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Ma XX, Xie HY, Hou PP, Wang XJ, Zhou W, Wang ZH. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 is Essential for Low-Normobaric Oxygen Treatment-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Protection Following Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2938-2948. [PMID: 37950788 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, leading to hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema. Normobaric oxygen (NBO) is a routine clinical treatment strategy for this condition. However, its neuroprotective effects remain controversial. This study investigated the effect of different NBO concentrations on I/R injury and explores the involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in the underlying mechanism. A mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, and an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model featuring mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) called bEnd.3, were used to investigate the effect of NBO on I/R injury. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer and Nrf2-knockdown by RNA were used to explore whether the Nrf2 pathway mediates the effect of NBO on cerebrovascular ECs. In the early stage of MCAO, 40% O2 NBO exposure significantly improved blood perfusion in the ischemic area and effectively relieved BBB permeability, cerebral edema, cerebral injury, and neurological function after MCAO. In the OGD model, 40% O2 NBO exposure significantly reduced apoptosis, inhibited ROS generation, reduced ER stress, upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, and stabilized the permeability of ECs. Blocking the Nrf2 pathway nullified the protective effect of 40% O2 NBO on ECs after OGD. Finally, our study confirmed that low concentrations of NBO have a neuroprotective effect on I/R by activating the Nrf2 pathway in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yi Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin-Pin Hou
- Central Laboratory, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen-Hong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Lochhead JJ, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. The role of oxidative stress in blood-brain barrier disruption during ischemic stroke: Antioxidants in clinical trials. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116186. [PMID: 38561092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability. Occlusion and reperfusion of cerebral blood vessels (i.e., ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to brain cell death and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via oxidative stress. BBB disruption influences the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke by contributing to cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and extravasation of circulating neurotoxic proteins. An improved understanding of mechanisms for ROS-associated alterations in BBB function during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can lead to improved treatment paradigms for ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, progress in developing ROS targeted therapeutics that are effective for stroke treatment has been slow. Here, we review how ROS are produced in response to I/R injury, their effects on BBB integrity (i.e., tight junction protein complexes, transporters), and the utilization of antioxidant treatments in ischemic stroke clinical trials. Overall, knowledge in this area provides a strong translational framework for discovery of novel drugs for stroke and/or improved strategies to mitigate I/R injury in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Lochhead
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Wongsawatkul O, Buachan P, Jaisin Y, Busarakumtragul P, Chainakul S, Watanapokasin R, Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. Effects of barakol from Cassia siamea on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line: A potential combined therapy with doxorubicin. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24694. [PMID: 38318050 PMCID: PMC10839565 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Management of neuroblastoma is challenging because of poor response to drugs, chemotherapy resistance, high relapse, and treatment failures. Doxorubicin is a potent anticancer drug commonly used for neuroblastoma treatment. However, doxorubicin induces considerable toxicities, particularly those caused by oxidative-related damage. To minimize drug-induced adverse effects, the combined use of anticancer drugs with natural-derived compounds possessing antioxidant properties has become an interesting treatment strategy. Barakol is a major compound found in Cassia siamea, an edible plant with antioxidant and anticancer properties. Therefore, barakol could potentially be used in combination with doxorubicin to synergize the anticancer effect, while minimizing the oxidative-related toxicities. Herein, the potential of barakol (0.0043-43.0 μM) to synergize the anticancer effect of low-dose doxorubicin (0.5 and 1.0 μM) was investigated. Results indicated that barakol could enhance the cytotoxic effect of low-dose doxorubicin by affecting the cell viability of the treated cells. Furthermore, the co-treatment with barakol and low-dose doxorubicin decreased the levels of intracellular ROS when compared with the control. Moreover, the antimetastatic effect of the barakol itself was studied through its ability to inhibit metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) activity and prevent cell migration. Results revealed that the barakol inhibited MMP-3 activity and prevented cell migration in time- and dose-dependent manners. Additionally, barakol was a non-cytotoxic agent against the normal tested cell line (MRC-5), which suggested its selectivity and safety. Taken together, barakol could be a promising compound to be further developed for combination treatment with low-dose doxorubicin to improve therapeutic effectiveness but decrease drug-induced toxicities. The inhibitory effects of barakol on MMP-3 activity and cancer cell migration also supported its potential to be developed as an antimetastatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orapin Wongsawatkul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Paiwan Buachan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Yamaratee Jaisin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Panaree Busarakumtragul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Sunan Chainakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
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Liu Z, Xia Q, Ma D, Wang Z, Li L, Han M, Yin X, Ji X, Wang S, Xin T. Biomimetic nanoparticles in ischemic stroke therapy. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:40. [PMID: 36969494 PMCID: PMC10027986 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Ischemic stroke is one of the most severe neurological disorders with limited therapeutic strategies. The utilization of nanoparticle drug delivery systems is a burgeoning field and has been widely investigated. Among these, biomimetic drug delivery systems composed of biogenic membrane components and synthetic nanoparticles have been extensively highlighted in recent years. Biomimetic membrane camouflage presents an effective strategy to prolong circulation, reduce immunogenicity and enhance targeting. For one thing, biomimetic nanoparticles reserve the physical and chemical properties of intrinsic nanoparticle. For another, the biological functions of original source cells are completely inherited. Compared to conventional surface modification methods, this approach is more convenient and biocompatible. In this review, membrane-based nanoparticles derived from different donor cells were exemplified. The prospect of future biomimetic nanoparticles in ischemic stroke therapy was discussed. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Qian Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Dengzhen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Zhihai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Longji Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Min Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Xiaoshuai Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021 Shandong China
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014 China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China
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Younis NS, Mohamed ME. Anethole Pretreatment Modulates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion: The Role of JNK, p38, MMP-2 and MMP-9 Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030442. [PMID: 36986541 PMCID: PMC10057436 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anethole (AN) is one of the major constituents of several plant oils, demonstrating plentiful pharmacological actions. Ischemic stroke is the main cause of morbidity and death worldwide, particularly since ischemic stroke therapeutic choices are inadequate and limited; thus, the development of new therapeutic options is indispensable. This study was planned to explore the preventive actions of AN in ameliorating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain damage and BBB permeability leakage, as well as to explore anethole’s potential mechanisms of action. The proposed mechanisms included modulating JNK and p38 as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 pathways. Sprague–Dawley male rats were randomly assigned into four groups: sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), AN125 + MCAO, and AN250 + MCAO. Animals in the third and fourth groups were pretreated with AN 125 or 250 mg/kg orally, respectively, for two weeks before performing middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral ischemic/reperfusion surgery. Animals that experienced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion exhibited amplified infarct volume, Evans blue intensity, brain water content, Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells, severe neurological deficits, and numerous histopathological alterations. MCAO animals exhibited elevated MMP-9 and MMP-2 gene expressions, enzyme activities, augmented JNK, and p38 phosphorylation. On the other hand, pretreatment with AN diminished the infarct volume, Evans blue dye intensity, brain water content, and Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells, improved the neurological score and enhanced histopathological examination. AN effectively lowered MMP-9 and MMP-2 gene expression and enzyme activities and diminished phosphorylated JNK, p38. AN decreased MDA content, amplified GSH/GSSG ratio, SOD, and CAT, decreased the serum and brain tissue homogenate inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), NF-κB, and deterred the apoptotic status. This study revealed the neuroprotective ability of AN against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. AN boosted blood–brain barrier integrity via modulating MMPs and diminished oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through the JNK/p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S. Younis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Maged E. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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6
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Bhide K, Mochnáčová E, Tkáčová Z, Petroušková P, Kulkarni A, Bhide M. Signaling events evoked by domain III of envelop glycoprotein of tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8863. [PMID: 35614140 PMCID: PMC9133079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus can cross the blood–brain barrier via hematogenous route. The attachment of a virion to the cells of a neurovascular unit, which is mediated by domain III of glycoprotein E, initiates a series of events that may aid viral entry. Thus, we sought to uncover the post-attachment biological events elicited in brain microvascular endothelial cells by domain III. RNA sequencing of cells treated with DIII of TBEV and WNV showed significant alteration in the expression of 309 and 1076 genes, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed activation of the TAM receptor pathway. Several genes that regulate tight-junction integrity were also activated, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, cell-adhesion molecules, claudins, and matrix metalloprotease (mainly ADAM17). Results also indicate activation of a pro-apoptotic pathway. TLR2 was upregulated in both cases, but MyD88 was not. In the case of TBEV DIII, a MyD88 independent pathway was activated. Furthermore, both cases showed dramatic dysregulation of IFN and IFN-induced genes. Results strongly suggest that the virus contact to the cell surface emanates a series of events namely viral attachment and diffusion, breakdown of tight junctions, induction of virus uptake, apoptosis, reorganization of the extracellular-matrix, and activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic. .,Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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7
