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McCarthy SF, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Bornath DPD, Islam H, Gurd BJ, Medeiros PJ, Hazell TJ. Differential changes in appetite hormones post-prandially based on menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use: A preliminary study. Appetite 2024; 198:107362. [PMID: 38636667 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This was a preliminary study that examined whether appetite regulation is altered during the menstrual cycle or with oral contraceptives. Ten naturally cycling females (NON-USERS) and nine tri-phasic oral contraceptive using females (USERS) completed experimental sessions during each menstrual phase (follicular phase: FP; ovulatory phase: OP; luteal phase: LP). Appetite perceptions and blood samples were obtained fasted, 30, 60, and 90 min post-prandial to measure acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and total peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 and the effect size was ≥medium. There appeared to be a three-way (group x phase x time) interaction for acylated ghrelin where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS versus NON-USERS during the OP 90-min post-prandial and during the LP fasted, and 90-min post-prandial. In USERS, ghrelin appeared to be greater 90-min post-prandial in the OP versus the FP with no other apparent differences between phases. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be a three-way interaction for PYY where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS during the FP 60-min post-prandial and during the OP 30-min post-prandial. In USERS PYY appeared to be greater 60-min post-prandial during the OP versus the LP with no other apparent differences. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be no effect of group or phase on GLP-1, or appetite perceptions. These data demonstrate small effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on the acylated ghrelin and total PYY response to a standardized meal, with no effects on active GLP-1 or perceived appetite, though more work with a large sample size is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Notbohm HL, Moser F, Goh J, Feuerbacher JF, Bloch W, Schumann M. The effects of menstrual cycle phases on immune function and inflammation at rest and after acute exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14013. [PMID: 37309068 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in mediating exercise responses and adaptations. However, whether fluctuating hormone concentrations across the menstrual cycle may impact these processes remains unknown. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to compare baseline concentrations as well as exercise-induced changes in immune and inflammatory parameters between menstrual cycle phases. A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines using Pubmed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Of the 159 studies included in the qualitative synthesis, 110 studies were used for meta-analysis. Due to the designs of the included studies, only the follicular and luteal phase could be compared. The estimated standardized mean differences based on the random-effects model revealed higher numbers of leukocytes (-0.48 [-0.73; -0.23], p < 0.001), monocytes (-0.73 [-1.37; -0.10], p = 0.023), granulocytes (-0.85 [-0.1.48; -0.21], p = 0.009), neutrophils (-0.32 [-0.52; -0.12], p = 0.001), and leptin concentrations (-0.37 [-0.5; -0.23], p = 0.003) in the luteal compared to the follicular phase at rest. Other parameters (adaptive immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules) showed no systematic baseline differences. Seventeen studies investigated the exercise-induced response of these parameters, providing some indications for a higher pro-inflammatory response in the luteal phase. In conclusion, parameters of innate immunity showed cycle-dependent regulation at rest, while little is known on the exercise responses. Due to a large heterogeneity and a lack of cycle phase standardization among the included studies, future research should focus on comparing at least three distinct hormonal profiles to derive more specific recommendations for exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Notbohm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - F Moser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Goh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - J F Feuerbacher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - W Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Schumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Thaqi G, Berisha B, Pfaffl MW. Expression of Locally Produced Adipokines and Their Receptors during Different Physiological and Reproductive Stages in the Bovine Corpus Luteum. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1782. [PMID: 37889693 PMCID: PMC10251875 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the gene expression of different local novel adipokines, such as vaspin, adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin, and their known receptors, namely, heat shock 70 protein 5, adiponectin receptor 1, and adiponectin receptor 2, in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) during different phases of the estrous cycle (on days 1-2, 3-4, 5-7, 8-12, 13-18, >18) and pregnancy (at months 1-2, 3-4, 5-7, >7). The mRNA expression was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The mRNA expression levels were normalized to the geometric mean of all three constantly expressed reference genes (cyclophilin A, ubiquitin, ubiquitin C). Our findings suggest that adipokines are expressed and present in all investigated groups, and are specifically up- or downregulated during the estrus cycle and during pregnancy. Vaspin and adiponectin levels were upregulated in the middle and late cycle stages. Resistin was abundant during the CL regression stage and in the first months of pregnancy. The specific expression of adipokine receptors indicates their involvement in the local mechanisms that regulate CL function. Further investigations are required to elucidate the regulative mechanisms underlying the different local effects of adipokines on the ovarian physiology of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granit Thaqi
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Weihenstephan, Germany; (B.B.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Bajram Berisha
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Weihenstephan, Germany; (B.B.); (M.W.P.)
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Weihenstephan, Germany; (B.B.); (M.W.P.)
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The exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin is blunted in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the follicular phase following vigorous-intensity exercise. Appetite 2023; 182:106425. [PMID: 36535367 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Limited work examining woman's appetite-regulatory response to exercise has been focused on the follicular phase (FP) of the menstrual cycle. This is an important limitation as estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) fluctuate across phases with greater concentrations in the luteal phase (LP). OBJECTIVE To examine the appetite-regulatory response to vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICT) in the FP and LP. METHODS Twelve women completed 30 min of VICT at 80% V˙O2max in the FP and LP. E2, P4, acylated ghrelin, active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and appetite perceptions were measured pre-exercise, 0-, 30-, and 90-min post-exercise. Energy intake was recorded for a 2-day period (day before and of each session). A series of two-way repeated measure ANOVA were used to compare all dependent variables. RESULTS Pre-exercise E2 (P = 0.005, d = 1.00) and P4 (P < 0.001, d = 1.41) concentrations were greater in the LP than the FP and exercise increased both at 0- and 30-min post-exercise (E2: P < 0.009; P4: P < 0.001, d = 0.63). Acylated ghrelin was lower in the FP versus LP at pre-exercise as well as 0-min (P = 0.006, d = 0.97) and 90-min (P = 0.029, d = 0.72) post-exercise. There were no differences of menstrual phase on PYY (P = 0.359, ηp2 = 0.092), GLP-1 (P = 0.226, ηp2 = 0.130), or overall appetite (P = 0.514, ηp2 = 0.066). Energy intake was greater on the day of in the LP versus the FP (P = 0.003, d = 1.2). CONCLUSION Acylated ghrelin was lower in the FP compared to the LP and though there were no differences in anorexigenic hormones or subjective appetite, energy intake was greater on the day of the session in the LP suggesting important differences across the menstrual cycle where greater concentrations of ovarian hormones in the LP may blunt the exercise response.
