1
|
Rocha-Melogno L, Xi J, Deshusses MA. Experimental evaluation of a full-scale in-duct UV germicidal irradiation system for bioaerosols inactivation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174432. [PMID: 38960181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioaerosols control techniques, especially ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) are gaining attention due to increasing needs for controlling of health risk caused by airborne biocontaminants. The effectiveness of a full-scale in-duct UVGI air disinfection system was investigated. One bacterium, a wild type Escherichia coli, and three fungal spores, Penicillium aragonense, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Cladosporium sp., were selected as test organisms and their inactivation under different conditions representative of a real application in HVAC systems were investigated. The results demonstrated that inactivation of airborne E. coli by the UVGI system was extremely effective, with >99.5 % of the input E. coli inactivated at a residence time lower than 0.36 s in the disinfection section. Airborne fungal spores were less susceptible to UV irradiation than E. coli. Under same conditions, viable counts reduction of P. aragonense, R. glutinis, and Cladosporium sp. spores were 53 %, 63 % and 73 %, respectively. The effect of UV light intensity, air flowrate and relative humidity were analyzed separately. A simplified model based on redefinition of the parameters in the classical inactivation kinetic equation was used to simulate the inactivation of airborne contaminants in the in-duct system under different conditions. The results showed that the simplified model was adequate to estimate disinfection efficacy of different bioaerosols by the UVGI system which could be useful for system design. Overall, this study shows that such in-duct UVGI systems can provide significant control of bioaerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinying Xi
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Marc A Deshusses
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwak ML, Wallman JF, Yeo D, Archer MS, Nakao R. Forensic parasitology: a new frontier in criminalistics. Forensic Sci Res 2024; 9:owae005. [PMID: 38846987 PMCID: PMC11156235 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasites are ubiquitous, diverse, and have close interactions with humans and other animals. Despite this, they have not garnered significant interest from forensic scientists, and their utility as indicators in criminal investigations has been largely overlooked. To foster the development of forensic parasitology we explore the utility of parasites as forensic indicators in five broad areas: (i) wildlife trafficking and exploitation, (ii) biological attacks, (iii) sex crimes, (iv) criminal neglect of humans and other animals, and (v) indicators of movement and travel. To encourage the development and growth of forensic parasitology as a field, we lay out a four-step roadmap to increase the use and utility of parasites in criminal investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Kwak
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - James F Wallman
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren Yeo
- The Centre for Wildlife Forensics, National Parks Board (NParks), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Melanie S Archer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University/Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pan M, Zhao Y, Qiao J, Meng X. Electrochemical biosensors for pathogenic microorganisms detection based on recognition elements. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:283-304. [PMID: 38367165 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of pathogenic microorganisms poses a significant risk to human health. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as dependable analytical tools for the point-of-care detection of pathogens and can effectively compensate for the limitations of conventional techniques. Real-time analysis, high throughput, portability, and rapidity make them pioneering tools for on-site detection of pathogens. Herein, this work comprehensively reviews the recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection, focusing on those based on the classification of recognition elements, and summarizes their principles, current challenges, and prospects. This review was conducted by a systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science databases to obtain relevant literature and construct a basic framework. A total of 171 publications were included after online screening and data extraction to obtain information of the research advances in electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. According to the findings, the research of electrochemical biosensors in pathogen detection has been increasing yearly in the past 3 years, which has a broad development prospect, but most of the biosensors have performance or economic limitations and are still in the primary stage. Therefore, significant research and funding are required to fuel the rapid development of electrochemical biosensors. The overview comprehensively evaluates the recent advances in different types of electrochemical biosensors utilized in pathogen detection, with a view to providing insights into future research directions in biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Pan
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Yurui Zhao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jinjuan Qiao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rubinic I, Kurtov M, Rubinic I, Likic R, Dargan PI, Wood DM. Artificial intelligence in clinical pharmacology: A case study and scoping review of large language models and bioweapon potential. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:620-628. [PMID: 37658550 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to explore the possibility of employing large language models (LLMs) - a type of artificial intelligence (AI) - in clinical pharmacology, with a focus on its possible misuse in bioweapon development. Additionally, ethical considerations, legislation and potential risk reduction measures are analysed. The existing literature is reviewed to investigate the potential misuse of AI and LLMs in bioweapon creation. The search includes articles from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection that were identified using a specific protocol. To explore the regulatory landscape, the OECD.ai platform was used. The review highlights the dual-use vulnerability of AI and LLMs, with a focus on bioweapon development. Subsequently, a case study is used to illustrate the potential of AI manipulation resulting in harmful substance synthesis. Existing regulations inadequately address the ethical concerns tied to AI and LLMs. Mitigation measures are proposed, including technical solutions (explainable AI), establishing ethical guidelines through collaborative efforts, and implementing policy changes to create a comprehensive regulatory framework. The integration of AI and LLMs into clinical pharmacology presents invaluable opportunities, while also introducing significant ethical and safety considerations. Addressing the dual-use nature of AI requires robust regulations, as well as adopting a strategic approach grounded in technical solutions and ethical values following the principles of transparency, accountability and safety. Additionally, AI's potential role in developing countermeasures against novel hazardous substances is underscored. By adopting a proactive approach, the potential benefits of AI and LLMs can be fully harnessed while minimizing the associated risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rubinic
