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Brányiková I, Lucáková S, Kuncová G, Trögl J, Synek V, Rohovec J, Navrátil T. Estimation of Hg(II) in Soil Samples by Bioluminescent Bacterial Bioreporter E. coli ARL1, and the Effect of Humic Acids and Metal Ions on the Biosensor Performance. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113138. [PMID: 32498220 PMCID: PMC7308967 DOI: 10.3390/s20113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant of dominantly anthropogenic origin. A critical concern for human health is the introduction of mercury to the food chain; therefore, monitoring of mercury levels in agricultural soil is essential. Unfortunately, the total mercury content is not sufficiently informative as mercury can be present in different forms with variable bioavailability. Since 1990, the use of bioreporters has been investigated for assessment of the bioavailability of pollutants; however, real contaminated soils have rarely been used in these studies. In this work, a bioassay with whole-cell bacterial bioreporter Escherichia coli ARL1 was used for estimation of bioavailable concentration of mercury in 11 soil samples. The bioreporter emits bioluminescence in the presence of Hg(II). Four different pretreatments of soil samples prior to the bioassay were tested. Among them, laccase mediated extraction was found to be the most suitable over water extraction, alkaline extraction, and direct use of water-soil suspensions. Nevertheless, effect of the matrix on bioreporter signal was found to be severe and not possible to be completely eliminated by the method of standard addition. In order to elucidate the matrix role, influences of humic acid and selected metal ions present in soil on the bioreporter signal were tested separately in laboratory solutions. Humic acids were found to have a positive effect on the bioreporter growth, but a negative effect on the measured bioluminescence, likely due to shading and Hg binding resulting in decreased bioavailability. Each of the tested metal ions solutions affected the bioluminescence signal differently; cobalt (II) positively, iron (III) negatively, and the effects of iron (II) and nickel (II) were dependent on their concentrations. In conclusion, the information on bioavailable mercury estimated by bioreporter E. coli ARL1 is valuable, but the results must be interpreted with caution. The route to functional bioavailability bioassay remains long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Brányiková
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (I.B.); (S.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Simona Lucáková
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (I.B.); (S.L.); (G.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Kuncová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (I.B.); (S.L.); (G.K.)
- Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústi nad Labem, Králova Výšina 3132/7, CZ-40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Trögl
- Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústi nad Labem, Králova Výšina 3132/7, CZ-40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-04-7528-4153
| | - Václav Synek
- Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústi nad Labem, Králova Výšina 3132/7, CZ-40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Rohovec
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.R.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.R.); (T.N.)
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Zhang R, Han D, Jiang L, Zhong M, Liang J, Xia T, Zhao Y. Derivation of site-specific remediation goals by incorporating the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the probabilistic analysis method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121239. [PMID: 31574384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessment is recognized as a valid way to reduce the conservative properties of conventional results, where the total concentration of a contaminant analysed by exhaustive chemical extraction is applied. Taking a coke production site in Beijing as an example, a mild chemical extraction technology was employed to profile the bioaccessibility of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcP) and dibenz[ah]anthracene (DBA) in soils. The results that were regressed using two bi-phase desorption models (Karickhoff and Weibull) revealed that the rapid desorption fractions of BaP, IcP and DBA, which are taken for bioaccessible fractions, were basically less than half of the total contents in the soils. Probabilistic analysis (PA) was carried out with pre-set distributions of the exposure parameters to characterize the uncertainty in the assessment. The results incorporating bioaccessibility and PA were several times higher than the generic remediation goals which equal to national screening levels, and orders of magnitude higher than the baselines of the region and nation. The results of the Weibull fit were finally recommended as site-specific remediation goals (SSRGs) (10.59 mg/kg, 95.48 mg/kg and 9.24 mg/kg). Over-remediation was avoided while contributing to considerable economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modelling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Dan Han
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modelling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modelling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Maosheng Zhong
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modelling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Jing Liang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modelling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - TianXiang Xia
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modelling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modelling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