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Salem AM, Latif R, Rafique N, Aldawlan MI, Almulla LB, Alghirash DY, Fallatah OA, Alotaibi FM, Aljabbari FH, Yar T. Variations of Ghrelin and Obestatin Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle of Women of Different BMIs. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:1297-1305. [PMID: 36105791 PMCID: PMC9464778 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s375594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cyclical changes of hormones during the menstrual cycle are responsible not only for reproductive function but also have other effects on dietary intake and appetite. The current study aimed to investigate the variations of appetite-related hormones (ghrelin and obestatin) during the menstrual cycle and their association with adipokines, estrogen, and BMI. Methods Fifty-six regularly menstruating female students were grouped into normal weight (BMI ≤24.9; n = 26), and overweight/obese subjects (BMI ≥25; n = 30). Serum ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, adiponectin, and estrogen levels were measured during the early follicular, preovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle using the ELISA technique. Results There were insignificant differences in the levels of serum ghrelin, obestatin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio across menstrual cycle phases in the whole cohort as well as in each group separately (p > 0.05). Serum ghrelin was significantly less in OW-OB as compared to the NW group (p = 0.005), whereas the average serum obestatin did not show any significant differences between the two groups. No significant correlation was seen between ghrelin and obestatin with the adipokines and estradiol. Conclusion Significant low level of ghrelin was observed in obese group during the follicular phase. This finding may provide new insights into the altered ghrelin patterns in OW-OB individuals, as a cause or a consequence of obesity and related menstrual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Mohammed Salem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Latif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazish Rafique
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak I Aldawlan
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layan B Almulla
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Y Alghirash
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola A Fallatah
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh M Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad H Aljabbari
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talay Yar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Smith A, Woodside B, Abizaid A. Ghrelin and the Control of Energy Balance in Females. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:904754. [PMID: 35909536 PMCID: PMC9334675 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.904754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is considered one of the most potent orexigenic peptide hormones and one that promotes homeostatic and hedonic food intake. Research on ghrelin, however, has been conducted predominantly in males and particularly in male rodents. In female mammals the control of energy metabolism is complex and it involves the interaction between ovarian hormones like estrogen and progesterone, and metabolic hormones. In females, the role that ghrelin plays in promoting feeding and how this is impacted by ovarian hormones is not well understood. Basal ghrelin levels are higher in females than in males, and ghrelin sensitivity changes across the estrus cycle. Yet, responses to ghrelin are lower in female and seem dependent on circulating levels of ovarian hormones. In this review we discuss the role that ghrelin plays in regulating homeostatic and hedonic food intake in females, and how the effects of ghrelin interact with those of ovarian hormones to regulate feeding and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton Unversity, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton Unversity, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton Unversity, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Stress, Trauma and Relience (STAR) Work Group Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Alfonso Abizaid,
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Kamemoto K, Yamada M, Matsuda T, Ogata H, Ishikawa A, Kanno M, Miyashita M, Sakamaki-Sunaga M. Effects of menstrual cycle on appetite-regulating hormones and energy intake in response to cycling exercise in physically active women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:224-235. [PMID: 34882026 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01117.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ample evidence supports the notion that an acute bout of endurance exercise performed at or greater than 70% of maximum oxygen uptake suppresses appetite partly through changes in appetite-regulating hormones, no study has directly compared the influence between the phases of the menstrual cycle in women. The present study compared the effects of an acute bout of exercise on orexigenic hormone (acylated ghrelin) and anorexigenic hormones (peptide YY and cholecystokinin) between the early follicular phase (FP) and the mid luteal phase (LP) of the menstrual cycle in physically active women. Ten healthy women (age, 20.6 ± 0.7 years) completed two 3.5-h trials in each menstrual phase. In both trials, participants performed cycling exercises at 70% of heart rate reserve (at a corresponding intensity to 70% of maximum oxygen uptake) for 60 min followed by 90 min of rest. Following 90 min of rest, participants were provided with an ad libitum meal for a fixed duration of 30 min. Blood samples and subjective appetite were collected and assessed before, during, immediately post-, 45 min post-, and 90 min post-exercise. The exercise increased estradiol (327 %) and progesterone (681 %) in the LP more than the FP respectively (P < 0.001, f = 1.33; P < 0.001,f = 1.20). There were no between-trial differences in appetite-regulating hormones, subjective appetite, or energy intake of ad libitum meal. These findings indicate that exercise-induced increases in ovarian hormones in the LP may not influence appetite-regulating hormones in physically active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kamemoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamada
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Matsuda
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Ogata
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kanno
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ihalainen JK, Löfberg I, Kotkajuuri A, Kyröläinen H, Hackney AC, Taipale-Mikkonen RS. Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones-A Pilot Study. ENDOCRINES 2021; 2:79-90. [PMID: 33959726 PMCID: PMC8096184 DOI: 10.3390/endocrines2020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 9). In addition, 72-h dietary and training logs were collected in addition to blood samples, which were analyzed for 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), leptin, total ghrelin, insulin, and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Measurements were completed at four time-points (phases): Bleeding, mid-follicular (FP)/active 1, ovulation (OVU)/active 2, mid-luteal (LP)/inactive in NHC/CHC, respectively. As expected, E2 and P4 fluctuated significantly in NHC (p < 0.05) and remained stable in CHC. In NHC, leptin increased significantly between bleeding and ovulation (p = 0.030) as well as between FP and OVU (p = 0.022). No group differences in other measured hormones were observed across the MC and HC cycle. The mean EI and EA were similar between phases, with no significant differences observed in macronutrient intake over either the MC or HC. While the MC phase might have a small, but statistically significant effect on leptin, the findings of the present study suggest that the MC or HC phase does not significantly alter ad libitum EI or EA in recreational athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K. Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ida Löfberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Kotkajuuri
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science-Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ritva S. Taipale-Mikkonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 88610 Vuokatti, Finland
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Yen JY, Lin HC, Lin PC, Liu TL, Long CY, Ko CH. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations and eating behaviors during the early and late luteal phase in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 118:104713. [PMID: 32460195 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the changes in leptin and ghrelin concentrations, eating behavior, depression, and impulsivity and their correlations within the luteal phase among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). METHODS In 63 women with PMDD and 53 healthy controls, we prospectively evaluated serum levels of leptin and ghrelin, Body Mass Index(BMI), and self-reported sweet cravings, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, depression, and impulsivity during the early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) phases. