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Shekho D, Mishra R, Kamal R, Bhatia R, Awasthi A. Breaking Barriers in Alzheimer's Disease: the Role of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:207. [PMID: 39237748 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by cognitive impairment, brain plaques, and tangles, is a global health concern affecting millions. It involves the build-up of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins, the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic system dysfunction, genetic variations, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Various signaling pathways and metabolic processes are implicated in AD, along with numerous biomarkers used for diagnosis, risk assessment, and research. Despite these, there is no cure or effective treatment for AD. It is critically important to address this immediately to develop novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) capable of targeting the brain and delivering therapeutic agents to modulate the pathological processes of AD. This review summarizes AD, its pathogenesis, related signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, the need for NDDS, and their application in AD treatment. It also covers preclinical, clinical, and ongoing trials, patents, and marketed AD formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devank Shekho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Ritika Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Raj Kamal
- Department of Quality Assurance, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
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2
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Barnett D, Zimmer TS, Booraem C, Palaguachi F, Meadows SM, Xiao H, Chouchani ET, Orr AG, Orr AL. Mitochondrial complex III-derived ROS amplify immunometabolic changes in astrocytes and promote dementia pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.19.608708. [PMID: 39229090 PMCID: PMC11370371 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.19.608708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders alter mitochondrial functions, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial complex III (CIII) generates ROS implicated in redox signaling, but its triggers, targets, and disease relevance are not clear. Using site-selective suppressors and genetic manipulations together with mitochondrial ROS imaging and multiomic profiling, we found that CIII is the dominant source of ROS production in astrocytes exposed to neuropathology-related stimuli. Astrocytic CIII-ROS production was dependent on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger (NCLX) and caused oxidation of select cysteines within immune and metabolism-associated proteins linked to neurological disease. CIII-ROS amplified metabolomic and pathology-associated transcriptional changes in astrocytes, with STAT3 activity as a major mediator, and facilitated neuronal toxicity in a non-cell-autonomous manner. As proof-of-concept, suppression of CIII-ROS in mice decreased dementia-linked tauopathy and neuroimmune cascades and extended lifespan. Our findings establish CIII-ROS as an important immunometabolic signal transducer and tractable therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Barnett
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Till S Zimmer
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Caroline Booraem
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Fernando Palaguachi
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Samantha M Meadows
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Haopeng Xiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna G Orr
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Adam L Orr
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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3
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Bastioli G, Piccirillo S, Graciotti L, Carone M, Sprega G, Taoussi O, Preziuso A, Castaldo P. Calcium Deregulation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Role of Calcium-Storing Organelles and Sodium-Calcium Exchanger. Cells 2024; 13:1301. [PMID: 39120330 PMCID: PMC11311461 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that lacks effective treatment strategies to halt or delay its progression. The homeostasis of Ca2+ ions is crucial for ensuring optimal cellular functions and survival, especially for neuronal cells. In the context of PD, the systems regulating cellular Ca2+ are compromised, leading to Ca2+-dependent synaptic dysfunction, impaired neuronal plasticity, and ultimately, neuronal loss. Recent research efforts directed toward understanding the pathology of PD have yielded significant insights, particularly highlighting the close relationship between Ca2+ dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. However, the precise mechanisms driving the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD remain elusive. The disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis is a key factor, engaging various neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathways and affecting intracellular organelles that store Ca2+. Specifically, impaired functioning of mitochondria, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Ca2+ metabolism is believed to contribute to the disease's pathophysiology. The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is considered an important key regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis in various cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Alterations in NCX activity are associated with neurodegenerative processes in different models of PD. In this review, we will explore the role of Ca2+ dysregulation and neuroinflammation as primary drivers of PD-related neurodegeneration, with an emphasis on the pivotal role of NCX in the pathology of PD. Consequently, NCXs and their interplay with intracellular organelles may emerge as potentially pivotal players in the mechanisms underlying PD neurodegeneration, providing a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention aimed at halting neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Bastioli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvia Piccirillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica Delle Marche”, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (G.S.); (O.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Laura Graciotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica Delle Marche”, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (G.S.); (O.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Marianna Carone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica Delle Marche”, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (G.S.); (O.T.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Sprega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica Delle Marche”, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (G.S.); (O.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Omayema Taoussi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica Delle Marche”, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (G.S.); (O.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Preziuso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica Delle Marche”, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (G.S.); (O.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Pasqualina Castaldo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica Delle Marche”, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (G.S.); (O.T.); (A.P.)
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4
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Schröder K. Specific signaling by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases - Role of their site of action. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102461. [PMID: 38810503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidases, known for their role in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as key regulators of specific cellular signaling pathways. While their primary function is ROS production, recent research has highlighted the significance of their site-specific activity in governing distinct cellular signaling events. NADPH oxidases (Nox) are found in various cell types, and both their expression and activities are tightly regulated. The generated ROS, such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, function as secondary messengers that modulate various signaling molecules, including protein kinases, transcription factors, and phosphatases. The site-specific action of NADPH oxidases in different cellular compartments, such as the plasma membrane, endosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum, allows for precise control over specific signaling pathways. Understanding the complex interplay of NADPH oxidases in cellular signaling is essential for deciphering their roles in health and disease. Dysregulation of these enzymes can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation, making them potential therapeutic targets in various pathological conditions. Ongoing research into NADPH oxidase activation and site-specific signaling promises to unveil new insights into cellular physiology and potential treatment strategies.
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Krzisch M, Yuan B, Chen W, Osaki T, Fu D, Garrett-Engele CM, Svoboda DS, Andrykovich KR, Gallagher MD, Sur M, Jaenisch R. The A53T Mutation in α-Synuclein Enhances Proinflammatory Activation in Human Microglia Upon Inflammatory Stimulus. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01459-8. [PMID: 39029776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, following Alzheimer's. It is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain. Microglia-driven neuroinflammation may contribute to neuronal death in PD; however, the exact role of microglia remains unclear and has been understudied. The A53T mutation in the gene coding for α-synuclein has been linked to early-onset PD, and exposure to A53T mutant human α-synuclein increases the potential for inflammation of murine microglia. To date, its effect has not been studied in human microglia. METHODS Here, we used 2-dimensional cultures of human pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia and transplantation of these cells into the mouse brain to assess the cell autonomous effects of the A53T mutation on human microglia. RESULTS We found that A53T mutant human microglia had an intrinsically increased propensity toward proinflammatory activation upon inflammatory stimulus. Additionally, transplanted A53T mutant microglia showed a strong decrease in catalase expression in noninflammatory conditions and increased oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that A53T mutant human microglia display cell autonomous phenotypes that may worsen neuronal damage in early-onset PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Krzisch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Bingbing Yuan
- Bioinformatics and Research Computing Facility, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Wenyu Chen
- Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
| | - Tatsuya Osaki
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dongdong Fu
- Jaenisch laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Kristin R Andrykovich
- Jaenisch laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Gallagher
- Jaenisch laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Jaenisch laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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6
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Huang J, Wang X, Li N, Fan W, Li X, Zhou Q, Liu J, Li W, Zhang Z, Liu X, Zeng S, Yang H, Tian M, Yang P, Hou S. YY1 Lactylation Aggravates Autoimmune Uveitis by Enhancing Microglial Functions via Inflammatory Genes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308031. [PMID: 38493498 PMCID: PMC11109619 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Activated microglia in the retina are essential for the development of autoimmune uveitis. Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) is an important transcription factor that participates in multiple inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Here, an increased YY1 lactylation in retinal microglia within in the experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) group is observed. YY1 lactylation contributed to boosting microglial activation and promoting their proliferation and migration abilities. Inhibition of lactylation suppressed microglial activation and attenuated inflammation in EAU. Mechanistically, cleavage under targets & tagmentation (CUT&Tag) analysis revealed that YY1 lactylation promoted microglial activation by regulating the transcription of a set of inflammatory genes, including STAT3, CCL5, IRF1, IDO1, and SEMA4D. In addition, p300 is identified as the writer of YY1 lactylation. Inhibition of p300 decreased YY1 lactylation and suppressed microglial inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, the results showed that YY1 lactylation promoted microglial dysfunction in autoimmune uveitis by upregulating inflammatory cytokine secretion and boosting cell migration and proliferation. Therapeutic effects can be achieved by targeting the lactate/p300/YY1 lactylation/inflammatory genes axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100005China
