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Tuffs SW, Dufresne K, Rishi A, Walton NR, McCormick JK. Novel insights into the immune response to bacterial T cell superantigens. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:417-434. [PMID: 38225276 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial T cell superantigens (SAgs) are a family of microbial exotoxins that function to activate large numbers of T cells simultaneously. SAgs activate T cells by direct binding and crosslinking of the lateral regions of MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells with T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells; these interactions alter the normal TCR-peptide-MHC class II architecture to activate T cells in a manner that is independent of the antigen specificity of the TCR. SAgs have well-recognized, central roles in human diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever through their quantitative effects on the T cell response; in addition, numerous other consequences of SAg-driven T cell activation are now being recognized, including direct roles in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, bloodstream infections, skin disease and pharyngitis. In this Review, we summarize the expanding family of bacterial SAgs and how these toxins can engage highly diverse adaptive immune receptors. We highlight recent findings regarding how SAg-driven manipulation of the adaptive immune response may operate in multiple human diseases, as well as contributing to the biology and life cycle of SAg-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karine Dufresne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Moorton M, Tng PYL, Inoue R, Netherton CL, Gerner W, Schmidt S. Investigation of activation-induced markers (AIM) in porcine T cells by flow cytometry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1390486. [PMID: 38868498 PMCID: PMC11168203 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1390486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced markers (AIMs) are frequently analyzed to identify re-activated human memory T cells. However, in pigs the analysis of AIMs is still not very common. Based on available antibodies, we designed a multi-color flow cytometry panel comprising pig-specific or cross-reactive antibodies against CD25, CD69, CD40L (CD154), and ICOS (CD278) combined with lineage/surface markers against CD3, CD4, and CD8α. In addition, we included an antibody against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), to study the correlation of AIM expression with the production of this abundant T cell cytokine. The panel was tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) or PBMCs from African swine fever virus (ASFV) convalescent pigs, restimulated with homologous virus. PMA/ionomycin resulted in a massive increase of CD25/CD69 co-expressing T cells of which only a subset produced TNF-α, whereas CD40L expression was largely associated with TNF-α production. SEB stimulation triggered substantially less AIM expression than PMA/ionomycin but also here CD25/CD69 expressing T cells were identified which did not produce TNF-α. In addition, CD40L-single positive and CD25+CD69+CD40L+TNF-α- T cells were identified. In ASFV restimulated T cells TNF-α production was associated with a substantial proportion of AIM expressing T cells but also here ASFV-reactive CD25+CD69+TNF-α- T cells were identified. Within CD8α+ CD4 T cells, several CD25/CD40L/CD69/ICOS defined phenotypes expanded significantly after ASFV restimulation. Hence, the combination of AIMs tested will allow the identification of primed T cells beyond the commonly used cytokine panels, improving capabilities to identify the full breadth of antigen-specific T cells in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Moorton
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Okamoto M, Yamamoto M. TCR Signals Controlling Adaptive Immunity against Toxoplasma and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:177-193. [PMID: 38467980 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
T cells play a crucial role in adaptive immunity by recognizing and eliminating foreign pathogens and abnormal cells such as cancer cells. T cell receptor (TCR), which is expressed on the surface of T cells, recognizes and binds to specific antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This activation process leads to the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, allowing them to carry out their specific immune response functions. This chapter outlines the TCR signaling pathways that are common to different T cell subsets, as well as the recently elucidated TCR signaling pathway specific to CD8+ T cells and its role in controlling anti-Toxoplasma and anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Okamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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4
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Ubeysinghe S, Wijayaratna D, Kankanamge D, Karunarathne A. Molecular regulation of PLCβ signaling. Methods Enzymol 2023; 682:17-52. [PMID: 36948701 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes convert the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 and DAG regulate numerous downstream pathways, eliciting diverse and profound cellular changes and physiological responses. In the six PLC subfamilies in higher eukaryotes, PLCβ is intensively studied due to its prominent role in regulating crucial cellular events underlying many processes including cardiovascular and neuronal signaling, and associated pathological conditions. In addition to GαqGTP, Gβγ generated upon G protein heterotrimer dissociation also regulates PLCβ activity. Here, we not only review how Gβγ directly activates PLCβ, and also extensively modulates Gαq-mediated PLCβ activity, but also provide a structure-function overview of PLC family members. Given that Gαq and PLCβ are oncogenes, and Gβγ shows unique cell-tissue-organ specific expression profiles, Gγ subtype-dependent signaling efficacies, and distinct subcellular activities, this review proposes that Gβγ is a major regulator of Gαq-dependent and independent PLCβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dinesh Kankanamge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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5
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Chen H, Smith M, Herz J, Li T, Hasley R, Le Saout C, Zhu Z, Cheng J, Gronda A, Martina JA, Irusta PM, Karpova T, McGavern DB, Catalfamo M. The role of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling in CD8 T cell effector functions. iScience 2021; 24:103387. [PMID: 34841225 PMCID: PMC8605340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are essential for adaptive immunity against viral infections. Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed by CD8 T cells; however, its role in T cell effector function is not well defined. Here we show that in human CD8 T cells, PAR1 stimulation accelerates calcium mobilization. Furthermore, PAR1 is involved in cytotoxic T cell function by facilitating granule trafficking via actin polymerization and repositioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the immunological synapse. In vivo, PAR1−/− mice have reduced cytokine-producing T cells in response to a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and fail to efficiently control the virus. Specific deletion of PAR1 in LCMV GP33-specific CD8 T cells results in reduced expansion and diminished effector function. These data demonstrate that PAR1 plays a role in T cell activation and function, and this pathway could represent a new therapeutic strategy to modulate CD8 T cell effector function. PAR1 signaling in human CD8 T cells accelerates TCR-induced calcium mobilization PAR1 participates in the repositioning of the MTOC at the immunological synapse PAR1 facilitates polarized secretion of cytotoxic granules at the immunological synapse PAR1−/− Gp33-specific CD8 T cells show reduced expansion and effector function