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the women with PMDD had higher BMI, higher leptin concentrations in the EL and LL phase, and leptin concentrations increased from the EL to the LL phase. However, there is no significant difference in ghrelin. Women with PMDD increased sweet cravings and uncontrolled eating from EL to LL phase. No significant correlation was observed between the EL-LL changes in leptin or ghrelin concentrations and those in eating behaviors. Both depression and impulsivity correlated with sweet craving and uncontrolled eating. Depression mediated the association between PMDD and uncontrolled eating. The BMI of women with PMDD positively correlated with their EL-LL change in leptin, and LL depression levels and emotional eating. CONCLUSION Young women with PMDD had higher leptin concentrations and BMI in the luteal phase. The LL leptin level was not the primary factor responsible for the increased uncontrolled eating of PMDD. Whether the increased eating and depression in the LL phase contribute to the risk of obesity or hyperleptinemia among women with PMDD need to be evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yu Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chi Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Cheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Substance Addiction and Behavior Addiction, Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Salem AM, Latif R, Rafique N. Comparison of Adiponectin Levels During the Menstrual Cycle Between Normal Weight and Overweight/Obese Young Females. Physiol Res 2019; 68:939-945. [PMID: 31647300 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare serum adiponectin changes across the menstrual cycle between normal weight and overweight/obese young women and its correlation with serum estradiol. Young women (n=56) with regular menstrual cycle had been grouped according to their BMI into normal weight group (n=26) and overweight /obese group (n=30). Blood samples were drawn during early follicular (FP), pre-ovulatory (OP) and luteal phases (LP) of menstrual cycle for serum adiponectin and estradiol levels determination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Adiponectin serum level showed a significant decreasing pattern across the phases of menstrual cycle in normal weight group. This pattern was absent in the overweight/obese group. In addition, serum adiponectin was lower in overweight/obese group compared to normal weight subjects through all phases of menstrual cycle. No correlation was found between adiponectin and estradiol levels in both groups. A significant variation of serum adiponectin level was detected across the menstrual cycle in females with normal weight. In comparison, overweight/obese group showed a relatively stable adiponectin level throughout the cycle. This lack of adiponectin variation might be added to the complex mechanisms lies behind obesity-related female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Salem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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MacCormack JK, Muscatell KA. The metabolic mind: A role for leptin and ghrelin in affect and social cognition. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Kojima C, Kasai N, Ishibashi A, Murakami Y, Ebi K, Goto K. Appetite Regulations After Sprint Exercise Under Hypoxic Condition in Female Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1773-1780. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Wyskida K, Franik G, Wikarek T, Owczarek A, Delroba A, Chudek J, Sikora J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M. The levels of adipokines in relation to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle in young, normal-weight women. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:892-900. [PMID: 29079670 PMCID: PMC5704444 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The aim of this study was to assess the plasma leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin/NAMPT, omentin-1, vaspin, apelin, TNF-α, IL-6 and RBP4 levels in relation to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle in young, healthy, normal-weight women. METHODS The study involved 52 young, healthy, normal-weight women. Anthropometric parameters, body composition and levels of plasma leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin/NAMPT, omentin-1, vaspin, apelin, TNF-α, IL-6 and RBP4 in addition to serum FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone, 17-OH progesterone, androgens, SHBG and insulin concentrations were measured during a morning in fasting state three times: between days 2-4, days 12-14 and days 24-26 of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Plasma adiponectin, omentin-1, resistin and visfatin/NAMPT, apelin, TNF-α, IL-6 and RBP4 concentrations were stable during the menstrual cycle, while leptin and vaspin levels were significantly higher in both the midcycle and the luteal phases than those in the follicular phase. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that changes in leptin and vaspin levels between the follicular and the luteal phase are strongly related to changes in total testosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed stable levels of adipokines during the phases of the physiological menstrual cycle, except for leptin and vaspin, which showed increased levels in both the midcycle and the luteal phases. This effect was significantly associated with changes in the secretion of testosterone, 17-OH progesterone and insulin in the luteal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wyskida
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management UnitDepartment of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Franik
- Department of Gynecological EndocrinologyMedical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wikarek
- Department of GynecologyMedical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Owczarek
- Department of StatisticsSchool of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alham Delroba
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management UnitDepartment of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Pathophysiology UnitDepartment of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sikora
- Department of Perinatology and GynecologyMedical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management UnitDepartment of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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14
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Lombardi G, Barbaro M, Locatelli M, Banfi G. Novel bone metabolism-associated hormones: the importance of the pre-analytical phase for understanding their physiological roles. Endocrine 2017; 56:460-484. [PMID: 28181144 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine function of bone is now a recognized feature of this tissue. Bone-derived hormones that modulate whole-body homeostasis, are being discovered as for the effects on bone of novel and classic hormones produced by other tissues become known. Often, however, the data regarding these last generation bone-derived or bone-targeting hormones do not give about a clear picture of their physiological roles or concentration ranges. A certain degree of uncertainty could stem from differences in the pre-analytical management of biological samples. The pre-analytical phase comprises a series of decisions and actions (i.e., choice of sample matrix, methods of collection, transportation, treatment and storage) preceding analysis. Errors arising in this phase will inevitably be carried over to the analytical phase where they can reduce the measurement accuracy, ultimately, leading discrepant results. While the pre-analytical phase is all important, in routine laboratory medicine, it is often not given due consideration in research and clinical trials. This is particularly true for novel molecules, such as the hormones regulating the endocrine function of bone. In this review we discuss the importance of the pre-analytical variables affecting the measurement of last generation bone-associated hormones and describe their, often debated and rarely clear physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mosè Barbaro
- Laboratory Medicine Service, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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15
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Dafopoulos K, Messini CI, Anifandis G, Georgoulias P, Sourlas D, Messinis IE. Blood ghrelin, adiponectin and resistin levels during controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF cycles. Physiol Res 2016; 65:809-814. [PMID: 27429119 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate changes of blood ghrelin, adiponectin and resistin levels in IVF/ICSI-ET cycles. Twenty women were stimulated with recombinant FSH in a GnRH agonist short protocol for IVF/ICSI. Blood samples were taken on cycle day 2 before the commencement of injections, on cycle day 6 and on the days of HCG injection, oocyte pick up (OPU), embryo transfer (ET) as well as 7 and 12 days post-ET. Serum E2 levels increased during the stimulation, peaking on the HCG day and declined thereafter (p<0.001). Serum progesterone levels started to increase on the OPU day, peaking on the ET day (p<0.001) and decreased on days 7 and 12 post-ET. Plasma ghrelin remained unchanged during the whole cycle. Serum adiponectin levels remained stable during the stimulation period until the ET day and decreased on days 7 and 12 post-ET (p<0.001). Serum resistin levels increased until the ET day (p<0.05), remained unchanged on day 7 post-ET and decreased on day 12 post-ET (p<0.05). The present study shows for the first time that ghrelin levels did not change significantly during IVF/ICSI-ET cycles. Resistin levels increased during the stimulation period while adiponectin levels remained stable decreasing during the luteal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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16
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The effect of estrone and estradiol on the expression of the adiponectin system in the porcine uterus during early pregnancy. Theriogenology 2016; 88:183-196. [PMID: 28234230 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin is secreted by the white adipose tissue and is one of the most important hormones that regulate metabolic homeostasis. The expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptor genes and proteins in reproductive organs, such as the testes, ovaries, and uterus, suggests that adiponectin is also involved in the regulation of reproductive functions. Changes in the expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptor genes and proteins in the porcine uterus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy imply that adiponectin activity may be controlled by the local hormonal milieu. Estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) are the key steroid hormones that regulate reproductive functions, including the early recognition of pregnancy and implantation. We hypothesize that E1 and E2 may regulate the expression of the adiponectin system in a pregnant uterus. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of E1 and E2 on the expression of adiponectin and its receptor genes and proteins by porcine endometrial and myometrial explants harvested from gilts (n = 5 per group) on Days 10 to 11, 12 to 13, 15 to 16, and 27 to 28 of pregnancy and on Days 10 to 11 of the estrous cycle. The expression of adiponectin and AdipoRs genes was examined with the real-time polymerase chain reaction, adiponectin secretion was evaluated with the ELISA method, and the expression of receptor proteins was determined using the Western blotting method. The results revealed that both E1 and E2 significantly influenced the expression of the adiponectin gene, hormone secretion in vitro, and the expression of AdipoRs genes and proteins. The influence of E1 and E2 on the expression of the adiponectin system varied in the early gestation, during the estrous cycle and between different stages of gestation. The examined steroids had a tissue-specific and a dose-dependent effect. This is the first ever study to describe the modulatory effect of E1 and E2 on the expression of the adiponectin system in the porcine uterus during early gestation.