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Feng JH, Hu XL, Lv XY, Hong Y, Zhang YH, Long H, Wang R, Wang JJ, Xiong F, Wang H. 4-Trifluoromethyl-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-4-F-phenylalanine acid exerts its effects on the prevention, post-therapeutic and prolongation of the thrombolytic window in ischemia-reperfusion rats through multiple mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106182. [PMID: 35304259 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The severe sequelae caused by ischemic thrombolysis and the narrow time window are now the main clinical challenges. Our previous study has reported 4-Trifluoromethyl-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-4-F-phenylalanine Acid (AE-18) was a promising candidate for Parkinson's Disease. In this study, the preventive and therapeutic effects of AE-18 on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the mechanisms are explored. In oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced well-differentiated PC12 cells model, AE-18 (10 or 20 μM) can significantly reduce nerve damage when administered before or after molding. In middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model, pre-modelling, or post-modelling administration of AE-18 (5 or 10 mg/kg) was effective in reducing neurological damage, decreasing infarct volume and improving motor disturbances. In addition, AE-18 (5 mg/kg) given by intravenous injection immediately after occlusion significantly reduce the infarct volume caused by reperfusion for different durations, indicating that AE-18 could extend the time window of thrombolytic therapy. Further studies demonstrate that AE-18 exerts the effects in the prevention, treatment, and prolongation of the time window of cerebral ischemic injury mainly through inhibiting excitotoxicity and improving BBB permeability, VEGF and BDNF. These results suggest that AE-18 is a good candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Yu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hao Zhang
- Department of Biological sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Kalra S, Banderwal R, Arora K, Kumar S, Singh G, Chawla PA, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Aleya L, Dhiman A. An update on pathophysiology and treatment of sports-mediated brain injury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16786-16798. [PMID: 34994929 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neurological disorder which represents a major health issue worldwide. It causes mortality and disability among all group ages, caused by external force, sports-related events or violence and road traffic accidents. In the USA, approximately one-third people die annually due to injury and 1.7 million people suffer from traumatic brain injury. Every year in India around 1.6 million individuals suffer from sustain brain injury with 200,000 deaths and approximately one million person needed recovery treatment at any stage of time. Sports-related head impact and trauma has become an extremely controversial public health and medico-legal problem that accounts for 20% of all brain injury (including concussion). It is difficult to reverse the primary injury but the secondary injury can be minimized by using proper pharmacological intervention during the initial hours of injury. This article highlights the pathophysiology and types of TBI along with treatment therapies. Till date, there is no single medication that can decrease the progression of the disease so that symptomatic treatment is given to the patient by determining proper pathology. Recently various herbal medicine therapies and traditional supplements have been developed for TBI. Nutritional supplementation and nutraceuticals have exposed potential in the treatment of TBI when used before and after TBI. The compiled data will enable the readers to know the pathophysiology as well as the allopathic and natural remedies to treat the TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunishtha Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rittu Banderwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Kaushal Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Anju Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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9
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Carnosine Protects against Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Inhibiting Matrix-Metalloproteinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147495. [PMID: 34299128 PMCID: PMC8306548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. However, treatment options for ischemic stroke remain limited. Matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to brain damage during ischemic strokes by disrupting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causing brain edemas. Carnosine, an endogenous dipeptide, was found by us and others to be protective against ischemic brain injury. In this study, we investigated whether carnosine influences MMP activity. Brain MMP levels and activity were measured by gelatin zymography after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) in rats and in vitro enzyme assays. Carnosine significantly reduced infarct volume and edema. Gelatin zymography and in vitro enzyme assays showed that carnosine inhibited brain MMPs. We showed that carnosine inhibited both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity by chelating zinc. Carnosine also reduced the ischemia-mediated degradation of the tight junction proteins that comprise the BBB. In summary, our findings show that carnosine inhibits MMP activity by chelating zinc, an essential MMP co-factor, resulting in the reduction of edema and brain injury. We believe that our findings shed new light on the neuroprotective mechanism of carnosine against ischemic brain damage.
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10
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Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Petiz LL, Andrejew R, Turrini N, Silva JB, Sack U, Ulrich H. Role of P2X7 Receptors in Immune Responses During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:662935. [PMID: 34122013 PMCID: PMC8187565 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.662935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are ion-gated channels activated by ATP. Under pathological conditions, the extensive release of ATP induces sustained P2X7 receptor activation, culminating in induction of proinflammatory pathways with inflammasome assembly and cytokine release. These inflammatory conditions, whether occurring peripherally or in the central nervous system (CNS), increase blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability. Besides its well-known involvement in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, the P2X7 receptor may induce BBB disruption and chemotaxis of peripheral immune cells to the CNS, resulting in brain parenchyma infiltration. For instance, despite common effects on cytokine release, P2X7 receptor signaling is also associated with metalloproteinase secretion and activation, as well as migration and differentiation of T lymphocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. Here we highlight that peripheral immune cells mediate the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, mainly through T lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. We propose that P2X7 receptor activation contributes to neurodegenerative disease progression beyond its known effects on the CNS. This review discusses how P2X7 receptor activation mediates responses of peripheral immune cells within the inflamed CNS, as occurring in the aforementioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Turrini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Bezerra Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Hoque MM, Abdelazim H, Jenkins-Houk C, Wright D, Patel BM, Chappell JC. The cerebral microvasculature: Basic and clinical perspectives on stroke and glioma. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12671. [PMID: 33171539 PMCID: PMC11064683 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular networks are vital components of the cardiovascular system, performing many key roles in maintaining the health and homeostasis of the tissues and organs in which they develop. As discussed in this review, the molecular and cellular components within the microcirculation orchestrate critical processes to establish functional capillary beds, including organization of endothelial cell (EC) polarity, guiding investment of vascular pericytes (PCs), and building the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) that comprises the vascular basement membrane (vBM). Herein, we further discuss the unique features of the microvasculature in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing on the cells contributing to the neurovascular unit (NVU) that form and maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB). With a focus on vascular PCs, we offer basic and clinical perspectives on neurovascular-related pathologies that involve defects within the cerebral microvasculature. Specifically, we present microvascular anomalies associated with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) including defects in vascular-immune cell interactions and associated clinical therapies targeting microvessels (ie, vascular-disrupting/anti-angiogenic agents and focused ultrasound). We also discuss the involvement of the microcirculation in stroke responses and potential therapeutic approaches. Our goal was to compare the cellular and molecular changes that occur in the microvasculature and NVU, and to provide a commentary on factors driving disease progression in GBM and stroke. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on the importance of microcirculation research in developing clinical treatments for these devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf M. Hoque
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hanaa Abdelazim
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Dawn Wright
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Biraj M. Patel
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
- Department of Radiology, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - John C. Chappell
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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12
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Chen H, Guan B, Chen S, Yang D, Shen J. Peroxynitrite activates NLRP3 inflammasome and contributes to hemorrhagic transformation and poor outcome in ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:171-183. [PMID: 33515754 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to test the hypothesis that peroxynitrite-mediated inflammasome activation could be a crucial player in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and poor outcome in ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia. We used an experimental rat stroke model subjected to 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion plus 24 h or 7 days of reperfusion with or without acute hyperglycemia. We detected the production of peroxynitrite, the expression of NADPH oxidase, iNOS, MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome in the ischemic brains, and evaluated infarct volume, brain edema, HT, neurological deficit score and survival rates. Our results show that: (1) Hyperglycemia increased the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox and p67phox, and iNOS, and the production of peroxynitrite. (2) Hyperglycemia increased infarct volume, aggravated the BBB hyperpermeability, induced brain edema and HT, and worsened neurological outcomes. These brain damages and poor outcome were reversed by the treatments of FeTmPyP (a representative peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, PDC), peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid, and iNOS inhibitor 1400W. Furthermore, the activations of MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome including pro/active-caspase-1 and IL-1β were inhibited both PDC and 1400W, indicating the roles of peroxynitrite in the inductions of MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome in the ischemic brains under hyperglycemia. (3) NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950, caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 and IL-1β inhibitor diacerein attenuated brain edema, minimized hemorrhagic transformation and improved neurological outcome, demonstrating the roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in the hyperglycemia-mediated HT and poor outcome in the ischemic stroke rats with acute hyperglycemia. In conclusion, peroxynitrite could mediate activations of MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome, aggravate the BBB damage and HT, and induce poor outcome in ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia. Therefore, targeting peroxynitrite-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome could be a promising strategy for ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China.