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Rončević S, Spasojević J, Maletić S, Jazić JM, Isakovski MK, Agbaba J, Grgić M, Dalmacija B. Assessment of the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of sediment spiked with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3239-3246. [PMID: 26490893 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of sediment are dredged globally every year. This sediment is often contaminated with low concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and other organic pollutants. Some of this sediment is disposed of on land, creating a need for risk assessment of the sediment disposal method, to minimize the degradation of environmental quality and prevent risks to human health. Evaluating the available fractions of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is very important, as in the presence of various organisms, they are believed to be easily subject to the processes of bioaccumulation, biosorption and transformation. In order to determine the applicability of applying these methods for the evaluation of pollutant bioavailability in sediments, the desorption kinetics from the sediment of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of Tenax and XAD4 were examined over the course of 216 h. Changes in the PAH concentrations in dredged sediments using five different seed plants during a short time of period (10 days) were also followed. Using chemical extraction techniques with Tenax and XAD4, a time of around 24 h is enough to achieve equilibrium for all four PAHs. Results showed good agreement between the seed accumulation and PAH extraction methods with both agents. If we compare the two extraction techniques, XAD4 gave better results for phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene, and Tenax gave better results for chrysene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđan Rončević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Spasojević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Snežana Maletić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Molnar Jazić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marijana Kragulj Isakovski
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Agbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Grgić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Božo Dalmacija
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Song Y, Jiang B, Tian S, Tang H, Liu Z, Li C, Jia J, Huang WE, Zhang X, Li G. A whole-cell bioreporter approach for the genotoxicity assessment of bioavailability of toxic compounds in contaminated soil in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:178-184. [PMID: 25243386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A whole-cell bacterial bioreporter Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1_recA_lux that responds to genotoxins was employed to directly assess the adverse effects of the bioavailable fraction of mitomycin C (MMC), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chromium (VI) and lead (II) in amended soils and soil samples from two fragile areas in China without soil pre-treatment. The amended soils containing pollutants with the concentrations as low as 0.4 mg/kg MMC, 0.5 mg/kg BaP, 520 mg/kg Cr (VI) and 2072 mg/kg Pb (II) were found to be toxic. Soil particle-associated pollutants accounted for 86%, 100%, 29%, and 92% of the genotoxicity in the MMC, BaP, Cr (VI), and Pb (II) amended soil, respectively. The soils from contaminated sites were also valid to be genotoxic. The results suggest both free and soil particle-associated pollutants are bioavailable to soil organisms and a solid-phase contact bioreporter assay to soil contamination could provide a rapid screening tool for environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Song
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Sicong Tian
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Hui Tang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zengjun Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Chuan Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jianli Jia
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Wei E Huang
- Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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Spasojević JM, Maletić SP, Rončević SD, Radnović DV, Cučak DI, Tričković JS, Dalmacija BD. Using chemical desorption of PAHs from sediment to model biodegradation during bioavailability assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:60-69. [PMID: 25261761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work compares the biodegradation potential of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo(a)pyrene, chosen as representatives of the 3, 4 and 5 ring PAHs) with their desorption from sediment by XAD4 resin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD). The biodegradation study was conducted under various conditions (biostimulation, bioaugmentation and their combination). The results show that total PAH removal in all treatments except biostimulation gave similar results, whereby the total amount of PAHs was decreased by about 30-35%. The desorption experiment showed that XAD4 desorbed a greater fraction of phenanthrene (77% versus 52%), and benzo(a)pyrene (44% versus 25%) than MCD. The results for four ring PAHs were similar for both desorption agents (about 30%). Comparing the maximum biodegraded amount of each PAH with the rapidly desorbed XAD4 and MCD fraction, XAD4 was found to correlate better with biodegradation for the high molecular PAHs (pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene), although it overestimated the availability of phenanthrene. In contrast, MCD showed better correlation with the biodegradation of low molecular weight PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Spasojević
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Snežana P Maletić
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Srđan D Rončević
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragan V Radnović
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana I Cučak
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena S Tričković
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Božo D Dalmacija
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Gao H, Ma J, Xu L, Jia L. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extractability and bioavailability of phenanthrene in humin and humic acid fractions from different soils and sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8620-8630. [PMID: 24705921 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter (OM) plays a vital role in controlling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability in soils and sediments. In this study, both a hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction test and a biodegradation test were performed to evaluate the bioavailability of phenanthrene in seven different bulk soil/sediment samples and two OM components (humin fractions and humic acid (HA) fractions) separated from these soils/sediments. Results showed that both the extent of HPCD-extractable phenanthrene and the extent of biodegradable phenanthrene in humin fraction were lower than those in the respective HA fraction and source soil/sediment, demonstrating the limited bioavailability of phenanthrene in the humin fraction. For the source soils/sediments and the humin fractions, significant inverse relationships were observed between the sorption capacities for phenanthrene and the amounts of HPCD-extractable or biodegradable phenanthrene (p < 0.05), suggesting the importance of the sorption capacity in affecting desorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene. Strong linear relationships were observed between the amount of HPCD-extractable phenanthrene and the amount degraded in both the bulk soils/sediments and the humin fractions, with both slopes close to 1. On the other hand, in the case of phenanthrene contained in HA, a poor relationship was observed between the amount of phenanthrene extracted by HPCD and the amount degraded, with the former being much less than the latter. The results revealed the importance of humin fraction in affecting the bioavailability of phenanthrene in the bulk soils/sediments, which would deepen our understanding of the organic matter fractions in affecting desorption and biodegradation of organic pollutants and provide theoretical support for remediation and risk assessment of contaminated soils and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Gao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