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17
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Faustmann G, Tiran B, Maimari T, Kieslinger P, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Gruber HJ, Roob JM, Winklhofer-Roob BM. Circulating leptin and NF-κB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells across the menstrual cycle. Biofactors 2016; 42:376-87. [PMID: 27093900 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using the menstrual cycle as a model, this study focused on longitudinal changes and associations within a physiological network known to play a role in female fertility, including, as biologically active nodes, NF-κB, leptin and adiponectin, β-carotene, adipose tissue, and progesterone. In 28 women, leptin, adiponectin, β-carotene, and progesterone concentrations, NF-κB p65 and p50 activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (known to possess estrogen, progesterone and leptin receptors), total body fat (TBF) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) mass were determined at early (T1) and late follicular (T2) and mid (T3) and late (T4) luteal phase. Leptin and adiponectin concentrations were higher, while NF-κB p65 activation was lower at T3 compared with T1. NF-κB p65 activation was inversely related to leptin concentrations at T1, T3, and T4. β-Carotene was inversely related to leptin (T1,T2,T4) and SAT (T1,T3,T4). NF-κB p50 activation was inversely related to TBF (T4) and SAT (T3,T4), and leptin was positively related to TBF and SAT (T1-T4). Progesterone was inversely related to leptin (T2,T3), adiponectin (T3), TBF (T3,T4), and SAT (T2,T3,T4). By providing evidence of luteal phase-specific reduced NF-κB p65 activation in women under physiological conditions, this study bridges the gap between existing evidence of a Th1-Th2 immune response shift induced by reduced NF-κB p65 activation and a Th1-Th2 shift previously observed at luteal phase. For the first time, inverse regressions suggest inhibitory effects of leptin on NF-κB p65 activation at luteal phase, along with inhibitory effects of leptin as well as adiponectin on progesterone production in corpus luteum. © 2016 The Authors BioFactors published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 24(4):376-387, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Faustmann
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Tiran
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Theopisti Maimari
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kieslinger
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Howe SM, Hand TM, Larson-Meyer DE, Austin KJ, Alexander BM, Manore MM. No Effect of Exercise Intensity on Appetite in Highly-Trained Endurance Women. Nutrients 2016; 8:223. [PMID: 27096869 PMCID: PMC4848691 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In endurance-trained men, an acute bout of exercise is shown to suppress post-exercise appetite, yet limited research has examined this response in women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on appetite and gut hormone responses in endurance-trained women. Highly-trained women (n = 15, 18-40 years, 58.4 ± 6.4 kg, VO2MAX = 55.2 ± 4.3 mL/kg/min) completed isocaloric bouts (500 kcals or 2093 kJ) of moderate-intensity (MIE, 60% VO2MAX) and high-intensity (HIE, 85% VO2MAX) treadmill running at the same time of day, following a similar 48-h diet/exercise period, and at least 1-week apart. Blood was drawn pre-exercise (baseline), immediately post-exercise and every 20-min for the next 60-min. Plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, PYY3-36, GLP-1 and subjective appetite ratings via visual analog scale (VAS) were assessed at each time point. Acylated ghrelin decreased (p = 0.014) and PYY3-36 and GLP-1 increased (p = 0.036, p < 0.0001) immediately post-exercise, indicating appetite suppression. VAS ratings of hunger and desire to eat decreased immediately post-exercise (p = 0.0012, p = 0.0031, respectively), also indicating appetite suppression. There were no differences between exercise intensities for appetite hormones or VAS. Similar to males, post-exercise appetite regulatory hormones were altered toward suppression in highly-trained women and independent of energy cost of exercise. Results are important for female athletes striving to optimize nutrition for endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Howe
- Nutrition and Exercise Science, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Taryn M Hand
- Nutrition and Exercise Science, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - D Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Kathleen J Austin
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Brenda M Alexander
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Melinda M Manore
- Nutrition and Exercise Science, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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19
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ŠRÁMKOVÁ M, DUŠKOVÁ M, VÍTKŮ J, VČELÁK J, MATUCHA P, BRADNOVÁ O, DE CORDEIRO J, STÁRKA L. Levels of Adipokines and Some Steroids During the Menstrual Cycle. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S147-54. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclical effects of hormones during the menstrual cycle (MC) are not just responsible for driving ovulation, but also have significant influence on dietary intake and appetite, as well as psychological and behavioral changes. The aim of our study was to describe changes and relationships between the MC and selected steroids, adipokines and food intake-related hormones. Twenty-seven women with regular menstrual cycles were included in the study, and their hormonal spectrum was measured in regular intervals starting from the first day of their cycle. Classical changes in gonadotropins, estrogens and progesterone during the menstrual cycle are accompanied by less striking but significant changes in 17-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone. No significant changes show dehydroepiandrosterone and its 7-oxygenated metabolites. Adipokines show a tendency to increase during ovulation, while ghrelin and resistin decrease. There is also a remarkable association of sex hormone-binding globulin on the day of the cycle. Our results demonstrate that changes to adipokines during the menstrual cycle are not substantial, but nonetheless can play a role in the changes of food intake described in the literature. Precise descriptions of physiological changes in healthy women are important in helping us understand the significance of the changes accompanying various pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. DUŠKOVÁ
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Dimitraki M, Koutlaki N, Gioka T, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Anifandis G, Messinis IE. Attenuation of the oestrogen positive feedback mechanism with the age in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:377-83. [PMID: 25649331 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been reported that the positive feedback mechanism of oestrogens and progesterone is preserved, although attenuated, in late postmenopausal years. Whether this is also true for the positive feedback effect of oestrogens alone has not been investigated. DESIGN Prospective intervention study. PATIENTS Thirty healthy postmenopausal women. MEASUREMENTS The women were divided into three groups according to the years since menopause (group I: 2-8 years, group II: 9-17 years, group III: 18-25 years). They were studied during a period of 41 days. Two acute experiments (EP) of exogenous oestradiol, given via skin patches, were performed from days 1 to 7 (EP1) and from days 35 to 41 (EP2) to induce an LH surge. Between the two experiments (days 7-34), oestradiol was given at the dose of 100 μg every 3 days, while oral progesterone was added from day 21 to day 34 in order to simulate a luteal phase. Blood samples were taken every 6 h during EP1 and EP2 as well as on days 8, 13, 20, 21, 27 and 34. FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in all blood samples. RESULTS An LH surge occurred as a result of the oestradiol positive feedback mechanism in group I and in group II, in both EP1 and EP2. Peak LH values during the surge were significantly lower in group II than in group I in both experiments. None of the patients in group III displayed an LH surge. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate for the first time a gradual attenuation of the pituitary response to oestrogenic provocation over a certain period following the menopause, with complete abolition after 20 years. It is suggested that the reserves of pituitary gonadotrophs diminish with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dimitraki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Koutlaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodora Gioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina I Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Messinis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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21
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Normal menstrual cycle steroid hormones variation does not affect the blood levels of total adiponectin and its multimer forms. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2015; 2:61-65. [PMID: 29159111 PMCID: PMC5685044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Plasma total adiponectin reveals a sexual dimorphism indicating that gonadal steroids may be involved in its secretion and/or metabolism. However, results from previous reports are conflicting and data regarding the influence of ovarian steroids on adiponectin's multimer forms are scarce. The objective of the study was to assess if total adiponectin and its isoforms are affected by the changes of estradiol and progesterone during the normal menstrual cycle and the association of total adiponectin and its isoforms with the gonadal steroid levels. Materials/methods Quantitative determination of plasma adiponectin and its multimers was conducted in the three phases of an ovulatory cycle in 13 premenopausal women, in the follicular phase of 10 more premenopausal women, in 20 postmenopausal women and in 21 men. Moreover, serum levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, glucose, and insulin were measured. Results The circulating levels of total adiponectin and its multimers were not affected by the normal variation of estradiol and progesterone across the ovulatory menstrual cycle. In the whole number of participants, the total adiponectin and high molecular weight adiponectin levels were significantly different between genders and associated positively with age and sex hormone binding globulin levels, and negatively with testosterone and progesterone levels and the waist/hip ratio. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for age, gender, and sex hormone binding globulin and progesterone levels, significant predictors of total adiponectin levels were the waist/hip ratio and testosterone levels, and of high molecular weight adiponectin the testosterone levels. Conclusions Normal menstrual cycle ovarian steroids are not involved directly in the regulation of secretion and/or metabolism of total adiponectin and its multimers. Testosterone seems to be responsible for the adiponectin's sexual dimorphism. Adiponectin and its multimers were assessed in the three-step hormonal model of normal menstrual cycle. Estrogens may not be involved directly in the regulation of adiponectin's secretion and/or metabolism. Androgens appear to be responsible for the sexual dimorphism of adiponectin.