| | - Wei Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xingran Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Jiangyi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Wanqian Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Shuhao Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Hui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100730China
| | - Meng Tian
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100730China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Shengping Hou
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100730China
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7
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Palmisano A, Pandit S, Smeralda CL, Demchenko I, Rossi S, Battelli L, Rivolta D, Bhat V, Santarnecchi E. The Pathophysiological Underpinnings of Gamma-Band Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38792599 PMCID: PMC11122172 DOI: 10.3390/life14050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating the biophysiological substrates of psychiatric illnesses is of great interest to our understanding of disorders' etiology, the identification of reliable biomarkers, and potential new therapeutic avenues. Schizophrenia represents a consolidated model of γ alterations arising from the aberrant activity of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons, whose dysfunction is associated with perineuronal net impairment and neuroinflammation. This model of pathogenesis is supported by molecular, cellular, and functional evidence. Proof for alterations of γ oscillations and their underlying mechanisms has also been reported in bipolar disorder and represents an emerging topic for major depressive disorder. Although evidence from animal models needs to be further elucidated in humans, the pathophysiology of γ-band alteration represents a common denominator for different neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this narrative review is to outline a framework of converging results in psychiatric conditions characterized by γ abnormality, from neurochemical dysfunction to alterations in brain rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Palmisano
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Siddhartha Pandit
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
| | - Carmelo L. Smeralda
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation (SI-BIN) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Ilya Demchenko
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael’s Hospital—Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (I.D.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation (SI-BIN) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Lorella Battelli
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Davide Rivolta
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Venkat Bhat
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael’s Hospital—Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (I.D.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Funaki M, Nio-Kobayashi J, Suzuki R, Bando Y. Galectin-3 Plays a Role in Neuroinflammation in the Visual Pathway in Experimental Optic Neuritis. Cells 2024; 13:612. [PMID: 38607051 PMCID: PMC11011492 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) featuring numerous neuropathologies, including optic neuritis (ON) in some patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of ON remain unknown. Galectins, β-galactoside-binding lectins, are involved in various pathophysiological processes. We previously showed that galectin-3 (gal-3) is associated with the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In the current study, we investigated the expression of gal-3 in the visual pathway in EAE mice to clarify its role in the pathogenesis of ON. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulation of gal-3 in the visual pathway of the EAE mice during the peak stage of the disease, compared with naïve and EAE mice during the chronic stage. Gal-3 was detected mainly in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the visual pathway in EAE mice. In addition, gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells, identified as phagocytic by immunostaining for cathepsin D, accumulated in demyelinating lesions in the visual pathway during the peak disease stage of EAE. Moreover, NLRP3 expression was detected in most gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells. These results strongly suggest that gal-3 regulates NLRP3 signaling in microglia/macrophages and neuroinflammatory demyelination in ON. In astrocytes, gal-3 was expressed from the peak to the chronic disease stages. Taken together, our findings suggest a critical role of gal-3 in the pathogenesis of ON. Thus, gal-3 in glial cells may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Funaki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Department of Functional Glycobiology in Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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9
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Yang S, Yuan Z, Zhu Y, Liang C, Chen Z, Zhang J, Leng L. Multi-omics analysis reveals GAPDH posttranscriptional regulation of IFN-γ and PHGDH as a metabolic checkpoint of microglia polarization. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:155-166. [PMID: 38215888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A "switch" in the metabolic pattern of microglia is considered to be required to meet the metabolic demands of cell survival and functions. However, how metabolic switches regulate microglial function remains controversial. We found here that exposure to amyloid-β triggers microglial inflammation accompanied by increasing GAPDH levels. The increase of GAPDH, a glycolysis enzyme, leads to the reduced release of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from inflammatory microglia. Such alternation is translational and is regulated by the binding of glycolysis enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to IFN-γ mRNA. GAPDH, by engaging/disengaging glycolysis and through influencing IFN-γ expression, regulates microglia functions, including phagocytosis and cytokine production. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), screened from different state microglia by metabolomics combined with METARECON analysis, is a metabolic enzyme adjacent downstream of GAPDH and synthesizes serine on the collateral pathway derived from glycolysis. Polarization of microglial with PHGDH as a metabolic checkpoint can be bidirectionally regulated by adding IL-4 or giving PHGDH inhibitors. Therefore, regulation of metabolic enzymes not only reprograms metabolic patterns, but also manipulates microglia functions. Further study should be performed to explore the mechanism of metabolic checkpoints in human microglia or more in vivo animal experiments, and may expand to the effects of various metabolic substrates or enzyme, such as lipids and amino acids, on the functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangchen Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ziqi Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yufei Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chensi Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenlei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Lige Leng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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10
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Avola R, Furnari AG, Graziano ACE, Russo A, Cardile V. Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:178. [PMID: 38397776 PMCID: PMC10886016 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, has become a focal point for therapeutic exploration. This review highlights neuroinflammatory mechanisms that hallmark neurodegenerative diseases and the potential benefits of essential oils in counteracting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, thereby offering a novel strategy for managing and mitigating the impact of various brain disorders. Essential oils, derived from aromatic plants, have emerged as versatile compounds with a myriad of health benefits. Essential oils exhibit robust antioxidant activity, serving as scavengers of free radicals and contributing to cellular defense against oxidative stress. Furthermore, essential oils showcase anti-inflammatory properties, modulating immune responses and mitigating inflammatory processes implicated in various chronic diseases. The intricate mechanisms by which essential oils and phytomolecules exert their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects were explored, shedding light on their multifaceted properties. Notably, we discussed their ability to modulate diverse pathways crucial in maintaining oxidative homeostasis and suppressing inflammatory responses, and their capacity to rescue cognitive deficits observed in preclinical models of neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Avola
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | | | | | - Alessandra Russo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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11
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Zhu Y, Wang K, Jia X, Fu C, Yu H, Wang Y. Antioxidant peptides, the guardian of life from oxidative stress. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:275-364. [PMID: 37621230 DOI: 10.1002/med.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during oxidative metabolism in aerobic organisms. Under normal conditions, ROS production and elimination are in a relatively balanced state. However, under internal or external environmental stress, such as high glucose levels or UV radiation, ROS production can increase significantly, leading to oxidative stress. Excess ROS production not only damages biomolecules but is also closely associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as skin photoaging, diabetes, and cancer. Antioxidant peptides (AOPs) are naturally occurring or artificially designed peptides that can reduce the levels of ROS and other pro-oxidants, thus showing great potential in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. In this review, we discussed ROS production and its role in inducing oxidative stress-related diseases in humans. Additionally, we discussed the sources, mechanism of action, and evaluation methods of AOPs and provided directions for future studies on AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyi Jia
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Science and Technology Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caili Fu
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haining Yu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Meyer C, Grego E, S. Vasanthi S, Rao NS, Massey N, Holtkamp C, Huss J, Showman L, Narasimhan B, Thippeswamy T. The NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor, Mitoapocynin, Mitigates DFP-Induced Reactive Astrogliosis in a Rat Model of Organophosphate Neurotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2061. [PMID: 38136181 PMCID: PMC10740988 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a primary mediator of superoxides, which promote oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation after diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) intoxication. Although orally administered mitoapocynin (MPO, 10 mg/kg), a mitochondrial-targeted NOX inhibitor, reduced oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines in the periphery, its efficacy in the brain regions of DFP-exposed rats was limited. In this study, we encapsulated MPO in polyanhydride nanoparticles (NPs) based on 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane (CPH) and sebacic anhydride (SA) for enhanced drug delivery to the brain and compared with a high oral dose of MPO (30 mg/kg). NOX2 (GP91phox) regulation and microglial (IBA1) morphology were analyzed to determine the efficacy of MPO-NP vs. MPO-oral in an 8-day study in the rat DFP model. Compared to the control, DFP-exposed animals exhibited significant upregulation of NOX2 and a reduced length and number of microglial processes, indicative of reactive microglia. Neither MPO treatment attenuated the DFP effect. Neurodegeneration (FJB+NeuN) was significantly greater in DFP-exposed groups regardless of treatment. Interestingly, neuronal loss in DFP+MPO-treated animals was not significantly different from the control. MPO-oral rescued inhibitory neuronal loss in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Notably, MPO-NP and MPO-oral significantly reduced astrogliosis (absolute GFAP counts) and reactive gliosis (C3+GFAP). An analysis of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir4.1) in astroglia revealed a significant reduction in the brain regions of the DFP+VEH group, but MPO had no effect. Overall, both NP-encapsulated and orally administered MPO had similar effects. Our findings demonstrate that MPO effectively mitigates DFP-induced reactive astrogliosis in several key brain regions and protects neurons in CA1, which may have long-term beneficial effects on spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Long-term telemetry and behavioral studies and a different dosing regimen of MPO are required to understand its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Elizabeth Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.G.); (B.N.)
| | - Suraj S. Vasanthi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Nikhil S. Rao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Nyzil Massey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Claire Holtkamp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Joselyn Huss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Lucas Showman
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.G.); (B.N.)