- University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Rubinic
- School of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Robert Likic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David M Wood
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Graham KA, Gomez J, Primm TP, Houston R. Comparison of nine extraction methods for bacterial identification using the ONT MinION sequencer. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:351-360. [PMID: 37775594 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The Anthrax mailings bioterrorism attack in 2001 revealed the need for universal and rapid microbial forensic analyses on unknown biological evidence. However, the gold standard for bacterial identification includes culturing isolates, which is laborious. Molecular approaches for bacterial identification revolve around 16S ribosomal gene sequencing using Sanger or next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, but these techniques are laboratory-based and can also be time-consuming. The Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION sequencer can generate long read lengths that span the entire bacterial 16S rRNA gene and accurately identify the species level. This platform can be used in the field, allowing on-site evidence analysis. However, it requires higher quantities of pure DNA compared to other sequencing platforms; thus, the extraction method for bacterial DNA is critical for downstream analysis, which to date are tailored toward a priori knowledge of the species' taxonomic grouping. During an attack, the investigative team may not know what species they are handling; therefore, identifying an extraction method that can handle all bacterial groups and generate clean DNA for the MinION is useful for microbial forensic analysis. The purpose of this study was to identify a "universal" extraction method that can be coupled with ONT MinION sequencing for use in forensic situations for rapid identification. It also evaluated the cloud-based data analysis software provided by ONT, EPI2ME. No "universal" extraction method was identified as optimal for downstream MinION sequencing. However, the DNeasy PowerSoil Kit and Noda et al. Chelex-100 method gave comparable sequencing results and could be used as rapid extraction techniques. This study showed that the ONT 16S Barcoding Kit 1-24 coupled with the 16S FASTQ workflow might not be the best for use in forensic situations where species-level identification needs to be obtained, as most alignments were approximately 89% accurate. In all seven test organisms and nine extraction methods, accurate species identification was only obtained in 63% of the cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Graham
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX, 77340-2525, USA
| | - Javier Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, 2000 Ave I, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Todd P Primm
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, 2000 Ave I, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Rachel Houston
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX, 77340-2525, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eslami E, Siamian H, Rezaei Orimi J, Aghabeiglooei Z, Salimi-Sabour E, Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M. Pattern of bioterrorism in ancient times: lessons to be learned from the microbial and toxicological aspects. Wien Med Wochenschr 2024:10.1007/s10354-023-01029-1. [PMID: 38194199 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-023-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The current research aimed to analyze the history of bioterrorism in antiquity and to adapt the data to modern medical knowledge. To this end, a thorough evaluation of the literature related to the ancient history of bioterrorism and modern data was done using the Web of Sciences, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Results showed that knowledge of bioterrorism has existed since antiquity in different civilizations. Biological and toxicological agents were used as an instrument of legal execution, as a warfare tool in battles, or to eliminate political rivals across nations. Ancient people researched bioterrorism to apply it against enemies and at the same time provide countermeasures in favor of themselves and allies. Despite the existence of the principles of bioterrorism since ancient times, adaptation of the data to modern research can assist in planning countermeasure efforts, preventive actions, and treatments in the framework of modern counterterrorism medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Eslami
- Department of History of Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hasan Siamian
- Department of History of Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jamal Rezaei Orimi
- Department of History of Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghabeiglooei
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Salimi-Sabour
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramli AH, Mohd Faudzi SM. Diarylpentanoids, the privileged scaffolds in antimalarial and anti-infectives drug discovery: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300391. [PMID: 37806761 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Asia is a hotspot for infectious diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, tuberculosis, and the pandemic COVID-19. Emerging infectious diseases have taken a heavy toll on public health and the economy and have been recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in Southeast Asia. Infectious disease control is a major challenge, but many surveillance systems and control strategies have been developed and implemented. These include vector control, combination therapies, vaccine development, and the development of new anti-infectives. Numerous newly discovered agents with pharmacological anti-infective potential are being actively and extensively studied for their bioactivity, toxicity, selectivity, and mode of action, but many molecules lose their efficacy over time due to resistance developments. These facts justify the great importance of the search for new, effective, and safe anti-infectives. Diarylpentanoids, a curcumin derivative, have been developed as an alternative with better bioavailability and metabolism as a therapeutic agent. In this review, the mechanisms of action and potential targets of antimalarial drugs as well as the classes of antimalarial drugs are presented. The bioactivity of diarylpentanoids as a potential scaffold for a new class of anti-infectives and their structure-activity relationships are also discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirah H Ramli
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti M Mohd Faudzi