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Key Words
- Adiponectin multimers
- Androgens
- BMI, body mass index
- Bio-T, bioavailable testosterone
- CRP, C reactive protein
- E2, estradiol
- Estradiol
- FAI, free androgen index
- FSH, follicle stimulating hormone
- FT, free testosterone
- FT4, free thyroxine
- Gonadal steroids
- HMW, high molecular weight
- HOMA-R, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- LH, luteinizing hormone
- LMW, low molecular weight
- MBP, mean blood pressure
- MMW, mean molecular weight
- Menstrual cycle
- PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome
- SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin
- TA, total adiponectin
- TSH, Thyroid stimulating hormone
- TT, total testosterone
- Testosterone
- WC, waist circumference
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Kafi M, Tamadon A, Saeb M. The relationship between serum adiponectin and postpartum luteal activity in high-producing dairy cows. Theriogenology 2015; 83:1264-71. [PMID: 25680575 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to initially determine the pattern of serum adiponectin concentrations during a normal estrous cycle in high-producing postpartum dairy cows and then evaluate the relationship between the serum concentrations of adiponectin and insulin with the commencement of postpartum luteal activity and ovarian activities in clinically healthy high-producing Holstein dairy cows. During a normal estrous cycle of cows (n = 6), serum adiponectin concentrations gradually decreased (P < 0.05) after ovulation by Day-17 estrous cycle and then increased before the next ovulation. Cows with higher peak of milk yield had lower serum adiponectin concentrations by week 7 postpartum (P = 0.01). Serum adiponectin and insulin concentrations in cows with different postpartum luteal activity (based on the progesterone profile) were evaluated using the following class of cows: normal (≤45 days, n = 11) and delayed (>45 days, n = 11) commencement of luteal activity (C-LA) and four different profiles of normal luteal activity (NLA, n = 5), prolonged luteal phase (n = 6), delayed first ovulation (n = 6), and anovulation (AOV, n = 5). Serum adiponectin concentrations decreased gradually by week 3 postpartum in NLA and then increased; whereas in AOV and delayed first ovulation, they were decreased after week 3 postpartum (P < 0.05). Moreover, serum adiponectin concentrations in NLA were more than AOV at weeks 5 and 7 postpartum (P = 0.05). The increase in the milk yield from weeks 1 to 7 postpartum in prolonged luteal phase (P = 0.05) and AOV (P = 0.04) cows was more than that of NLA cows. Insulin concentrations were almost maintained at a stable level in NLA cows (P > 0.05), whereas they increased in the other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, adiponectin concentrations in cows with C-LA greater than 45 days decreased more than those with C-LA 45 days or less after week 3 postpartum (P = 0.002). Serum adiponectin concentrations at week 7 postpartum were lower in delayed C-LA (P = 0.01). Milk yield in cows with C-LA greater than 45 days increased more than cows with C-LA 45 days or less postpartum (P = 0.002). Insulin concentrations increased relatively in parallel from weeks 1 to 7 postpartum in cows either with C-LA greater than 45 or with C-LA 45 days or less. We showed for the first time the profile of serum adiponectin concentrations in a normal estrous cycle of dairy cows, and furthermore, it was found that high-producing dairy cows with higher postpartum serum adiponectin concentrations had NLA and earlier C-LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kafi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Saeb
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Maleszka A, Smolinska N, Nitkiewicz A, Kiezun M, Dobrzyn K, Czerwinska J, Szeszko K, Kaminski T. Expression of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 in the ovary and concentration of plasma adiponectin during the oestrous cycle of the pig. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:386-96. [PMID: 24659716 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the expression levels of adiponectin receptor 1 and adiponectin receptor 2 mRNAs and proteins in porcine ovaries during four stages (days 2 to 3, 10 to 12, 14 to 16, 17 to 19) of the oestrous cycle and to measure adiponectin plasma concentrations during the same phases of the cycle. Higher mRNA expression of adiponectin receptor 1 was detected in porcine granulosa cells than in corpora lutea and theca cells (P < 0.01). In contrast, higher gene expression of adiponectin receptor 2 occurred in newly developed and mature corpora lutea (P < 0.01). The adiponectin receptor 1 protein content was the highest in corpora lutea isolated on days 2 to 3 of the cycle and was the lowest in theca interna cells (P < 0.01). The profile of adiponectin receptor 2 protein was similar to that of adiponectin receptor 1. Adiponectin plasma concentrations were significantly higher throughout the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the presence of adiponectin receptor 1 and adiponectin receptor 2 mRNAs and proteins in the porcine ovary suggests that adiponectin may directly affect ovarian functions through its own specific receptors. The expression of both receptors and adiponectin plasma concentration were dependent on hormonal status related to the stage of the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maleszka
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
| | - Nina Smolinska
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
| | - Anna Nitkiewicz
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
| | - Marta Kiezun
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
| | - Kamil Dobrzyn
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
| | - Joanna Czerwinska
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
| | - Karol Szeszko
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology Oczapowskiego 1A 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo Poland
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Expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors 1 (AdipoR1) and 2 (AdipoR2) in the porcine uterus during the oestrous cycle. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 146:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Buss J, Havel PJ, Epel E, Lin J, Blackburn E, Daubenmier J. Associations of ghrelin with eating behaviors, stress, metabolic factors, and telomere length among overweight and obese women: preliminary evidence of attenuated ghrelin effects in obesity? Appetite 2014; 76:84-94. [PMID: 24462487 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin regulates homeostatic food intake, hedonic eating, and is a mediator in the stress response. In addition, ghrelin has metabolic, cardiovascular, and anti-aging effects. This cross-sectional study examined associations between total plasma ghrelin, caloric intake based on 3day diet diaries, hedonic eating attitudes, stress-related and metabolic factors, and leukocyte telomere length in overweight (n=25) and obese women (n=22). We hypothesized associations between total plasma ghrelin and eating behaviors, stress, metabolic, cardiovascular, and cell aging factors among overweight women, but not among obese women due to lower circulating ghrelin levels and/or central resistance to ghrelin. Confirming previous studies demonstrating lowered plasma ghrelin in obesity, ghrelin levels were lower in the obese compared with overweight women. Among the overweight, ghrelin was positively correlated with caloric intake, giving in to cravings for highly palatable foods, and a flatter diurnal cortisol slope across 3days. These relationships were non-significant among the obese group. Among overweight women, ghrelin was negatively correlated with insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate, and positively correlated with telomere length. Among the obese subjects, plasma ghrelin concentrations were negatively correlated with insulin resistance, but were not significantly correlated with blood pressure, heart rate or telomere length. Total plasma ghrelin and its associations with food intake, hedonic eating, and stress are decreased in obesity, providing evidence consistent with the theory that central resistance to ghrelin develops in obesity and ghrelin's function in appetite regulation may have evolved to prevent starvation in food scarcity rather than cope with modern food excess. Furthermore, ghrelin is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular health, and may have anti-aging effects, but these effects may be attenuated in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Buss
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing, United States
| | - Peter J Havel
- University of California, Davis, Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, United States; University of California, Davis, Department of Nutrition, United States
| | - Elissa Epel
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Jue Lin
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, United States
| | - Elizabeth Blackburn
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, United States
| | - Jennifer Daubenmier
- University of California, San Francisco, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, United States.