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
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13
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Strogulski NR, Portela LV, Polster BM, Loane DJ. Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Microglial immunometabolism in traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2023; 167:129-153. [PMID: 37759406 PMCID: PMC10655864 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by a physical impact to the brain that promotes diffuse damage and chronic neurodegeneration. Key mechanisms believed to support secondary brain injury include mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neuroinflammation. Microglia and brain-infiltrating macrophages are responsible for neuroinflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after TBI. Their production is associated with loss of homeostatic microglial functions such as immunosurveillance, phagocytosis, and immune resolution. Beyond providing energy support, mitochondrial metabolic pathways reprogram the pro- and anti-inflammatory machinery in immune cells, providing a critical immunometabolic axis capable of regulating immunologic response to noxious stimuli. In the brain, the capacity to adapt to different environmental stimuli derives, in part, from microglia's ability to recognize and respond to changes in extracellular and intracellular metabolite levels. This capacity is met by an equally plastic metabolism, capable of altering immune function. Microglial pro-inflammatory activation is associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration, whereas anti-inflammatory microglial polarization is supported by increased oxidative metabolism. These metabolic adaptations contribute to neuroimmune responses, placing mitochondria as a central regulator of post-traumatic neuroinflammation. Although it is established that profound neurometabolic changes occur following TBI, key questions related to metabolic shifts in microglia remain unresolved. These include (a) the nature of microglial mitochondrial dysfunction after TBI, (b) the hierarchical positions of different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, glutaminolysis, and lipid oxidation during secondary injury and recovery, and (c) how immunometabolism alters microglial phenotypes, culminating in chronic non-resolving neuroinflammation. In this basic neurochemistry review article, we describe the contributions of immunometabolism to TBI, detail primary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic impairments in microglia and macrophages, discuss how major metabolic pathways contribute to post-traumatic neuroinflammation, and set out future directions toward advancing immunometabolic phenotyping in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Strogulski
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luis V. Portela
- Neurotrauma and Biomarkers Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Brian M. Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Gorman-Sandler E, Robertson B, Crawford J, Wood G, Ramesh A, Arishe OO, Webb RC, Hollis F. Gestational stress decreases postpartum mitochondrial respiration in the prefrontal cortex of female rats. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 26:100563. [PMID: 37654512 PMCID: PMC10466928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major psychiatric complication of childbirth, affecting up to 20% of mothers, yet remains understudied. Mitochondria, dynamic organelles crucial for cell homeostasis and energy production, share links with many of the proposed mechanisms underlying PPD pathology. Brain mitochondrial function is affected by stress, a major risk factor for development of PPD, and is linked to anxiety-like and social behaviors. Considering the importance of mitochondria in regulating brain function and behavior, we hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with behavioral alterations in a chronic stress-induced rat model of PPD. Using a validated and translationally relevant chronic mild unpredictable stress paradigm during late gestation, we induced PPD-relevant behaviors in adult postpartum Wistar rats. In the mid-postpartum, we measured mitochondrial function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) using high-resolution respirometry. We then measured protein expression of mitochondrial complex proteins and 4-hydroxynonenal (a marker of oxidative stress), and Th1/Th2 cytokine levels in PFC and plasma. We report novel findings that gestational stress decreased mitochondrial function in the PFC, but not the NAc of postpartum dams. However, in groups controlling for the effects of either stress or parity alone, no differences in mitochondrial respiration measured in either brain regions were observed compared to nulliparous controls. This decrease in PFC mitochondrial function in stressed dams was accompanied by negative behavioral consequences in the postpartum, complex-I specific deficits in protein expression, and increased Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha cytokine levels in plasma and PFC. Overall, we report an association between PFC mitochondrial respiration, PPD-relevant behaviors, and inflammation following gestational stress, highlighting a potential role for mitochondrial function in postpartum health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gorman-Sandler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care Systems, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Breanna Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jesseca Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care Systems, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Gabrielle Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Archana Ramesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Olufunke O. Arishe
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- USC Institute for Cardiovascular Disease Research, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Fiona Hollis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care Systems, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- USC Institute for Cardiovascular Disease Research, Columbia, SC, USA
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15
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Han YH, Liu XD, Jin MH, Sun HN, Kwon T. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuronal pyroptosis and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1839-1859. [PMID: 37725102 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases are a common group of neurological disorders characterized by progressive loss of neuronal structure and function leading to cognitive impairment. Recent studies have shown that neuronal pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that, when activated within cells, triggers an inflammatory response, ultimately leading to pyroptotic cell death of neurons. Pyroptosis is a typical pro-inflammatory programmed cell death process occurring downstream of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, characterized by the formation of pores on the cell membrane by the GSDMD protein, leading to cell lysis and the release of inflammatory factors. It has been found that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuronal pyroptosis is closely associated with the development of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and attenuating neuronal pyroptosis could potentially serve as novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS The aim of this review is to explore the role of NLRP3 activation-mediated neuronal pyroptosis and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Firstly, we extensively discuss the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuronal pyroptosis and neuroinflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases. Subsequently, we further explore the mechanisms driving NLRP3 activation and assembly, as well as the post-translational modifications regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION Understanding these mechanisms will contribute to a deeper understanding of the link between neuronal pyroptosis and neurodegenerative diseases, and hold significant implications for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hao Han
- College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Mei-Hua Jin
- College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk, 56216, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Krzisch M, Yuan B, Chen W, Osaki T, Fu D, Garrett-Engele C, Svoboda D, Andrykovich K, Sur M, Jaenisch R. The A53T mutation in α-synuclein enhances pro-inflammatory activation in human microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555300. [PMID: 37693409 PMCID: PMC10491251 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain. Microglia-driven neuroinflammation may contribute to neuronal death in PD, however the exact role of microglia remains unclear and has been understudied. The A53T mutation in the gene coding for α-synuclein has been linked to early-onset PD, and exposure to A53T-mutant human α-synuclein increases the potential for inflammation of murine microglia. To date, its effect has not been studied in human microglia. Here, we used 2-dimensional cultures of human iPSC-derived microglia and transplantation of these cells into the mouse brain to assess the effects of the A53T mutation on human microglia. We found that A53T-mutant human microglia had an intrinsically increased propensity towards pro-inflammatory activation upon inflammatory stimulus. Additionally, A53T mutant microglia showed a strong decrease in catalase expression in non-inflammatory conditions, and increased oxidative stress. Our results indicate that A53T mutant human microglia display cell-autonomous phenotypes that may worsen neuronal damage in early-onset PD.
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17
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Pampuscenko K, Morkuniene R, Krasauskas L, Smirnovas V, Brown GC, Borutaite V. Extracellular tau stimulates phagocytosis of living neurons by activated microglia via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 signalling axis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10813. [PMID: 37402829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In tauopathies, abnormal deposition of intracellular tau protein followed by gradual elevation of tau in cerebrospinal fluids and neuronal loss has been documented, however, the mechanism how actually neurons die under tau pathology is largely unknown. We have previously shown that extracellular tau protein (2N4R isoform) can stimulate microglia to phagocytose live neurons, i.e. cause neuronal death by primary phagocytosis, also known as phagoptosis. Here we show that tau protein induced caspase-1 activation in microglial cells via 'Toll-like' 4 (TLR4) receptors and neutral sphingomyelinase. Tau-induced neuronal loss was blocked by caspase-1 inhibitors (Ac-YVAD-CHO and VX-765) as well as by TLR4 antibodies. Inhibition of caspase-1 by Ac-YVAD-CHO prevented tau-induced exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of neuronal membranes and reduced microglial phagocytic activity. We also show that suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome, which is down-stream of TLR4 receptors and mediates caspase-1 activation, by a specific inhibitor (MCC550) also prevented tau-induced neuronal loss. Moreover, NADPH oxidase is also involved in tau-induced neurotoxicity since neuronal loss was abolished by its pharmacological inhibitor. Overall, our data indicate that extracellular tau protein stimulates microglia to phagocytose live neurons via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 axis and NADPH oxidase, each of which may serve as a potential molecular target for pharmacological treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryna Pampuscenko
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Ramune Morkuniene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lukas Krasauskas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
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18
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Salsinha AS, Socodato R, Rodrigues A, Vale-Silva R, Relvas JB, Pintado M, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Potential of omega-3 and conjugated fatty acids to control microglia inflammatory imbalance elicited by obesogenic nutrients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159331. [PMID: 37172801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet-induced obesity detrimentally affects brain function by inducing chronic low-grade inflammation. This neuroinflammation is, at least in part, likely to be mediated by microglia, which are the main immune cell population in the brain. Microglia express a wide range of lipid-sensitive receptors and their activity can be modulated by fatty acids that cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, by combining live cell imaging and FRET technology we assessed how different fatty acids modulate microglia activity. We demonstrate that the combined action of fructose and palmitic acid induce Ikβα degradation and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit nuclear factor kB (NF-κB) in HCM3 human microglia. Such obesogenic nutrients also lead to reactive oxygen species production and LynSrc activation (critical regulators of microglia inflammation). Importantly, short-time exposure to omega-3 (EPA and DHA), CLA and CLNA are sufficient to abolish NF-κB pathway activation, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role. Omega-3 and CLA also show an antioxidant potential by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, and the activation of LynSrc in microglia. Furthermore, using chemical agonists (TUG-891) and antagonists (AH7614) of GPR120/FFA4, we demonstrated that omega-3, CLA and CLNA inhibition of the NF-κB pathway is mediated by this receptor, while omega-3 and CLA antioxidant potential occurs through different signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Salsinha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Socodato
