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Abstract
African trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites that infect mammals including humans, where they cause sleeping sickness. Long-lasting infection is required to favor parasite transmission between hosts. Therefore, trypanosomes have developed strategies to continuously escape innate and adaptive responses of the immune system, while also preventing premature death of the host. The pathology linked to infection mainly results from inflammation and includes anemia and brain dysfunction in addition to loss of specificity and memory of the antibody response. The serum of humans contains an efficient trypanolytic factor, the membrane pore-forming protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1). In the two human-infective trypanosomes, specific parasite resistance factors inhibit APOL1 activity. In turn, many African individuals express APOL1 variants that counteract these resistance factors, enabling them to avoid sleeping sickness. However, these variants are associated with chronic kidney disease, particularly in the context of virus-induced inflammation such as coronavirus disease 2019. Vaccination perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Long-term antibody production and viremia in American mink (Neovison vison) challenged with Aleutian mink disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:364. [PMID: 36192746 PMCID: PMC9531452 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selecting American mink (Neovison vison) for tolerance to Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) has gained popularity in recent years, but data on the outcomes of this activity are scant. The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term changes in viremia, seroconversion and survival in infected mink. Mink were inoculated intranasally with a local isolate of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) over 4 years (n = 1742). The animals had been selected for tolerance to AMDV for more than 20 years (TG100) or were from herds free of AMDV (TG0). The progenies of TG100 and TG0, and their crosses with 25, 50 and 75% tolerance ancestry were also used. Blood samples were collected from each mink up to 14 times until 1211 days post-inoculation (dpi) and were tested for viremia by PCR and for anti-AMDV antibodies by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). Viremia and CIEP status were not considered when selecting replacements. Low-performing animals were pelted and the presence of antibodies in their blood and antibody titer were measured by CIEP, and viremia and viral DNA in seven organs (n = 936) were tested by PCR. Results The peak incidences of viremia (66.7%) and seropositivity (93.5%) were at 35 dpi. The incidence of viremia decreased over time while the incidence of seroconversion increased. The least-squares means of the incidence of PCR positive of lymph node (0.743) and spleen (0.656) were significantly greater than those of bone marrow, liver, kidneys, lungs and small intestine (0.194 to 0.342). Differences in tolerant ancestry were significant for every trait measured. Incidences of viremia over time, terminal viremia, seropositivity over time, AMDV DNA in organs and antibody titer were highest in the susceptible groups (TG0 or TG25) and lowest in the tolerant groups (TG100 or TG75). Conclusion Previous history of selection for tolerance resulted in mink with reduced viral replication and antibody titer. Viremia had a negative effect and antibody production had a positive effect on survival and productivity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03462-7.
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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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Tauheed AM, Mamman M, Ahmed A, Suleiman MM, Balogun EO. Antitrypanosomal properties of Anogeissus leiocarpa extracts and their inhibitory effect on trypanosome alternative oxidase. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100223. [PMID: 37378019 PMCID: PMC10295807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background African trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease with huge socio-economic burden to sub-Saharan African exceeding US$4.6 annual loss. To mitigate the incidence of trypanosomal drug resistance, efforts are geared towards discovery of molecules, especially from natural products, with potential to inhibit important molecular target (trypanosome alternative oxidase, TAO) in trypanosomes that are critical to their survival. Method Crude methanol extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa was subjected to in vitro bioassay-guided antitrypanosomal assay to identify the most active extract with trypanocidal activity. The most active extract was run on a column chromatography yielding five fractions, F1-F5. The fractions were assayed for inhibitory effect on TAO. The most promising TAO inhibitor was subjected to antitrypanosomal evaluation by trypanosome count, drug incubation infectivity test (DIIT) and in vivo studies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify phytochemical constituents of the potential TAO-inhibiting fraction. Results Ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc) significantly (p<0.05) produced trypanocidal effect and was the most active extract. Of the five fractions, only F4 significantly (p<0.05) inhibited TAO compared to the control. F4 completely immobilised the trypanosomes up to 0.5 μg/μl, yielding an EC50 of 0.024 μg/μl compared to the 0.502 μg/μl of diminazene aceturate positive control group. The DIIT showed that F4 was significantly (p<0.05) potent up to 0.1 μg/μl. F4 significantly (p<0.05) suppressed parasite multiplication in systemic circulation of the treated rats and significantly (p<0.05) maintained high PCV when compared to the 5% DMSO group. Furthermore, F4 significantly (p<0.05) lowered serum concentrations of malondialdehyde. Phytoconstituents identified by the GC-MS include tetradecene; cetene; 3-(benzylthio) acrylic acid, methyl ester; 1-octadecene; 9-heptadecanone; hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; dibutyl phthalate; eicosene; octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; oleic acid; 2-methyl-Z,Z-3,13-octadecadienol; 1-docosene; 3-phenylthiane, s-oxide; phenol, 3-methyl; phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester. Conclusion F4 from EtOAc contains six carbohydrates (9.58%), two free fatty acids (6.48%), five fatty acid esters (27.73%), two aromatic compounds (50.63%) and one organosulphide (5.61%). It inhibited TAO and demonstrated antitrypanosomal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Tauheed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Mamman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed M. Suleiman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O. Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Stijlemans B, Schoovaerts M, De Baetselier P, Magez S, De Trez C. The Role of MIF and IL-10 as Molecular Yin-Yang in the Modulation of the Host Immune Microenvironment During Infections: African Trypanosome Infections as a Paradigm. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865395. [PMID: 35464430 PMCID: PMC9022210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are extracellular flagellated unicellular protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and causing Sleeping Sickness disease in humans and Nagana disease in cattle and other livestock. These diseases are usually characterized by the development of a fatal chronic inflammatory disease if left untreated. During African trypanosome infection and many other infectious diseases, the immune response is mediating a see-saw balance between effective/protective immunity and excessive infection-induced inflammation that can cause collateral tissue damage. African trypanosomes are known to trigger a strong type I pro-inflammatory response, which contributes to peak parasitaemia control, but this can culminate into the development of immunopathologies, such as anaemia and liver injury, if not tightly controlled. In this context, the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines may operate as a molecular “Yin-Yang” in the modulation of the host immune microenvironment during African trypanosome infection, and possibly other infectious diseases. MIF is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine and critical upstream mediator of immune and inflammatory responses, associated with exaggerated inflammation and immunopathology. For example, it plays a crucial role in the pro-inflammatory response against African trypanosomes and other pathogens, thereby promoting the development of immunopathologies. On the other hand, IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, acting as a master regulator of inflammation during both African trypanosomiasis and other diseases. IL-10 is crucial to counteract the strong MIF-induced pro-inflammatory response, leading to pathology control. Hence, novel strategies capable of blocking MIF and/or promoting IL-10 receptor signaling pathways, could potentially be used as therapy to counteract immunopathology development during African trypanosome infection, as well as during other infectious conditions. Together, this review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on the opposite immunopathological molecular “Yin-Yang” switch roles of MIF and IL-10 in the modulation of the host immune microenvironment during infection, and more particularly during African trypanosomiasis as a paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Centre for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Schoovaerts
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Centre for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Malatji DP. Breeding of African sheep reared under low-input/output smallholder production systems for trypanotolerance. Vet World 2022; 15:1031-1043. [PMID: 35698514 PMCID: PMC9178589 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1031-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by unicellular protozoan parasites. Small ruminants succumb to trypanosomiasis in areas of high tsetse fly challenge, resulting in serious economic loss often to farmers in low-input smallholder systems. At present, trypanosomiasis is treated with trypanocidal drugs, but access to these can be limited, and increasing parasite resistance raises questions about their efficacy. The development of trypanotolerance in small ruminant flocks through targeted breeding strategies is considered a sustainable and economical option for controlling African trypanosomiasis. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with trypanotolerance traits in sheep have been reported. The results of these studies form the basis for more studies to identify QTLs associated with trypanosomiasis resistance, particularly in African livestock species. For example, signatures of positive selection for trypanotolerance have been identified using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data. However, there are several challenges in performing genetic analyses using data from low-input smallholder systems, including a lack of recorded pedigree and production records and the need for large sample sizes when flock sizes are often fewer than 50 animals. Breeding strategies to improve trypanotolerance should also preserve existing genetic diversity as well as minimize excessive genetic introgression by trypanosusceptible breeds. This review discusses the possibilities of breeding for trypanosome tolerance/resistance in low-input/low-output small ruminant production systems. Potential challenges are outlined, and potential available genetic resources are described as a foundation for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi P. Malatji
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa
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Partially Purified Leaf Fractions of Azadirachta indica Inhibit Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase and Exert Antitrypanosomal Effects on Trypanosoma congolense. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:120-129. [PMID: 34156634 PMCID: PMC8217781 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease of humans and livestock caused by single-celled flagellated haemo-protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. Purpose Widespread resistance to trypanocidal drugs creates urgent need for new, more effective drugs with potential to inhibit important trypanosome molecular targets. Methods Nine column chromatographic, partially purified leaf fractions of Azadirachta indica (AIF) were subjected to trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) inhibition assay using ubiquinol oxidase assay. The potent TAO inhibitors were evaluated for trypanocidal activities against T. congolense in rat model using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. Complete cessation or reduction in parasite motility was scored from 0 (no parasite) to 6 (greater than or equal to 6 × 107 trypanosomes/milliliter of blood), and was used to evaluate the efficacy of in vitro treatments. Results Only AIF1, AIF2, and AIF5 significantly inhibited TAO. AIF1 and AIF5 produced significant, dose-dependent suppression of parasite motility reaching score zero within 1 h with EC50 of 0.005 and 0.004 µg/µL, respectively, while trypanosome-laden blood was still at score six with an EC50 of 44,086 µg/µL. Mice inoculated with the concentrations at scores 0 and 1 (1–2 moribund parasites) at the end of the experiment did not develop parasitaemia. The two fractions significantly (p < 0.05) lowered parasite burden, with the AIF5 exhibiting highest in vivo trypanocidal effects. Packed cell volume was significantly higher in AIF1 (p < 0.05) and AIF5 (p < 0.001) groups compared to DMSO-treated group. Only AIF5 significantly (p < 0.05) lowered malondialdehyde. Conclusion AIF1 and AIF5 offer prospects for the discovery of TAO inhibitor(s).