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Comninos AN, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. The relationship between gut and adipose hormones, and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:153-74. [PMID: 24173881 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive function is tightly regulated by nutritional status. Indeed, it has been well described that undernutrition or obesity can lead to subfertility or infertility in humans. The common regulatory pathways which control energy homeostasis and reproductive function have, to date, been poorly understood due to limited studies or inconclusive data. However, gut hormones and adipose tissue hormones have recently emerged as potential regulators of both energy homeostasis and reproductive function. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using keywords related to gut and adipose hormones and associated with keywords related to reproduction. RESULTS Currently available evidence that gut (ghrelin, obestatin, insulin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, oxyntomodulin, cholecystokinin) and adipose hormones (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, omentin, chemerin) interact with the reproductive axis is presented. The extent, site and direction of their effects on the reproductive axis are variable and also vary depending on species, sex and pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS Gut and adipose hormones interact with the reproductive axis as well as with each other. While leptin and insulin have stimulatory effects and ghrelin has inhibitory effects on hypothalamic GnRH secretion, there is increasing evidence for their roles in other sites of the reproductive axis as well as evidence for the roles of other gut and adipose hormones in the complex interplay between nutrition and reproduction. As our understanding improves, so will our ability to identify and design novel therapeutic options for reproductive disorders and accompanying metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Comninos
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Asarian L, Geary N. Sex differences in the physiology of eating. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1215-67. [PMID: 23904103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Asarian
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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Rak-Mardyła A, Durak M, Łucja Gregoraszczuk E. Effects of resistin on porcine ovarian follicle steroidogenesis in prepubertal animals: an in vitro study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:45. [PMID: 23680257 PMCID: PMC3665660 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistin was first reported to be an adipocyte-specific hormone, but recent studies have indicated a connection between resistin and reproductive function. However, it is not yet known if resistin is expressed by the ovary and if it can affect steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles from prepubertal pigs. METHODS In this study, using real time PCR, immunoblotting, and ELISA, we quantified resistin expression and concentration in maturing ovarian follicles (small, 3-4 mm; medium, 4-5 mm; large, 6-7 mm) collected from prepubertal pigs. In addition, the dose-responsive effects of recombinant human resistin (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml) on steroid hormone (i.e., progesterone [P4], androstendione [A4], testosterone [T], and estradiol [E2]) secretion in culture medium and steroidogenic enzyme (i.e., CYP11A1, 3betaHSD, CYP17A1, 17betaHSD, and CYP19A1) expression in ovarian follicles were determined. RESULTS We observed that resistin gene and protein expression increased significantly (P < 0.05) during follicular growth, with large follicles expressing the highest level of this adipokine. Recombinant resistin also increased P4, A4, and T secretion by up-regulating the steady state levels of CYP11A1, 3betaHSD, CYP17A1, and 17betaHSD. Recombinant resistin had no effects on E2 secretion and CYP19A1 expression in ovarian follicles. CONCLUSION Our results show resistin expression in ovarian follicles from prepubertal pigs for the first time. We also show that recombinant resistin stimulates steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles by increasing the expression of CYP11A1, 3betaHSD, CYP17A1, and 17betaHSD. The presence of resistin in the porcine ovary and its direct effects on steroidogenesis suggest that resistin is a new regulator of ovary function in prepubertal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rak-Mardyła
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Gronostajowa 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Martyna Durak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Gronostajowa 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Gronostajowa 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland
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Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Malandri M, Georgoulias P, Anifandis G, Messinis IE. Growth hormone response to submaximal doses of ghrelin remains unchanged during the follicular phase of the cycle. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:36. [PMID: 23663257 PMCID: PMC3681576 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous data have shown that ghrelin-induced growth hormone (GH) secretion is augmented in women by exogenous but not by endogenous estrogens. The purpose of this study was to examine the response of GH to low-dose scheme of ghrelin administration in relation to physiological changes in estradiol levels during the normal menstrual cycle. METHODS Ten normally cycling women were studied in two menstrual cycles. Two consecutive dosages of ghrelin (0.15 μg/kg and 0.30 μg/kg) were injected intravenously at 0 and 90 min in the early and late follicular phases of one cycle. Saline was injected in the preceding cycle. Blood samples were taken at -15, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min. The GH response was assessed. RESULTS Serum estradiol concentrations were significantly higher in the late than in the early follicular phase. After ghrelin, but not after saline administration, plasma ghrelin and serum GH levels increased significantly in both phases, peaking at 30 min and 120 min. The peak value at 120 min was significantly higher than at 30 min (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in ghrelin and GH levels between the two phases at all time points. CONCLUSIONS The present results show no difference in GH response to two consecutive submaximal doses of ghrelin between the early and the late follicular phase of the cycle. It is suggested that estradiol is not possibly involved in the physiological process that regulates ghrelin-induced GH secretion in women during the normal menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina I Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Malandri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Georgoulias
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Messinis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
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Kiezun M, Maleszka A, Smolinska N, Nitkiewicz A, Kaminski T. Expression of adiponectin receptors 1 (AdipoR1) and 2 (AdipoR2) in the porcine pituitary during the oestrous cycle. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:18. [PMID: 23497348 PMCID: PMC3608220 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin, protein secreted mainly by white adipose tissue, is an important factor linking the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and reproductive processes. The biological activity of the hormone is mediated via two distinct receptors, termed adiponectin receptor 1(AdipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2). The present study analyzed mRNA and protein expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in the anterior (AP) and posterior (NP) pituitary of cyclic pigs. METHODS The total of 20 animals was assigned to one of four experimental groups (n=5 per group) as follows: days 2-3 (early-luteal phase), 10-12 (mid-luteal phase), 14-16 (late-luteal phase), 17-19 (follicular phase) of the oestrous cycle. mRNA and protein expression were analyzed using real-time PCR and Western Blot methods, respectively. RESULTS The lowest AdipoR1 gene expression was detected in AP on days 10-12 relative to days 2-3 and 14-16 (p<0.05). In NP, AdipoR1 mRNA levels were elevated on days 10-12 and 14-16 (p<0.05). AdipoR2 gene expression in AP was the lowest on days 10-12, and an expression peak occurred on days 2-3 (p<0.05). In NP, the lowest (p<0.05) expression of AdipoR2 mRNA was noted on days 17-19. The AdipoR1 protein content in AP was the lowest on days 17-19 (p<0.05), while in NP the variations in protein expression levels during the oestrous cycle were negligible. AdipoR2 protein in AP was most abundant on days 10-12, and it reached the lowest level on days 2-3 and 17-19 of the cycle (p<0.05). The presence of AdipoR2 protein in NP was more pronounced on days 10-12 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study was the first experiment to demonstrate that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNAs and proteins are present in the porcine pituitary and that adiponectin receptors expression is dependent on endocrine status of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kiezun
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn-Kortowo, 10-710, Poland
| | - Anna Maleszka
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn-Kortowo, 10-710, Poland
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn-Kortowo, 10-710, Poland
| | - Anna Nitkiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn-Kortowo, 10-710, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn-Kortowo, 10-710, Poland
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31
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Angelidis G, Dafopoulos K, Messini CI, Valotassiou V, Tsikouras P, Vrachnis N, Psimadas D, Georgoulias P, Messinis IE. The Emerging Roles of Adiponectin in Female Reproductive System-Associated Disorders and Pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:872-81. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719112468954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Angelidis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina I. Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Varvara Valotassiou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsikouras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Vrachnis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Psimadas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Georgoulias
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis E. Messinis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
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Saxena AR, Seely EW, Goldfine AB. Cardiovascular risk factors and menstrual cycle phase in pre-menopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:715-9. [PMID: 21975315 PMCID: PMC3401343 DOI: 10.3275/7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exogenous estrogens have been shown to affect markers of cardiovascular risk in women. AIM The objective of this study was to determine the effect of menstrual cycle phase on markers of cardiovascular risk in young, healthy women with regular menstrual cycles. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This prospective cohort study examined 20 healthy pre-menopausal women at 2 time-points in the menstrual cycle, in early follicular phase and early luteal phase. RESULTS In the early luteal phase, levels of estrogen, progesterone, LH, total cholesterol, and HDL were significantly higher, compared with the early follicular phase. In contrast, there were no significant differences in LDL or triglyceride levels between the 2 phases. Furthermore, there were no significant effects of menstrual cycle phase on glycemic indices (fasting blood glucose, glycohemoglobin or homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, soluble CD40 ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or adiponectin), or vascular function, as measured by brachial artery reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Although menstrual cycle phase affects total cholesterol and HDL levels, it does not affect other markers of cardiovascular risk in young women with regular menstrual cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Saxena
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Singh A, Krishna A. Localization of adiponectin and its receptor and its possible roles in the ovary of a vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 176:240-51. [PMID: 22342274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the seasonal variation in serum adiponectin levels and ovarian expression of adiponectin and its receptor in the Scotophilus heathi bat and their relationship to the changes in the body fat mass, serum insulin and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and ovarian activity. A very high level of circulating adiponectin was found during recrudescence, whereas a very low level of circulating adiponectin was observed during pre-ovulatory period. The increased circulating adiponectin level coincided with fat deposition, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia (HI) in S. heathi. Immunocytochemical study in the ovary of bat showed localization of adiponectin mainly in thecal-interstitial cells (TICs), and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) in the granulosa cells of growing follicles, but showed no staining in atretic follicle. Seasonal changes in ovarian adiponectin and AdipoR1 levels showed two peaks (during recrudescence and ovulatory phases) coinciding with two periods of follicular development. Adiponectin in the absence of LH, as occur during recrudescence, stimulates androstenedione (A4) synthesis in vitro by up-regulating the insulin receptor (IR). Adiponectin in presence of LH, as occur during pre-ovulatory phase, inhibits A4 synthesis in vitro by down-regulating androgen receptor (AR). Further, the in vitro study showed that adiponectin, in presence of LH, also promotes luteinizing hormone receptor (LH-R) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level in the ovary, which might help in development of ovulatory follicles. In brief, adiponectin in the absence of LH induces increased A4 synthesis and consequently the condition of delayed ovulation, whereas in the presence LH suppresses both synthesis and action of A4 and thus induces preovulatory condition in the ovary of S. heathi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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35
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St-Onge MP, Shechter A, O’Keeffe M. Reply to N Herzog et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2012. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.028795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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de Oliveira C, de Mattos ABM, Silva CBR, Mota JF, Zemdegs JCS. Nutritional and hormonal modulation of adiponectin and its receptors adipoR1 and adipoR2. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 90:57-94. [PMID: 23017712 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398313-8.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is the most abundant plasma protein synthesized mostly by adipose tissue and is an insulin-sensitive hormone, playing a central role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin effects are mediated via two receptors, adipoR1 and adipoR2. Several hormones and diet components that are involved in insulin resistance may impair insulin sensitivity at least in part by decreasing adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Adiponectin expression and serum levels are associated with the amount and type of fatty acids and carbohydrate consumed. Other food items, such as vitamins, alcohol, sodium, green tea, and coffee, have been reported to modify adiponectin levels. Several hormones, including testosterone, estrogen, prolactin, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and growth hormone, have been shown to inhibit adiponectin production, but the studies are still controversial. Even so, adiponectin is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other diseases associated with hypoadiponectinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Oliveira
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA.