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Cachada A, Pereira R, da Silva EF, Duarte AC. The prediction of PAHs bioavailability in soils using chemical methods: state of the art and future challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:463-480. [PMID: 24300458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the available fraction of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is extremely important for assessing their risk to the environment and human health. This available fraction, which can be solubilized and/or easily extracted, is believed to be the most accessible for bioaccumulation, biosorption and/or transformation by organisms. Based on this, two main types of chemical methods have been developed, closely related to the concepts of bioaccessibility and freely available concentrations: non-exhaustive extractions and biomimetic methods. Since bioavailability is species and compound specific, this work focused only in one of the most widespread group of HOCs in soils: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at producing a state of the art knowledge base on bioavailability and chemical availability of PAHs in soils, clarifying which chemical methods can provide a better prediction of an organism exposure, and which are the most promising ones. Therefore, a review of the processes involved on PAHs availability to microorganisms, earthworms and plants was performed and the outputs given by the different chemical methods were evaluated. The suitability of chemical methods to predict bioavailability of the 16 US EPA PAHs in dissimilar naturally contaminated soils was not yet demonstrated, being especially difficult for high molecular weight compounds. Even though the potential to predict microbial mineralization using non-exhaustive extractions is promising, it will be very difficult to achieve for earthworms and plants, due to the complexity of accumulation mechanisms which are not taken into account by chemical methods. Yet, the existing models could be improved by determining compound, species and site specific parameters. Moreover, chemical availability can be very useful to understand the bioavailability processes and the behavior of PAHs in soils. The inclusion of chemical methods on risk assessment has been suggested and it is promising, despite some methods overpredict risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cachada
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- University of Aveiro, Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec-GeoBioSciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Center, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ma L, Zhang J, Han L, Li W, Xu L, Hu F, Li H. The effects of aging time on the fraction distribution and bioavailability of PAH. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:1072-1078. [PMID: 22236588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of aging time on the fraction distribution and bioavailability of PAH, such as phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR), has considerable benefits for risk assessment, food security and remediation strategies for contaminated soil. The results of the present study show that the proportion of the desorbed PHE decreased from ca. 82% at day 0 to ca. 65% at day 150. In addition, non-desorbed PHE increased from ca. 18% at day 0 to ca. 31% at day 150, whereas the changes of desorbed and non-desorbed PYR showed no significant trend during this aging period. The proportion of desorbed PYR was lower than that of PHE, whereas the opposite occurred with the non-desorbed fraction. After 150 d of aging, the proportion of bound residues (PHE and PYR) increased significantly with the cultivating time from ca. 0.2% to ca. 4.7% and ca. 0.1% to ca. 1.2% for PHE and PYR, respectively. In addition, the bioavailability of PAH (PHE and PYR) to earthworms was also assessed over 0-150 d. The results showed that the uptake rate and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of pollutants by earthworms displayed the following biphasic character: a rapid decrease over the first 15 d followed by a slow decrease over the next 135 d. Moreover, the earthworm uptake rate of PHE was greater than that of PYR throughout the incubation period, indicating that PHE has a higher bioavailability than PYR. In addition, the positive correlation between the uptake rate of earthworms and PAH extractability suggested that a three-step extraction is a reliable approach to predict PHE bioavailability in soil. However, a limit was observed for PYR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44: lessons learned from a model whole-cell bioreporter with a broad application history. SENSORS 2012; 12:1544-71. [PMID: 22438725 PMCID: PMC3304127 DOI: 10.3390/s120201544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Initially described in 1990, Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 served as the first whole-cell bioreporter genetically endowed with a bioluminescent (luxCDABE) phenotype directly linked to a catabolic (naphthalene degradative) pathway. HK44 was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be released in the field to monitor bioremediation potential. Subsequent to that release, strain HK44 had been introduced into other solids (soils, sands), liquid (water, wastewater), and volatile environments. In these matrices, it has functioned as one of the best characterized chemically-responsive environmental bioreporters and as a model organism for understanding bacterial colonization and transport, cell immobilization strategies, and the kinetics of cellular bioluminescent emission. This review summarizes the characteristics of P. fluorescens HK44 and the extensive range of its applications with special focus on the monitoring of bioremediation processes and biosensing of environmental pollution.