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Upregulation of sialyltransferases ST3Gal1 and ST6Gal1 promotes stabilization of erythrocyte mass and recovery of anemia in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected pigs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Jacobs SH, Dóró E, Hammond FR, Nguyen-Chi ME, Lutfalla G, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Occurrence of foamy macrophages during the innate response of zebrafish to trypanosome infections. eLife 2021; 10:64520. [PMID: 34114560 PMCID: PMC8238505 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A tightly regulated innate immune response to trypanosome infections is critical to strike a balance between parasite control and inflammation-associated pathology. In this study, we make use of the recently established Trypanosoma carassii infection model in larval zebrafish to study the early response of macrophages and neutrophils to trypanosome infections in vivo. We consistently identified high- and low-infected individuals and were able to simultaneously characterise their differential innate response. Not only did macrophage and neutrophil number and distribution differ between the two groups, but also macrophage morphology and activation state. Exclusive to high-infected zebrafish, was the occurrence of foamy macrophages characterised by a strong pro-inflammatory profile and potentially associated with an exacerbated immune response as well as susceptibility to the infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of foamy macrophages during an extracellular trypanosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem H Jacobs
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eva Dóró
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ffion R Hammond
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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11
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T T, O T, U D, J B. Prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2021; 192:105340. [PMID: 34022712 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its potential risk factors was conducted in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia from November 2018- May 2019. A total of 1284 blood samples from local zebu cattle (642 each in dry and wet season) were examined by using buffy coat technique and thin blood smear method. The overall prevalence was 11.05 % with 14.33 % in dry and 7.78 % in wet season. According to multiple logistic regression analysis of tsetse suppression areas, higher prevalence in female than male (OR = 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.27, 0.83), in poor (OR = 3.25, 95 % CI: 1.26, 11.09) and medium (OR = 2.07, 95 % CI: 0.74, 7.37) than good body conditioned animals was recorded. Moreover, tethered animals (OR = 2.07, 95 % CI: 1.06, 3.92) were more likely to be infected than communal grazers and also higher prevalence in dry season than wet season (OR = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.30, 0.87). Similarly, in tsetse non-suppression areas, higher prevalence in female than male (OR = 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.27, 0.85) and in wet season (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI: 0.23, 0.7) than dry season was recorded. Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax were found in cattle with the former more prevalent in both areas. Overall pooled mean packed cell volume (PCV) of parasitaemic animals (23.57 ± 3.13) was significantly lower than aparasitaemic animals (27.80 ± 4.95). Similarly, parasitaemic animals from tsetse suppression areas and tsetse non-suppression areas had significantly lower mean PCV than their aparasitaemic counterparts. Mean PCV of T. congolense (23.59 ± 3.22) infected animals was not different (P > 0.05) from T. vivax infected animals (23.26 ± 3.31). It was also indicated that the probability of anaemic animals to be parasitaemic was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than non-anaemic animals in both areas. In conclusion, the prevalence of trypanosomosis revealed its endemicity which bottlenecked the livestock production and productivity in the study area despite of tsetse suppression activities. Therefore, integrated parasite and vector control approach should be undertaken to curve the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegegn T
- Jinka Agricultural Research Center, Livestock Research Directorate, Jinka, Ethiopia.
| | - Tekle O
- Department of Animal Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
| | - Dikaso U
- Department of Animal Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
| | - Belete J
- Department of Animal Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
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12
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Rajavel A, Schmitt AO, Gültas M. Computational Identification of Master Regulators Influencing Trypanotolerance in Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020562. [PMID: 33429951 PMCID: PMC7827104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is transmitted by the tsetse fly which carries pathogenic trypanosomes in its saliva, thus causing debilitating infection to livestock health. As the disease advances, a multistage progression process is observed based on the progressive clinical signs displayed in the host’s body. Investigation of genes expressed with regular monotonic patterns (known as Monotonically Expressed Genes (MEGs)) and of their master regulators can provide important clue for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the AAT disease. For this purpose, we analysed MEGs for three tissues (liver, spleen and lymph node) of two cattle breeds, namely trypanosusceptible Boran and trypanotolerant N’Dama. Our analysis revealed cattle breed-specific master regulators which are highly related to distinguish the genetic programs in both cattle breeds. Especially the master regulators MYC and DBP found in this study, seem to influence the immune responses strongly, thereby susceptibility and trypanotolerance of Boran and N’Dama respectively. Furthermore, our pathway analysis also bolsters the crucial roles of these master regulators. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into breed-specific master regulators which orchestrate the regulatory cascades influencing the level of trypanotolerance in cattle breeds and thus could be promising drug targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Rajavel
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.R.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.R.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.R.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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13
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Agina OA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Hamzah H. Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E697. [PMID: 32854179 PMCID: PMC7558346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Rosly Shaari
- Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Mahiza Md Isa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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14
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Tauheed AM, Mamman M, Ahmed A, Suleiman MM, Balogun EO. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of combination therapy of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Khaya senegalensis and potash. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112805. [PMID: 32243988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pastoralists in Nigeria mix barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) Khaya senegalensis (KS) and potash (Pt) to treat animal African trypanosomosis. AIM To evaluate antitrypanosomal potential of A. leiocarpus, K. senegalensis and potash for insights into the traditional claim of antitrypanosomal combination therapy (ATCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty microliter each of six different concentrations of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS, AL + KS + Pt and diminazene aceturate (DA, positive control) was incubated with 50 μL of parasite-laden blood containing 108Trypanosoma congolense cells in a 96-well microtitre plate. Negative control wells were devoid of the extracts and drug but supplemented with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Efficacy of treatment was observed at 1 h interval for complete immobilisation or reduced motility of the parasites. Each incubated mixture was inoculated into mouse at the point of complete immobilisation of parasite motility or at the end of 6-h observation period for concentrations that did not immobilise the parasites completely. For in vivo assessment, thirty-five parasitaemic rats were randomly allocated into seven groups of 5 rats each. Each rat in groups I-V was treated with 500 mg/kg of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS and AL + KS + Pt, respectively, for 7 days. Rats in groups VI and VII were treated with diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg once and PBS 2 mL/kg (7 days), which served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Daily monitoring of parasitaemia through the tail vein, packed cell volume and malondialdehyde were used to assess efficacy of the treatments. RESULTS The AL + KS + Pt group significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced parasite motility and completely immobilized the parasites at 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/μL with an IC50 of 9.1×10-4 µg/µL. All the mice with conditions that produced complete cessation of parasite motility did not develop parasitaemia within one month of observation. The AL + KS group significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the level of parasitaemia and MDA, and significantly (p < 0.05) maintained higher PCV than PBS group. CONCLUSION The combination of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis showed better antitrypanosomal effects than single drug treatment and offers prospects for ATCT. Our findings support ethnopharmacological use of combined barks of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis by pastoralist in the treatment of animal African trypanosomosis in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Tauheed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
| | - Mohammed Mamman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed M Suleiman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Mando, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, United States of America
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15
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Identifying Cattle Breed-Specific Partner Choice of Transcription Factors during the African Trypanosomiasis Disease Progression Using Bioinformatics Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020246. [PMID: 32456126 PMCID: PMC7350023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a disease caused by pathogenic trypanosomes which affects millions of livestock every year causing huge economic losses in agricultural production especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is spread by the tsetse fly which carries the parasite in its saliva. During the disease progression, the cattle are prominently subjected to anaemia, weight loss, intermittent fever, chills, neuronal degeneration, congestive heart failure, and finally death. According to their different genetic programs governing the level of tolerance to AAT, cattle breeds are classified as either resistant or susceptible. In this study, we focus on the cattle breeds N’Dama and Boran which are known to be resistant and susceptible to trypanosomiasis, respectively. Despite the rich literature on both breeds, the gene regulatory mechanisms of the underlying biological processes for their resistance and susceptibility have not been extensively studied. To address the limited knowledge about the tissue-specific transcription factor (TF) cooperations associated with trypanosomiasis, we investigated gene expression data from these cattle breeds computationally. Consequently, we identified significant cooperative TF pairs (especially DBP−PPARA and DBP−THAP1 in N’Dama and DBP−PAX8 in Boran liver tissue) which could help understand the underlying AAT tolerance/susceptibility mechanism in both cattle breeds.