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Rodrigues
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Vale-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - J B Relvas
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - L M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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19
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Ramírez-Carreto RJ, Rodríguez-Cortés YM, Torres-Guerrero H, Chavarría A. Possible Implications of Obesity-Primed Microglia that Could Contribute to Stroke-Associated Damage. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01329-5. [PMID: 36935429 PMCID: PMC10025068 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are essential players during physiological and pathological processes. Although they participate in synaptic pruning and maintenance of neuronal circuits, microglia are mainly studied by their activity modulating inflammatory environment and adapting their phenotype and mechanisms to insults detected in the brain parenchyma. Changes in microglial phenotypes are reflected in their morphology, membrane markers, and secreted substances, stimulating neighbor glia and leading their responses to control stimuli. Understanding how microglia react in various microenvironments, such as chronic inflammation, made it possible to establish therapeutic windows and identify synergic interactions with acute damage events like stroke. Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammatory state that gradually affects the central nervous system, promoting neuroinflammation development. Obese patients have the worst prognosis when they suffer a cerebral infarction due to basal neuroinflammation, then obesity-induced neuroinflammation could promote the priming of microglial cells and favor its neurotoxic response, potentially worsening patients' prognosis. This review discusses the main microglia findings in the obesity context during the course and resolution of cerebral infarction, involving the temporality of the phenotype changes and balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, which is lost in the swollen brain of an obese subject. Obesity enhances proinflammatory responses during a stroke. Obesity-induced systemic inflammation promotes microglial M1 polarization and priming, which enhances stroke-associated damage, increasing M1 and decreasing M2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jair Ramírez-Carreto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yesica María Rodríguez-Cortés
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Haydee Torres-Guerrero
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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20
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Li J, Ruan S, Jia J, Li Q, Jia R, Wan L, Yang X, Teng P, Peng Q, Shi YD, Yu P, Pan Y, Duan ML, Liu WT, Zhang L, Hu L. Hydrogen attenuates postoperative pain through Trx1/ASK1/MMP9 signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 36737785 PMCID: PMC9896749 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative pain is a serious clinical problem with a poorly understood mechanism, and lacks effective treatment. Hydrogen (H2) can reduce neuroinflammation; therefore, we hypothesize that H2 may alleviate postoperative pain, and aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism. METHODS Mice were used to establish a postoperative pain model using plantar incision surgery. Mechanical allodynia was measured using the von Frey test. Cell signaling was assayed using gelatin zymography, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. Animals or BV-2 cells were received with/without ASK1 and Trx1 inhibitors to investigate the effects of H2 on microglia. RESULTS Plantar incision surgery increased MMP-9 activity and ASK1 phosphorylation in the spinal cord of mice. MMP-9 knockout and the ASK1 inhibitor, NQDI-1, attenuated postoperative pain. H2 increased the expression of Trx1 in the spinal cord and in BV-2 cells. H2 treatment mimicked NQDI1 in decreasing the phosphorylation of ASK1, p38 and JNK. It also reduced MMP-9 activity, downregulated pro-IL-1β maturation and IBA-1 expression in the spinal cord of mice, and ameliorated postoperative pain. The protective effects of H2 were abolished by the Trx1 inhibitor, PX12. In vitro, in BV-2 cells, H2 also mimicked NQDI1 in inhibiting the phosphorylation of ASK1, p38, and JNK, and also reduced MMP-9 activity and decreased IBA-1 expression induced by LPS. The Trx1 inhibitor, PX12, abolished the protective effects of H2 in BV-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the results of our study confirm that H2 can be used as a therapeutic agent to alleviate postoperative pain through the Trx1/ASK1/MMP9 signaling pathway. MMP-9 and ASK1 may be the target molecules for relieving postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Anesthesiology, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019 Jiangsu China ,grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China ,grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Shirong Ruan
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Jinhui Jia
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Qian Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100 Jiangsu China
| | - Rumeng Jia
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Li Wan
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Xing Yang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Peng Teng
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Qilin Peng
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Ya-dan Shi
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100 Jiangsu China
| | - Pan Yu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Burn and Plastic, Jingling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Yinbing Pan
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Man-lin Duan
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Anesthesiology, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210019 Jiangsu China ,grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China ,grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Wen-Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Hyperoside attenuates Cd-induced kidney injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and ROS/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113601. [PMID: 36610472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium accumulates in the kidney and causes inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been linked to the pathogenesis of inflammation. Hyperoside (HYP) possesses potent nephroprotective properties against of kidney injury. This study aimed to research the effects and related mechanism of HYP on Cd-induced kidney damage. Wide-type and NLRP3-/- mice were used to determine the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in Cd-induced renal dysfunction. Female C57BL/6 were treated with Cd (50 m,g/L) and HYP (25, 50 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. In vitro experiments, the human renal proximal-tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC/TERT1) were pretreated with HYP (50-200 μM) before exposure to Cd. NLRP3 deficiency attenuated Cd-induced NLRP3 activation, inflammation and kidney injury in mice. HYP treatment significantly alleviated Cd-induced kidney injury by decreasing indexes of kidney function, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines release, decreasing ROS production and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, treatment with siRNA targeting NLRP3 blocked the anti-inflammatory protective effect of HYP in Cd-treated cells. Additionally, HYP markedly inhibited Cd-induced MAPK/NF-κB pathway stimulation in vitro and in vivo. The findings indicated HYP conferred protection against Cd-induced kidney inflammation via suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by ROS/MAPK/NF-κB signaling. Our results thus support the notion of developing HYP as promising therapeutic candidate for Cd-induced kidney injury.
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22
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Huang P, Zhang LY, Tan YY, Chen SD. Links between COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease/Alzheimer's disease: reciprocal impacts, medical care strategies and underlying mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 36717892 PMCID: PMC9885419 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with neurodegenerative diseases and the specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 have aroused great interest. However, there are still many issues of concern to be clarified. Therefore, we review the current literature on the complex relationship between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases with an emphasis on Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We summarize the impact of COVID-19 infection on symptom severity, disease progression, and mortality rate of PD and AD, and discuss whether COVID-19 infection could trigger PD and AD. In addition, the susceptibility to and the prognosis of COVID-19 in PD patients and AD patients are also included. In order to achieve better management of PD and AD patients, modifications of care strategies, specific drug therapies, and vaccines during the pandemic are also listed. At last, mechanisms underlying the link of COVID-19 with PD and AD are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lin-Yuan Zhang
- grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Yu-Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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23
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Rice Germ Ameliorated Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behavior by Reducing Neuroinflammation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245382. [PMID: 36558541 PMCID: PMC9780988 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced neuroinflammation is widely regarded as one of the primary causes of depression. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched foods relieve stress and reduce inflammatory reactions. This study aimed to evaluate whether rice germ with 30% GABA (RG) reduced neuroinflammation in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). CUMS mice were administered 40, 90, and 140 mg/kg of RG. CUMS increased serum and hypothalamic pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) levels, which were decreased by RG. In the hypothalamus, CUMS elevated M1-type microglia markers of CD86 and NF-κB, whereas RG lowered these levels. The expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome complex (NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, and caspase-1), IL-1β, and IL-18 were increased in the hypothalamus of CUMS mice and decreased by RG. RG attenuated depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice, as measured by the forced swim test and tail suspension test. In conclusion, RG decreased hypothalamic inflammation-related signals, such as TNF-α, IL-6, M1 polarization, NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome complex, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18, to diminish depressive-like behavior.
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24
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Zhang C, Liu C, Li F, Zheng M, Liu Y, Li L, Yang H, Zhang S, Wang C, Rong H, Guo H, Li Y, Li Y, Fu Y, Zhao Z, Zhang J. Extracellular Mitochondria Activate Microglia and Contribute to Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2264-2277. [PMID: 36087194 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neuroinflammation is closely associated with poor outcomes and high mortality in affected patients, with unmet needs for effective clinical interventions. A series of causal and disseminating factors have been identified to cause TBI-induced neuroinflammation. Among these are cellular microvesicles released from injured cerebral cells, endothelial cells, and platelets. In previous studies, we have put forward that cellular microvesicles can be released from injured brains that induce consumptive coagulopathy. Extracellular mitochondria accounted for 55.2% of these microvesicles and induced a redox-dependent platelet procoagulant activity that contributes to traumatic brain injury-induced coagulopathy and inflammation. These lead to the hypothesis that metabolically active extracellular mitochondria contribute to the neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury, independent of their procoagulant activity. Here, we found that these extracellular mitochondria induced polarization of microglial M1-type pro-inflammatory phenotype, aggravating neuroinflammation, and mediated cerebral edema in a ROS-dependent manner. In addition, the effect of ROS can be alleviated by ROS inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in vitro experiments. These results revealed a novel pro-inflammatory activity of extracellular mitochondria that may contribute to traumatic brain injury-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanjian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Mutian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaijin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Chongjin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongtao Rong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neuro-Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.