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13
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Syahrul S, Maliga HA, Ilmawan M, Fahriani M, Mamada SS, Fajar JK, Frediansyah A, Syahrul FN, Imran I, Haris S, Rambe AS, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Nainu F, Mutiawati E, Harapan H. Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2021; 10:34. [PMID: 33708378 PMCID: PMC7934095 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.42308.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study, we aimed to determine the global prevalence, chronological order of symptom appearance, and mortality rates with regard to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to discuss possible pathogeneses of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with the disease. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published up to November 8, 2020. Data regarding study characteristics, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and COVID-19 were retrieved in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence and mortality rate of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke were calculated. Results: The pooled estimate of prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.46% (95% CI 0.40%–0.53%;
I
2=89.81%) among 67,155 COVID-19 patients and that of ischemic stroke was 1.11% (95% CI 1.03%–1.22%;
I
2=94.07%) among 58,104 COVID-19 patients. Ischemic stroke was more predominant (incidence: 71.58%) than hemorrhagic stroke (incidence: 28.42%) in COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke. In COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke, hospital admission with respiratory symptoms was more commonly reported than that with neurological symptoms (20.83% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.51% for ischemic stroke versus
6.94% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.33% for ischemic stroke, respectively). The pooled mortality rate of COVID-19 patients who experienced a hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was 44.72% (95% CI 36.73%–52.98%) and 36.23% (95% CI 30.63%–42.24%), respectively. Conclusions: Although the occurrence of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke is low, the mortality rates of both stroke types in patients with COVID-19 are concerning, and therefore, despite several potential pathogeneses that have been proposed, studies aimed at definitively elucidating the mechanisms of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with COVID-19 are warranted. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020224470 (04/12/20)
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahrul Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Ilmawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S Mamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia.,Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, 55861, Indonesia
| | - Faza Nabila Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Salim Haris
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Aldy Safruddin Rambe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Endang Mutiawati
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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14
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Pentz R, Iulita MF, Mikutra-Cencora M, Ducatenzeiler A, Bennett DA, Cuello AC. A new role for matrix metalloproteinase-3 in the NGF metabolic pathway: Proteolysis of mature NGF and sex-specific differences in the continuum of Alzheimer's pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 148:105150. [PMID: 33130223 PMCID: PMC7856186 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) has been associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study we introduce a novel role for MMP-3 in degrading nerve growth factor (NGF) in vivo and examine its mRNA and protein expression across the continuum of AD pathology. We provide evidence that MMP-3 participates in the degradation of mature NGF in vitro and in vivo and that it is secreted from the rat cerebral cortex in an activity-dependent manner. We show that cortical MMP-3 is upregulated in the McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic rat model of AD-like amyloidosis. A similar upregulation was found in AD and MCI brains as well as in cognitively normal individuals with elevated amyloid deposition. We also observed that frontal cortex MMP-3 protein levels are higher in males. MMP-3 protein correlated with more AD neuropathology, markers of NGF metabolism, and lower cognitive scores in males but not in females. These results suggest that MMP-3 upregulation in AD might contribute to NGF dysmetabolism, and therefore to cholinergic atrophy and cognitive deficits, in a sex-specific manner. MMP-3 should be further investigated as a biomarker candidate or as a therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Pentz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - M Florencia Iulita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maya Mikutra-Cencora
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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15
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Diabetes Mellitus/Poststroke Hyperglycemia: a Detrimental Factor for tPA Thrombolytic Stroke Therapy. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:416-427. [PMID: 33140258 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous administration of tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV tPA) therapy has long been considered a mainstay in ischemic stroke management. However, patients respond to IV tPA therapy unequally with some subsets of patients having worsened outcomes after treatment. In particular, diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as a clinically important vascular comorbidity that leads to lower recanalization rates and increased risks of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). In this short-review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in post-IV tPA worsening of outcome in diabetic stroke. Potential pathologic factors that are related to the suboptimal tPA recanalization in diabetic stroke include higher plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 level, diabetic atherogenic vascular damage, glycation of the tPA receptor annexin A2, and alterations in fibrin clot density. While factors contributing to the exacerbation of HT in diabetic stroke include hyperglycemia, vascular oxidative stress, and inflammation, tPA neurovascular toxicity and imbalance in extracellular proteolysis are discussed. Besides, impaired collaterals in DM also compromise the efficacy of IV tPA therapy. Additionally, several tPA combination approaches developed from experimental studies that may help to optimize IV tPA therapy are also briefly summarized. In summary, more research efforts are needed to improve the safety and efficacy of IV tPA therapy in ischemic stroke patients with DM/poststroke hyperglycemia.
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16
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Effect of blood pressure on early neurological deterioration of acute ischemic stroke patients with intravenous rt-PA thrombolysis may be mediated through oxidative stress induced blood-brain barrier disruption and AQP4 upregulation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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17
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Neganova ME, Aleksandrova YR, Nebogatikov VO, Klochkov SG, Ustyugov AA. Promising Molecular Targets for Pharmacological Therapy of Neurodegenerative Pathologies. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:60-80. [PMID: 33173597 PMCID: PMC7604899 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has to confront numerous problems occurring, in particular, because of attempts to address only one of the causes of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Recent advances in multitarget therapy research are gaining momentum by utilizing pharmacophores that simultaneously affect different pathological pathways in the neurodegeneration process. The application of such a therapeutic strategy not only involves the treatment of symptoms, but also mainly addresses prevention of the fundamental pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases and the reduction of cognitive abilities. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of the expression of histone deacetylases, and aggregation of pathogenic forms of proteins are among the most common and significant pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and highlight the main aspects, including reactive oxygen species, the cell endogenous antioxidant system, neuroinflammation triggers, metalloproteinases, α-synuclein, tau proteins, neuromelanin, histone deacetylases, presenilins, etc. The processes and molecular targets discussed in this review could serve as a starting point for screening leader compounds that could help prevent or slow down the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - Yu. R. Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - V. O. Nebogatikov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - S. G. Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - A. A. Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
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18
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Jeong DY, Jeong SY, Zhang T, Wu X, Qiu JY, Park S. Chungkookjang, a soy food, fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens protects gerbils against ishcmeic stroke injury, and post-stroke hyperglycemia. Food Res Int 2020; 128:108769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Dicarbonyl Stress and S-Glutathionylation in Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Focus on Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020124. [PMID: 32024152 PMCID: PMC7071005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicarbonyl stress is a dysfunctional state consisting in the abnormal accumulation of reactive α-oxaldehydes leading to increased protein modification. In cells, post-translational changes can also occur through S-glutathionylation, a highly conserved oxidative post-translational modification consisting of the formation of a mixed disulfide between glutathione and a protein cysteine residue. This review recapitulates the main findings supporting a role for dicarbonyl stress and S-glutathionylation in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases, with specific emphasis on cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), a vascular disease of proven genetic origin that may give rise to various clinical signs and symptoms at any age, including recurrent headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and intracerebral hemorrhage. A possible interplay between dicarbonyl stress and S-glutathionylation in CCM is also discussed.