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16
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Raftery AG, Jallow S, Coultous RM, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Variation in disease phenotype is marked in equine trypanosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:148. [PMID: 32199454 PMCID: PMC7085162 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine trypanosomiasis is a severe and prevalent disease that has the greatest impact globally upon working equids due to its distribution across lower income countries. Morbidity and mortality rates are high; disease management strategies in endemic regions are ineffective and cost prohibitive. Individual variation in disease phenotype in other species suggests host factors could reveal novel treatment and control targets but has not been investigated in equids. Methods A prospective clinical evaluation of equines presenting for a free veterinary examination was performed in hyperendemic villages in The Gambia. Age, body condition score and body weight were estimated by validated methods, and haematocrit and total protein concentration measured. Animals fulfilling 2 out of 5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema) for a diagnosis of trypanosomiasis received trypanocidal treatment with follow-up at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma spp. primers and results were compared to the subject’s clinical and clinicopathological features. A mixed effects generalised linear model was generated to evaluate the association of infection status with degree of pyrexia and anaemia. Results Morbidity was high within examined (n = 641) and selected (n = 247) study populations. PCR status was not associated with a defined disease phenotype; there was intra- and inter-species variability. Donkeys were more frequently Trypanosoma spp.-positive (P < 0.001) and febrile (P < 0.001) than horses, but infected horses were more anaemic (P < 0.001), and in poorer body condition (P < 0.001) than donkeys. Sex was correlated to disease phenotype: males were more anaemic (P = 0.03) and febrile (P < 0.001). Haemoparasite co-infections were more common than a single infection. Conclusions There was evidence of diversity in trypanosomiasis clinical signs plus variable disease phenotypes within equid subpopulations that warrant further investigation. The complex co-infection profile of field cases requires greater consideration to optimise disease management.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Raftery
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Saloum Jallow
- Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust, Sambel Kunda, Central River District, The Gambia
| | - Robert M Coultous
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David G M Sutton
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
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17
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Stijlemans B, Korf H, De Baetselier P, Brys L, Van Ginderachter JA, Magez S, De Trez C. Hepatocyte-derived IL-10 plays a crucial role in attenuating pathogenicity during the chronic phase of T. congolense infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008170. [PMID: 32012211 PMCID: PMC7018099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine African Trypanosomosis is an infectious parasitic disease affecting livestock productivity and thereby impairing the economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa. The most important trypanosome species implicated is T. congolense, causing anemia as most important pathological feature. Using murine models, it was shown that due to the parasite’s efficient immune evasion mechanisms, including (i) antigenic variation of the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat, (ii) induction of polyclonal B cell activation, (iii) loss of B cell memory and (iv) T cell mediated immunosuppression, disease prevention through vaccination has so far been impossible. In trypanotolerant models a strong, early pro-inflammatory immune response involving IFN-γ, TNF and NO, combined with a strong humoral anti-VSG response, ensures early parasitemia control. This potent protective inflammatory response is counterbalanced by the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which in turn prevents early death of the host from uncontrolled hyper-inflammation-mediated immunopathologies. Though at this stage different hematopoietic cells, such as NK cells, T cells and B cells as well as myeloid cells (i.e. alternatively activated myeloid cells (M2) or Ly6c- monocytes), were found to produce IL-10, the contribution of non-hematopoietic cells as potential IL-10 source during experimental T. congolense infection has not been addressed. Here, we report for the first time that during the chronic stage of T. congolense infection non-hematopoietic cells constitute an important source of IL-10. Our data shows that hepatocyte-derived IL-10 is mandatory for host survival and is crucial for the control of trypanosomosis-induced inflammation and associated immunopathologies such as anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and excessive tissue injury. Bovine African Trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease of veterinary importance that adversely affects the public health and economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. The most important trypanosome species implicated is T. congolense, causing anemia as most important pathological feature and major cause of death. Using murine models, it was shown that the disease is characterized by a well-timed and balanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokine promoting factors followed by an anti-inflammatory response, involving IL-10. The latter is required to attenuate infection-associated pathogenicity and to prevent early host death from uncontrolled hyper-inflammation mediated immunopathologies. However, the cellular source of IL-10 in vivo and the window within which these cells exert their function during the course of African trypanosomiasis remain poorly understood, which hampers the design of effective therapeutic strategies. Using a T. congolense infection mouse model, relevant for bovine trypanosomosis, we demonstrate that during the chronic stage of infection hepatocyte-derived IL-10, but not myeloid cell-derived IL-10, regulates the main infection-associated immunopathologies and ultimately mediates host survival. Hence, strategies that tilt the balance of hepatocyte cytokine production in favor of IL-10 could majorly impact the wellbeing and survival of T. congolense-infected animals. Given the unmet medical need for this parasite infection, our findings offer promise for improved treatment protocols in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lea Brys
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Carl De Trez
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Anyogu DC, Shoyinka SVO, Ihedioha JI. Some Biochemical Perturbations May Modify the Understanding of Trypanotolerance in the West African Dwarf Sheep Infected With Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2020; 13:2632010X20938389. [PMID: 32924008 PMCID: PMC7446258 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x20938389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are single-celled protozoa that cause severe diseases in both humans and livestock in sub-Saharan African countries. The disease in the West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep is often neglected due to the issue of trypanotolerance. The current study is aimed to evaluate some biochemical changes in this breed that may modify the understanding of trypanotolerance. Fifteen WAD sheep were assigned into 3 groups (A, B, and C). Baseline (day 0) values of the parameters assayed were obtained before groups A and B were infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense, respectively, by intraperitoneal inoculation with 106 trypanosomes per animal. Standard procedures using Quimica Clinica Applicada (Spain) and Randox (UK) test kits were used to evaluate serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, urea, and creatinine on days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 post infection. The infections caused sustained pyrexia, hypoproteinaemia, hypocholesterolaemia, weight loss, hepatitis, and mortalities although parasitaemia was greatly controlled especially in the T congolense infected rams. The findings suggest that the WAD rams are not just passive reservoirs of trypanosomes for human and animal infections, but experience active host-parasite interactions with huge price for resilience, biochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinson C Anyogu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Shodeinde VO Shoyinka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - John I Ihedioha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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19
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Mekonnen YA, Gültas M, Effa K, Hanotte O, Schmitt AO. Identification of Candidate Signature Genes and Key Regulators Associated With Trypanotolerance in the Sheko Breed. Front Genet 2019; 10:1095. [PMID: 31803229 PMCID: PMC6872528 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is caused by a protozoan parasite that affects the health of livestock. Livestock production in Ethiopia is severely hampered by AAT and various controlling measures were not successful to eradicate the disease. AAT affects the indigenous breeds in varying degrees. However, the Sheko breed shows better trypanotolerance than other breeds. The tolerance attributes of Sheko are believed to be associated with its taurine genetic background but the genetic controls of these tolerance attributes of Sheko are not well understood. In order to investigate the level of taurine background in the genome, we compare the genome of Sheko with that of 11 other African breeds. We find that Sheko has an admixed genome composed of taurine and indicine ancestries. We apply three methods: (i) The integrated haplotype score (iHS), (ii) the standardized log ratio of integrated site specific extended haplotype homozygosity between populations (Rsb), and (iii) the composite likelihood ratio (CLR) method to discover selective sweeps in the Sheko genome. We identify 99 genomic regions harboring 364 signature genes in Sheko. Out of the signature genes, 15 genes are selected based on their biological importance described in the literature. We also identify 13 overrepresented pathways and 10 master regulators in Sheko using the TRANSPATH database in the geneXplain platform. Most of the pathways are related with oxidative stress responses indicating a possible selection response against the induction of oxidative stress following trypanosomiasis infection in Sheko. Furthermore, we present for the first time the importance of master regulators involved in trypanotolerance not only for the Sheko breed but also in the context of cattle genomics. Our finding shows that the master regulator Caspase is a key protease which plays a major role for the emergence of adaptive immunity in harmony with the other master regulators. These results suggest that designing and implementing genetic intervention strategies is necessary to improve the performance of susceptible animals. Moreover, the master regulatory analysis suggests potential candidate therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs for trypanosomiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Ayalew Mekonnen
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kefena Effa
- Animal Biosciences, National Program Coordinator for African Dairy Genetic Gain, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- Cells, Organisms amd Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Armin O Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Yaro M, Munyard KA, Morgan E, Allcock RJN, Stear MJ, Groth DM. Analysis of pooled genome sequences from Djallonke and Sahelian sheep of Ghana reveals co-localisation of regions of reduced heterozygosity with candidate genes for disease resistance and adaptation to a tropical environment. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:816. [PMID: 31699027 PMCID: PMC6836352 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Djallonke sheep is well adapted to harsh environmental conditions, and is relatively resistant to Haemonchosis and resilient to animal trypanosomiasis. The larger Sahelian sheep, which cohabit the same region, is less well adapted to these disease challenges. Haemonchosis and Trypanosomiasis collectively cost the worldwide animal industry billions of dollars in production losses annually. RESULTS Here, we separately sequenced and then pooled according to breed the genomes from five unrelated individuals from each of the Djallonke and Sahelian sheep breeds (sourced from Ghana), at greater than 22-fold combined coverage for each breed. A total of approximately 404 million (97%) and 343 million (97%) sequence reads from the Djallonke and Sahelian breeds respectively, were successfully mapped to the sheep reference genome Oar v3.1. We identified approximately 11.1 million and 10.9 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Djallonke and Sahelian breeds, with approximately 15 and 16% respectively of these not previously reported in sheep. Multiple regions of reduced heterozygosity were also found; 70 co-localised within genomic regions harbouring genes that mediate disease resistance, immune response and adaptation in sheep or cattle. Thirty- three of the regions of reduced heterozygosity co-localised with previously reported genes for resistance to haemonchosis and trypanosomiasis. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest that these regions of reduced heterozygosity may be signatures of selection for these economically important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yaro
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - K. A. Munyard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - E. Morgan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - R. J. N. Allcock
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA Australia
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - M. J. Stear
- Agribio centre for Agribioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - D. M. Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
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21
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Kariuki CK, Stijlemans B, Magez S. The Trypanosomal Transferrin Receptor of Trypanosoma Brucei-A Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040126. [PMID: 31581506 PMCID: PMC6958415 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for life. Its uptake and utility requires a careful balancing with its toxic capacity, with mammals evolving a safe and bio-viable means of its transport and storage. This transport and storage is also utilized as part of the iron-sequestration arsenal employed by the mammalian hosts’ ‘nutritional immunity’ against parasites. Interestingly, a key element of iron transport, i.e., serum transferrin (Tf), is an essential growth factor for parasitic haemo-protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. These are major mammalian parasites causing the diseases human African trypanosomosis (HAT) and animal trypanosomosis (AT). Using components of their well-characterized immune evasion system, bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei parasites adapt and scavenge for the mammalian host serum transferrin within their broad host range. The expression site associated genes (ESAG6 and 7) are utilized to construct a heterodimeric serum Tf binding complex which, within its niche in the flagellar pocket, and coupled to the trypanosomes’ fast endocytic rate, allows receptor-mediated acquisition of essential iron from their environment. This review summarizes current knowledge of the trypanosomal transferrin receptor (TfR), with emphasis on the structure and function of the receptor, both in physiological conditions as well as in conditions where the iron supply to parasites is being limited. Potential applications using current knowledge of the parasite receptor are also briefly discussed, primarily focused on potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Kariuki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Interactions (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium;
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), 00502 Nairobi, Kenya
- Correspondence: (C.K.K.); (S.M.); Tel.: +322-629-1975 (C.K.K.); +82-32626-4207 (S.M.)
| | - Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Interactions (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium;
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Interactions (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium;
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 219220, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.K.K.); (S.M.); Tel.: +322-629-1975 (C.K.K.); +82-32626-4207 (S.M.)
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22
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Raftery AG, Jallow S, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Safety and efficacy of three trypanocides in confirmed field cases of trypanosomiasis in working equines in The Gambia: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007175. [PMID: 30901321 PMCID: PMC6447232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, working equines have a continued and growing socioeconomic role in supporting the livelihoods of between 300–600 million people in low income countries which is rarely recognised at a national or international level. Infectious diseases have significant impact on welfare and productivity in this population and equine trypanosomiasis is a priority disease due to its severity and prevalence. Strategies are required to improve the prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of trypanosomiasis in equines and more data are required on the efficacy and safety of current trypanocidal drugs. Methods A prospective randomised, open-label non-inferiority trial was performed in The Gambia on horses and donkeys that fulfilled 2/5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema). Following randomised trypanocidal treatment (diminazene diaceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride or isometamidium chloride), animals were observed for immediate adverse drug reactions and follow-up assessment was performed at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma sp. primers. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring changes in clinical parameters, clinicopathological results and PCR-status post-treatment after evaluating for bias. Using PCR status as the outcome variable, non-inferiority of isometamidium treatment was determined if the upper bound limit of a 2-sided 95% CI was less than 10%. Results There was a significant beneficial effect upon the Trypanosoma sp. PCR positive population following trypanocidal treatment for all groups. The findings of clinical evaluation and PCR status supported a superior treatment effect for isometamidium. Melarsomine dihydrochloride efficacy was inferior to isometamidium. There were immediate, self-limiting side effects to isometamidium in donkeys (26%). Diminazene had the longest duration of action as judged by PCR status. Conclusions The data support the continued use of isometamidium following careful dose titration in donkeys and diminazene for trypanosomiasis in equines using the doses and routes of administration reported. Equine trypanosomiasis is endemic in many areas of the world with high morbidity and mortality in affected populations. Trypanocides form an essential part of current treatment strategies but evidence regarding efficacy in equines is scarce. In order to inform disease management, the efficacy of three trypanocidal drugs was assessed in horses and donkeys that fulfilled 2/5 clinical inclusion criteria for trypanosomiasis in The Gambia. Selected equines received randomised treatment with either isometamidium, diminazene or melarsomine dihydrochloride and were observed for adverse drug reactions. Follow-up was performed at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood collected at each timepoint was analysed for Trypanosoma spp. using a PCR approach. Within the selected population 66% were PCR positive pre-treatment for Trypanosoma spp.. Trypanosome positive individuals responded favourably to each treatment, but clinical evaluation and PCR status post-treatment supported a superior effect for isometamidium. Melarsomine dihydrochloride had inferior efficacy to isometamidium. Immediate adverse side effects were only documented following isometamidium administration in donkeys (26%) and these were self-limiting. Diminazene had the longest duration of action as judged by PCR status. The data support the continued use of isometamidium and diminazene but not melarsomine dihydrochloride for trypanosomiasis in equines at the doses and routes of administration reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Raftery
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Science and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Saloum Jallow
- Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust, Sambel Kunda, Central River District, The Gambia
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David G. M. Sutton
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Science and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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23
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Radwanska M, Vereecke N, Deleeuw V, Pinto J, Magez S. Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2253. [PMID: 30333827 PMCID: PMC6175991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are single cell extracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts. Most pathogenic infections worldwide are caused by one of four major species of trypanosomes including (i) Trypanosoma brucei and the human infective subspecies T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, (ii) Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, (iii) Trypanosoma congolense and (iv) Trypanosoma vivax. Infections with these parasites are marked by excessive immune dysfunction and immunopathology, both related to prolonged inflammatory host immune responses. Here we review the classification and global distribution of these parasites, highlight the adaptation of human infective trypanosomes that allow them to survive innate defense molecules unique to man, gorilla, and baboon serum and refer to the discovery of sexual reproduction of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. With respect to the immunology of mammalian host-parasite interactions, the review highlights recent findings with respect to the B cell destruction capacity of trypanosomes and the role of T cells in the governance of infection control. Understanding infection-associated dysfunction and regulation of both these immune compartments is crucial to explain the continued failures of anti-trypanosome vaccine developments as well as the lack of any field-applicable vaccine based anti-trypanosomosis intervention strategy. Finally, the link between infection-associated inflammation and trypanosomosis induced anemia is covered in the context of both livestock and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Deleeuw
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joar Pinto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Stijlemans B, De Baetselier P, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, De Trez C. African Trypanosomiasis-Associated Anemia: The Contribution of the Interplay between Parasites and the Mononuclear Phagocyte System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:218. [PMID: 29497418 PMCID: PMC5818406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomosis (AT) is a chronically debilitating parasitic disease of medical and economic importance for the development of sub-Saharan Africa. The trypanosomes that cause this disease are extracellular protozoan parasites that have developed efficient immune escape mechanisms to manipulate the entire host immune response to allow parasite survival and transmission. During the early stage of infection, a profound pro-inflammatory type 1 activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), involving classically activated macrophages (i.e., M1), is required for initial parasite control. Yet, the persistence of this M1-type MPS activation in trypanosusceptible animals causes immunopathology with anemia as the most prominent pathological feature. By contrast, in trypanotolerant animals, there is an induction of IL-10 that promotes the induction of alternatively activated macrophages (M2) and collectively dampens tissue damage. A comparative gene expression analysis between M1 and M2 cells identified galectin-3 (Gal-3) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as novel M1-promoting factors, possibly acting synergistically and in concert with TNF-α during anemia development. While Gal-3 enhances erythrophagocytosis, MIF promotes both myeloid cell recruitment and iron retention within the MPS, thereby depriving iron for erythropoiesis. Hence, the enhanced erythrophagocytosis and suppressed erythropoiesis lead to anemia. Moreover, a thorough investigation using MIF-deficient mice revealed that the underlying mechanisms in AT-associated anemia development in trypanosusceptible and tolerant animals are quite distinct. In trypanosusceptible animals, anemia resembles anemia of inflammation, while in trypanotolerant animals’ hemodilution, mainly caused by hepatosplenomegaly, is an additional factor contributing to anemia. In this review, we give an overview of how trypanosome- and host-derived factors can contribute to trypanosomosis-associated anemia development with a focus on the MPS system. Finally, we will discuss potential intervention strategies to alleviate AT-associated anemia that might also have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Degneh E, Shibeshi W, Terefe G, Asres K, Ashenafi H. Bovine trypanosomosis: changes in parasitemia and packed cell volume in dry and wet seasons at Gidami District, Oromia Regional State, western Ethiopia. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:59. [PMID: 28893322 PMCID: PMC5594549 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal trypanosomosis is one of the major disease problems affecting agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. The impact of the disease is believed to vary with season and agro-ecologies in line with fly vector distribution. A cross-sectional study on bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from November 2015 to June 2016, in seven selected villages of Gidami district, Oromia Regional State, western Ethiopia. A total of 930 blood samples were collected and subjected to parasitological and hematological analysis. RESULT The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 14.1%. The seasonal prevalence shows 9.06% in early dry and 18.4% in early rainy seasons. Three trypanosome species, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei were identified in the examined animals. T. congolense followed by T. vivax were the predominant species (respectively 59.0 and 35.9% in early dry season and 62.0 and 22.8% in early rainy season). The prevalence of T. vivax remained similar in both early dry and early rainy seasons in both lowland and midland agroecologies whereas T. congolense was more dominant in the lowland area in both seasons compared to mid land study sites. The disease was more prevalent in lowland (23.9%) compared to midland (11.1%) during early rainy season (P < 0.001) whereas no significant difference was observed between the two agroecologies during early dry season (P = 0.165). Packed cell volume (PCV) was much lower in parasitemic animals than in aparasitemic cattle whereas the mean PCV value for parasitemic animals (20.36%; 95% CI 19.56 to 21.16) in early dry season was similar to values in early rainy season (20.46%, 95% CI 18.84 to 21.08%). A similar situation was noticed for animals in both low land and mid land study sites. CONCLUSION Overall, the detection of trypanosomes in blood was significantly affected by agro-ecology, season and body condition of the animals. Special emphasis should be given to integrated trypanosomosis management in early rainy months where fly population is believed to start increasing.