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25
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Mitochondria-Targeted Human Catalase in the Mouse Longevity MCAT Model Mitigates Head-Tilt Bedrest-Induced Neuro-Inflammation in the Hippocampus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111838. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity (modeled by head-tilt bedrest and hind-limb unloading), experienced during prolonged spaceflight, results in neurological consequences, central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and potentially impairment during the performance of critical tasks. Similar pathologies are observed in bedrest, sedentary lifestyle, and muscle disuse on Earth. In our previous study, we saw that head-tilt bedrest together with social isolation upregulated the milieu of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and plasma. These changes were mitigated in a MCAT mouse model overexpressing human catalase in the mitochondria, pointing out the importance of ROS signaling in this stress response. Here, we used a head-tilt model in socially housed mice to tease out the effects of head-tilt bedrest without isolation. In order to find the underlying molecular mechanisms that provoked the cytokine response, we measured CD68, an indicator of microglial activation in the hippocampus, as well as changes in normal in-cage behavior. We hypothesized that hindlimb unloading (HU) will elicit microglial hippocampal activations, which will be mitigated in the MCAT ROS-quenching mice model. Indeed, we saw an elevation of the activated microglia CD68 marker following HU in the hippocampus, and this pathology was mitigated in MCAT mice. Additionally, we identified cytokines in the hippocampus, which had significant positive correlations with CD68 and negative correlations with exploratory behaviors, indicating a link between neuroinflammation and behavioral consequences. Unveiling a correlation between molecular and behavioral changes could reveal a biomarker indicative of these responses and could also result in a potential target for the treatment and prevention of cognitive changes following long space missions and/or muscle disuse on Earth.
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26
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Yosri H, El-Kashef DH, El-Sherbiny M, Said E, Salem HA. Calycosin modulates NLRP3 and TXNIP-mediated pyroptotic signaling and attenuates diabetic nephropathy progression in diabetic rats; An insight. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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27
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Longhitano L, Distefano A, Murabito P, Astuto M, Nicolosi A, Buscema G, Sanfilippo F, Lazzarino G, Amorini AM, Bruni A, Garofalo E, Tibullo D, Volti GL. Propofol and α2-Agonists Attenuate Microglia Activation and Restore Mitochondrial Function in an In Vitro Model of Microglia Hypoxia/Reoxygenation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091682. [PMID: 36139756 PMCID: PMC9495359 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular ischemia is a common clinical disease encompassing a series of complex pathophysiological processes in which oxidative stress plays a major role. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Dexmedetomidine, Clonidine, and Propofol in a model of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Microglial cells were exposed to 1%hypoxia for 3 h and reoxygenated for 3 h, and oxidative stress was measured by ROS formation and the expression of inflammatory process genes. Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by membrane potential maintenance and the levels of various metabolites involved in energetic metabolism. The results showed that Propofol and α2-agonists attenuate the formation of ROS during hypoxia and after reoxygenation. Furthermore, the α2-agonists treatment restored membrane potential to values comparable to the normoxic control and were both more effective than Propofol. At the same time, Propofol, but not α2-agonists, reduces proliferation (Untreated Hypoxia = 1.16 ± 0.2, Untreated 3 h Reoxygenation = 1.28 ± 0.01 vs. Propofol hypoxia = 1.01 ± 0.01 vs. Propofol 3 h Reoxygenation = 1.12 ± 0.03) and microglial migration. Interestingly, all of the treatments reduced inflammatory gene and protein expressions and restored energy metabolism following hypoxia/reoxygenation (ATP content in hypoxia/reoxygenation 3 h: Untreated = 3.11 ± 0.8 vs. Propofol = 7.03 ± 0.4 vs. Dexmedetomidine = 5.44 ± 0.8 vs. Clonidine = 7.70 ± 0.1), showing that the drugs resulted in a different neuroprotective profile. In conclusion, our results may provide clinically relevant insights for neuroprotective strategies in intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Murabito
- Unità Operativa Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione 2, Azienda Universitaria “Policlinico G. Rodolico” Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marinella Astuto
- Unità Operativa Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione 2, Azienda Universitaria “Policlinico G. Rodolico” Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Nicolosi
- Azienda Ospedaliera “Cannizzaro”, Via Messina 628, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Buscema
- Unità Operativa Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione 2, Azienda Universitaria “Policlinico G. Rodolico” Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Sanfilippo
- Unità Operativa Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione 2, Azienda Universitaria “Policlinico G. Rodolico” Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Anesthesia and Intesive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Grecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Garofalo
- Anesthesia and Intesive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Grecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
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28
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Mysiris DS, Vavougios GD, Karamichali E, Papoutsopoulou S, Stavrou VT, Papayianni E, Boutlas S, Mavridis T, Foka P, Zarogiannis SG, Gourgoulianis K, Xiromerisiou G. Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9739. [PMID: 36077138 PMCID: PMC9456372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles bearing a complex cargo of active biomolecules and playing crucial roles in intercellular communication under pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes constitute a reliable route for misfolded protein transmission, contributing to PD pathogenesis and diagnosis. Herein, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection shares numerous clinical manifestations and inflammatory and molecular pathways with PD. We carry on hypothesizing that these similarities may be reflected in exosomal cargo modulated by the virus in correlation with disease severity. Travelling from the periphery to the brain, SARS-CoV-2-related exosomal cargo contains SARS-CoV-2 RNA, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and modified host proteins that could operate as promoters of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascades, potentially leading to a future parkinsonism and PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George D. Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cyprus, Lefkosia 1678, Cyprus
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios T. Stavrou
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eirini Papayianni
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Stylianos Boutlas
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodoros Mavridis
- 1st Neurology Department, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gourgoulianis
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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Zha Z, Liu S, Liu Y, Li C, Wang L. Potential Utility of Natural Products against Oxidative Stress in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081495. [PMID: 36009214 PMCID: PMC9404913 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by immune cell infiltration, demyelination and axonal injury. Oxidative stress-induced inflammatory response, especially the destructive effect of immune cell-derived free radicals on neurons and oligodendrocytes, is crucial in the onset and progression of MS. Therefore, targeting oxidative stress-related processes may be a promising preventive and therapeutic strategy for MS. Animal models, especially rodent models, can be used to explore the in vivo molecular mechanisms of MS considering their similarity to the pathological processes and clinical signs of MS in humans and the significant oxidative damage observed within their CNS. Consequently, these models have been used widely in pre-clinical studies of oxidative stress in MS. To date, many natural products have been shown to exert antioxidant effects to attenuate the CNS damage in animal models of MS. This review summarized several common rodent models of MS and their association with oxidative stress. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive and concise overview of previously reported natural antioxidant products in inhibiting the progression of MS.
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Elucidating the Neuroprotective Effect of Tecoma stans Leaf Extract in STZ-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3833392. [PMID: 35795278 PMCID: PMC9251095 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3833392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes is considered one of the most encyclopedic metabolic disorders owing to an alarming rise in the number of patients, which is increasing at an exponential rate. With the current therapeutics, which only aims to provide symptomatic and momentary relief, the scientists are shifting gears to explore alternative therapies which not only can target diabetes but can also help in limiting the progression of diabetic complications including diabetic neuropathy (DN). Methods Tecoma stans leaf methanolic extract was prepared using the Soxhlet method. A streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/kg)-induced diabetic animal model was used and treatment with oral dosing of T. stans leaf extract at the different doses of 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and highest dose, i.e., 400 mg/kg, was initiated on day 3 after STZ administration. The pharmacological response for general and biochemical (angiogenic, inflammatory, and oxidative) parameters and behavioral parameters were compared using Gabapentin as a standard drug with the results from the test drug. Results Parameters associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy were evaluated. For general parameters, different doses of T. stans extract (TSE) on blood sugar showed significant effects as compared to the diabetic group. Also, the results from biochemical analysis and behavioral parameters showed significant positive effects in line with general parameters. The combination therapy of TSE at 400 mg/kg with a standard drug produced nonsignificant effects in comparison with the normal group. Conclusion The leaves of T. stans possess antidiabetic effects along with promising effects in the management of DN by producing significant effects by exhibiting antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, which are prognostic markers for DN, and thus, T. stans can be considered as an emerging therapeutic option for DN.