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gonzalez LE, Snyder DT, Casey H, Hu Y, Wang DM, Guetzloff M, Huckaby N, Dziekonski ET, Wells JM, Cooks RG. Machine-Learning Classification of Bacteria Using Two-Dimensional Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17082-17088. [PMID: 37937965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Biothreat detection has continued to gain attention. Samples suspected to fall into any of the CDC's biothreat categories require identification by processes that require specialized expertise and facilities. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation and machine learning algorithms offer rapid and accurate classification of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. This is achieved by analyzing the negative ions generated from bacterial cell extracts with a modified linear quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometer fitted with two-dimensional tandem mass spectrometry capabilities (2D MS/MS). The 2D MS/MS data domain of a bacterial cell extract is recorded within five s using a five-scan average after sample preparation by a simple extraction. Bacteria were classified at the species level by their lipid profiles using the random forest, k-nearest neighbor, and multilayer perceptron machine learning models. 2D MS/MS data can also be treated as image data for use with image recognition algorithms such as convolutional neural networks. The classification accuracy of all models tested was greater than 99%. Adding to previously published work on the 2D MS/MS analysis of bacterial growth and the profiling of sporulating bacteria, this study demonstrates the utility and information-rich nature of 2D MS/MS in the identification of bacterial pathogens at the species level when coupled with machine learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Edwin Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette , Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dalton T Snyder
- Teledyne FLIR Detection, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Harman Casey
- Teledyne FLIR Detection, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yanyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette , Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Donna M Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette , Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Megan Guetzloff
- Teledyne FLIR Detection, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicole Huckaby
- Teledyne FLIR Detection, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Eric T Dziekonski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette , Indiana 47907, United States
| | - J Mitchell Wells
- Teledyne FLIR Detection, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette , Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira M, Azevedo L, Ballard D, Branicki W, Amorim A. Using plants in forensics: State-of-the-art and prospects. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111860. [PMID: 37683985 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of plant evidence in forensic investigations gave rise to a powerful new discipline - Forensic Botany - that analyses micro- or macroscopic plant materials, such as the totality or fragments of an organ (i.e., leaves, stems, seeds, fruits, roots) and tissue (i.e., pollen grains, spores, fibers, cork) or its chemical composition (i. e., secondary metabolites, isotopes, DNA, starch grains). Forensic botanists frequently use microscopy, chemical analysis, and botanical expertise to identify and interpret evidence crucial to solving civil and criminal issues, collaborating in enforcing laws or regulations, and ensuring public health safeguards. The present work comprehensively examines the current state and future potential of Forensic Botany. The first section conveys the critical steps of plant evidence collection, documentation, and preservation, emphasizing the importance of these initial steps in maintaining the integrity of the items. It explores the different molecular analyses, covering the identification of plant species and varieties or cultivars, and discusses the limitations and challenges of these techniques in forensics. The subsequent section covers the diversity of Forensic Botany approaches, examining how plant evidence exposes food and pharmaceutical frauds, uncovers insufficient or erroneous labeling, traces illegal drug trafficking routes, and combats the illegal collection or trade of protected species and derivatives. National and global security issues, including the implications of biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime are addressed, and a review of the contributions of plant evidence in crime scene investigations is provided, synthesizing a comprehensive overview of the diverse facets of Forensic Botany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Azevedo
- UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Ballard
- King's Forensics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Forensic Research, Kraków, Poland
| | - Antonio Amorim
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FCUP - Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cláudia-Ferreira A, Barbosa DJ, Saegeman V, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Freitas AR. The Future Is Now: Unraveling the Expanding Potential of Human (Necro)Microbiome in Forensic Investigations. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2509. [PMID: 37894167 PMCID: PMC10608847 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of postmortem microbiological examinations has been controversial for decades, but the boom in advanced sequencing techniques over the last decade is increasingly demonstrating their usefulness, namely for the estimation of the postmortem interval. This comprehensive review aims to present the current knowledge about the human postmortem microbiome (the necrobiome), highlighting the main factors influencing this complex process and discussing the principal applications in the field of forensic sciences. Several limitations still hindering the implementation of forensic microbiology, such as small-scale studies, the lack of a universal/harmonized workflow for DNA extraction and sequencing technology, variability in the human microbiome, and limited access to human cadavers, are discussed. Future research in the field should focus on identifying stable biomarkers within the dominant Bacillota and Pseudomonadota phyla, which are prevalent during postmortem periods and for which standardization, method consolidation, and establishment of a forensic microbial bank are crucial for consistency and comparability. Given the complexity of identifying unique postmortem microbial signatures for robust databases, a promising future approach may involve deepening our understanding of specific bacterial species/strains that can serve as reliable postmortem interval indicators during the process of body decomposition. Microorganisms might have the potential to complement routine forensic tests in judicial processes, requiring robust investigations and machine-learning models to bridge knowledge gaps and adhere to Locard's principle of trace evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia-Ferreira
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (A.C.-F.); (R.J.D.-O.)
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (A.C.-F.); (R.J.D.-O.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Veroniek Saegeman
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Amparo Fernández-Rodríguez
- Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Service, Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, 28232 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (A.C.-F.); (R.J.D.-O.)