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Stijlemans B, De Baetselier P, Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J, Van Ginderachter JA, Magez S. Nanobodies As Tools to Understand, Diagnose, and Treat African Trypanosomiasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:724. [PMID: 28713367 PMCID: PMC5492476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are strictly extracellular protozoan parasites that cause diseases in humans and livestock and significantly affect the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. Due to an elaborate and efficient (vector)–parasite–host interplay, required to complete their life cycle/transmission, trypanosomes have evolved efficient immune escape mechanisms that manipulate the entire host immune response. So far, not a single field applicable vaccine exists, and chemotherapy is the only strategy available to treat the disease. Current therapies, however, exhibit high drug toxicity and an increased drug resistance is being reported. In addition, diagnosis is often hampered due to the inadequacy of current diagnostic procedures. In the context of tackling the shortcomings of current treatment and diagnostic approaches, nanobodies (Nbs, derived from the heavy chain-only antibodies of camels and llamas) might represent unmet advantages compared to conventional tools. Indeed, the combination of their small size, high stability, high affinity, and specificity for their target and tailorability represents a unique advantage, which is reflected by their broad use in basic and clinical research to date. In this article, we will review and discuss (i) diagnostic and therapeutic applications of Nbs that are being evaluated in the context of African trypanosomiasis, (ii) summarize new strategies that are being developed to optimize their potency for advancing their use, and (iii) document on unexpected properties of Nbs, such as inherent trypanolytic activities, that besides opening new therapeutic avenues, might offer new insight in hidden biological activities of conventional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
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27
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Stijlemans B, Radwanska M, De Trez C, Magez S. African Trypanosomes Undermine Humoral Responses and Vaccine Development: Link with Inflammatory Responses? Front Immunol 2017; 8:582. [PMID: 28596768 PMCID: PMC5442186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomosis is a debilitating disease of great medical and socioeconomical importance. It is caused by strictly extracellular protozoan parasites capable of infecting all vertebrate classes including human, livestock, and game animals. To survive within their mammalian host, trypanosomes have evolved efficient immune escape mechanisms and manipulate the entire host immune response, including the humoral response. This report provides an overview of how trypanosomes initially trigger and subsequently undermine the development of an effective host antibody response. Indeed, results available to date obtained in both natural and experimental infection models show that trypanosomes impair homeostatic B-cell lymphopoiesis, B-cell maturation and survival and B-cell memory development. Data on B-cell dysfunctioning in correlation with parasite virulence and trypanosome-mediated inflammation will be discussed, as well as the impact of trypanosomosis on heterologous vaccine efficacy and diagnosis. Therefore, new strategies aiming at enhancing vaccination efficacy could benefit from a combination of (i) early parasite diagnosis, (ii) anti-trypanosome (drugs) treatment, and (iii) anti-inflammatory treatment that collectively might allow B-cell recovery and improve vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Centre (SBRC), VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
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28
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Kim J, Hanotte O, Mwai OA, Dessie T, Bashir S, Diallo B, Agaba M, Kim K, Kwak W, Sung S, Seo M, Jeong H, Kwon T, Taye M, Song KD, Lim D, Cho S, Lee HJ, Yoon D, Oh SJ, Kemp S, Lee HK, Kim H. The genome landscape of indigenous African cattle. Genome Biol 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28219390 PMCID: PMC5319050 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The history of African indigenous cattle and their adaptation to environmental and human selection pressure is at the root of their remarkable diversity. Characterization of this diversity is an essential step towards understanding the genomic basis of productivity and adaptation to survival under African farming systems. RESULTS We analyze patterns of African cattle genetic variation by sequencing 48 genomes from five indigenous populations and comparing them to the genomes of 53 commercial taurine breeds. We find the highest genetic diversity among African zebu and sanga cattle. Our search for genomic regions under selection reveals signatures of selection for environmental adaptive traits. In particular, we identify signatures of selection including genes and/or pathways controlling anemia and feeding behavior in the trypanotolerant N'Dama, coat color and horn development in Ankole, and heat tolerance and tick resistance across African cattle especially in zebu breeds. CONCLUSIONS Our findings unravel at the genome-wide level, the unique adaptive diversity of African cattle while emphasizing the opportunities for sustainable improvement of livestock productivity on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- International Livestock Research institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709 -00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Salim Bashir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Boubacar Diallo
- National Coordinateur RGA, Ministère Elevage - Productions Animales, B.P. 559, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Morris Agaba
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela Road. P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kwondo Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Kwak
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Samsun Sung
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Seo
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Taehyung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Mengistie Taye
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhak Yoon
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709 -00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heebal Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
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Tauheed AM, Shittu SH, Suleiman MM, Habibu B, Kawu MU, Kobo PI, Yusuf PO. In vivo ameliorative effects of methanol leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn on experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in Wistar rats. Int J Vet Sci Med 2016; 4:33-40. [PMID: 30255037 PMCID: PMC6149255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Lawsonia inermis Linn used traditionally against trypanosomosis. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats of both sex were individually infected intraperitoneally (IP) with 106Trypanosoma congolense per ml of blood. Following establishment of infection, the rats were randomly divided into five groups of 5 rats each. Rats in groups I, II, and III were treated with 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, while rats in groups IV and V were treated with 3.5 mg/kg and 2 ml/kg of diminazene aceturate (DM) once and physiological buffered saline, respectively. All treatments except DM were given orally for 7 days IP. The antitrypanosomal effect of the plant was assessed by observing the level of parasitaemia daily, packed cell volume (PCV) weekly, erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration on day 21. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced levels of parasitaemia at 250 mg/kg. PCV was higher (P > 0.05) in extract treated groups but significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group II at week 2 when compared to group V. Rats in group II had significantly lower values of EOF and MDA when compared with groups IV and V. Thus, the leaf of L. inermis has in addition to an antitrypanosomal effect against T. congolense in rats, an attenuating effect on the trypanosomosis pathology probably mediated via protection of the erythrocyte membrane against trypanosome-induced oxidative damage to the erythrocytes.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Antioxidant
- Antitrypanosomal
- EOF, erythrocyte osmotic fragility
- Erythrocyte osmotic fragility
- IP, intraperitoneal
- L, lawsonia
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Malondialdehyde
- PCV, packed cell volume
- PSS, physiological buffered saline
- Phytochemistry
- SEM, standard error of mean
- T, trypanosoma
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- US, United States
- kDNA, kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salisu Hashim Shittu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Musa Suleiman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Buhari Habibu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Umar Kawu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Patricia Ishaku Kobo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Peter Ofemile Yusuf
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Obiorah PO, Ugochukwu ICI, Ugochukwu EI. Capillary refill time, bleeding time, clotting time, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and prothrombin time in natural cases of canine Trypanosoma congolense infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-016-2363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Pathogenic animal trypanosomes affecting livestock have represented a major constraint to agricultural development in Africa for centuries, and their negative economic impact is increasing in South America and Asia. Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis represent the main means of control. However, research into new trypanocides has remained inadequate for decades, leading to a situation where the few compounds available are losing efficacy due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current options available for the treatment and prophylaxis of the animal trypanosomiases, with a special focus on the problem of resistance. The key issues surrounding the main economically important animal trypanosome species and the diseases they cause are also presented. As new investment becomes available to develop improved tools to control the animal trypanosomiases, we stress that efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the biology of the relevant parasite species and strains, to identify new drug targets and interrogate resistance mechanisms.
