. AeNHX1 sequestrated the Na+ into vacuoles, which control the regulation of Na+ transport from roots to leaves under salinity stress conditions in Ae. tauschii.
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Britto DT, Coskun D, Kronzucker HJ. Potassium physiology from Archean to Holocene: A higher-plant perspective. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 262:153432. [PMID: 34034042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss biological potassium acquisition and utilization processes over an evolutionary timescale, with emphasis on modern vascular plants. The quintessential osmotic and electrical functions of the K+ ion are shown to be intimately tied to K+-transport systems and membrane energization. Several prominent themes in plant K+-transport physiology are explored in greater detail, including: (1) channel mediated K+ acquisition by roots at low external [K+]; (2) K+ loading of root xylem elements by active transport; (3) variations on the theme of K+ efflux from root cells to the extracellular environment; (4) the veracity and utility of the "affinity" concept in relation to transport systems. We close with a discussion of the importance of plant-potassium relations to our human world, and current trends in potassium nutrition from farm to table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev T Britto
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Root hairs: the villi of plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1133-1146. [PMID: 34013353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Strikingly, evolution shaped similar tubular structures at the µm to mm scale in roots of sessile plants and in small intestines of mobile mammals to ensure an efficient transfer of essential nutrients from 'dead matter' into biota. These structures, named root hairs (RHs) in plants and villi in mammals, numerously stretch into the environment, and extremely enlarge root and intestine surfaces. They are believed to forage for nutrients, and mediate their uptake. While the conceptional understanding of plant RH function in hydromineral nutrition seems clear, experimental evidence presented in textbooks is restricted to a very limited number of reference-nutrients. Here, we make an element-by-element journey through the periodic table and link individual nutrient availabilities to the development, structure/shape and function of RHs. Based on recent developments in molecular biology and the identification of mutants differing in number, length or other shape-related characteristics of RHs in various plant species, we present comprehensive advances in (i) the physiological role of RHs for the uptake of specific nutrients, (ii) the developmental and morphological responses of RHs to element availability and (iii) RH-localized nutrient transport proteins. Our update identifies crucial roles of RHs for hydromineral nutrition, mostly under nutrient and/or water limiting conditions, and highlights the influence of certain mineral availabilities on early stages of RH development, suggesting that nutritional stimuli, as deficiencies in P, Mn or B, can even dominate over intrinsic developmental programs underlying RH differentiation.
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Basu S, Kumar A, Benazir I, Kumar G. Reassessing the role of ion homeostasis for improving salinity tolerance in crop plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:502-519. [PMID: 32320060 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a constraint for major agricultural crops leading to severe yield loss, which may increase with the changing climatic conditions. Disruption in the cellular ionic homeostasis is one of the primary responses induced by elevated sodium ions (Na+ ). Therefore, unraveling the mechanism of Na+ uptake and transport in plants along with the characterization of the candidate genes facilitating ion homeostasis is obligatory for enhancing salinity tolerance in crops. This review summarizes the current advances in understanding the ion homeostasis mechanism in crop plants, emphasizing the role of transporters involved in the regulation of cytosolic Na+ level along with the conservation of K+ /Na+ ratio. Furthermore, expression profiles of the candidate genes for ion homeostasis were also explored under various developmental stages and tissues of Oryza sativa based on the publicly available microarray data. The review also gives an up-to-date summary on the efforts to increase salinity tolerance in crops by manipulating selected stress-associated genes. Overall, this review gives a combined view on both the ionomic and molecular background of salt stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India
| | - Ibtesham Benazir
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India