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Jürimäe J, Vaiksaar S, Mäestu J, Purge P, Jürimäe T. Adiponectin and bone metabolism markers in female rowers: eumenorrheic and oral contraceptive users. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:835-9. [PMID: 21169728 DOI: 10.3275/7415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether adiponectin, bone formation (osteocalcin) and bone resorption [type I carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP)] values are influenced by menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use in female rowers. Twenty-four rowers divided into normally cycling athletes (NOC; no.=15) and athletes taking oral contraceptive pills (OC; no.=9) participated in this study. Fasting blood samples, body composition and aerobic capacity measurements were taken during the follicular (FP) and the luteal (LP) phases of the menstrual cycle. Adiponectin, insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, body composition and aerobic capacity did not fluctuate significantly during menstrual cycle in both groups. Osteocalcin and ICTP were lower (p<0.05) in OC compared with NOC, but did not change significantly across menstrual cycle phases in both groups. Estradiol and progesterone were not related to adiponectin, osteocalcin or ICTP (r<0.147; p>0.05). Adiponectin was correlated (p<0.05) with osteocalcin (r=0.452) and fat free mass (r=0.428), and osteocalcin was related (p<0.05) to insulin (r=-0.413), glucose (r=-0.486) and insulin resistance (r=-0.528). In conclusion, adiponectin was not affected by menstrual cycle phase and OC use in female rowers, while bone metabolism markers were lower in OC compared to NOC groups. Adiponectin and osteocalcin were interrelated and may characterise energy homeostasis in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 18. Ülikooli St, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
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Joosten MM, Witkamp RF, Hendriks HFJ. Alterations in total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin after 3 weeks of moderate alcohol consumption in premenopausal women. Metabolism 2011; 60:1058-63. [PMID: 21353262 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased concentrations of adiponectin. Whether this is the case for both total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin is uncertain. Furthermore, the rate at which this increase occurs is unclear. Therefore, we examined the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on total and HMW adiponectin. In a randomized, crossover trial, 24 premenopausal women who were regular alcohol consumers received beer (∼26 g alcohol) or alcohol-free beer daily for 3 weeks preceded by a 1-week washout. Blood samples were collected weekly after an overnight fast for measurement of total and HMW adiponectin and markers of glucose and lipid metabolism. There was a significant interaction (P < .05) between the 2 treatments over time for both plasma HMW and total adiponectin concentrations. Within 3 weeks, plasma total (8.2%, P = .01) and HMW (8.2%, P = .02) adiponectin levels were higher after moderate alcohol consumption compared with abstention. Changes over time in total adiponectin were positively associated with changes in HMW adiponectin during the nonalcoholic beer (r = 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.92) and beer (r = 0.82; 0.58-0.93) intervention. Alcohol consumption did not affect the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin or the serum glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A(1c), or triglyceride levels compared with abstention during the intervention periods. Both total and HMW adiponectin concentrations are higher after moderate alcohol consumption compared with abstention in premenopausal women. These effects were evident after at least 3 weeks of consumption and occurred concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Joosten
- Pharmacokinetics & Human Studies, TNO (Dutch acronym for Applied Scientific Knowledge), PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Kuglin D, Dąbkowska-Huć A, Skałba P. Serum adiponectin and resistin in relation to insulin resistance and markers of hyperandrogenism in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 154:51-6. [PMID: 20889251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It seems that adipokines participate in disturbances of the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between plasma adiponectin and resistin levels and insulin resistance and markers of hyperandrogenism in lean and obese PCOS women. STUDY DESIGN Forty-one women with PCOS (22 lean and 19 obese) and 16 healthy lean women were enrolled. Body mass and height were measured and body mass index was calculated. In addition to serum glucose, lipids, androgens and insulin, adiponectin and resistin concentration were assessed in the fasting state. The insulin resistance was calculated based on the HOMA-IR. RESULTS Similar serum resistin concentrations were found in both PCOS subgroups and controls. The obese PCOS subgroup was characterized by the lowest serum adiponectin level (10.8 ± 8.3, compared with 21.0 ± 15.1 in the normal weight PCOS subgroup and 26.7 ± 12.5 μg/ml in controls). There were no correlations between resistin and adiponectin levels and HOMA-IR values and serum androgen concentrations. Significant positive correlations between adiponectin to resistin ratio and plasma FSH (r = 0.49; p = 0.001) and LH (r = 0.45; p = 0.003) concentrations, and a negative correlation with free androgen index (r = -0.34; p = 0.03) in PCOS group were found. CONCLUSIONS Obese but not normal weight PCOS women have lower adiponectin levels whereas resistin concentration did not differ in normal weight and obese PCOS compared to control subjects. We hypothesize that changes of the relative proportion of adiponectin to resistin, but not circulating adiponectin and resistin levels themselves, may play a role in hormonal disturbances but not in insulin resistance in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków Street 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
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Merki-Feld GS, Imthurn B, Rosselli M, Spanaus K. Serum concentrations of high-molecular weight adiponectin and their association with sex steroids in premenopausal women. Metabolism 2011; 60:180-5. [PMID: 20096895 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
At present, the association between adiponectin and sex hormones in women is controversial. Recent studies suggest that it is high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and the HMW to total adiponectin ratio rather than total adiponectin that are associated with antiatherogenic activities, insulin sensitivity, metabolic syndrome, and prediction of cardiovascular events. The present study aimed to investigate whether measuring HMW adiponectin and the HMW to total adiponectin ratio rather than total adiponectin might be more useful to detect an association between circulating female sex steroids and adipocytokines. In a clinical trial, we investigated the associations of total adiponectin, HMW adiponectin, and the HMW to adiponectin ratio with several androgens and estradiol in 36 healthy premenopausal women with regular cycles. No association between the investigated sex hormones and adiponectin was observed. The HMW adiponectin was negatively correlated with estradiol after adjustment for age and body mass index. The HMW to total adiponectin ratio was significantly negatively associated with testosterone, free testosterone, and androstenedione. The testosterone to estradiol ratio, as a parameter for the estrogen-androgen balance, was not associated with adiponectin or the HMW isoform. In conclusion, there is a negative association between estradiol and HMW adiponectin, and between testosterone, free testosterone, and androstenedione and the HMW to adiponectin ratio. Thus, one mechanism whereby female sex steroids may influence the cardiovascular risk of women could be alteration of the relationship between HMW and total adiponectin concentrations in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele S Merki-Feld
- Clinic for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:83-98. [PMID: 21178692 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283432fa7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Merki-Feld GS, Imthurn B, Rosselli M, Spanaus K. Implanon use lowers plasma concentrations of high-molecular-weight adiponectin. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:23-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rouen PA, Lukacs JL, Reame NE. Adipokine concentrations in nonobese women: a study of reproductive aging, body mass index, and menstrual cycle effects. Biol Res Nurs 2010; 12:54-61. [PMID: 20453025 PMCID: PMC3128347 DOI: 10.1177/1099800410365368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of reproductive aging, body mass index (BMI), and the menstrual cycle on adiponectin (AD) and leptin concentrations. DESIGN Cross-sectional comparison in age- and BMI-matched nonobese volunteers with regular cycles (CO, n = 19) or in early postmenopause (EPM, n = 19), aged 40-52 years, and a young cycling group (CY, n = 21), aged 20-30 years. MEASURES Sex steroids, fasting AD, leptin, insulin, glucose, AD/leptin (A/L) ratio, and insulin resistance (IR) by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). In ovulatory women, AD, estradiol (E(2)), and progesterone were assessed weekly across the same menstrual cycle. RESULTS Insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, A/L ratio, and leptin values were similar across the three study groups. AD differed, with the highest concentrations in the EPM group (CY: 13.0 +/- 0.9 microg/ml vs. CO: 14.0 +/- 1.1 microg/ml vs. EPM: 17.7 +/- 1.5 microg/ml; p = .05). Values among cycling women were similar. When the cycling groups were combined into a premenopausal (PRE) group and compared to EPM women by BMI (> or CONCLUSION Nonobese, midlife women experience minimal adverse effects from reproductive aging on insulin sensitivity and adipokine secretion. The menstrual cycle is not a key mediator of AD. Early menopause has differential, BMI-dependent effects on adipokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Rouen