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MIF-Mediated Hemodilution Promotes Pathogenic Anemia in Experimental African Trypanosomosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005862. [PMID: 27632207 PMCID: PMC5025191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomosis is a major threat to the economic development and human health in sub-Saharan Africa. Trypanosoma congolense infections represent the major constraint in livestock production, with anemia as the major pathogenic lethal feature. The mechanisms underlying anemia development are ill defined, which hampers the development of an effective therapy. Here, the contribution of the erythropoietic and erythrophagocytic potential as well as of hemodilution to the development of T. congolense-induced anemia were addressed in a mouse model of low virulence relevant for bovine trypanosomosis. We show that in infected mice, splenic extramedullary erythropoiesis could compensate for the chronic low-grade type I inflammation-induced phagocytosis of senescent red blood cells (RBCs) in spleen and liver myeloid cells, as well as for the impaired maturation of RBCs occurring in the bone marrow and spleen. Rather, anemia resulted from hemodilution. Our data also suggest that the heme catabolism subsequent to sustained erythrophagocytosis resulted in iron accumulation in tissue and hyperbilirubinemia. Moreover, hypoalbuminemia, potentially resulting from hemodilution and liver injury in infected mice, impaired the elimination of toxic circulating molecules like bilirubin. Hemodilutional thrombocytopenia also coincided with impaired coagulation. Combined, these effects could elicit multiple organ failure and uncontrolled bleeding thus reduce the survival of infected mice. MIF (macrophage migrating inhibitory factor), a potential pathogenic molecule in African trypanosomosis, was found herein to promote erythrophagocytosis, to block extramedullary erythropoiesis and RBC maturation, and to trigger hemodilution. Hence, these data prompt considering MIF as a potential target for treatment of natural bovine trypanosomosis. Bovine African trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease of veterinary importance that adversely affects the public health and economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. Anemia is a major cause of death associated with this disease. Yet, the mechanisms underlying anemia development are not elucidated, which hampers the design of effective therapeutic strategies. We show here that in a Trypanosoma congolense infection mouse model relevant for bovine trypanosomosis, red blood cells (RBCs) are generated in the spleen. This compensates for the impaired maturation of RBCs occurring in the bone marrow, the normal site of RBC generation, and for the destruction of RBCs taking place in the liver and the spleen. Instead, anemia results from an increase in blood volume (hemodilution). The immune molecule Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) was found to drive RBC destruction, to block RBC maturation, as well as to trigger hemodilution. Iron accumulation in tissue due to sustained RBC destruction and hemodilution causes tissue damage, which culminates in the release of toxic molecules like bilirubin, in impaired production of blood detoxifying molecules like albumin, and in defective coagulation. Combined, these effects initiate multiple organ failure that can reduce the survival of infected mice. Given the unmet medical need for this parasite infection, our findings offer promise for improved treatment protocols in the field.
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33
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Roditi I. The languages of parasite communication. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ademola IO, Odeniran PO. Co-infection with Plasmodium berghei and Trypanosoma brucei increases severity of malaria and trypanosomiasis in mice. Acta Trop 2016; 159:29-35. [PMID: 27021269 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals in natural populations may be infected with multiple different parasites at a time. These parasites may interact with each other or act independently in the host, and this may result to varying outcomes on host health and survival. This study therefore aimed at investigating the health impact of co-infection of mice with Plasmodium berghei and Trypanosoma brucei. Forty Swiss albino mice (14-17g) were divided into four groups of ten. Mice in groups A and B received 10(6)P. berghei and groups B and C 10(5)T. brucei, while group D were uninfected. The co-infected mice had higher P. berghei and T. brucei parasitaemia, compared with the mono-infected mice. The co-infected mice had significantly (p<0.05) lower survival rate compared with the mono-infected mice. Co-infection of mice with P. berghei and T. brucei resulted in rapid P. berghei and T. brucei development and increased parasitaemia. The leukocyte numbers significantly (p<0.05) reduced on days 12 and 15 post infection among P. berghei infected mice, in the presence or absence of T. brucei. Anaemia and hypoglycaemia was more severe in the co-infected mice. Therefore, co-infection of mice with P. berghei and T. brucei may increase pathologic impact to the host by increasing parasitaemia.
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35
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Szempruch AJ, Sykes SE, Kieft R, Dennison L, Becker AC, Gartrell A, Martin WJ, Nakayasu ES, Almeida IC, Hajduk SL, Harrington JM. Extracellular Vesicles from Trypanosoma brucei Mediate Virulence Factor Transfer and Cause Host Anemia. Cell 2016; 164:246-257. [PMID: 26771494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication between parasites and with host cells provides mechanisms for parasite development, immune evasion, and disease pathology. Bloodstream African trypanosomes produce membranous nanotubes that originate from the flagellar membrane and disassociate into free extracellular vesicles (EVs). Trypanosome EVs contain several flagellar proteins that contribute to virulence, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense EVs contain the serum resistance-associated protein (SRA) necessary for human infectivity. T. b. rhodesiense EVs transfer SRA to non-human infectious trypanosomes, allowing evasion of human innate immunity. Trypanosome EVs can also fuse with mammalian erythrocytes, resulting in rapid erythrocyte clearance and anemia. These data indicate that trypanosome EVs are organelles mediating non-hereditary virulence factor transfer and causing host erythrocyte remodeling, inducing anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Szempruch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven E Sykes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rudo Kieft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lauren Dennison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Allison C Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anzio Gartrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William J Martin
- Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Stephen L Hajduk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - John M Harrington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Fry LM, Schneider DA, Frevert CW, Nelson DD, Morrison WI, Knowles DP. East Coast Fever Caused by Theileria parva Is Characterized by Macrophage Activation Associated with Vasculitis and Respiratory Failure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156004. [PMID: 27195791 PMCID: PMC4873194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory failure and death in East Coast Fever (ECF), a clinical syndrome of African cattle caused by the apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, has historically been attributed to pulmonary infiltration by infected lymphocytes. However, immunohistochemical staining of tissue from T. parva infected cattle revealed large numbers of CD3- and CD20-negative intralesional mononuclear cells. Due to this finding, we hypothesized that macrophages play an important role in Theileria parva disease pathogenesis. Data presented here demonstrates that terminal ECF in both Holstein and Boran cattle is largely due to multisystemic histiocytic responses and resultant tissue damage. Furthermore, the combination of these histologic changes with the clinical findings, including lymphadenopathy, prolonged pyrexia, multi-lineage leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia is consistent with macrophage activation syndrome. All animals that succumbed to infection exhibited lymphohistiocytic vasculitis of small to medium caliber blood and lymphatic vessels. In pulmonary, lymphoid, splenic and hepatic tissues from Holstein cattle, the majority of intralesional macrophages were positive for CD163, and often expressed large amounts of IL-17. These data define a terminal ECF pathogenesis in which parasite-driven lymphoproliferation leads to secondary systemic macrophage activation syndrome, mononuclear vasculitis, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure and death. The accompanying macrophage phenotype defined by CD163 and IL-17 is presented in the context of this pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Fry
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Schneider
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Frevert
- Department of Comparative Medicine Center of Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danielle D. Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - W. Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Morrison LJ, Vezza L, Rowan T, Hope JC. Animal African Trypanosomiasis: Time to Increase Focus on Clinically Relevant Parasite and Host Species. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:599-607. [PMID: 27167665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT), caused by Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax, remains one of the most important livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly affecting cattle. Despite this, our detailed knowledge largely stems from the human pathogen Trypanosoma brucei and mouse experimental models. In the postgenomic era, the genotypic and phenotypic differences between the AAT-relevant species of parasite or host and their model organism counterparts are increasingly apparent. Here, we outline the timeliness and advantages of increasing the research focus on both the clinically relevant parasite and host species, given that improved tools and resources for both have been developed in recent years. We propose that this shift of emphasis will improve our ability to efficiently develop tools to combat AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Laura Vezza
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Rowan
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH25 0PZ, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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38
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Yaro M, Munyard KA, Stear MJ, Groth DM. Combatting African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock: The potential role of trypanotolerance. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:43-52. [PMID: 27369574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is endemic in at least 37 of the 54 countries in Africa. It is estimated to cause direct and indirect losses to the livestock production industry in excess of US$ 4.5 billion per annum. A century of intervention has yielded limited success, owing largely to the extraordinary complexity of the host-parasite interaction. Trypanotolerance, which refers to the inherent ability of some African livestock breeds, notably Djallonke sheep, N'Dama cattle and West African Dwarf goats, to withstand a trypanosomiasis challenge and still remain productive without any form of therapy, is an economically sustainable option for combatting this disease. Yet trypanotolerance has not been adequately exploited in the fight against AAT. In this review, we describe new insights into the genetic basis of trypanotolerance and discuss the potential of exploring this phenomenon as an integral part of the solution for AAT, particularly, in the context of African animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaro