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Wu Y, Liu N, Hu L, Liao W, Tang Z, Xiao X, Lyu J, Xie J, Calderón-Urrea A, Yu J. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Improves Morphogenesis and Na + Subcellular Distribution in the Apical Cells of Cucumis sativus L. Under Salinity Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:636121. [PMID: 33815443 PMCID: PMC8012848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity causes damage to plants and a reduction in output. A natural plant growth regulator, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), has been shown to promote plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. In the present study, we assessed the effects of exogenously applied ALA (25 mg L-1) on the root architecture and Na+ distribution of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings under moderate NaCl stress (50 mmol L-1). The results showed that exogenous ALA improved root length, root volume, root surface area, and cell activity in the root tips, which were inhibited under salt stress. In addition, although salinity stress increased the subcellular Na+ contents, such as those of the cell wall, nucleus, plastid, and mitochondria, ALA treatment reduced these Na+ contents, except the soluble fraction. Molecular biological analysis revealed that ALA application upregulated both the SOS1 and HA3 transcriptional and translational levels, which suggested that the excretion of Na+ into the cytoplasm cloud was promoted by exogenous ALA. Meanwhile, exogenously applied ALA also upregulated the gene and protein expression of NHX1 and VHA-A under salinity stress, which suggested that the compartmentalization of Na+ to the vacuole was enhanced. Overall, exogenous ALA mitigated the damage caused by NaCl in cucumber by enhancing Na+ redistribution and increasing the cytoactivity of root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Wang X, Zhao J, Fang Q, Chang X, Sun M, Li W, Li Y. GmAKT1 is involved in K + uptake and Na +/K + homeostasis in Arabidopsis and soybean plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110736. [PMID: 33568288 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots absorb K+ from soil via K+ channels and transporters, which are important for stress responses. In this research, GmAKT1, an AKT1-type K+ channel, was isolated and characterized. The expression of GmAKT1 was induced by K+-starvation and salinity stresses, and it was preferentially expressed in the soybean roots. And GmAKT1 was located in the plasma membrane. As an inward K+ channel, GmAKT1 participated in K+ uptake, as well as rescued the low-K+-sensitive phenotype of the yeast mutant and Arabidopsis akt1 mutant. Overexpression of GmAKT1 significantly improved the growth of plants and increased K+ concentration, leading to lower Na+/K+ ratios in transgenic Arabidopsis and chimeric soybean plants with transgenic hairy roots. In addition, GmAKT1 overexpression resulted in significant upregulation of these ion uptake-related genes, including GmSKOR, GmsSOS1, GmHKT1, and GmNHX1. Our findings suggested that GmAKT1 plays an important part in K+ uptake under low-K+ condition, and could maintain Na+/K+ homeostasis under salt stress in Arabidopsis and soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialiang Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingwei Fang
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xingchao Chang
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yongguang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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Gao TG, Ma CM, Yuan HJ, Liu HS, Ma Q, Flowers TJ, Wang SM. ZxNHX1 indirectly participates in controlling K + homeostasis in the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:402-410. [PMID: 33278909 DOI: 10.1071/fp20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum (Bunge) Engl. can absorb Na+ from the soil as an osmoticum in order to resist osmotic stress. The tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter ZxNHX1 is essential for maintaining the salt-accumulation characteristics of Z. xanthoxylum by compartmentalizing Na+ into vacuoles. Previous results revealed that the silencing of ZxNHX1 greatly decreased Na+ accumulation in Z. xanthoxylum under 50 mM NaCl due to the weakened compartmentalisation; in addition, K+ concentration also significantly reduced in ZxNHX1-RNAi lines. Yet, whether the reduction of K+ concentration was directly triggered by the silencing of ZxNHX1 remains unclear. In this study, the growth parameters and expression levels of ZxSOS1, ZxHKT1;1, ZxAKT1 and ZxSKOR were measured in wild-type and ZxNHX1-RNAi lines under control or -0.5 MPa osmotic stress. The results showed that the silencing of ZxNHX1 inhibited the plant growth, decreased Na+ concentration in leaves, reduced the transcript abundance of ZxSOS1 and dramatically increased that of ZxHKT1;1 in roots of Z. xanthoxylum under osmotic stress; whereas tissue K+ concentrations and the expression level of ZxSKOR displayed no significant variations, and the expression of ZxAKT1 were significantly reduced in ZxNHX1-RNAi lines under osmotic stress, compared with the wild type. These results suggest that in Z. xanthoxylum, ZxNHX1 can maintain the normal growth by compartmentalizing Na+ into vacuoles, and regulate the spatial distribution of Na+ indirectly by affecting the expressions of ZxSOS1 and ZxHKT1;1. Moreover, the silencing of ZxNHX1 is not the main reason that led to the reduction of K+ concentration in ZxNHX1-RNAi lines under 50 mM NaCl, and ZxNHX1 might be indirectly involved in regulating K+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Cui-Min Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Hui-Jun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; and School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Hai-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Timothy J Flowers
- Department of Evolution Behaviour and Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; and Corresponding author.