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Freitas
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (A.C.-F.); (R.J.D.-O.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gonzales M, Plener L, Armengaud J, Armstrong N, Chabrière É, Daudé D. Lactonase-mediated inhibition of quorum sensing largely alters phenotypes, proteome, and antimicrobial activities in Burkholderia thailandensis E264. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1190859. [PMID: 37333853 PMCID: PMC10272358 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1190859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Burkholderia thailandensis is a study model for Burkholderia pseudomallei, a highly virulent pathogen, known to be the causative agent of melioidosis and a potential bioterrorism agent. These two bacteria use an (acyl-homoserine lactone) AHL-mediated quorum sensing (QS) system to regulate different behaviors including biofilm formation, secondary metabolite productions, and motility. Methods Using an enzyme-based quorum quenching (QQ) strategy, with the lactonase SsoPox having the best activity on B. thailandensis AHLs, we evaluated the importance of QS in B. thailandensis by combining proteomic and phenotypic analyses. Results We demonstrated that QS disruption largely affects overall bacterial behavior including motility, proteolytic activity, and antimicrobial molecule production. We further showed that QQ treatment drastically decreases B. thailandensis bactericidal activity against two bacteria (Chromobacterium violaceum and Staphylococcus aureus), while a spectacular increase in antifungal activity was observed against fungi and yeast (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium graminearum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Discussion This study provides evidence that QS is of prime interest when it comes to understanding the virulence of Burkholderia species and developing alternative treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gonzales
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Gene&GreenTK, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | | | - Éric Chabrière
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kambouris ME. Global Catastrophic Biological Risks in the Post-COVID-19 World: Time to Act Is Now. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:153-170. [PMID: 36946656 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Global Catastrophic Biological Risks (GCBRs) refer to events with biological agents that can result in unprecedented or catastrophic disasters that are beyond the collective response-abilities of nation-states and the existing governance instruments of global governance and international affairs. This article offers a narrative review, with a view to new hypothesis development to rethink GCBRs after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) so as to better prepare for future pandemics and ecological crises, if not to completely prevent them. To determine GCBRs' spatiotemporal contexts, define causality, impacts, differentiate the risk and the event, would improve theorization of GCBRs compared to the impact-centric current definition. This could in turn lead to improvements in preparedness, response, allocation of resources, and possibly deterrence, while actively discouraging lack of due biosecurity diligence. Critical governance of GCBRs in ways that unpack the political power-related dimensions could be particularly valuable because the future global catastrophic events might be different in quality, scale, and actors. Theorization of GCBRs remains an important task going forward in the 21st century in ways that draw from experiences in the field, while integrating flexibility, versatility, and critically informed responses to GCBRs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Castro AE, De Ungria MCA. Methods used in microbial forensics and epidemiological investigations for stronger health systems. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 7:650-661. [PMID: 36817258 PMCID: PMC9930754 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.2023272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses microbial forensics as an emerging science that finds application in protecting human health. It is important to distinguish naturally acquired infections from those caused by the intentional release of microorganisms to the environment. This information is crucial in formulating procedures against the spread of infectious diseases and prosecuting persons who may be involved in acts of biocrime, bioterrorism, or biowarfare. A comparison between epidemiological investigations and microbial forensic investigations is provided. In addition, a discussion on how microbial forensics strengthens health systems is included in this review. Microbial forensic investigations and epidemiologic examinations employ similar concepts and involve identifying and characterising the microbe of interest. Both fields require formulating an appropriate case definition, determining a pathogen's mode of transmission, and identifying the source(s) of infection. However, the two subdisciplines differ in their objectives. An epidemiological investigation aims to identify the pathogen's source to prevent the spread of the disease. Microbial forensics focuses on source-tracking to facilitate the prosecution of persons responsible for the spread of a pathogen. Both fields use molecular techniques in analysing and comparing DNA, gene products, and biomolecules to identify and characterise the microorganisms of interest. We included case studies to show methods used in microbial forensic investigations, a brief discussion of the public significance of microbial forensic systems, and a roadmap for establishing a system at a national level. This system is expected to strengthen a country's capacity to respond to public health emergencies. Several factors must be considered in establishing national microbial forensic systems. First is the inherent ubiquity, diversity, and adaptability of microorganisms that warrants the use of robust and accurate molecular typing systems. Second, the availability of facilities and scientists who have been trained in epidemiology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, and data analytics. Human resources and infrastructure are critical requirements because formulating strategies and allocating resources in times of infectious disease outbreaks must be data-driven. Establishing and maintaining a national microbial forensic system to strengthen capacities in conducting forensic and epidemiological investigations should be prioritised by all countries, accompanied by a national policy that sets the legislative framework and provides for the system's financial requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arizaldo E. Castro
- Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines,CONTACT Arizaldo E. Castro
| | - Maria Corazon A. De Ungria
- DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines,Program on Biodiversity, Ethnicity, and Forensics, Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang R, Atkinson S, Chen Z, Cui Y, Du Z, Han Y, Sebbane F, Slavin P, Song Y, Yan Y, Wu Y, Xu L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Hinnebusch BJ, Stenseth NC, Motin VL. Yersinia pestis and Plague: some knowns and unknowns. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 37602146 PMCID: PMC10438918 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 1894 during the third pandemic in Hong Kong, there has been significant progress of understanding the lifestyle of Yersinia pestis, the pathogen that is responsible for plague. Although we now have some understanding of the pathogen's physiology, genetics, genomics, evolution, gene regulation, pathogenesis and immunity, there are many unknown aspects of the pathogen and its disease development. Here, we focus on some of the knowns and unknowns relating to Y. pestis and plague. We notably focus on some key Y. pestis physiological and virulence traits that are important for its mammal-flea-mammal life cycle but also its emergence from the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Some aspects of the genetic diversity of Y. pestis, the distribution and ecology of plague as well as the medical countermeasures to protect our population are also provided. Lastly, we present some biosafety and biosecurity information related to Y. pestis and plague.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Steve Atkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanping Han
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philip Slavin
- Division of History and Politics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LJ, UK
| | - Yajun Song
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chutian Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B. Joseph Hinnebusch
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir L. Motin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goralnick E, Chai PR, Erickson TB. Health and Safety Threats to Ukraine From Nonconventional Weapons: A Clear and Present Danger. JAMA 2022; 328:2301-2302. [PMID: 36469331 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses the potential for use of nonconventional warfare threats (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives) in the conflict in Ukraine and how health care professionals need to recognize and respond to these threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Goralnick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ariadne Labs, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter R Chai
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy B Erickson
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wren MWD, Petts D, Guthrie G, Clarke S, Nation BR, Peters L, Mortlock S, Sturdgess I, Wright M, Burt C. Pestilence, Plague and Pandemics: A Troubled History. THE ULSTER MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 91:143-151. [PMID: 36474849 PMCID: PMC9720592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Humankind has lived with the danger of endemic, epidemic and pandemic disease for thousands of years. The effects of these outbreaks have often devastated human populations. Sixteen pandemic events causing an estimated 147 million deaths have occurred since the eighth century, The Black Death and the influenza pandemic of 1918-1920 probably having the greatest impact. Animal populations, both wild and domestic, have similarly suffered devastating outbreaks of disease which, on occasions, have translated into serious effects on human health. The deliberate or accidental introduction of animals into virgin areas has given rise to unforeseen disease events occasionally leading to extinction. Similarly, human intent or negligence and the vagaries of nature itself has resulted in ill health and loss of life. This paper describes the history of pandemics, epidemics and disasters, and the attempts to bring them under control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - BR Nation
- Correspondence: Brian Nation CSci FIBMS,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Du Y, Yan Z, Song K, Jin J, Xiao L, Sun Z, Tan Y, Zhang P, Du Z, Yang R, Zhao Y, Song Y. Development and evaluation of a multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction method for simultaneous detection of five biothreat pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970973. [PMID: 35966705 PMCID: PMC9366144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biothreat agents pose a huge threat to human and public health, necessitating the development of rapid and highly sensitive detection approaches. This study establishes a multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) method for simultaneously detecting five high-risk bacterial biothreats: Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Francisella tularensis. Unlike conventional multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) methods, the multiplex ddPCR assay was developed using two types of probe fluorophores, allowing the assay to perform with a common two-color ddPCR system. After optimization, the assay performance was evaluated, showing a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.1–1.0 pg/μL) and good selectivity for the five bacteria targets. The multiplex assay’s ability to simultaneously detect two or more kinds of targets in a sample was also demonstrated. The assay showed strong sample tolerance when testing simulated soil samples; the LOD for bacteria in soil was 2 × 102–2 × 103 colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mg soil (around 5–50 CFU/reaction), which was 10-fold lower than that of the single-target qPCR method. When testing simulated soil samples at bacterial concentrations of 2 × 103–2 × 104 CFU/100 mg soil, the assay presented a higher sensitivity (100%, 35/35) than that of the qPCR method (65.71%, 23/35) and a good specificity (100%, 15/15). These results suggest that the developed 5-plex ddPCR method is more sensitive than conventional qPCR methods and is potentially suitable for rapidly detecting or screening the five selected bacterial biothreats in suspicious samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yipu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- The First Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Liting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhao,