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - K A Munyard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - M J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - D M Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Nyamushamba GB, Mapiye C, Tada O, Halimani TE, Muchenje V. Conservation of indigenous cattle genetic resources in Southern Africa's smallholder areas: turning threats into opportunities - A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:603-621. [PMID: 27004814 PMCID: PMC5411820 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current review focuses on characterization and conservation efforts vital for the development of breeding programmes for indigenous beef cattle genetic resources in Southern Africa. Indigenous African cattle breeds were identified and characterized using information from refereed journals, conference papers and research reports. Results of this current review reviewed that smallholder beef cattle production in Southern Africa is extensive and dominated by indigenous beef cattle strains adaptable to the local environment. The breeds include Nguni, Mashona, Tuli, Malawi Zebu, Bovino de Tete, Angoni, Landim, Barotse, Twsana and Ankole. These breeds have important functions ranging from provision of food and income to socio-economic, cultural and ecological roles. They also have adaptive traits ranging from drought tolerant, resistance to ticks and tick borne diseases, heat tolerance and resistance to trypanosomosis. Stakeholders in the conservation of beef cattle were also identified and they included farmers, national government, research institutes and universities as well as breeding companies and societies in Southern Africa. Research efforts made to evaluate threats and opportunities of indigenous beef cattle production systems, assess the contribution of indigenous cattle to household food security and income, genetically and phenotypically characterize and conserve indigenous breeds, and develop breeding programs for smallholder beef production are highlighted. Although smallholder beef cattle production in the smallholder farming systems contributes substantially to household food security and income, their productivity is hindered by several constraints that include high prevalence of diseases and parasites, limited feed availability and poor marketing. The majority of the African cattle populations remain largely uncharacterized although most of the indigenous cattle breeds have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Nyamushamba
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - C Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - O Tada
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - T E Halimani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - V Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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40
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Uba BV, Aliyu A, Abubakar A, Uba SA, Gidado S, Edukugho A, Anagbogu I, Kalejaiye J, Nguku P. Knowledge and prevalence of Human African Trypanosomiasis among residents of Kachia grazing reserve, Kachia local government area, Kaduna state, Nigeria, 2012. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 23:89. [PMID: 27222686 PMCID: PMC4867183 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.23.89.7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector borne parasitic disease transmitted to humans by infected tse-tse flies cause morbidity including delayed child mental development. Reports of nuisance and bites from tse-tse flies by residents of Kachia grazing led to the study to determine the knowledge, practices and prevalence of HAT among residents of the grazing reserve. METHODS We conducted active case search in a cross-sectional study using multi-stage sampling with probability proportionate to size. We administered structured questionnaire on Knowledge, practices relating to HAT prevention and screened for HAT using card agglutination test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT). Knowledge of HAT was scored 0-5 and categorized good (3-5) and poor (0-2) based on score, predisposition to risk of HAT as exposure to ≥two risk factors and, a case of HAT as any respondent that tested positive on CATT. We analysed data using Epi-info and MS-excel. RESULTS Of the 300 respondents, mean age 39(±17years) interviewed, 56.3% were males, 12.0% had good knowledge of HAT and 76.3% were exposed to HAT risk factors. Prevention practices included clearing of overgrown bushes around houses (99%), use of insecticidal treated nets (75.7%) and protective clothing (41.0%). Males {Odds Ratio [OR] 5.0; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.8 - 13.6}, age above 40 years {OR 5.0; 95% CI 1.1 - 24.4} and family history of HAT {OR 8.7; 95% CI 2.4 - 32.1} were significantly associated with HAT knowledge. None tested positive on CATT. CONCLUSION Despite poor knowledge of HAT, residents practiced HAT preventive measures and zero HAT prevalence was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Vernyuy Uba
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programm (FELTP), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Aliyu
- Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (ABU), Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Sabo Ado Uba
- Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Saheed Gidado
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programm (FELTP), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Aboyowa Edukugho
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programm (FELTP), Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - John Kalejaiye
- Nigeria Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Nguku
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programm (FELTP), Abuja, Nigeria
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Tewari AK, Kurup SP, Baidya S, Barta JR, Sharma B. Protective antibody and cytokine responses in mice following immunization with recombinant beta-tubulin and subsequent Trypanosoma evansi challenge. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:580. [PMID: 26566996 PMCID: PMC4644280 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomosis or Surra, caused by the flagellated hemoprotozoan parasite Trypanosoma evansi, is a disease of economic importance through its wide prevalence in domestic livestock in tropical countries. In the absence of a protective vaccine, management of the disease relies on a few available chemotherapeutic agents. Although humoral immunity is the mainstay of resistance to T. evansi, the ability of the parasite to vary its immunodominant surface proteins to subvert the immune system has forced vaccine efforts to target a variety of invariant epitopes. Beta tubulin, an integral component of the trypanosome cytoskeleton, was therefore targeted using the recombinant form of the protein for immunization. Methods The 1329 bp coding sequence of beta tubulin gene was PCR amplified and cloned in pQE-TriSystem expression vector. Recombinant beta tubulin was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as a 46 KDa fusion protein and used for immunization of mice. The Ig response was studied by ELISA, whereas the cytokine response was measured using a cytometric bead-based assay quantified by flow cytometry. Result Immunization with recombinant beta (β)-tubulin protein induced a beta-tubulin specific humoral immune response of predominantly IgG2a isotype. Lethal challenge with T. evansi blood-form trypomastigotes post-immunization elicited a robust anamnestic response. An abundance of IFN-γ further confirmed the Th-1 bias of the protective response. We also observed extended survival and better control of the challenge infection in the immunized mice. Conclusions A robust anamnestic response following challenge including a Th-1 serum cytokine profile coupled with increased survival is indicative of protective immunity in the immunized mice. These observations suggest that β-tubulin of T. evansi is a viable antigenic target for development of a vaccine against this important livestock pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Tewari
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Surajit Baidya
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India. .,Department of Parasitology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, Kshudiram Bose Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India.
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
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Kariuki C, Kagira JM, Mwadime V, Ngotho M. Virulence and pathogenicity of three Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stabilates in a Swiss white mouse model. Afr J Lab Med 2015; 4:137. [PMID: 38440306 PMCID: PMC10911654 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v4i1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A key objective in basic research on human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is developing a cheap and reliable experimental model of the disease for use in pathogenesis and drug studies. Objective With a view to improving current models, a study was undertaken to characterise the virulence and pathogenicity of three Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stabilates, labelled as International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)-2918, ILRI-3953, and Institute of Primate Research (IPR)-001, infected into Swiss white mice. Methods Swiss white mice were infected intraperitoneally with trypanosomes and observed for parasitaemia using wet blood smears obtained by tail snipping. Induction of late-stage disease was undertaken using diminazene aceturate (40 mg/kg, Berenil) with curative treatment done using melarsoprol (3.6 mg/kg, Arsobal). Results The prepatent period for the stabilates ranged from three to four days with mean peak parasitaemia ranging from Log10 6.40 to 8.36. First peak parasitaemia for all stabilates varied between six and seven days post infection (DPI) followed by secondary latency in ILRI-2918 (15-17 DPI) and IPR-001 (17-19 DPI). Survival times ranged from six DPI (ILRI-3953) to 86 DPI (IPR-001). Hindleg paresis was observed in both ILRI-3953 (at peak parasitaemia) and ILRI-2918 (after relapse parasitaemia). Mice infected with IPR-001 survived until 54 DPI when curative treatment was undertaken. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the stabilates ILRI-2918 and ILRI-3953 were unsuitable for modelling late-stage HAT in mice. The stabilate IPR-001 demonstrated the potential to induce chronic trypanosomiasis in Swiss white mice for use in development of a late-stage model of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Kagira
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,
Kenya
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Lubaba CH, Hidano A, Welburn SC, Revie CW, Eisler MC. Movement Behaviour of Traditionally Managed Cattle in the Eastern Province of Zambia Captured Using Two-Dimensional Motion Sensors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138125. [PMID: 26366728 PMCID: PMC4569424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional motion sensors use electronic accelerometers to record the lying, standing and walking activity of cattle. Movement behaviour data collected automatically using these sensors over prolonged periods of time could be of use to stakeholders making management and disease control decisions in rural sub-Saharan Africa leading to potential improvements in animal health and production. Motion sensors were used in this study with the aim of monitoring and quantifying the movement behaviour of traditionally managed Angoni cattle in Petauke District in the Eastern Province of Zambia. This study was designed to assess whether motion sensors were suitable for use on traditionally managed cattle in two veterinary camps in Petauke District in the Eastern Province of Zambia. In each veterinary camp, twenty cattle were selected for study. Each animal had a motion sensor placed on its hind leg to continuously measure and record its movement behaviour over a two week period. Analysing the sensor data using principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that the majority of variability in behaviour among studied cattle could be attributed to their behaviour at night and in the morning. The behaviour at night was markedly different between veterinary camps; while differences in the morning appeared to reflect varying behaviour across all animals. The study results validate the use of such motion sensors in the chosen setting and highlight the importance of appropriate data summarisation techniques to adequately describe and compare animal movement behaviours if association to other factors, such as location, breed or health status are to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caesar H. Lubaba
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arata Hidano
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Susan C. Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Crawford W. Revie
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Mark C. Eisler
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Iron Homeostasis and Trypanosoma brucei Associated Immunopathogenicity Development: A Battle/Quest for Iron. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:819389. [PMID: 26090446 PMCID: PMC4450282 DOI: 10.1155/2015/819389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomosis is a chronic debilitating disease affecting the health and economic well-being of developing countries. The immune response during African trypanosome infection consisting of a strong proinflammatory M1-type activation of the myeloid phagocyte system (MYPS) results in iron deprivation for these extracellular parasites. Yet, the persistence of M1-type MYPS activation causes the development of anemia (anemia of chronic disease, ACD) as a most prominent pathological parameter in the mammalian host, due to enhanced erythrophagocytosis and retention of iron within the MYPS thereby depriving iron for erythropoiesis. In this review we give an overview of how parasites acquire iron from the host and how iron modulation of the host MYPS affects trypanosomosis-associated anemia development. Finally, we also discuss different strategies at the level of both the host and the parasite that can/might be used to modulate iron availability during African trypanosome infections.