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20
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Chen H, Guan B, Wang B, Pu H, Bai X, Chen X, Liu J, Li C, Qiu J, Yang D, Liu K, Wang Q, Qi S, Shen J. Glycyrrhizin Prevents Hemorrhagic Transformation and Improves Neurological Outcome in Ischemic Stroke with Delayed Thrombolysis Through Targeting Peroxynitrite-Mediated HMGB1 Signaling. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:967-982. [PMID: 31872339 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are important cytotoxic factors contributing to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the roles of ONOO- in mediating HMGB1 expression and its impacts on hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in ischemic brain injury with delayed t-PA treatment remain unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ONOO- could directly mediate the activation and release of HMGB1 in ischemic brains with delayed t-PA treatment. With clinical studies, we found that plasma nitrotyrosine (NT, a surrogate marker of ONOO-) was positively correlated with HMGB1 level in acute ischemic stroke patients. Hemorrhagic transformation and t-PA-treated ischemic stroke patients had increased levels of nitrotyrosine and HMGB1 in plasma. In animal experiments, we found that FeTmPyP, a representative ONOO- decomposition catalyst (PDC), significantly reduced the expression of HMGB1 and its receptor TLR2, and inhibited MMP-9 activation, preserved collagen IV and tight junction claudin-5 in ischemic rat brains with delayed t-PA treatment. ONOO- donor SIN-1 directly induced expression of HMGB1 and its receptor TLR2 in naive rat brains in vivo and induced HMGB1 in brain microvascular endothelial b.End3 cells in vitro. Those results suggest that ONOO- could activate HMGB1/TLR2/MMP-9 signaling. We then addressed whether glycyrrhizin, a natural HMGB1 inhibitor, could inhibit ONOO- production and the antioxidant properties of glycyrrhizin contribute to the inhibition of HMGB1 and the neuroprotective effects on attenuating hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke with delayed t-PA treatment. Glycyrrhizin treatment downregulated the expressions of NADPH oxidase p47 phox and p67 phox and iNOS, inhibited superoxide and ONOO- production, reduced the expression of HMGB1, TLR2, MMP-9, preserved type IV collagen and claudin-5 in ischemic brains. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin significantly decreased the mortality rate, attenuated hemorrhagic transformation, brain swelling, blood-brain barrier damage, neuronal apoptosis, and improved neurological outcomes in the ischemic stroke rat model with delayed t-PA treatment. In conclusion, peroxynitrite-mediated HMGB1/TLR2 signaling contributes to hemorrhagic transformation, and glycyrrhizin could be a potential adjuvant therapy to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation, possibly through inhibiting the ONOO-/HMGB1/TLR2 signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Haiwei Pu
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiming Li
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Institution of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,Institution of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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You M, Miao Z, Pan Y, Hu F. Trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid alleviates LPS-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction by activating the AMPK/PI3K/AKT pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Opdenakker G, Abu El-Asrar A. Metalloproteinases mediate diabetes-induced retinal neuropathy and vasculopathy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3157-3166. [PMID: 31183508 PMCID: PMC11105743 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and related metalloproteinases with a disintegrin domain (ADAMs) have become interesting probes and targets in eye diseases, including diabetic retinopathy. We here summarize recent data about MMPs and ADAMs in retinopathies. Retinal diseases range from rare genetic afflictions to diabetic retinopathy, the latter of which is reaching epidemic proportions. MMPs and ADAMs play roles in normal eye development and in disease states, not only in local proteolysis but also signaling functions mediated by specific protein domains, interacting with cell surface receptors. In proliferative diabetic retinopathy, inflammation, hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor and oxidative stress collectively stimulate the production, activation and signaling functions of pro-MMP-9. This leads to angiogenesis, destruction of neuroprotective prominin-1, loss of photoreceptors and blood-retina barrier breakdown. Biological inhibition of proteolysis and control of signaling functions are executed by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). Angiogenic, inflammatory and fibrotic reactions, in which MMPs, ADAMs and TIMPs are involved, co-determine common eye diseases. Therefore, visions about the use of these proteases as biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic inhibitors, including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, may lead to breakthroughs in tissue regeneration, maintenance of photoreceptors and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain Opdenakker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ahmed Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Rhiyad, Saudi Arabia
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Scicchitano P, Cortese F, Gesualdo M, De Palo M, Massari F, Giordano P, Ciccone MM. The role of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in cerebrovascular diseases. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:579-595. [PMID: 31106620 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1620939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Scicchitano
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital “F. Perinei”, Altamura, Italy
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortese
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Micaela De Palo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mater Dei Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology – Paediatric Unit, Policlinico Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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24
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Tsoi B, Chen X, Gao C, Wang S, Yuen SC, Yang D, Shen J. Neuroprotective Effects and Hepatorenal Toxicity of Angong Niuhuang Wan Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Brain Injury in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:593. [PMID: 31191319 PMCID: PMC6548905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angong Niuhuang Wan (AGNHW) is a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for stroke treatment, but its efficacies remain to be confirmed. With its arsenic- and mercury-containing materials, the application of AGNHW raises great safety concerns. Herein, we aim to explore the neuropharmacological effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and evaluate the toxicological effects of AGNHW for better use. Male SD rats were subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and following 22 h of reperfusion. AGNHW (257 mg/kg, 1× AGNHW) were orally administered for pharmacological effects and 257, 514, and 1,028 mg/kg (equivalent to 1×, 2×, 4× AGNHW) were used for the toxicological study. The results revealed that AGNHW treatment reduced the infarct size and protected the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in the MCAO rat ischemic stroke model. AGNHW treatment up-regulated bcl-2 expression and down-regulated the expressions of Bax, p47phox, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and inhibited the expressions and activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and reserved tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5 in the ischemic brains. These results indicated that the neuroprotective mechanisms of AGNHW could be associated with its antioxidant properties by inhibiting oxidative/nitrative stress-mediated MMP activation and protecting tight junction proteins in the ischemic brains. Administration of 1× AGNHW for 7 days would not induce the accumulation of mercury in blood, liver, and kidney at day 14. Administration of 2× AGNHW and 4× AGNHW for 7 days increased the level of mercury in the kidney. For arsenic level, administration of 1× AGNHW for 7 days would increase the level of arsenic in the liver and blood without increase of arsenic in the kidney at day 14. Administration of 2× AGNHW and 4× AGNHW for 7 days would further increase the level of arsenic in the liver and blood. There is no influence on body weight, organ index, histological structures, and renal and liver functions. These results suggest that short-term treatment of AGNHW within 1 week should be safe and has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bun Tsoi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chong Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Songlin Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sau Chu Yuen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Depo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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25
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Sidorov E, Sanghera DK, Vanamala JKP. Biomarker for Ischemic Stroke Using Metabolome: A Clinician Perspective. J Stroke 2019; 21:31-41. [PMID: 30732441 PMCID: PMC6372900 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2018.03454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding ischemic stroke biomarker is highly desirable because it can improve diagnosis even before a patient arrives to the hospital. Metabolome is one of new technologies that help to find biomarkers. Most metabolome-related ischemic stroke studies were done in Asia and had exploratory designs. Although failed to find specific biomarkers, they discovered several important metabolite-stroke associations which belong to three pathophysiological mechanisms: Excitotoxicity with activation of glutamate, resulting in the increase of glutamate derivatives proline and pyroglutamate; Oxidative stress with production of free radicals and perturbed concentrations of uric acid, matrix metalloproteinase-9, branch-chained amino acids, sphingolipids, homocysteine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, nitric oxide and folate cycle metabolites; and Stroke mediated inflammation, affecting phospholipid metabolism with perturbed levels of lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine. The discovered metabolite-stroke associations need further evaluation in prospective, high-quality studies with patients matched for age, risk factors, and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Sidorov
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jairam K P Vanamala
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Food Science/Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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26