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Fenlon KA, Andreou K, Jones KC, Semple KT. The formation of bound residues of diazinon in four UK soils: implications for risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:776-781. [PMID: 21183261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of diazinon in the soil determines the likelihood of further pollution incidents, particularly leaching to water. The most significant processes in the control of the fate of diazinon in the soil are microbial degradation and the formation of bound residues. Soils from four sites in the UK were amended with diazinon and its (14)C labelled analogue and incubated for 100 days. After 0, 10, 21, 50 and 100 days, the formation of bound residues was assessed by solvent extraction, and the microbial degradation of diazinon by mineralisation assay. In microbially active soils, diazinon is degraded rapidly, reducing the risk of future pollution incidents. However, where there was limited mineralisation there was also significantly lower formation of bound residues, which may lead to water pollution via leaching. The formation of bound residues was dependent on extraction type. Acetonitrile extraction identified bound residues in all soils, with the bound residue fraction increasing with increasing incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Fenlon
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Where microbiology meets microengineering: design and applications of reporter bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:511-22. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rhodes AH, McAllister LE, Semple KT. Linking desorption kinetics to phenanthrene biodegradation in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1348-1353. [PMID: 20172637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often exhibits a biphasic profile similar to that observed for biodegradation whereby an initial rapid phase of degradation or desorption is followed by a phase of much slower transformation or release. Most investigations to-date have utilised a polymeric sorbent, such as Tenax, to characterise desorption, which is methodologically unsuitable for the analysis of soil. In this study, desorption kinetics of (14)C-phenanthrene were measured by consecutive extraction using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD). The data indicate that the fraction extracted after 24 h generally approximated the linearly sorbed, rapidly desorbing fraction (F(rap)), calculated using a three-compartment model. A good linear correlation between phenanthrene mineralised and F(rap) was observed (r(2) = 0.89; gradient = 0.85; intercept = 8.20). Hence HPCD extraction (24 h) and first-order three-compartment modelling appear to provide an operationally straightforward tool for estimating mass-transfer limited biodegradation in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Rhodes
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
The quantification of organic contaminant bioaccessibility in soils and sediments is essential for the risk assessment and remediation of contaminated land. Within this framework, practitioners require standardised protocols. Cyclodextrins are a group of macrocyclic compounds that can form inclusion complexes with organic xenobiotics. This occurrence can be exploited to measure the labile/rapidly desorbable compound fraction, which correlates with microbial degradation. We present a rapid and easily reproducible HPCD shake extraction technique that has been experimentally demonstrated to directly predict microbial availability and degradation in soil. This method can provide practitioners with both an indication of bioremediation end-points and may be valuable in the risk assessment of contaminated land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McAllister
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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15
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Tecon R, Binggeli O, van der Meer JR. Double-tagged fluorescent bacterial bioreporter for the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion and bioavailability. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:2271-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Paton GI, Reid BJ, Semple KT. Application of a luminescence-based biosensor for assessing naphthalene biodegradation in soils from a manufactured gas plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1643-8. [PMID: 19200630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous reviews suggesting that microbial biosensors could be used in many environmental applications, in reality they have failed to be used for which they were designed. In part this is because most of these sensors perform in an aqueous phase and a buffered medium, which is in contrast to the nature of genuine environmental systems. In this study, a range of non-exhaustive extraction techniques (NEETs) were assessed for (i) compatibility with a naphthalene responsive biosensor and (ii) correlation with naphthalene biodegradation. The NEETs removed a portion of the total soil naphthalene in the order of methanol > HPCD > betaCD > water. To place the biosensor performance to NEETs in context, a biodegradation experiment was carried out using historically contaminated soils. By coupling the HPCD extraction with the biosensor, it was possible to assess the fraction of the naphthalene capable of undergoing microbial degradation in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Paton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cruickshank Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
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17