- McAuley School of Nursing, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W. McNichols Road., Detroit, MI 48221, , Phone: (313) 993-1739 Fax: (313) 993-1271
| | - Jane L. Lukacs
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Dafopoulos K, Chalvatzas N, Kosmas G, Kallitsaris A, Pournaras S, Messinis IE. The effect of estrogens on plasma ghrelin concentrations in women. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:109-12. [PMID: 20348837 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data regarding the possible effects of estrogen on ghrelin secretion in humans are limited and contradictory. AIM To investigate the effect of estradiol (E2) on ghrelin levels in normal pre- and post-menopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 21 women divided into 3 groups, i.e.13 normally cycling women (no.=7, group 1 and no.=6, group 2) and 8 post-menopausal women (group 3). Women of group 1 received increasing doses of E2 through skin patches from cycle days 3 to 5. Women of group 2, underwent total abdominal hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH+BSO) on cycle day 3. Women of group 3 received po increasing doses of E2 valerate for 15 days. Acylated ghrelin and E2 were measured in all blood samples. RESULTS In group 1, plasma ghrelin levels did not show any significant changes for the week following cycle day 3. In group 2, ghrelin levels were similar before and after TAH+BSO and remained stable during the first 7 post-operative days. In group 3, no significant changes in plasma ghrelin levels were seen during the 15 days of E2 administration. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates for the first time that ghrelin values were not affected either by exogenous short-term estrogen administration to pre- and post-menopausal women or following ovariectomy in pre-menopausal women. It is suggested that ovarian hormones are not involved in the regulation of ghrelin secretion in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
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Tabandeh MR, Hosseini A, Saeb M, Kafi M, Saeb S. Changes in the gene expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in ovarian follicular cells of dairy cow at different stages of development. Theriogenology 2010; 73:659-69. [PMID: 20047754 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is one of the most important, recently discovered adipocytokines that acts at various levels to control male and female fertility through central effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis or through peripheral effects on the ovary, uterus, and embryo. We studied simultaneous changes in the gene expression pattern of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in granulosa and theca cells, cumulus-oocyte complex, and in corpus luteum in healthy bovine (Bos tarus) follicles at different stages of development. The expression levels of adiponectin, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 mRNA were lower (P<0.05) in granulosa and cumulus cells in comparison with that in theca cells and oocyte. In contrast with the oocyte, AdipoR1 in granulosa, theca, and luteal cells was expressed (P<0.05) more than AdipoR2. Adiponectin expression increased (P<0.05) in granulosa cells and in cumulus-oocyte complex during follicular development from small to large follicles. Opposite results were observed in theca cells. Expression of adiponectin was highest in the late stages of corpus luteum (CL) regression, whereas lower expression was recorded in active CL (P<0.05). AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression increased during the terminal follicular growth in granulosa and theca cells (P<0.05) and during the luteal phase progress in CL. There was positive correlation between adiponectin mRNA level in granulosa cells from large follicles and follicular fluid estradiol concentration (r=0.48, P<0.05) and negative correlation between adiponectin mRNA abundance in theca cells and follicular fluid progesterone concentration (r=-0.44, P<0.05). In conclusion, we found that the physiologic status of the ovary has significant effects on the natural expression patterns of adiponectin and its receptors in follicular and luteal cells of bovine ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Van Vugt DA. Brain imaging studies of appetite in the context of obesity and the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 16:276-92. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Brennan IM, Feltrin KL, Nair NS, Hausken T, Little TJ, Gentilcore D, Wishart JM, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying, glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, and energy intake in healthy lean women. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G602-10. [PMID: 19556358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00051.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that the menstrual cycle affects appetite, such that energy intake is lower during the follicular compared with the luteal phase. Gastric emptying influences energy intake, glycemia, and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) release. We hypothesized that 1) gastric emptying of a glucose drink is slower, and glycemia, plasma hormones, hunger, and energy intake are less, during the follicular compared with the luteal phase; 2) the reduction in the latter parameters during the follicular phase are related to slower gastric emptying; and 3) these parameters are reproducible when assessed twice within a particular phase of the menstrual cycle. Nine healthy, lean women were studied on three separate occasions: twice during the follicular phase (days 6-12) and once during the luteal phase (days 18-24). Following consumption of a 300-ml glucose drink (0.17 g/ml), gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma hormone concentrations, and hunger were measured for 90 min, after which energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. During the follicular phase, gastric emptying was slower (P < 0.05), and blood glucose (P < 0.01), plasma GLP-1 and insulin (P < 0.05), hunger (P < 0.01), and energy intake (P < 0.05) were lower compared with the luteal phase, with no differences for CCK or between the two follicular phase visits. There were inverse relationships between energy intake, blood glucose, and plasma GLP-1 and insulin concentrations with the amount of glucose drink remaining in the stomach at t = 90 min (r < -0.6, P < 0.05). In conclusion, in healthy women 1) gastric emptying of glucose is slower, and glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, hunger, and energy intake are less during the follicular compared with the luteal phase; 2) energy intake, glycemia, and plasma GLP-1 and insulin are related to gastric emptying; and 3) these parameters are reproducible when assessed twice during the follicular phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixchel M Brennan
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hagobian TA, Sharoff CG, Stephens BR, Wade GN, Silva JE, Chipkin SR, Braun B. Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 296:R233-42. [PMID: 19073905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90671.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
When previously sedentary men and women follow exercise training programs with ad libitum feeding, men lose body fat, but women do not. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this observation could be related to sex differences in the way energy-regulating hormones and appetite perception respond to exercise. Eighteen (9 men, 9 women) overweight/obese individuals completed four bouts of exercise with energy added to the baseline diet to maintain energy balance (BAL), and four bouts without energy added to induce energy deficit (DEF). Concentrations of acylated ghrelin, insulin, and leptin, as well as appetite ratings were measured in response to a meal after a no-exercise baseline and both exercise conditions. In men, acylated ghrelin area under the curve (AUC) was not different between conditions. In women, acylated ghrelin AUC was higher after DEF (+32%) and BAL (+25%), and the change from baseline was higher than men (P < 0.05). In men, insulin AUC was reduced (-17%) after DEF (P < 0.05), but not BAL. In women, insulin AUC was lower (P < 0.05) after DEF (-28%) and BAL (-15%). Leptin concentrations were not different across conditions in either sex. In men, but not in women, appetite was inhibited after BAL relative to DEF. The results indicate that, in women, exercise altered energy-regulating hormones in a direction expected to stimulate energy intake, regardless of energy status. In men, the response to exercise was abolished when energy balance was maintained. The data are consistent with the paradigm that mechanisms to maintain body fat are more effective in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Hagobian
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, 107 Totman Bldg., 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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