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Wang T, Fu W, Song S, Han Y, Yao L, Lu Y, Zheng J, Wang J. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene polymorphisms and their interaction with environment on subarachnoid hemorrhage risk. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 243:749-753. [PMID: 29763368 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218775042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the relations of three single nucleotide polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene, and single nucleotide polymorphisms-smoking interaction to subarachnoid hemorrhage risk. The optimal pattern of the interaction among single nucleotide polymorphisms and smoking was selected by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. The association between the three single nucleotide polymorphisms within the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene was analyzed by logistic regression test. As well as genetic risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage interactions with smoking, the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage in carriers with the rs3918242 (T) was significantly higher than in carriers carrying CC (genotype: CT + TT vs. CC), adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.58 (1.25-2.03), and in carriers carrying rs17576- (genotype: AG + GG vs. AA), adjust OR (95% CI) = 1.62 (1.19-2.13). However, after adjusting for covariates, we did not find any direct association between rs17577 and subarachnoid hemorrhage risk. The generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction model shows a potential relation between rs3918242 and smoking risk for subarachnoid hemorrhage ( P = 0.0010). After covariates adjustment, current smokers with rs3918242-CT or TT genotype, compared to never-smokers with rs3918242-CC genotype, OR (95% CI) = 2.57 (1.74-3.46), have a higher subarachnoid hemorrhage risk. Our study showed that the rs3918242 (T) and rs17576 (G), the cross reaction between rs3918242 and smoking increased the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Impact statement Matrix metalloproteinase-9 ( MMP-9) is a possible candidate gene for some diseases, including metabolic syndrome, stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD). But to date, limited data focused on the relationship between MMP-9 gene SNPs and SAH susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SNPs of MMP-9 gene and their interaction with environmental factors with SAH risk based on a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- 1 Department of Ultrasonography, the Affiliated Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Wanxing Fu
- 2 Office of Student Affairs, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Shuang Song
- 1 Department of Ultrasonography, the Affiliated Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Yanlong Han
- 3 Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Lihong Yao
- 1 Department of Ultrasonography, the Affiliated Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Youkui Lu
- 4 Department of Endocrinology Two, the first People's Hospital of Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Junshuai Zheng
- 4 Department of Endocrinology Two, the first People's Hospital of Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Jing Wang
- 3 Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
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Pharmacodynamic Effect of Luteolin Micelles on Alleviating Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040248. [PMID: 30501051 PMCID: PMC6320772 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are important mechanisms of cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Luteolin (Lu), one of the major active components in the classical Tibetan prescription, which has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases since 700 BC, has potential for IR injury therapy. Its hydrophobicity has impeded its further applications. In this study, we first prepared Lu micelles (M-Lu) by self-assembling with an amphiphilic copolymer via the thin film hydration method to improve the dispersion of Lu in water. The obtained M-Lu was about 30 nm, with a narrow particle size distribution, and a 5% (w/w) of Lu. The bioavailability of the micelles was further evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Compared to free Lu, M-Lu had a better penetration efficiency, which enhanced its therapeutic effect in IR injury restoration. M-Lu further strengthened the protection of nerve cells through the nuclear factor-κ-gene binding κ (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways and inhibited the apoptosis of cells by adjusting the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in the case of oxidative stress damage. M-Lu induced stem cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells to promote the repair and regeneration of neurons. The results of in vivo pharmacodynamics of Lu on occlusion of the middle cerebral artery model further demonstrated that M-Lu better inhibited inflammation and the oxidative stress response by the down-regulation of the inflammatory cytokine, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, and the up-regulation of the activity of anti-oxidant kinase, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), which further ameliorated the degree of IR injury. The M-Lu could be a new strategy for IR injury therapy.
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Shen Y, Gu J, Liu Z, Xu C, Qian S, Zhang X, Zhou B, Guan Q, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jin X. Inhibition of HIF-1α Reduced Blood Brain Barrier Damage by Regulating MMP-2 and VEGF During Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:288. [PMID: 30233326 PMCID: PMC6132021 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase of blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability after acute ischemia stroke is a predictor to intracerebral hemorrhage transformation (HT) for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) thrombolysis and post-endovascular treatment. Previous studies showed that 2-h ischemia induced damage of BBB integrity and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) made major contribution to this disruption. A recent study showed that blocking β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) alleviated ischemia-induced BBB injury by reducing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) level. In this study, we sought to investigate the interaction of HIF-1α with MMP-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in BBB injury after acute ischemia stroke. Rat suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used to mimic ischemia condition. Our results showed that ischemia produced BBB damage and MMP-2/9 upregulation was colocalized with Rhodamine-dextran leakage. Pretreatment with YC-1, a HIF-1α inhibitor, alleviated 2-h ischemia-induced BBB injury significantly accompanied by decrease of MMP-2 upregulation. In addition, YC-1 also prevented VEGF-induced BBB damage. Of note, VEGF was shown to be colocalized with neurons but not astrocytes. Taken together, BBB damage was reduced by inhibition of interaction of HIF-1α with MMP-2 and VEGF during acute cerebral ischemia. These findings provide mechanisms underlying BBB damage after acute ischemia stroke and may help reduce thrombolysis- and post-endovascular treatment-related cerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jingxia Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ziyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing City, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Congying Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shuxia Qian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Beiqun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiaobing Guan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yanyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research and Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research and Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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29
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Sarami Foroshani M, Sobhani ZS, Mohammadi MT, Aryafar M. Fullerenol Nanoparticles Decrease Blood-Brain Barrier Interruption and Brain Edema during Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Probably by Reduction of Interleukin-6 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Transcription. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3053-3065. [PMID: 30093209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to examine the protective role of fullerenol nanoparticles against blood-brain barrier (BBB) interruption and brain edema during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury probably by reduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) transcription. METHODS The male Wistar rats (weighting 280-320 g) were randomly assigned into four groups as follows: sham, control ischemic, pretreated ischemic, and posttreated ischemic groups. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury was performed by occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) for 90 minutes followed by twenty-four hours reperfusion. Rats were administered fullerenol 5mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 30 minutes before induction of IR in pretreated ischemic group and immediately after termination of MCA occlusion in posttreated ischemic group. After twenty-four hours reperfusion, the method of Evans blue dye extravasation (EBE) and RT-PCR were used for determination of BBB permeability and mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 and IL-6, respectively. Neuronal deficit score (NDS) and edema of the ischemic hemispheres were also evaluated. RESULTS MCA occlusion increased NDS in control ischemic rats (3.16 ± 0.16) with concomitant increase in EBE (15.30 ± 3.98µg/g) and edema (3.53 ± 0.50%). Fullerenol in both pretreated and posttreated ischemic groups reduced NDS (36% and 68%, respectively), EBE (89% and 91%, respectively) and edema (53% and 81%, respectively). Although MCA occlusion increased the mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 and IL-6 in ischemic hemispheres, fullerenol in both treatment groups noticeably decreased the mRNA expression levels of these genes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, fullerenol nanoparticles can protect BBB integrity and attenuate brain edema after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury possibly by reduction of IL-6 and MMP-9 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sarami Foroshani
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of New Sciences and Technology, Islamic Aazad University Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Tehran
| | - Zeinab Sadat Sobhani
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of New Sciences and Technology, Islamic Aazad University Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Tehran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masiha Aryafar
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of New Sciences and Technology, Islamic Aazad University Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Tehran
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30