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Stroud JL, Paton GI, Semple KT. Predicting the biodegradation of target hydrocarbons in the presence of mixed contaminants in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:563-567. [PMID: 19012945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of (14)C-phenanthrene and (14)C-hexadecane biodegradation in the presence of other hydrocarbons in soil using beta- and alpha-cyclodextrin (CD) solutions, respectively. Prediction of the biodegradation of (14)C-phenanthrene using the beta-CD extraction was robust under single, co-contaminant and multiple contaminant conditions (r(2)=0.92, slope of best fit line=0.87, intercept=7.24, n=84). Prediction of (14)C-hexadecane using the alpha-CD extraction was robust under single and co-contaminant conditions (r(2)=0.92, slope of best fit line=0.97, intercept=1.24, n=60); however, the alpha-CD could not accurately predict (14)C-hexadecane biodegradation in the presence of multiple contaminants. The presence of multiple contaminants enhanced (14)C-hexadecane mineralisation, but did not enhance extractability. The results from this study provide further evidence for the application of HPCD extractions for the measurement of microbial accessibility in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Stroud
- Department of Environmental Science, The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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18
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Oleszczuk P. Application of three methods used for the evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioaccessibility for sewage sludge composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:413-420. [PMID: 18614362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three chemical approaches were compared to assess the bioaccessibility of PAHs during four sewage sludge composting. In the present study solid phase extraction with Tenax-TA and two non-exhaustive/mild-solvent extraction techniques with n-butanol (BtOH) and hydroxypropyl[beta]cyclodextrin (HPCD) have been applied. The content of the PAHs sum in individual sludges ranged from 2.83 to 9.95 mg/kg. Mainly 4-ring PAHs predominated in all sludges. The content of the bioaccessible fraction of PAHs determined using the BtOH and HPCD methods was usually twice higher than with the use of Tenax-TA adsorbent. The share of the bioaccessible fraction depended on the method applied and sewage sludge type. In the case of the PAH sums it ranged from 28.1% to 54.5% (Tenax-TA), from 25.7% to 80.9% (BtOH) and from 60.2% to 83.5% (HPCD). As a result of composting, the share of the bioaccessible fraction decreased by about 50% in most of the sludges examined. The reliable prediction of individual PAHs losses was observed for many of the PAHs; however, for a number of them, this was confirmed in more than two of the sludges examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland.
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Stroud JL, Rhodes AH, Semple KT, Simek Z, Hofman J. Using supercritical fluid extraction to measure the desorption and bioaccessibility of phenanthrene in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:664-670. [PMID: 18653263 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to measure the changing desorbable fraction and bioaccessibility of phenanthrene in two different soils with increasing soil-phenanthrene contact time using supercritical fluid extractions (SFE). Both soils were spiked with 100 mg kg(-1) phenanthrene and aged for 28d. Desorption profiles were measured every 7d using selective SFE conditions and the results were compared to 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation assays. Selective SFE showed significant differences in the rates and extents of desorption in the two soils, likely to be due to different organic matter composition. Post-extraction fitting of data yielded consistent SFE extraction times within ageing soils for bioaccessibility prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Stroud
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, Brno CZ62500, Czech Republic.
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20
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Bacterial Biosensors for Measuring Availability of Environmental Pollutants. SENSORS 2008; 8:4062-4080. [PMID: 27879922 PMCID: PMC3697161 DOI: 10.3390/s8074062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, pollution risk assessment is based on the measurement of a pollutant's total concentration in a sample. The toxicity of a given pollutant in the environment, however, is tightly linked to its bioavailability, which may differ significantly from the total amount. Physico-chemical and biological parameters strongly influence pollutant fate in terms of leaching, sequestration and biodegradation. Bacterial sensor-reporters, which consist of living micro-organisms genetically engineered to produce specific output in response to target chemicals, offer an interesting alternative to monitoring approaches. Bacterial sensor-reporters detect bioavailable and/or bioaccessible compound fractions in samples. Currently, a variety of environmental pollutants can be targeted by specific biosensor-reporters. Although most of such strains are still confined to the lab, several recent reports have demonstrated utility of bacterial sensing-reporting in the field, with method detection limits in the nanomolar range. This review illustrates the general design principles for bacterial sensor-reporters, presents an overview of the existing biosensor-reporter strains with emphasis on organic compound detection. A specific focus throughout is on the concepts of bioavailability and bioaccessibility, and how bacteria-based sensing-reporting systems can help to improve our basic understanding of the different processes at work.