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Overexpression of the Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Aquaporin, ZxPIP1;3, Promotes Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042112. [PMID: 33672712 PMCID: PMC7924366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought and salinity can result in cell dehydration and water unbalance in plants, which seriously diminish plant growth and development. Cellular water homeostasis maintained by aquaporin is one of the important strategies for plants to cope with these two stresses. In this study, a stress-induced aquaporin, ZxPIP1;3, belonging to the PIP1 subgroup, was identified from the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. The subcellular localization showed that ZxPIP1;3-GFP was located in the plasma membrane. The overexpression of ZxPIP1;3 in Arabidopsis prompted plant growth under favorable condition. In addition, it also conferred salt and drought tolerance with better water status as well as less ion toxicity and membrane injury, which led to more efficient photosynthesis and improved growth vigor via inducing stress-related responsive genes. This study reveals the molecular mechanisms of xerophytes’ stress tolerance and provides a valuable candidate that could be used in genetic engineering to improve crop growth and stress tolerance.
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Yadav B, Jogawat A, Lal SK, Lakra N, Mehta S, Shabek N, Narayan OP. Plant mineral transport systems and the potential for crop improvement. PLANTA 2021; 253:45. [PMID: 33483879 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient transporter genes could be a potential candidate for improving crop plants, with enhanced nutrient uptake leading to increased crop yield by providing tolerance against different biotic and abiotic stresses. The world's food supply is nearing a crisis in meeting the demands of an ever-growing global population, and an increase in both yield and nutrient value of major crops is vitally necessary to meet the increased population demand. Nutrients play an important role in plant metabolism as well as growth and development, and nutrient deficiency results in retarded plant growth and leads to reduced crop yield. A variety of cellular processes govern crop plant nutrient absorption from the soil. Among these, nutrient membrane transporters play an important role in the acquisition of nutrients from soil and transport of these nutrients to their target sites. In addition, as excess nutrient delivery has toxic effects on plant growth, these membrane transporters also play a significant role in the removal of excess nutrients in the crop plant. The key function provided by membrane transporters is the ability to supply the crop plant with an adequate level of tolerance against environmental stresses, such as soil acidity, alkalinity, salinity, drought, and pathogen attack. Membrane transporter genes have been utilized for the improvement of crop plants, with enhanced nutrient uptake leading to increased crop yield by providing tolerance against different biotic and abiotic stresses. Further understanding of the basic mechanisms of nutrient transport in crop plants could facilitate the advanced design of engineered plant crops to achieve increased yield and improve nutrient quality through the use of genetic technologies as well as molecular breeding. This review is focused on nutrient toxicity and tolerance mechanisms in crop plants to aid in understanding and addressing the anticipated global food demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhimanyu Jogawat
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Shambhu Krishan Lal
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Lakra
- Department of Biotechnology, CCS HAU, Hisar, India
| | - Sahil Mehta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Liu C, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Dong J, Yuan Z. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the CLC gene family in pomegranate (Punica granatum) reveals its roles in salt resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:560. [PMID: 33308157 PMCID: PMC7733266 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important commercial fruit tree, with moderate tolerance to salinity. The balance of Cl- and other anions in pomegranate tissues are affected by salinity, however, the accumulation patterns of anions are poorly understood. The chloride channel (CLC) gene family is involved in conducting Cl-, NO3-, HCO3- and I-, but its characteristics have not been reported on pomegranate. RESULTS In this study, we identified seven PgCLC genes, consisting of four antiporters and three channels, based on the presence of the gating glutamate (E) and the proton glutamate (E). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven PgCLCs were divided into two clades, with clade I containing the typical conserved regions GxGIPE (I), GKxGPxxH (II) and PxxGxLF (III), whereas clade II not. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that PgCLC-B had a P [proline, Pro] residue in region I, which was suspected to be a NO3-/H+ exchanger, while PgCLC-C1, PgCLC-C2, PgCLC-D and PgCLC-G contained a S [serine, Ser] residue, with a high affinity to Cl-. We determined the content of Cl-, NO3-, H2PO4-, and SO42- in pomegranate tissues after 18 days of salt treatments (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl). Compared with control, the Cl- content increased sharply in pomegranate tissues. Salinity inhibited the uptake of NO3- and SO42-, but accelerated H2PO4- uptake. The results of real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that PgCLC genes had tissue-specific expression patterns. The high expression levels of three antiporters PgCLC-C1, PgCLC-C2 and PgCLC-D in leaves might be contributed to sequestrating Cl- into the vacuoles. However, the low expression levels of PgCLCs in roots might be associated with the exclusion of Cl- from root cells. Also, the up-regulated PgCLC-B in leaves indicated that more NO3- was transported into