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- Yajun Song,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khoshnudi M, Ghadamgahi F, Najjarzade G, Mud FH, Aghaei N, Arab N, Hosseini-Shokouh SJ, Nikbakht A. Comparison of the effect of bioterrorism education through two methods of lecture and booklet on the knowledge and attitude of nurses of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:192. [PMID: 36003239 PMCID: PMC9393941 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_404_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, considering the importance of bioterrorism, it may be time to assess the risk of bioterrorism as an important priority. Nurses, as the broadest group of therapy group, are very influential in this regard. General aim: To determine the impact of bioterrorism education through two methods of lectures and booklets on the knowledge and attitude of nursing staff. Practical Aim: Minimizing the damage caused by bioterrorism attacks by empowering nursing staff. MATERIALS AND METHODS This two-group semiexperimental intervention study was performed as a before and after education intervention with the participation of 80 nursing staff of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital affiliated to Health Administration of Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces. The study population included all hospital nursing staff in 2021. The inclusion criteria included having a willingness and informed consent to participate in the study and exclusion criteria included unwillingness to continue cooperation and failure to complete more than 10% of the questionnaire by the subject. This study was performed on 77 nurses in 2021. The nurses were divided into two groups: lecture and booklet. First, the pretest was completed by the nurses. After the educational intervention, both groups completed the posttest. Both groups then completed the questionnaire again after about 2 weeks. First, all the data were measured for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. Statistical description was expressed for the variables with normal distribution as the ratio of geometric mean ± standard error and for abnormal variables as mean ± standard error. To compare the means of the studied quantitative variables, t-test and Wilcoxon matched-paired statistical tests were used. The significance level was considered <0.05. SPSS.16 and Graph Pad Prism 8.0.1 softwares were used to analyze the statistical data. RESULTS Using both methods is effective in improving the level of knowledge and betterment attitude, but according to the paired t-test in comparison of the two groups, at intervals immediately after training and 2 weeks after training, a significant increase in the average knowledge score of the lecture group Statistically shows (P < 0.001). However, the analysis of attitude scores was performed between the two groups of lectures and booklets, which did not show statistically significant changes between them. CONCLUSIONS One of the most important issues in the performance of medical staff in bioterrorism attacks is useful, effective, correct, and sufficient training. According to the results of the present study,bioterrorism training leads to increasing the level of knowledge and betterment the attitude of nurses in the field of bioterrorism. Therefore, the inclusion of training courses in medical centers, especially military medical centers, is necessary and sensitive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Khoshnudi
- Research Unit of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahime Ghadamgahi
- Research Unit of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Najjarzade
- Research Unit of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital, Health Administration of Iran Army Ground Forces, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzane Habibi Mud
- Research Unit of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital, Health Administration of Iran Army Ground Forces, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Aghaei
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, International Campus Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nasibeh Nursing and Midwifery School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - No'man Arab
- Research Unit of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Okeke ES, Olovo CV, Nkwoemeka NE, Okoye CO, Nwankwo CEI, Onu CJ. Microbial ecology and evolution is key to pandemics: using the coronavirus model to mitigate future public health challenges. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09449. [PMID: 35601228 PMCID: PMC9113781 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemics are global challenges that lead to total disruption of human activities. From the inception of human existence, all pandemics have resulted in loss of human lives. The coronavirus disease caused by SAR-CoV-2 began in China and is now at the global scale with an increase in mortality and morbidity. Numerous anthropogenic activities have been implicated in the emergence and severity of pandemics, including COVID-19. These activities cause changes in microbial ecology, leading to evolution due to mutation and recombination. This review hypothesized that an understanding of these anthropogenic activities would explain the dynamics of pandemics. The recent coronavirus model was used to study issues leading to microbial evolution, towards preventing future pandemics. Our review highlighted anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, mining activities, waste treatment, burning of fossil fuel, as well as international travels as drivers of microbial evolution leading to pandemics. Furthermore, human-animal interaction has also been implicated in pandemic incidents. Our study recommends substantial control of such anthropogenic activities as having been highlighted as ways to reduce the frequency of mutation, reduce pathogenic reservoirs, and the emergence of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Natural Sciences Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China
| | - Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ndidi Ethel Nkwoemeka
- Natural Sciences Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Chidiebele Emmanuel Ikechukwu Nwankwo
- Natural Sciences Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chisom Joshua Onu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 400001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sampath S, Khedr A, Qamar S, Tekin A, Singh R, Green R, Kashyap R. Pandemics Throughout the History. Cureus 2021; 13:e18136. [PMID: 34692344 PMCID: PMC8525686 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As we move amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we have witnessed tremendous distress, death, and turmoil of everyday life for more than one year now. However, they are not modern phenomena; deadly pandemics have happened throughout recorded history. Pandemics such as the plague, Spanish Flu, HIV, and Ebola caused deaths, destruction of political regimes, as well as financial and psychosocial burdens. However, they sometimes resulted in scientific discoveries. Understanding the mechanism of the emergence of these pandemics is crucial to control any spreading pandemic and prevent the emergence of a potential new one. Public health agencies need to work on improving the countries' pandemic preparedness to prevent any future pandemics. The review article aims to shed light on some of the deadliest pandemics throughout history, information of critical importance for clinicians and researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwar Khedr
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mankato, USA
- Internal Medicine, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, EGY
| | - Shahraz Qamar
- Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Aysun Tekin
- Anesthesia Clinical Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Romil Singh
- Anesthesia Clinical Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
- Neurology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Ronya Green
- Family Medicine, Southern Hills Medical Center, TriStar Division, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Healthcare, Nashville, USA
| | - Rahul Kashyap