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Johnsen AR, Karlson U. Diffuse PAH contamination of surface soils: environmental occurrence, bioavailability, and microbial degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:533-43. [PMID: 17594088 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to recognize the scientific and environmental importance of diffuse pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Diffuse PAH pollution of surface soil is characterized by large area extents, low PAH concentrations, and the lack of point sources. Urban and pristine topsoils receive a continuous input of pyrogenic PAHs, which induces a microbial potential for PAH degradation. The significance of this potential in relation to black carbon particles, PAH bioaccessibility, microbial PAH degradation, and the fate of diffuse PAHs in soil is discussed. Finally, the state-of-the-art methods for future investigations of the microbial degradation of diffuse PAH pollution are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders R Johnsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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22
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Trott D, Dawson JJC, Killham KS, Miah MRU, Wilson MJ, Paton GI. Comparative evaluation of a bioluminescent bacterial assay in terrestrial ecotoxicity testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:44-50. [PMID: 17213941 DOI: 10.1039/b613734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread and successful use of luminescence-based bioassays in water testing, their applications to soils and sediments is less proven. In part this is because such bioassays have mainly been carried out in an aqueous-based medium and, as such, favour contaminants that are readily water-soluble. In this study, aqueous solutions and soils contaminated with heavy metals (HM), polar organic contaminants and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) were tested using a range of luminescence-based bioassays (Vibrio fischeri, Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 10586r pUCD607). For the first two chemical groups, the assays were highly reproducible when optimised extraction procedures were employed but for HOCs the bioassay response was poor. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) obtained from aqueous solutions had a linear response although correlation for the chemicals tested using bacterial bioassays was significantly less sensitive than that of sublethal tests for Tetrahymena pyriformis. Bacterial and Dendrobaena veneta bioassay responses to extracts from HM amended soils showed that a clear relationship between trophic levels could be obtained. There is no doubt that the wide range of bioluminescent-based bioassays offers complementary applications to traditional testing techniques but there is a significant need to justify and optimise the extraction protocol prior to application.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Trott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
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Allan IJ, Semple KT, Hare R, Reid BJ. Prediction of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in spiked soils using cyclodextrin extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 144:562-71. [PMID: 16545896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an aqueous-based hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction technique was assessed for its capacity to determine the microbially degradable fraction of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four dissimilar soils. A linear relationship (slope=0.90; R2=0.89), approaching 1:1 between predicted and observed phenanthrene mineralization, was demonstrated for the cyclodextrin extraction; however, the water only extraction underestimated the microbially available fraction by a factor of three (slope=3.35; R2=0.64). With respect to determining the mineralizable fraction of p-cresol in soils, the cyclodextrin extraction (slope=0.94; R2=0.84) was more appropriate than the water extraction (slope=1.50; R2=0.36). Collectively, these results suggested that the cyclodextrin extraction technique was suitable for the prediction of the mineralizable fraction of representative PAHs and phenols present in dissimilar soils following increasing soil-contaminant contact times. The assessment of the microbial availability of contaminants in soils is important for a more representative evaluation of soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Allan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Doick KJ, Clasper PJ, Urmann K, Semple KT. Further validation of the HPCD-technique for the evaluation of PAH microbial availability in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 144:345-54. [PMID: 16564118 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is currently considerable scientific interest in finding a chemical technique capable of predicting bioavailability; non-exhaustive extraction techniques (NEETs) offer such potential. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a NEET, is further validated through the investigation of concentration ranges, differing soil types, and the presence of co-contaminants. This is the first study to demonstrate the utility of the HPCD-extraction technique to predict the microbial availability to phenanthrene across a wide concentration range and independent of soil-contaminant contact time (123 d). The efficacy of the HPCD-extraction technique for the estimation of PAH microbial availability in soil is demonstrated in the presence of co-contaminants that have been aged for the duration of the experiment together in the soil. Desorption dynamics are compared in co-contaminant and single-PAH contaminated spiked soils to demonstrate the occurrence of competitive displacement. Overall, a single HPCD-extraction technique proved accurate and reproducible for the estimation of PAH bioavailability from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieron J Doick
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Science, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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