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(-)-Epicatechin Reduces Neuroinflammation, Protects Mitochondria Function, and Prevents Cognitive Impairment in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2657713. [PMID: 35656027 PMCID: PMC9155907 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2657713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy is a common neurological complication of sepsis. Despite advances in pathological and diagnostic investigations, its treatment remains a major challenge. In sepsis-associated encephalopathy, neuroinflammatory overactivation and mitochondrial damage are thought to contribute to cognitive and behavioral impairments. In this study, we found that administration of (−)-Epicatechin, a dietary flavonoid of the flavan-3-ol subgroup, improves memory deficits and behavior performance by ameliorating neuroinflammation, regulating mitochondria function, enhancing synaptic plasticity, and reducing neuronal loss in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. We further show that the AMPK signaling pathway might be among the mechanisms involved in the beneficial memory effects. Our data demonstrated the potential of (−)-Epicatechin as a new drug candidate for the treatment of sepsis-associated cognitive impairment by targeting AMPK.
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Cui Y, Yu H, Bu Z, Wen L, Yan L, Feng J. Focus on the Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:894298. [PMID: 35694441 PMCID: PMC9175009 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.894298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated with an aberrant innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in many neurological diseases. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that can be used as platforms to induce the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis, thus playing a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Among the inflammasomes, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is well-characterized and contributes to many neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and ischemic stroke. MS is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS, and its hallmarks include chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Studies have demonstrated a relationship between MS and the NLRP3 inflammasome. To date, the pathogenesis of MS is not fully understood, and clinical studies on novel therapies are still underway. Here, we review the activation mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome, its role in MS, and therapies targeting related molecules, which may be beneficial in MS.
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Morowitz JM, Pogson KB, Roque DA, Church FC. Role of SARS-CoV-2 in Modifying Neurodegenerative Processes in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:536. [PMID: 35624923 PMCID: PMC9139310 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to impact global health regarding both morbidity and mortality. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the virus interacts with and influences other organs and tissues, including blood vessel endothelium, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and brain. We are learning much about the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, we are just beginning to study and understand the long-term and chronic health consequences. Since the pandemic's beginning in late 2019, older adults, those with pre-existing illnesses, or both, have an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing severe COVID-19. Furthermore, older adults are also more likely to develop the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease (PD), with advanced age as the most significant risk factor. Thus, does SARS-CoV-2 potentially influence, promote, or accelerate the development of PD in older adults? Our initial focus was aimed at understanding SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and the connection to neurodegenerative disorders. We then completed a literature review to assess the relationship between PD and COVID-19. We described potential molecular and cellular pathways that indicate dopaminergic neurons are susceptible, both directly and indirectly, to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We concluded that under certain pathological circumstances, in vulnerable persons-with-Parkinson's disease (PwP), SARS-CoV-2 acts as a neurodegenerative enhancer to potentially support the development or progression of PD and its related motor and non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Morowitz
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Kaylyn B. Pogson
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Roque
- Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Frank C. Church
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Agmatine Mitigates Inflammation-Related Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Cells by Inducing a Pre-Adaptive Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073561. [PMID: 35408922 PMCID: PMC8998340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and microglial activation, common components of most neurodegenerative diseases, can be imitated in vitro by challenging microglia cells with Lps. We here aimed to evaluate the effects of agmatine pretreatment on Lps-induced oxidative stress in a mouse microglial BV-2 cell line. Our findings show that agmatine suppresses nitrosative and oxidative burst in Lps-stimulated microglia by reducing iNOS and XO activity and decreasing O2- levels, arresting lipid peroxidation, increasing total glutathione content, and preserving GR and CAT activity. In accordance with these results, agmatine suppresses inflammatory NF-kB, and stimulates antioxidant Nrf2 pathway, resulting in decreased TNF, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 release, and reduced iNOS and COX-2 levels. Together with increased ARG1, CD206 and HO-1 levels, our results imply that, in inflammatory conditions, agmatine pushes microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, we also discovered that agmatine alone increases lipid peroxidation end product levels, induces Nrf2 activation, increases total glutathione content, and GPx activity. Thus, we hypothesize that some of the effects of agmatine, observed in activated microglia, may be mediated by induced oxidative stress and adaptive response, prior to Lps stimulation.
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Estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) functions in the hypoxic injury of microglial cells. J Vet Res 2022; 66:131-140. [PMID: 35582481 PMCID: PMC8959695 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Hypoxia is a common pathological condition after spinal cord injury. Oestrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), as a key regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions, plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis. However, its role in hypoxic spinal microglia has not been fully elaborated. This study investigated the receptor’s activity when these cells are hypoxic and used as an in vitro model.
Material and Methods
In this study, microglia (BV2) were exposed to cobalt chloride as a hypoxic model, and the inverse agonist of ERRα, XCT790, and pyrido[1,2-α]-pyrimidin-4-one were used to regulate the expression of the receptor to explore the ERRα-related mechanisms involved in hypoxic spinal cord injury (SCI).
Results
ERRα promoted autophagy in BV2 cells and inhibited the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the expression of anti-inflammatory factors under hypoxic conditions. It also promoted the expression of fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5).
Conclusion
When a hypoxic SCI occurs, ERRα may maintain the homeostasis of spinal cord nerve cells by regulating autophagy and the p38MAPK/nuclear factor-kappa B cell and FNDC5/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signalling pathways, which are beneficial to the recovery of these cells.
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Vallée A. Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: The Key Role of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052810. [PMID: 35269952 PMCID: PMC8910888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a very complex syndrome involving widespread brain multi-dysconnectivity. Schizophrenia is marked by cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dysregulations. Recent studies suggest that inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and immune dysfunction could have a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is supported by immunogenetic evidence, and a higher incidence rate of autoimmune diseases in patients with schizophrenia. The dysregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is associated with the involvement of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia. Several studies have shown that there is a vicious and positive interplay operating between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This interplay is modulated by WNT/β-catenin, which interacts with the NF-kB pathway; inflammatory factors (including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α); factors of oxidative stress such as glutamate; and dopamine. Neuroinflammation is associated with increased levels of PPARγ. In schizophrenia, the expression of PPAR-γ is increased, whereas the WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARα are downregulated. This suggests that a metabolic-inflammatory imbalance occurs in this disorder. Thus, this research’s triptych could be a novel therapeutic approach to counteract both neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
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Huang FR, Fang WT, Cheng ZP, Shen Y, Wang DJ, Wang YQ, Sun LN. Imatinib-induced hepatotoxicity via oxidative stress and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome: an in vitro and in vivo study. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1075-1087. [PMID: 35190838 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib (IM), a milestone drug used in the field of molecular targeted therapy, has been reported to cause serious adverse liver effects, including liver failure and even death. Immune-mediated injury and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in drug-induced liver injury. However, the mechanism of IM-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear and warrants further study. In our study, Sprague Dawley rats were administered IM by gavage with 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) once daily for 10 days. Drug-induced liver injury accompanied by inflammatory infiltration was observed in rats following IM exposure, and the expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related proteins was significantly increased compared with that of the control. HepG2 cells were exposed to 0-100 μM IM for 24 h. The results showed that IM decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, IM induced a state of obvious oxidative stress and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in cells, which resulted in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, including caspase 1 cleavage and IL-1β release. These results were significantly reduced after the use of the antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine or the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine di-thio-carbamate. Furthermore, NLRP3 knockdown significantly reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines and improved cell viability. In summary, our data demonstrated that oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation are involved in the process of IM-induced hepatotoxicity. The results of this study provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of IM-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ru Huang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Tong Fang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Ping Cheng
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dun-Jian Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yong-Qing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lu-Ning Sun
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Sanders OD, Rajagopal L, Rajagopal JA. The oxidatively damaged DNA and amyloid-β oligomer hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:403-412. [PMID: 34506904 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) still dominates the field, yet the clinical trial evidence does not robustly support it. A falsifiable prediction of the hypothesis is that Aβ oligomer levels should be elevated in the brain regions and at the disease stages where and when neuron death and synaptic protein loss begin and are the most severe, but we review previous evidence to demonstrate that this is not consistently the case. To rescue the Aβ oligomer hypothesis from falsification, we propose the novel ad-hoc hypothesis that the exceptionally vulnerable hippocampus may normally produce Aβ peptides even in healthily aging individuals, and hippocampal oxidatively damaged DNA, pathogen DNA, and metal ions such as zinc may initiate and drive Aβ peptide aggregation into oligomers and spreading, neuron death, synaptic dysfunction, and other aspects of AD neurodegeneration. We highlight additional evidence consistent with the underwhelming efficacy of Aβ oligomer-lowering agents, such as aducanumab, and of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, versus the so far isolated case report that DNase-I treatment for 2 months resulted in a severe AD patient's Mini-Mental State Exam score increasing from 3 to 18, reversing his diagnosis to moderate AD, according to the Mini-Mental State Exam.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lekshmy Rajagopal
- Seven Hills Hospital, Marol Maroshi Rd, Shivaji Nagar JJC, Marol, Andheri East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400059, India
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The Effect of C-Phycocyanin on Microglia Activation Is Mediated by Toll-like Receptor 4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031440. [PMID: 35163363 PMCID: PMC8836248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The blue-green alga Spirulina platensis is rich in phycocyanins, that exhibit a wide range of pharmacological actions. C-phycocyanin (C-PC), in particular, possesses hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Furthermore, several studies have reported both anti- and proinflammatory properties of this pigment. However, the precise mechanism(s) of action of C-PC in these processes remain largely unknown. Therefore, here we explored the C-PC effect in in vitro microglia activation. The effect of C-PC on the expression and release of IL-1β and TNF-α and the activation of NF-κB was examined in primary microglia by real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence. Treatment with C-PC up-regulated the expression and release of IL-1β and TNF-α. C-PC also promoted the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Then, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for the immunoregulatory function of C-PC, we focused on investigating the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Accordingly, several TLR4 inhibitors have been used. Curcumin, ciprofloxacin, L48H37, and CLI-095 that suppresses specifically TLR4 signaling, blocked IL-1β and TNF-α. Overall, these results indicate the immunomodulatory effect of C-PC in microglia cultures and show for the first time that the molecular mechanism implicated in this effect may involve TLR4 activation.