- Family Medicine, Southern Hills Medical Center, TriStar Division, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Healthcare, Nashville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Turner LD, Nielsen AL, Lin L, Campedelli AJ, Silvaggi NR, Chen JS, Wakefield AE, Allen KN, Janda KD. Use of Crystallography and Molecular Modeling for the Inhibition of the Botulinum Neurotoxin A Protease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1318-1324. [PMID: 34413962 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely toxic and have been deemed a Tier 1 potential bioterrorism agent. The most potent and persistent of the BoNTs is the "A" serotype, with strategies to counter its etiology focused on designing small-molecule inhibitors of its light chain (LC), a zinc-dependent metalloprotease. The successful structure-based drug design of inhibitors has been confounded as the LC is highly flexible with significant morphological changes occurring upon inhibitor binding. To achieve greater success, previous and new cocrystal structures were evaluated from the standpoint of inhibitor enantioselectivity and their effect on active-site morphology. Based upon these structural insights, we designed inhibitors that were predicted to take advantage of π-π stacking interactions present in a cryptic hydrophobic subpocket. Structure-activity relationships were defined, and X-ray crystal structures and docking models were examined to rationalize the observed potency differences between inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander L. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lucy Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Antonio J. Campedelli
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jason S. Chen
- Automated Synthesis Facility, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Amanda E. Wakefield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Karen N. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Long CM, Marzi A. Biodefence research two decades on: worth the investment? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:e222-e233. [PMID: 34331891 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the past 20 years, the notion of bioterror has been a source of considerable fear and panic worldwide. In response to the terror attacks of 2001 in the USA, extensive research funding was awarded to investigate bioterror-related pathogens. The global scientific legacy of this funding has extended into the present day, highlighted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Unsurprisingly, the surge in biodefence-related research and preparedness has been met with considerable apprehension and opposition. Here, we briefly outline the history of modern bioterror threats and biodefence research, describe the scientific legacy of biodefence research by highlighting advances pertaining to specific bacterial and viral pathogens, and summarise the future of biodefence research and its relevance today. We sought to address the sizeable question: have the past 20 years of investment into biodefence research and preparedness been worth it? The legacy of modern biodefence funding includes advancements in biosecurity, biosurveillence, diagnostics, medical countermeasures, and vaccines. In summary, we feel that these advances justify the substantial biodefence funding trend of the past two decades and set a precedent for future funding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Turner LD, Nielsen AL, Lin L, Pellett S, Sugane T, Olson ME, Johnson EA, Janda KD. Irreversible inhibition of BoNT/A protease: proximity-driven reactivity contingent upon a bifunctional approach. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:960-969. [PMID: 34223161 PMCID: PMC8221255 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is categorized as a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and persists within muscle neurons for months, causing paralysis. A readily available treatment that abrogates BoNT/A's toxicity and longevity is a necessity in the event of a widespread BoNT/A attack and for clinical treatment of botulism, yet remains an unmet need. Herein, we describe a comprehensive warhead screening campaign of bifunctional hydroxamate-based inhibitors for the irreversible inhibition of the BoNT/A light chain (LC). Using the 2,4-dichlorocinnamic hydroxamic acid (DCHA) metal-binding pharmacophore modified with a pendent warhead, a total of 37 compounds, possessing 13 distinct warhead types, were synthesized and evaluated for time-dependent inhibition against the BoNT/A LC. Iodoacetamides, maleimides, and an epoxide were found to exhibit time-dependent inhibition and their k GSH measured as a description of reactivity. The epoxide exhibited superior time-dependent inhibition over the iodoacetamides, despite reacting with glutathione (GSH) 51-fold slower. The proximity-driven covalent bond achieved with the epoxide inhibitor was contingent upon the vital hydroxamate-Zn2+ anchor in placing the warhead in an optimal position for reaction with Cys165. Monofunctional control compounds exemplified the necessity of the bifunctional approach, and Cys165 modification was confirmed through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and ablation of time-dependent inhibitory activity against a C165A variant. Compounds were also evaluated against BoNT/A-intoxicated motor neuron cells, and their cell toxicity, serum stability, and selectivity against matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were characterized. The bifunctional approach allows the use of less intrinsically reactive electrophiles to intercept Cys165, thus expanding the toolbox of potential warheads for selective irreversible BoNT/A LC inhibition. We envision that this dual-targeted strategy is amenable to other metalloproteases that also possess non-catalytic cysteines proximal to the active-site metal center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Alexander L Nielsen
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lucy Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin 1550 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Takashi Sugane
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Margaret E Olson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- College of Pharmacy, Roosevelt University Schaumburg IL 60173 USA