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Thurgur H, Pinteaux E. Microglia in the Neurovascular Unit: Blood-Brain Barrier-microglia Interactions After Central Nervous System Disorders. Neuroscience 2018; 405:55-67. [PMID: 31007172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, microglial cells have been regarded as the main executor of inflammation after acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) disorders, responding rapidly to exogenous stimuli during acute trauma or infections, or signals released by cells undergoing cell death during conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Barriers of the nervous system, and in particular the blood-brain barrier (BBB), play a key role in the normal physiological and cognitive functions of the brain. Being at the interface between the central and peripheral compartment, the BBB is regarded as a sensor of homeostasis, and any disruption within the brain or the systemic compartment triggers BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation, both contributing to the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease. This involves a dynamic response mediated by all components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), and ongoing research suggests that BBB-microglia interaction is critical to dictate the microglial response to NVU injury. The present review aims to give an up-to-date account of the emerging critical role of BBB-microglia interactions during neuroinflammation, and how these could be targeted for the therapeutic treatment of major central inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Thurgur
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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31
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Misra S, Talwar P, Kumar A, Kumar P, Sagar R, Vibha D, Pandit AK, Gulati A, Kushwaha S, Prasad K. Association between matrix metalloproteinase family gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 studies. Gene 2018; 672:180-194. [PMID: 29906531 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is a complex and devastating vascular disease that has become one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Several studies have shown the association between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family gene polymorphisms and IS. However, the results have been indecisive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between Matrix Metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms and risk of IS. METHODS A literature search for eligible candidate gene studies published before, 28 June 2017, was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases. The following combinations of main keywords were used: ('Matrix Metalloproteinase' or 'MMP' or 'Stromelysin-1' or 'Gelatinase b') AND ('ischemic stroke' or 'IS') AND ('single nucleotide polymorphism' or 'gene polymorphism' or 'SNP'). Fixed or random effects models were used to estimate the Pooled Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical analysis was carried out by using STATA version 13.0 software. RESULTS Total 29 studies were included in our meta-analysis. A significant association was observed for MMP-9 (-1562C/T) (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.53; p value = 0.01) and MMP-12 (-1082 A/G) (OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.75 to 3.71; p value<0.001) gene polymorphisms and risk of IS. No significant association was found for any of the MMP-1(-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306C/T) & (-735C/T) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) gene polymorphisms with the risk of IS. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggests that MMP-9 (-1562C/T) and MMP-12 (-1082 A/G) gene polymorphisms could be a risk factor for IS while MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306C/T) & (-735C/T) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) have no association with the risk of causing IS. However, large prospective studies with sufficient power are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Misra
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pumanshi Talwar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Paediatrics, Army Hospital Research & Referral, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Vibha
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Awadh K Pandit
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arti Gulati
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: The Role of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2596043. [PMID: 29743976 PMCID: PMC5883936 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2596043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke has become a more common disease worldwide. Despite great efforts to develop treatment, little is known about ischemic stroke. Cerebral ischemia activates multiple cascades of cell type-specific pathomechanisms. Ischemic brain injury consists of a complex series of cellular reactions in various cell types within the central nervous system (CNS) including platelets, endothelial cells, astrocytes, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and neurons. Diverse cellular changes after ischemic injury are likely to induce cell death and tissue damage in the brain. Since cells in the brain exhibit different functional roles at distinct time points after injury (acute/subacute/chronic phases), it is difficult to pinpoint genuine roles of cell types after brain injury. Many experimental studies have shown the association of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) with cellular pathomechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Blockade of ASK1, by either pharmacological or genetic manipulation, leads to reduced ischemic brain injury and subsequent neuroprotective effects. In this review, we present the cell type-specific pathophysiology of the early phase of ischemic stroke, the role of ASK1 suggested by preclinical studies, and the potential use of ASK suppression, either by pharmacologic or genetic suppression, as a promising therapeutic option for ischemic stroke recovery.
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Zhang X, Fan Z, Jin T. Crocin protects against cerebral- ischemia-induced damage in aged rats through maintaining the integrity of blood-brain barrier. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:65-75. [PMID: 28059805 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A clear relationship exists between oxidative stress and disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) during cerebral ischemia, in which aging may exacerbate the extent of leakage. Here, we aim to examine the potential role of a water-soluble carotenoid-based antioxidant crocin on BBB damage in aged rats following cerebral ischemia. METHODS A two months oral administration of crocin was applied to 24-month-old rats followed by an induction of brain ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brain infarction volume, water content, and neurological behavior assessments were measured in these animals at 24 hours after MCAO as compared to vehicle-treated controls. Evans blue dye extravasation assay was used to evaluate the BBB integrity. The levels of tight junction proteins, oxidative stress, and MMP (matrix metalloproteinases) activities were also determined in the ipsilateral brains of the MCAO-treated rats. RESULTS MCAO-induced brain injury was alleviated by the pretreatment of crocin. Crocin-treated animals also showed the preserved BBB function in the presence of ischemic injury. The loss of tight junction proteins and enhanced NADPH oxidase in the ipsilateral brains of the MCAO-treated rats were both reduced by crocin. Finally, the induction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by cerebral ischemia was partially blocked by crocin in aged rats. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that crocin or related antioxidants may protect against cerebral ischemia of elderly patients by maintaining the integrity of BBB in aged rats, an effect likely through repressing the activation of matrix metalloproteinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ting Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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34
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Zhou YF, Li YN, Jin HJ, Wu JH, He QW, Wang XX, Lei H, Hu B. Sema4D/PlexinB1 inhibition ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage and improves outcome after stroke in rats. FASEB J 2018; 32:2181-2196. [PMID: 29242274 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700786rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory process in stroke is the major contributor to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Previous studies indicated that semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), an axon guidance molecule, initiated inflammatory microglial activation and disrupted endothelial function in the CNS. However, whether Sema4D disrupts BBB integrity after stroke remains unclear. To study the effect of Sema4D on BBB disruption in stroke, rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and targeted injection of lentivirus-mediated clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene disruption of PlexinB1. We found that Sema4D synchronously increased with BBB permeability and accumulated in the perivascular area after stroke. Suppressing Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling in the periinfarct cortex significantly decreased BBB permeability as detected by MRI and fibrin deposition, and thereby improved stroke outcome. In vitro, we confirmed that Sema4D disrupted BBB integrity and endothelial tight junctions. Moreover, we found that Sema4D induced pericytes to acquire a CD11b-positive phenotype and express proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, Sema4D inhibited AUF1-induced proinflammatory mRNA decay effect. Taken together, our data provides evidence that Sema4D disrupts BBB integrity and promotes an inflammatory response by binding to PlexinB1 in pericytes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Our study indicates that Sema4D may be a novel therapeutic target for treatment in the acute phase of stroke.-Zhou, Y.-F., Li, Y.-N., Jin, H.-J., Wu, J.-H., He, Q.-W., Wang, X.-X., Lei, H., Hu, B. Sema4D/PlexinB1 inhibition ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage and improves outcome after stroke in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie-Hong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Xia Wang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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The Role of Circular RNAs in Cerebral Ischemic Diseases: Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1087:309-325. [PMID: 30259377 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic diseases including ischemic stroke and cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury can result in serious dysfunction of the brain, which leads to extremely high mortality and disability. There are no effective therapeutics for cerebral ischemic diseases to date. Circular RNAs are a kind of newly investigated noncoding RNAs. It is reported that circular RNAs are enriched in multiple organs, especially abundant in the brain, which indicates that circular RNAs may be involved in cerebral physiological and pathological processes. In this chapter, we will firstly review the pathophysiology, underlying mechanisms, and current treatments of cerebral ischemic diseases including ischemic stroke and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Secondly, the characteristics and function of circular RNAs will be outlined, and then we are going to introduce the roles circular RNAs play in human diseases. Finally, we will summarize the function of circular RNAs in cerebral ischemic diseases.