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Berthier D, Peylhard M, Dayo GK, Flori L, Sylla S, Bolly S, Sakande H, Chantal I, Thevenon S. A comparison of phenotypic traits related to trypanotolerance in five west african cattle breeds highlights the value of shorthorn taurine breeds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126498. [PMID: 25954819 PMCID: PMC4425517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal African Trypanosomosis particularly affects cattle and dramatically impairs livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa. African Zebu (AFZ) or European taurine breeds usually die of the disease in the absence of treatment, whereas West African taurine breeds (AFT), considered trypanotolerant, are able to control the pathogenic effects of trypanosomosis. Up to now, only one AFT breed, the longhorn N'Dama (NDA), has been largely studied and is considered as the reference trypanotolerant breed. Shorthorn taurine trypanotolerance has never been properly assessed and compared to NDA and AFZ breeds. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study compared the trypanotolerant/susceptible phenotype of five West African local breeds that differ in their demographic history. Thirty-six individuals belonging to the longhorn taurine NDA breed, two shorthorn taurine Lagune (LAG) and Baoulé (BAO) breeds, the Zebu Fulani (ZFU) and the Borgou (BOR), an admixed breed between AFT and AFZ, were infected by Trypanosoma congolense IL1180. All the cattle were genetically characterized using dense SNP markers, and parameters linked to parasitaemia, anaemia and leukocytes were analysed using synthetic variables and mixed models. We showed that LAG, followed by NDA and BAO, displayed the best control of anaemia. ZFU showed the greatest anaemia and the BOR breed had an intermediate value, as expected from its admixed origin. Large differences in leukocyte counts were also observed, with higher leukocytosis for AFT. Nevertheless, no differences in parasitaemia were found, except a tendency to take longer to display detectable parasites in ZFU. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that LAG and BAO are as trypanotolerant as NDA. This study highlights the value of shorthorn taurine breeds, which display strong local adaptation to trypanosomosis. Thanks to further analyses based on comparisons of the genome or transcriptome of the breeds, these results open up the way for better knowledge of host-pathogen interactions and, furthermore, for identifying key biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moana Peylhard
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- CIRDES, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Laurence Flori
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR 1313 GABI, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Seydou Bolly
- CIRDES, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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Stijlemans B, Cnops J, Naniima P, Vaast A, Bockstal V, De Baetselier P, Magez S. Development of a pHrodo-based assay for the assessment of in vitro and in vivo erythrophagocytosis during experimental trypanosomosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003561. [PMID: 25742307 PMCID: PMC4352936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular trypanosomes can cause a wide range of diseases and pathological complications in a broad range of mammalian hosts. One common feature of trypanosomosis is the occurrence of anemia, caused by an imbalance between erythropoiesis and red blood cell clearance of aging erythrocytes. In murine models for T. brucei trypanosomosis, anemia is marked by a very sudden non-hemolytic loss of RBCs during the first-peak parasitemia control, followed by a short recovery phase and the subsequent gradual occurrence of an ever-increasing level of anemia. Using a newly developed quantitative pHrodo based in vitro erythrophagocytosis assay, combined with FACS-based ex vivo and in vivo results, we show that activated liver monocytic cells and neutrophils as well as activated splenic macrophages are the main cells involved in the occurrence of the early-stage acute anemia. In addition, we show that trypanosomosis itself leads to a rapid alteration of RBC membrane stability, priming the cells for accelerated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Myeloid Cell Immunology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (BS); (JC)
| | - Jennifer Cnops
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (BS); (JC)
| | - Peter Naniima
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axel Vaast
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Viki Bockstal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Myeloid Cell Immunology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
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Terefe E, Haile A, Mulatu W, Dessie T, Mwai O. Phenotypic characteristics and trypanosome prevalence of Mursi cattle breed in the Bodi and Mursi districts of South Omo Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:485-93. [PMID: 25510298 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to characterize the morphological features of Mursi cattle breed and to identify the species of trypanosome infecting the cattle and its prevalence in these traditionally managed cattle in the Bodi and Mursi pastoral communities. Cattle body description and measurements were made on 201 matured animals. Blood samples were collected from 409 animals into heparin-treated capillary tubes and were centrifuged to 12,000 rpm for 5 min to identify trypanosome species from the wet smeared buffy coat and to estimate the degree of anemia (PCV). Tsetse flies were collected using phenol-treated biconical trap and the caught flies identified to species level. The breed possesses variable coat color pattern, coat color type, and have small to medium hump size on the thoracic vertebrae. Body measurement of Mursi cattle in the two locations did not show significant differences except chest girth, rump width, and horn length. Trypanosome prevalence in the Mursi cattle breed was 6.1%. The highest trypanosome infection was caused by Trypanosoma congolense (56%) followed by Trypanosoma vivax (40%) and Trypanosoma brucei (4%). Trypanosome prevalence significantly varies between dry (2.0%) and late rainy (10.1%) seasons (P < 0.001) and between lean (11.9%) and medium (2.4%) body condition score (P < 0.01). The PCV value was 22.1 ± 0.5%, which is significantly varied with season (P < 0.01) and parasitism (P < 0.001). Parasitaemic cattle show the lowest PCV value (20.4 ± 1%) than aparasitaemic (23.7 ± 0.3%) cattle and cattle with lean BCS showed the lowest (P < 0.0001) PCV value (20.4 ± 0.6%). Tsetse fly species identified in the study area were Glossina pallidipes, Glossina morsitans submorsitans, and Glossina fuscipes. The number of flies captured in late rainy season was higher than in dry season (P < 0.01). Despite the existence of trypanosome and high tsetse fly infestation in the areas, large proportion of the Mursi cattle shows medium BCS, low trypanosome prevalence, and higher PCV value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endashaw Terefe
- School of Agriculture, Adama Science and Technology University, P. O. box 193, Asella, Ethiopia,
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Ilboudo H, Bras-Gonçalves R, Camara M, Flori L, Camara O, Sakande H, Leno M, Petitdidier E, Jamonneau V, Bucheton B. Unravelling human trypanotolerance: IL8 is associated with infection control whereas IL10 and TNFα are associated with subsequent disease development. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004469. [PMID: 25375156 PMCID: PMC4223068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In West Africa, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is associated with a great diversity of infection outcomes. In addition to patients who can be diagnosed in the early hemolymphatic phase (stage 1) or meningoencephalitic phase (stage 2), a number of individuals can mount long-lasting specific serological responses while the results of microscopic investigations are negative (SERO TL+). Evidence is now increasing to indicate that these are asymptomatic subjects with low-grade parasitemia. The goal of our study was to investigate the type of immune response occurring in these “trypanotolerant” subjects. Cytokines levels were measured in healthy endemic controls (n = 40), stage 1 (n = 10), early stage 2 (n = 19), and late stage 2 patients (n = 23) and in a cohort of SERO TL+ individuals (n = 60) who were followed up for two years to assess the evolution of their parasitological and serological status. In contrast to HAT patients which T-cell responses appeared to be activated with increased levels of IL2, IL4, and IL10, SERO TL+ exhibited high levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8 and TNFα) and an almost absence of IL12p70. In SERO TL+, high levels of IL10 and low levels of TNFα were associated with an increased risk of developing HAT whereas high levels of IL8 predicted that serology would become negative. Further studies using high throughput technologies, hopefully will provide a more detailed view of the critical molecules or pathways underlying the trypanotolerant phenotype. Whereas immunological mechanisms involved in the control of trypanosome infections have been extensively studied in animal models, knowledge of how Trypanosoma brucei gambiense interacts with its human hosts lags far behind. In this study we measured cytokine levels in sleeping sickness patients and individuals who were apparently able to control infection to subdetection levels over long periods of time or who were engaged in a process of self-cure as demonstrated by the disappearance of specific antibodies. In contrast to patients, trypanotolerant subjects were characterized by a strong inflammatory response with elevated levels of IL8, IL6, and TNFα. This study indicates that both protective immune responses and markers of disease development exist in human T. brucei. gambiense infection and constitute an important step forward to identify new diagnostic or therapeutic targets in the fight against sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Laurence Flori
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1313 GABI, F78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Oumou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Hassane Sakande
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamadou Leno
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
- * E-mail:
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Beschin A, Van Den Abbeele J, De Baetselier P, Pays E. African trypanosome control in the insect vector and mammalian host. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:538-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): A heterogeneous spectrum of cytokine-driven immune disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:263-80. [PMID: 25466631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a group of life-threatening immune disorders classified into primary or secondary HLH. The former is caused by mutations in genes involved in granule-mediated cytotoxicity, the latter occurs in a context of infections, malignancies or autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders. Both are characterized by systemic inflammation, severe cytokine storms and immune-mediated organ damage. Despite recent advances, the pathogenesis of HLH remains incompletely understood. Animal models resembling different subtypes of HLH are therefore of great value to study this disease and to uncover novel treatment strategies. In this review, all known animal models of HLH will be discussed, highlighting findings on cell types, cytokines and signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis and extrapolating therapeutic implications for the human situation.
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