leaves to mitigate the nitrogen deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that the PgCLC genes played important roles in balancing of Cl- and NO3- in pomegranate tissues under salt stress. This study established a theoretical foundation for the further functional characterization of the CLC genes in pomegranate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyu Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xueqing Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianmei Dong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhaohe Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Cekstere G, Osvalde A, Elferts D, Rose C, Lucas F, Vollenweider P. Salt accumulation and effects within foliage of Tilia × vulgaris trees from the street greenery of Riga, Latvia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:140921. [PMID: 32777490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructures within sprawling cities provide essential ecosystem services, increasingly undermined by environmental stress. The main objective in this study was to relate the allocation patterns of NaCl contaminants to injury within foliage of lime trees mechanistically and distinguish between the effects of salt and other environmental stressors. Using field material representative of salt contamination levels in the street greenery of Riga, Latvia, the contribution of salt contaminants to structural and ultrastructural injury was analyzed, combining different microscopy techniques. On severely salt-polluted and dystrophic soils, the foliage of street lime trees showed foliar concentrations of Na/Cl up to 13,600/16,750 mg kg-1 but a still balanced nutrient content. The salt contaminants were allocated to all leaf blade tissues and accumulated in priority within mesophyll vacuoles, changing the vacuolar ionic composition at the expense of especially K and Ca. The size of mesophyll cells and vacuoles was increased as a function of NaCl concentration, suggesting impeded transpiration stream. In parallel, the cytoplasm showed degenerative changes, suggesting indirect stress effects. Hence, the lime trees in Riga showed tolerance to the dystrophic environmental conditions enhanced by salt pollution but their leaf physiology appeared directly impacted by the accumulation of contaminants within foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunta Cekstere
- Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Miera street 3, Salaspils LV-2169, Latvia; Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Anita Osvalde
- Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Miera street 3, Salaspils LV-2169, Latvia.
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Christophe Rose
- Centre INRA, Grand Est Nancy, UMR Silva-Silvatech Microscopy, 54280 Champenoux, France.
| | - Falk Lucas
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM) of the ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Cushman KR, Pabuayon ICM, Hinze LL, Sweeney ME, de los Reyes BG. Networks of Physiological Adjustments and Defenses, and Their Synergy With Sodium (Na +) Homeostasis Explain the Hidden Variation for Salinity Tolerance Across the Cultivated Gossypium hirsutum Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588854. [PMID: 33363555 PMCID: PMC7752944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The abilities to mobilize and/or sequester excess ions within and outside the plant cell are important components of salt-tolerance mechanisms. Mobilization and sequestration of Na+ involves three transport systems facilitated by the plasma membrane H+/Na+ antiporter (SOS1), vacuolar H+/Na+ antiporter (NHX1), and Na+/K+ transporter in vascular tissues (HKT1). Many of these mechanisms are conserved across the plant kingdom. While Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) is significantly more salt-tolerant relative to other crops, the critical factors contributing to the phenotypic variation hidden across the germplasm have not been fully unraveled. In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of Na+ accumulation along with other physiological and biochemical interactions were investigated at different severities of salinity across a meaningful genetic diversity panel across cultivated upland Gossypium. The aim was to define the importance of holistic or integrated effects relative to the direct effects of Na+ homeostasis mechanisms mediated by GhHKT1, GhSOS1, and GhNHX1. Multi-dimensional physio-morphometric attributes were investigated in a systems-level context using univariate and multivariate statistics, randomForest, and path analysis. Results showed that mobilized or sequestered Na+ contributes significantly to the baseline tolerance mechanisms. However, the observed variance in overall tolerance potential across a meaningful diversity panel were more significantly attributed to antioxidant capacity, maintenance of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and divalent cation (Mg2+) contents other than Ca2+ through a complex interaction with Na+ homeostasis. The multi-tier macro-physiological, biochemical and molecular data generated in this study, and the networks of interactions uncovered strongly suggest that a complex physiological and biochemical synergy beyond the first-line-of defense (Na+ sequestration and mobilization) accounts for the total phenotypic variance across the primary germplasm of Gossypium hirsutum. These findings are consistent with the recently proposed Omnigenic Theory for quantitative traits and should contribute to a modern look at phenotypic selection for salt tolerance in cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Cushman
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Isaiah C. M. Pabuayon
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Lori L. Hinze
- USDA-ARS, Crop Germplasm Research, College Station, TX, United States