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Chen H, Guan B, Chen X, Chen X, Li C, Qiu J, Yang D, Liu KJ, Qi S, Shen J. Baicalin Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation and Improves Neurological Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Rats with Delayed t-PA Treatment: Involvement of ONOO --MMP-9 Pathway. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:515-529. [PMID: 29275501 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has a restrictive therapeutic window within 4.5 h after ischemic stroke with the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity when it is used beyond the time window. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that baicalin, an active compound of medicinal plant, could attenuate HT in cerebral ischemia stroke with delayed t-PA treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 4.5 h and then continuously received t-PA infusion (10 mg/kg) for 0.5 h and followed by 19-h reperfusion. Baicalin (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) was administrated via femoral vein at 4.5 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Delayed t-PA infusion significantly increased the mortality rate, induced HT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, and apoptotic cell death in the ischemic brains and exacerbated neurological outcomes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats at 24 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Co-treatment of baicalin significantly reduced the mortality rates, ameliorated the t-PA-mediated BBB disruption and HT. Furthermore, baicalin showed to directly scavenge peroxynitrite and inhibit MMP-9 expression and activity in the ischemic brains with the delayed t-PA treatment. Baicalin had no effect on the t-PA fibrinolytic function indicated by t-PA activity assay. Taken together, baicalin could attenuate t-PA-mediated HT and improve the outcomes of ischemic stroke treatment possibly via inhibiting peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen Shi, China.,The 8th People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caiming Li
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Suhua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China. .,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Lv J, Hu W, Yang Z, Li T, Jiang S, Ma Z, Chen F, Yang Y. Focusing on claudin-5: A promising candidate in the regulation of BBB to treat ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:79-96. [PMID: 29217457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-5 is a tight junction (TJ) protein in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that has recently attracted increased attention. Numerous studies have demonstrated that claudin-5 regulates the integrity and permeability of the BBB. Increased claudin-5 expression plays a neuroprotective role in neurological diseases, particularly in cerebral ischemic stroke. Moreover, claudin-5 might be a potential marker for early hemorrhagic transformation detection in ischemic stroke. In light of the distinctive effects of claudin-5 on the nervous system, we present the elaborate network of roles that claudin-5 plays in ischemic stroke. In this review, we first introduce basic knowledge regarding the BBB and the claudin family, the characterization and regulation of claudin-5, and association between claudin-5 and other TJ proteins. Subsequently, we describe BBB dysfunction and neuron-specific drivers of pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, including inflammatory disequilibrium and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we summarize promising ischemic stroke treatments that target the BBB via claudin-5, including modified rt-PA therapy, pharmacotherapy, hormone treatment, receptor-targeted therapy, gene therapy, and physical therapy. This review highlights recent advances and provides a comprehensive summary of claudin-5 in the regulation of the BBB and may be helpful for drug design and clinical therapy for treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Sun Y, Chen X, Zhang X, Shen X, Wang M, Wang X, Liu WC, Liu CF, Liu J, Liu W, Jin X. β2-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated HIF-1α Upregulation Mediates Blood Brain Barrier Damage in Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:257. [PMID: 28855859 PMCID: PMC5558520 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) within the thrombolytic time window is an antecedent event to intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke. Our recent studies showed that 2-h cerebral ischemia induced BBB damage in non-infarcted area and secreted matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) accounted for this disruption. However, the factors that affect MMP-2 secretion and regulate BBB damage remains unknown. Since hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) was discovered as a mater regulator in hypoxia, we sought to investigate the roles of HIF-1α in BBB damage as well as the factors regulating HIF-1α expression in the ischemic brain. in vivo rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) models were used to mimic ischemia. Pretreatment with HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 significantly inhibited 2-h MCAO-induced BBB damage, which was accompanied by suppressed occludin degradation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA upregulation. Interestingly, β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) antagonist ICI 118551 attenuated ischemia-induced BBB damage by regulating HIF-1α expression. Double immunostaining showed that HIF-1α was upregulated in ischemic neurons but not in astrocytes andendothelial cells. Of note, HIF-1α inhibition with inhibitor YC-1 or siRNA significantly prevented OGD-induced VEGF upregulation as well as the secretion of VEGF and MMP-2 in neurons. More importantly, blocking β2-AR with ICI 118551 suppressedHIF-1α upregulation in ischemic neurons and attenuated occludin degradation induced by the conditioned media of OGD-treatedneurons. Taken together, blockade of β2-AR-mediated HIF-1α upregulation mediates BBB damage during acute cerebral ischemia. These findings provide new mechanistic understanding of early BBB damage in ischemic stroke and may help reduce thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Yantai University, Ministry of EducationYantai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- The People's Hospital of Baoan ShenzhenShenzhen, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Mengwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Yantai University, Ministry of EducationYantai, China
| | - Wen-Cao Liu
- Department of Emergency, Shanxi Provincial People's HospitalTaiyuan, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Yantai University, Ministry of EducationYantai, China
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Palus M, Vancova M, Sirmarova J, Elsterova J, Perner J, Ruzek D. Tick-borne encephalitis virus infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells without compromising blood-brain barrier integrity. Virology 2017; 507:110-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rubio-Araiz A, Porcu F, Pérez-Hernández M, García-Gutiérrez MS, Aracil-Fernández MA, Gutierrez-López MD, Guerri C, Manzanares J, O'Shea E, Colado MI. Disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity in postmortem alcoholic brain: preclinical evidence of TLR4 involvement from a binge-like drinking model. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1103-1116. [PMID: 26949123 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species are reported to be involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Because there is evidence that ethanol (EtOH) induces release of free radicals, cytokines and inflammatory mediators we examined BBB integrity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in postmortem human alcoholic brain and investigated the role of TLR4 signaling in BBB permeability in TLR4-knockout mice under a binge-like EtOH drinking protocol. Immunohistochemical studies showed reduced immunoreactivity of the basal lamina protein, collagen-IV and of the tight junction protein, claudin-5 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of alcoholics. There was also increased MMP-9 activity and expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p-38. Greater number of CD45+ IR cells were observed associated with an enhanced neuroinflammatory response reflected by increased GFAP and Iba-1 immunostaining. To further explore effects of high EtOH consumption on BBB integrity we studied TLR4-knockout mice exposed to the drinking in the dark paradigm. Repetitive EtOH exposure in wild-type mice decreased hippocampal expression of laminin and collagen-IV and increased IgG immunoreactivity, indicating IgG extravasation. Western blot analysis also revealed increased MyD88 and p-ERK1/2 levels. None of these changes was observed in TLR4-knockout mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that chronic EtOH increases degradation of tight junctions and extracellular matrix in postmortem human brain and induces a neuroinflammatory response associated with activation of ERK1/2 and p-38 and greater MMP-9 activity. The EtOH-induced effects on BBB impairment are not evident in the hippocampus of TLR4-knockout mice, suggesting the involvement of TLR4 signaling in the underlying mechanism leading to BBB disruption in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rubio-Araiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - Francesca Porcu
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - Mª Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Campus de San Juan; Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - María Auxiliadora Aracil-Fernández
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Campus de San Juan; Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - María Dolores Gutierrez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Departamento de Patología Celular; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Campus de San Juan; Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - Esther O'Shea
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
| | - María Isabel Colado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre; Spain
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spain
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Liu WC, Wang X, Zhang X, Chen X, Jin X. Melatonin Supplementation, a Strategy to Prevent Neurological Diseases through Maintaining Integrity of Blood Brain Barrier in Old People. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:165. [PMID: 28596733 PMCID: PMC5442221 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of microenvironment that is essential to neural function of the central nervous system (CNS). When facing various extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli, BBB is damaged which is an early event in pathogenesis of a variety of neurological diseases in old patients including acute and chronic cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease and etc. Treatments that could maintain the integrity of BBB may prevent neurological diseases following various stimuli. Old people often face a common stress of sepsis, during which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is released into circulation and the integrity of BBB is damaged. Of note, there is a significant decrease of melatonin level in old people and animal. Melatonin has been shown to preserves BBB integrity and permeability via a variety of pathways: inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), inhibition of NADPH oxidase-2, and impact on silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. More important, a recent study showed that melatonin supplementation alleviates LPS-induced BBB damage in old mice through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibiting gp91phox, suggesting that melatonin supplementation may help prevent neurological diseases through maintaining the integrity of BBB in old people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cao Liu
- Department of Emergency, Shanxi Provincial People's HospitalTaiyuan, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai UniversityYantai, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai UniversityYantai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People's Hospital of Baoan ShenzhenShenzhen, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai UniversityYantai, China
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Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Blood-Brain Barrier Protection as a Therapeutic Strategy for Acute Ischemic Stroke. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:957-972. [PMID: 28484963 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vital component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) containing tight junctional (TJ) proteins and different ion and nutrient transporters which maintain normal brain physiology. BBB disruption is a major pathological hallmark in the course of ischemic stroke which is regulated by the actions of different factors working at different stages of cerebral ischemia including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inflammatory modulators, vesicular trafficking, oxidative pathways, and junctional-cytoskeletal interactions. These components interact further to disrupt maintenance of both the paracellular and transport barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) to worsen ischemic brain injury and the propensity for hemorrhagic transformation (HT) associated with injury and/or thrombolytic therapy with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We propose that these complex molecular pathways should be evaluated further so that they could be targeted alone or in combination to protect the BBB during cerebral ischemia. These types of novel interventions should be guided by advanced imaging techniques for better diagnosis of BBB damage which may exert significant therapeutic benefit including the extension of therapeutic window of tPA. This review will focus on the different stages and mechanisms of BBB damage in acute ischemic stroke and novel therapeutic strategies to target those pathways for better therapeutic outcome in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA.