| | - Eric A Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin 1550 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu GD, Wang N, Wang HM, Li X, Shao JJ, Liu ZF, Jiang M, Wang L, Wang ZK, Li M, Cao XY, Wang J, Zhang R, Chen YD. Military medical research on internal diseases in modern warfare: new concepts, demands, challenges, and opportunities. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:20. [PMID: 33712087 PMCID: PMC7953602 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Battlefield internal medicine aims at the treatment of combatants and noncombatants with various internal diseases on the battlefield. The military medical research on battlefield internal diseases focuses on the pathogenesis, clinical management, and prevention of internal diseases under military war conditions. In both wartime and peacetime, the soldiers suffer from more internal diseases than surgical wounds. With the introduction of high-tech weapons, including chemical, physical, and biological agents, a large number of special internal illnesses and casualties will appear in future wars. The battles often occur in special environments, such as high or low temperatures, plateau or polar areas, and micro- or hyper-gravity. The current theories of battlefield internal medicine are mainly derived from wars decades ago and cannot meet the needs of military medical support under the conditions of modern warfare. Therefore, the military medical research on battlefield internal medicine should be based on contemporary military situations, focus on the purpose of treating battlefield internal diseases, and adhere to the actual needs of the troops in peacetime and wartime. We should investigate the pathogenesis of battlefield internal diseases and explore the threats that may arise in future wars to ensure the advancement of battlefield internal medicine. This review highlights new concepts, demands, challenges, and opportunities for the further development of military medical research on battlefield internal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Dong Liu
- Division of Health Services, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Division of Health Services, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hai-Ming Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Health Services, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jun-Jie Shao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010059, China
| | - Zi-Fan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zi-Kai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xue-Ying Cao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yun-Dai Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
O’Brien C, Varty K, Ignaszak A. The electrochemical detection of bioterrorism agents: a review of the detection, diagnostics, and implementation of sensors in biosafety programs for Class A bioweapons. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 33585038 PMCID: PMC7872827 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During the past year, disease has shown us the iron grip it can hold over a population of people. Health systems can be overwhelmed, economies can be brought into recession, and many people can be harmed or killed. When weaponized, diseases can be manipulated to create a detriment to health while becoming an economic burden on any society. It is consequently prudent that easy detection of bioweapons is available to governments for protecting their people. Electrochemical sensing displays many distinct advantages, such as its low limit of detection, low cost to run, rapid generation of results, and in many instances portability. We therefore present a wide array of electrochemical sensing platforms currently being fabricated, a brief summary of Class A bioweapons, and the potential future of bioweapon detection and biosafety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, 30 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Kathleen Varty
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, 30 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Anna Ignaszak
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, 30 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The emergence and spread of infectious diseases with pandemic potential occurred regularly throughout history. Major pandemics and epidemics such as plague, cholera, flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have already afflicted humanity. The world is now facing the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Many infectious diseases leading to pandemics are caused by zoonotic pathogens that were transmitted to humans due to increased contacts with animals through breeding, hunting and global trade activities. The understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of pathogens to humans allowed the establishment of methods to prevent and control infections. During centuries, implementation of public health measures such as isolation, quarantine and border control helped to contain the spread of infectious diseases and maintain the structure of the society. In the absence of pharmaceutical interventions, these containment methods have still been used nowadays to control COVID-19 pandemic. Global surveillance programs of water-borne pathogens, vector-borne diseases and zoonotic spillovers at the animal-human interface are of prime importance to rapidly detect the emergence of infectious threats. Novel technologies for rapid diagnostic testing, contact tracing, drug repurposing, biomarkers of disease severity as well as new platforms for the development and production of vaccines are needed for an effective response in case of pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- CHU de Québec - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Turner LD, Nielsen AL, Lin L, Pellett S, Sugane T, Olson ME, Janda KD. COVALENT INHIBITION OF BOTULINUM NEUROTOXIN A - EXPLORATION OF WARHEAD REACTIVITY AND FUNCTION USING A BIFUNCTIONAL APPROACH. Toxicon 2021; 190:S72-S73. [PMID: 34103769 PMCID: PMC8183569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is extremely toxic possessing an estimated intravenous LD50 of 1-2 ng/kg and as such has been designated a category A bioterrorism agent.1, 2 BoNT/A also possesses an extremely long half-life and persists within muscle neurons for months to >1 year.3 Because of BoNT/A longevity, we have utilized covalent inhibition as a means to abrogate BoNT/A's toxicity. To this end, we describe an approach to designing inhibitors that possess both electrophilic warheads and metal-binding groups for the bifunctional inhibition of BoNT/A. METHODS Small molecule inhibitors that possessed electrophilic moieties were designed, using X-ray crystallography as guidance, to target both the zinc metal-binding region and Cys165 within the active site of BoNT/A. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for covalent inhibition using a continuous SNAPtide FRET assay4 and exhaustive dialysis. Compounds were also evaluated against a C165A variant. Compound reactivity, stability, MMP selectivity and cellular efficacy/toxicity was also evaluated. RESULTS Several electrophilic warhead types were confirmed to inhibit BoNT/A LC covalently with substantial differences in time-dependent inhibition between the WT and C165A variant. A trend in warhead reactivity was reflected in inhibitor stability and toxicity. Compounds exhibited moderate potency in a BoNT/A neuronal cellular assay but were not further explored due to undesirable therapeutic potential. CONCLUSIONS A fundamental framework for the bifunctional covalent inhibition of BoNT/A LC has been established. This approach has potential to be translated to other small molecule metal-binding inhibitors of BoNT/A LC with the vision that different pharmacophores, possessing improved physicochemical properties, will address BoNT/As toxicity and longevity within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Alexander L. Nielsen
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucy Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Takashi Sugane
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E. Olson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|