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Geng W, Li Z, Hassan MJ, Peng Y. Chitosan regulates metabolic balance, polyamine accumulation, and Na + transport contributing to salt tolerance in creeping bentgrass. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:506. [PMID: 33148164 PMCID: PMC7640404 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan (CTS), a natural polysaccharide, exhibits multiple functions of stress adaptation regulation in plants. However, effects and mechanism of CTS on alleviating salt stress damage are still not fully understood. Objectives of this study were to investigate the function of CTS on improving salt tolerance associated with metabolic balance, polyamine (PAs) accumulation, and Na+ transport in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). RESULTS CTS pretreatment significantly alleviated declines in relative water content, photosynthesis, photochemical efficiency, and water use efficiency in leaves under salt stress. Exogenous CTS increased endogenous PAs accumulation, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities, and sucrose accumulation and metabolism through the activation of sucrose synthase and pyruvate kinase activities, and inhibition of invertase activity. The CTS also improved total amino acids, glutamic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation. In addition, CTS-pretreated plants exhibited significantly higher Na+ content in roots and lower Na+ accumulation in leaves then untreated plants in response to salt stress. However, CTS had no significant effects on K+/Na+ ratio. Importantly, CTS enhanced salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathways and also up-regulated the expression of AsHKT1 and genes (AsNHX4, AsNHX5, and AsNHX6) encoding Na+/H+ exchangers under salt stress. CONCLUSIONS The application of CTS increased antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby reducing oxidative damage to roots and leaves. CTS-induced increases in sucrose and GABA accumulation and metabolism played important roles in osmotic adjustment and energy metabolism during salt stress. The CTS also enhanced SOS pathway associated with Na+ excretion from cytosol into rhizosphere, increased AsHKT1 expression inhibiting Na+ transport to the photosynthetic tissues, and also up-regulated the expression of AsNHX4, AsNHX5, and AsNHX6 promoting the capacity of Na+ compartmentalization in roots and leaves under salt stress. In addition, CTS-induced PAs accumulation could be an important regulatory mechanism contributing to enhanced salt tolerance. These findings reveal new functions of CTS on regulating Na+ transport, enhancing sugars and amino acids metabolism for osmotic adjustment and energy supply, and increasing PAs accumulation when creeping bentgrass responds to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Geng
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Muhammad Jawad Hassan
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Ma W, Ren Z, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Zhang F, Feng J, Liu W, Ma X. Genome-Wide Identification of the Gossypium hirsutum NHX Genes Reveals that the Endosomal-Type GhNHX4A is Critical for the Salt Tolerance of Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7712. [PMID: 33081060 PMCID: PMC7589573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization, which is primarily due to excessive Na+ levels, is a major abiotic stress adversely affecting plant growth and development. The Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) is a transmembrane protein mediating the transport of Na+ or K+ and H+ across the membrane to modulate the ionic balance of plants in response to salt stress. Research regarding NHXs has mainly focused on the vacuolar-type NHX family members. However, the biological functions of the endosomal-type NHXs remain relatively uncharacterized. In this study, 22 NHX family members were identified in Gossypium hirsutum. A phylogenetic analysis divided the GhNHX genes into two categories, with 18 and 4 in the vacuolar and endosomal groups, respectively. The chromosomal distribution of the NHX genes revealed the significant impact of genome-wide duplication during the polyploidization process on the number of GhNHX genes. Analyses of gene structures and conserved motifs indicated that GhNHX genes in the same phylogenetic cluster are conserved. Additionally, the salt-induced expression patterns confirmed that the expression levels of most of the GhNHX genes are affected by salinity. Specifically, in the endosomal group, GhNHX4A expression was substantially up-regulated by salt stress. A yeast functional complementation test proved that GhNHX4A can partially restore the salt tolerance of the salt-sensitive yeast mutant AXT3. Silencing GhNHX4A expression decreased the resistance of cotton to salt stress because of an increase in the accumulation of Na+ in stems and a decrease in the accumulation of K+ in roots. The results of this study may provide the basis for an in-depth characterization of the regulatory functions of NHX genes related to cotton salt tolerance, especially the endosomal-type GhNHX4A. Furthermore, the presented data may be useful for selecting appropriate candidate genes for the breeding of new salt-tolerant cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.M.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.M.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Junjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.M.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.M.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.); (F.Z.)
| | - Junping Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Wei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.M.); (Z.R.); (J.Z.); (F.Z.)
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50
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Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Baslam M, Ben-Laouane R, Anli M, Boutasknit A, Mitsui T, Wahbi S, Meddich A. Alleviation of Detrimental Effects of Salt Stress on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by the Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and/or Compost. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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