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The Influence of Mitochondrial-DNA-Driven Inflammation Pathways on Macrophage Polarization: A New Perspective for Targeted Immunometabolic Therapy in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010135. [PMID: 35008558 PMCID: PMC8745401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is related to inflammation driven by free mitochondrial DNA. At the same time, the pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, that is, polarization in the M1 direction, aggravates the cycle of inflammatory damage. They promote each other and eventually transform macrophages/microglia into neurotoxic macrophages by improving macrophage glycolysis, transforming arginine metabolism, and controlling fatty acid synthesis. Therefore, we propose targeting the mtDNA-driven inflammatory response while controlling the metabolic state of macrophages in brain tissue to reduce the possibility of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Mahalakshmi K, Parimalanandhini D, Sangeetha R, Livya Catherene M, Beulaja M, Thiagarajan R, Arumugam M, Janarthanan S, Manikandan R. Influential role of 7-Ketocholesterol in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106582. [PMID: 34273491 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people are affected by neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. They occur due to the loss of brain functions or peripheral nervous system dysfunction. If untreated, prolonged condition ultimately leads to death. Mostly they are associated with stress, altered cholesterol metabolism, inflammation and organelle dysfunction. Endogenous cholesterol and phospholipids in brain undergo auto-oxidation by enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic modes leading to the formation of by-products such as 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols. Among various oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol (7KCh) is one of the major toxic components involved in altering neuronal lipid metabolism, contributing to inflammation and nerve cell damage. More evidently 7KCh is proven to induce oxidative stress and affects membrane permeability. Loss in mitochondrial membrane potential affects metabolism of cell organelles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes which are involved in lipid and protein homeostasis. This in turn could affect amyloidogenesis, tau protein phosphorylation and accumulation in pathological conditions of neurodegenerative diseases. Lipid alterations and the consequent pathogenic protein accumulation, results in the damage of cell organelles and microglial cells. This could be a reason behind disease progression and predominantly reported characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the role of 7KCh mediated neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease with emphasis on alterations in the lipid raft microdomain. In addition, current trends in the significant therapies related to 7KCh inhibition are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahalakshmi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - D Parimalanandhini
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - R Sangeetha
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - M Livya Catherene
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - M Beulaja
- Department of Biochemistry, Annai Veilankanni's College for Women, Chennai, 600 015, India
| | - R Thiagarajan
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission, Vivekananda College, Chennai, 600 004, India
| | - M Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - S Janarthanan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - R Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India.
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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang XJ, Wang H, Du Y, Guan J, Wang X, Fu J. NAD + improves cognitive function and reduces neuroinflammation by ameliorating mitochondrial damage and decreasing ROS production in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion models through Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:207. [PMID: 34530866 PMCID: PMC8444613 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in vascular dementia, and modulating neuroinflammation has emerged as a promising treatment target. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) shows anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in many neurodegenerative disease models, but its role in the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is still unclear. METHODS The bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) was performed to establish CCH models in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were given daily intraperitoneal injection of NAD+ for 8 weeks. The behavioral test and markers for neuronal death and neuroinflammation were analyzed. Mitochondrial damage and ROS production in microglia were also assessed. RNA-seq was performed to investigate the mechanistic pathway changes. For in vitro studies, Sirt1 was overexpressed in BV2 microglial cells to compare with NAD+ treatment effects on mitochondrial injury and neuroinflammation. RESULTS NAD+ administration rescued cognitive deficits and inhibited neuroinflammation by protecting mitochondria and decreasing ROS production in CCH rats. Results of mechanistic pathway analysis indicated that the detrimental effects of CCH might be associated with decreased gene expression of PPAR-γ co-activator1α (PGC-1α) and its upstream transcription factor Sirt1, while NAD+ treatment markedly reversed their decrease. In vitro study confirmed that NAD+ administration had protective effects on hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation and mitochondrial damage, as well as ROS production in BV2 microglia via Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway. Sirt1 overexpression mimicked the protective effects of NAD+ treatment in BV2 microglia. CONCLUSIONS NAD+ ameliorated cognitive impairment and dampened neuroinflammation in CCH models in vivo and in vitro, and these beneficial effects were associated with mitochondrial protection and ROS inhibition via activating Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yaling Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yaxuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiao Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Tylek K, Trojan E, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Bryniarska N, Curzytek K, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Basta-Kaim A. Time-Dependent Protective and Pro-Resolving Effects of FPR2 Agonists on Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Microglia Cells Involve Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPKs Pathways. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092373. [PMID: 34572022 PMCID: PMC8472089 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged or excessive microglial activation may lead to disturbances in the resolution of inflammation (RoI). The importance of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) in RoI has been highlighted. Among them, lipoxins (LXA4) and aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 (AT-LXA4) mediate beneficial responses through the activation of N-formyl peptide receptor-2 (FPR2). We aimed to shed more light on the time-dependent protective and anti-inflammatory impact of the endogenous SPMs, LXA4, and AT-LXA4, and of a new synthetic FPR2 agonist MR-39, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed rat microglial cells. Our results showed that LXA4, AT-LXA4, and MR-39 exhibit a protective and pro-resolving potential in LPS-stimulated microglia, even if marked differences were apparent regarding the time dependency and efficacy of inhibiting particular biomarkers. The LXA4 action was found mainly after 3 h of LPS stimulation, and the AT-LXA4 effect was varied in time, while MR-39′s effect was mainly observed after 24 h of stimulation by endotoxin. MR-39 was the only FPR2 ligand that attenuated LPS-evoked changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and diminished the ROS and NO release. Moreover, the LPS-induced alterations in the microglial phenotype were modulated by LXA4, AT-LXA4, and MR-39. The anti-inflammatory effect of MR-39 on the IL-1β release was mediated through FPR2. All tested ligands inhibited TNF-α production, while AT-LXA4 and MR-39 also diminished IL-6 levels in LPS-stimulated microglia. The favorable action of LXA4 and MR-39 was mediated through the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AT-LXA4 and MR39 diminished the phosphorylation of the transcription factor NF-κB, while AT-LXA4 also affected p38 kinase phosphorylation. Our results suggest that new pro-resolving synthetic mediators can represent an attractive treatment option for the enhancement of RoI, and that FPR2 can provide a perspective as a target in immune-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Tylek
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Katarzyna Curzytek
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-662-32-73
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Goldfarb S, Fainstein N, Ganz T, Vershkov D, Lachish M, Ben-Hur T. Electric neurostimulation regulates microglial activation via retinoic acid receptor α signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:40-53. [PMID: 33989746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation by electroconvulsive therapy is effective in neuropsychiatric disorders by unknown mechanisms. Microglial toxicity plays key role in neuropsychiatric, neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases. We examined the mechanism by which electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) regulates microglial phenotype and response to stimuli. Microglial responses were examined by morphological analysis, Iba1 and cytokine expression. ECS did not affect resting microglial phenotype or morphology but regulated their activation by Lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Microglia were isolated after ECS or sham sessions in naïve mice for transcriptome analysis. RNA sequencing identified 141 differentially expressed genes. ECS modulated multiple immune-associated gene families and attenuated neurotoxicity-associated gene expression. Blood brain barrier was examined by injecting Biocytin-TMR tracer. There was no breakdown of the BBB, nor increase in gene-signature of peripheral monocytes, suggesting that ECS effect is mainly on resident microglia. Unbiased analysis of regulatory sequences identified the induction of microglial retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) gene expression and a putative common RARα-binding motif in multiple ECS-upregulated genes. The effects of AM580, a selective RARα agonist on microglial response to LPS was examined in vitro. AM580 prevented LPS-induced cytokine expression and reactive oxygen species production. Chronic murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was utilized to confirm the role RARα signaling as mediator of ECS-induced transcriptional pathway in regulating microglial toxicity. Continuous intracerebroventricular delivery of AM580 attenuated effectively EAE severity. In conclusion, ECS regulates CNS innate immune system responses by activating microglial retinoic acid receptor α pathway, signifying a novel therapeutic approach for chronic neuroinflammatory, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Goldfarb
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Ganz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Vershkov
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marva Lachish
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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45