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Sarkar S, Mukherjee A, Das N, Swarnakar S. Protective roles of nanomelatonin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion of aged brain: Matrixmetalloproteinases as regulators. Exp Gerontol 2017; 92:13-22. [PMID: 28285147 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury occurs as a result of oxygen occlusion in the carotid artery through embolus or thrombus formation or cerebrovascular hemorrhage. The oxygen thrust during reperfusion causes the generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) which exert a potential threat to neuronal survival. ROS may possibly be arrested by antioxidants. After CIR, extracellular matrix remodeling takes place, which is governed by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Augmentation of lipid per oxidation, perturbation of antioxidant enzyme activities and the loss of pyramidal neuronal cells in rat brain were attributed to CIR injury. Melatonin can readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert protective effects as an antioxidant but it is quickly cleared by the circulating blood. Also melatonin is easily degraded by light and hence is found to be ineffective during daytime. Results of the present study showed that unlike free melatonin (FM), the application of nanocapsulated melatonin (NM) exhibited significantly higher potential even at much lower concentrations to rescue neuronal cells and mitochondria during CIR insult and also restored the activities of antioxidative enzymes and MMPs to their normal levels. Hence, nanoencapsulated melatonin may be considered as a suitable drug delivery system for brain to exert protection against CIR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibani Sarkar
- Drug Development Diagnotics and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Mukherjee
- Drug Development Diagnotics and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nirmalendu Das
- Drug Development Diagnotics and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Snehasikta Swarnakar
- Drug Development Diagnotics and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Bakthavachalam P, Shanmugam PST. Mitochondrial dysfunction - Silent killer in cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2017; 375:417-423. [PMID: 28320180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction aggravates ischemic neuronal injury through activation of various pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms. Ischemic neuronal injury is particularly intensified during reperfusion due to impairment of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial mutilation instigates alterations in calcium homeostasis in neurons, which plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of normal neuronal function. Increase in intracellular calcium level in mitochondria triggers the opening of mitochondrial transition pore and over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several investigations have concluded that ROS not only contribute to lipids and proteins damage, but also transduce apoptotic signals leading to neuronal death. In addition to the above mentioned reasons, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to excitotoxicity also leads to neuronal death. Recently, some newer proteins have been claimed to induce "mitophagy" by triggering the receptors on autophagic membranes leading to neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying neuronal death involving mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Bakthavachalam
- Sri Ramachandra University, No. 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Network-Based Approach to Identify Potential Targets and Drugs that Promote Neuroprotection and Neurorepair in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40137. [PMID: 28054643 PMCID: PMC5215297 DOI: 10.1038/srep40137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) accounts for more than 80% of the approximately 610,000 new stroke cases worldwide every year. Both ischemia and reperfusion can cause death, damage, and functional changes of affected nerve cells, and these alterations can result in high rates of disability and mortality. Therefore, therapies aimed at increasing neuroprotection and neurorepair would make significant contributions to AIS management. However, with regard to AIS therapies, there is currently a large gap between experimental achievements and practical clinical solutions (EC-GAP-AIS). Here, by integrating curated disease-gene associations and interactome network known to be related to AIS, we investigated the molecular network mechanisms of multi-module structures underlying AIS, which might be relevant to the time frame subtypes of AIS. In addition, the EC-GAP-AIS phenomenon was confirmed and elucidated by the shortest path lengths and the inconsistencies in the molecular functionalities and overlapping pathways between AIS-related genes and drug targets. Furthermore, we identified 23 potential targets (e.g. ADORA3, which is involved in the regulation of cellular reprogramming and the extracellular matrix) and 46 candidate drugs (e.g. felbamate, methylphenobarbital and memantine) that may have value for the treatment of AIS.
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Blanco S, Hernández R, Franchelli G, Ramos-Álvarez MM, Peinado MÁ. Melatonin influences NO/NOS pathway and reduces oxidative and nitrosative stress in a model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Nitric Oxide 2017; 62:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gentile E, Liuzzi GM. Marine pharmacology: therapeutic targeting of matrix metalloproteinases in neuroinflammation. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:299-313. [PMID: 27697495 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity are recognized as key pathogenetic events in several neurological disorders. This evidence makes MMPs possible therapeutic targets. The search for substances that can inhibit MMPs is moving progressively toward the screening of natural products. In particular, marine bioprospecting could be promising for the discovery of marine natural products with anti-MMP activities. Despite recent advances in this field, the possibility of using marine MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) for the treatment of neuroinflammation is still under-investigated. Here, we review the latest findings in this promising research field and the potential that marine MMPIs can have in the management and treatment of various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gentile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia M Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Chang JJ, Stanfill A, Pourmotabbed T. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase Polymorphisms in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081323. [PMID: 27529234 PMCID: PMC5000720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the fifth leading cause of mortality in the United States with an annual rate of over 128,000 deaths per year. Differences in incidence, pathogenesis, and clinical outcome have long been noted when comparing ischemic stroke among different ethnicities. The observation that racial disparities exist in clinical outcomes after stroke has resulted in genetic studies focusing on specific polymorphisms. Some studies have focused on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs are a ubiquitous group of proteins with extensive roles that include extracellular matrix remodeling and blood-brain barrier disruption. MMPs play an important role in ischemic stroke pathophysiology and clinical outcome. This review will evaluate the evidence for associations between polymorphisms in MMP-1, 2, 3, 9, and 12 with ischemic stroke incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical outcome. The role of polymorphisms in MMP genes may influence the presentation of ischemic stroke and be influenced by racial and ethnic background. However, contradictory evidence for the role of MMP polymorphisms does exist in the literature, and further studies will be necessary to consolidate our understanding of these multi-faceted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
| | - Ansley Stanfill
- Department of Nursing and Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
| | - Tayebeh Pourmotabbed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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Qi Z, Liang J, Pan R, Dong W, Shen J, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Shi W, Luo Y, Ji X, Liu KJ. Zinc contributes to acute cerebral ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:12-21. [PMID: 27388935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc ions are stored in synaptic vesicles and cerebral ischemia triggers their release from the terminals of neurons. Zinc accumulation in neurons has been shown to play an important role in neuronal death following ischemia. However, almost nothing is known about whether zinc is involved in ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Herein, we investigated the contribution of zinc to ischemia-induced acute BBB disruption and the possible molecular mechanisms using both cellular and animal models of cerebral ischemia. Zinc greatly increased BBB permeability and exacerbated the loss of tight junction proteins (Occludin and Claudin-5) in the endothelial monolayer under oxygen glucose deprivation conditions. In cerebral ischemic rats, a dramatically elevated level of zinc accumulation in microvessels themselves was observed in isolated microvessels and in situ, showing the direct interaction of zinc on ischemic microvessels. Treatment with a specific zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), even at 60-min post-ischemia onset, could greatly attenuate BBB permeability in the ischemic rats as measured by Evan's Blue extravasation, edema volume and magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, zinc accumulation in microvessels activated the superoxide/matrix metalloproteinase-9/-2 pathway, which leads to the loss of tight junction proteins (Occludin and Claudin-5) and death of endothelial cells in microvessels themselves. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of cerebral ischemia-induced BBB damage, and implicate zinc as an effective and viable new target for reducing acute BBB damage following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Qi
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jia Liang
- Central Laboratory of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Wen Dong
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yirong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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