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Murray AJ, Rogers JC, Katshu MZUH, Liddle PF, Upthegrove R. Oxidative Stress and the Pathophysiology and Symptom Profile of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:703452. [PMID: 34366935 PMCID: PMC8339376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress, as reflected by an increase in the concentrations of damaging reactive species and a reduction in anti-oxidant defences to combat them. Evidence has suggested that whilst not the likely primary cause of schizophrenia, increased oxidative stress may contribute to declining course and poor outcomes associated with schizophrenia. Here we discuss how oxidative stress may be implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia and examine how current understanding relates associations with symptoms, potentially via lipid peroxidation induced neuronal damage. We argue that oxidative stress may be a good target for future pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and suggest a multi-step model of illness progression with oxidative stress involved at each stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Murray
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Liddle
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Wu Z, Zhou L, Sun L, Xie Y, Xiao L, Wang H, Wang G. Brief postpartum separation from offspring promotes resilience to lipopolysaccharide challenge-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors and inhibits neuroinflammation in C57BL/6J dams. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:190-202. [PMID: 33766700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates an important role for neuroinflammation in depression. Brief maternal separation promotes resilience to depression in offspring, but relatively little is known about the effects of different durations of postpartum separation (PS) from offspring on anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in dams following immune challenge. Lactating C57BL/6J mice were subjected to no separation (NPS), brief PS (15 min/day, PS15) or prolonged PS (180 min/day, PS180) from postpartum day (PPD) 1 to PPD21 and then injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST), were carried out at 24 h after the injection. LPSresulted in anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in NPS dams and activated ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (Iba1), an important biomarker of microglia, in the hippocampus. However, compared with NPS + LPS dams, PS15 + LPS dams spent significantly more time in the center of the OFT (anxiety-like behavior) and exhibited lower immobility time in the FST (depressive-like behavior), which indicated a phenomenon of resilience. Furthermore, the activation of neuroinflammation was inhibited in PS15 dams. Specifically, levels of the Iba1 mRNA and protein were decreased, while the mRNA expression of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/interleukin-18 (IL-18)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was decreased in the hippocampus. Furthermore, positive linear correlations were observed between microglial activation and LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in dams. Collectively, the findings of this study confirm that brief PS from offspring promotes resilience to LPS immune challenge-induced behavioral deficits and inhibits neuroinflammation in dams separated from their offspring during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuotian Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yumeng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Chaves Filho AJM, Gonçalves F, Mottin M, Andrade CH, Fonseca SNS, Macedo DS. Repurposing of Tetracyclines for COVID-19 Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations: A Valid Option to Control SARS-CoV-2-Associated Neuroinflammation? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:213-218. [PMID: 33534108 PMCID: PMC7854870 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-09986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has gained considerable attention worldwide due to its increased potential to spread and infect the general population. COVID-19 primarily targets the human respiratory epithelium but also has neuro-invasive potential. Indeed, neuropsychiatric manifestations, such as fatigue, febrile seizures, psychiatric symptoms, and delirium, are consistently observed in COVID-19. The neurobiological basis of neuropsychiatric COVID-19 symptoms is not fully understood. However, previous evidence about systemic viral infections pointed to an ongoing neuroinflammatory response to viral antigens and proinflammatory mediators/immune cells from the periphery. Microglia cells mediate the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and damage signals, culminating with neurotoxic consequences. Semi-synthetic second-generation tetracyclines, including minocycline (MINO) and doxycycline (DOXY), are safe bacteriostatic agents that have remarkable neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Promising results have been obtained in clinical trials using tetracyclines for major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and major depression. Tetracyclines can inhibit microglial reactivity and neuroinflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This drug class also has a broad profile of activity against bacteria associated with community-based pneumonia, including atypical agents. COVID-19 patients are susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, especially those on invasive ventilation. Therefore, we suggest tetracyclines' repurposing as a potential treatment for COVID-19 neuropsychiatric manifestations. These drugs can represent a valuable multi-modal treatment for COVID-19-associated neuroinflammatory alterations based on their broad antimicrobial profile and neuroinflammation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Critical Care Unit, Antônio Prudente Hospital- HAPFOR, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Franciane Gonçalves
- Critical Care Unit, Antônio Prudente Hospital- HAPFOR, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Melina Mottin
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Silvia Nunes Szente Fonseca
- Critical Care Unit, Antônio Prudente Hospital- HAPFOR, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- São Francisco Hospital, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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McGregor BA, Schommer J, Guo K, Raihan MO, Ghribi O, Hur J, Porter JE. Alpha-Synuclein-induced DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Microglia. Neuroscience 2021; 468:186-198. [PMID: 34082066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathy disorders are characterized by aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn), which engage microglia to elicit a neuroinflammatory response. Here, we determined the gene expression and DNA methylation changes in microglia induced by aggregate α-syn. Transgenic murine Thy-1 promoter (mThy1)-Asyn mice overexpressing human α-syn are a model of synucleinopathy. Microglia from 3 and 13-month-old mice were used to isolate nucleic acids for methylated DNA and RNA-sequencing. α-Syn-regulated changes in gene expression and genomic methylation were determined and examined for functional enrichment followed by network analysis to further elucidate possible connections within the data. Microglial DNA isolated from our 3-month cohort had 5315 differentially methylated gene (DMG) changes, while RNA levels demonstrated a change in 119 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between mThy1-Asyn mice and wild-type littermate controls. The 3-month DEGs and DMGs were highly associated with adhesion and migration signaling, suggesting a phenotypic transition from resting to active microglia. We observed 3742 DMGs and 3766 DEGs in 13-month mThy1-Asyn mice. These genes were often related to adhesion, migration, cell cycle, cellular metabolism, and immune response. Network analysis also showed increased cell mobility and inflammatory functions at 3 months, shifting to cell cycle, immune response, and metabolism changes at 13 months. We observed significant α-syn-induced methylation and gene expression changes in microglia. Our data suggest that α-syn overexpression initiates microglial activation leading to neuroinflammation and cellular metabolic stresses, which is associated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Jared Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Md Obayed Raihan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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PapRIV, a BV-2 microglial cell activating quorum sensing peptide. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10723. [PMID: 34021199 PMCID: PMC8140105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing peptides (QSPs) are bacterial peptides produced by Gram-positive bacteria to communicate with their peers in a cell-density dependent manner. These peptides do not only act as interbacterial communication signals, but can also have effects on the host. Compelling evidence demonstrates the presence of a gut-brain axis and more specifically, the role of the gut microbiota in microglial functioning. The aim of this study is to investigate microglial activating properties of a selected QSP (PapRIV) which is produced by Bacillus cereus species. PapRIV showed in vitro activating properties of BV-2 microglia cells and was able to cross the in vitro Caco-2 cell model and reach the brain. In vivo peptide presence was also demonstrated in mouse plasma. The peptide caused induction of IL-6, TNFα and ROS expression and increased the fraction of ameboid BV-2 microglia cells in an NF-κB dependent manner. Different metabolites were identified in serum, of which the main metabolite still remained active. PapRIV is thus able to cross the gastro-intestinal tract and the blood–brain barrier and shows in vitro activating properties in BV-2 microglia cells, hereby indicating a potential role of this quorum sensing peptide in gut-brain interaction.
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50
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Oyefeso FA, Muotri AR, Wilson CG, Pecaut MJ. Brain organoids: A promising model to assess oxidative stress-induced central nervous system damage. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:653-670. [PMID: 33942547 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most significant propagators of systemic damage with implications for widespread pathologies such as vascular disease, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, inflammation, and traumatic injury. OS can be induced by numerous factors such as environmental conditions, lifestyle choices, disease states, and genetic susceptibility. It is tied to the accumulation of free radicals, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insufficient antioxidant protection, which leads to cell aging and tissue degeneration over time. Unregulated systemic increase in reactive species, which contain harmful free radicals, can lead to diverse tissue-specific OS responses and disease. Studies of OS in the brain, for example, have demonstrated how this state contributes to neurodegeneration and altered neural plasticity. As the worldwide life expectancy has increased over the last few decades, the prevalence of OS-related diseases resulting from age-associated progressive tissue degeneration. Unfortunately, vital translational research studies designed to identify and target disease biomarkers in human patients have been impeded by many factors (e.g., limited access to human brain tissue for research purposes and poor translation of experimental models). In recent years, stem cell-derived three-dimensional tissue cultures known as "brain organoids" have taken the spotlight as a novel model for studying central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential of brain organoids to model the responses of human neural cells to OS, noting current and prospective limitations. Overall, brain organoids show promise as an innovative translational model to study CNS susceptibility to OS and elucidate the pathophysiology of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foluwasomi A Oyefeso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD, Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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