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mindy Smith
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca Hasley
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecile Le Saout
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andres Gronda
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José A Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo M Irusta
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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Deacy AM, Gan SKE, Derrick JP. Superantigen Recognition and Interactions: Functions, Mechanisms and Applications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731845. [PMID: 34616400 PMCID: PMC8488440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens are unconventional antigens which recognise immune receptors outside their usual recognition sites e.g. complementary determining regions (CDRs), to elicit a response within the target cell. T-cell superantigens crosslink T-cell receptors and MHC Class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, leading to lymphocyte recruitment, induction of cytokine storms and T-cell anergy or apoptosis among many other effects. B-cell superantigens, on the other hand, bind immunoglobulins on B-cells, affecting opsonisation, IgG-mediated phagocytosis, and driving apoptosis. Here, through a review of the structural basis for recognition of immune receptors by superantigens, we show that their binding interfaces share specific physicochemical characteristics when compared with other protein-protein interaction complexes. Given that antibody-binding superantigens have been exploited extensively in industrial antibody purification, these observations could facilitate further protein engineering to optimize the use of superantigens in this and other areas of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Deacy
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, Experimental Drug Development Centre – Bioinformatics Institute (EDDC-BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- James Cook University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy P. Derrick
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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7
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Sasai M, Ma JS, Okamoto M, Nishino K, Nagaoka H, Takashima E, Pradipta A, Lee Y, Kosako H, Suh PG, Yamamoto M. Uncovering a novel role of PLCβ4 in selectively mediating TCR signaling in CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212085. [PMID: 33970189 PMCID: PMC8111461 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their common signaling molecules, the main T cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascades in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are considered qualitatively identical. Herein, we show that TCR signaling in CD8+ T cells is qualitatively different from that in CD4+ T cells, since CD8α ignites another cardinal signaling cascade involving phospholipase C β4 (PLCβ4). TCR-mediated responses were severely impaired in PLCβ4-deficient CD8+ T cells, whereas those in CD4+ T cells were intact. PLCβ4-deficient CD8+ T cells showed perturbed activation of peripheral TCR signaling pathways downstream of IP3 generation. Binding of PLCβ4 to the cytoplasmic tail of CD8α was important for CD8+ T cell activation. Furthermore, GNAQ interacted with PLCβ4, mediated double phosphorylation on threonine 886 and serine 890 positions of PLCβ4, and activated CD8+ T cells in a PLCβ4-dependent fashion. PLCβ4-deficient mice exhibited defective antiparasitic host defense and antitumor immune responses. Altogether, PLCβ4 differentiates TCR signaling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and selectively promotes CD8+ T cell–dependent adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ji Su Ma
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishino
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ariel Pradipta
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Youngae Lee
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Morelli AE, Sumpter TL, Rojas-Canales DM, Bandyopadhyay M, Chen Z, Tkacheva O, Shufesky WJ, Wallace CT, Watkins SC, Berger A, Paige CJ, Falo LD, Larregina AT. Neurokinin-1 Receptor Signaling Is Required for Efficient Ca 2+ Flux in T-Cell-Receptor-Activated T Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3448-3465.e8. [PMID: 32160549 PMCID: PMC7169378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient Ca2+ flux induced during cognate T cell activation requires signaling the T cell receptor (TCR) and unidentified G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). T cells express the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), a GPCR that mediates Ca2+ flux in excitable and non-excitable cells. However, the role of the NK1R in TCR signaling remains unknown. We show that the NK1R and its agonists, the neuropeptides substance P and hemokinin-1, co-localize within the immune synapse during cognate activation of T cells. Simultaneous TCR and NK1R stimulation is necessary for efficient Ca2+ flux and Ca2+-dependent signaling that sustains the survival of activated T cells and helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 bias. In a model of contact dermatitis, mice with T cells deficient in NK1R or its agonists exhibit impaired cellular immunity, due to high mortality of activated T cells. We demonstrate an effect of the NK1R in T cells that is relevant for immunotherapies based on pro-inflammatory neuropeptides and its receptors. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) induces Ca2+ flux in excitable cells. Here, Morelli et al. show that NK1R signaling in T cells promotes optimal Ca2+ flux triggered by TCR stimulation, which is necessary to sustain T cell survival and the efficient Th1- and Th17-based immunity that is relevant for immunotherapies based on pro-inflammatory neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tina L Sumpter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mohna Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhizhao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Transplant Center, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Olga Tkacheva
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Shufesky
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Berger
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adriana T Larregina
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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9
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Ye J, Shi M, Chen W, Zhu F, Duan Q. Research Advances in the Molecular Functions and Relevant Diseases of TAOKs, Novel STE20 Kinase Family Members. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3122-3133. [PMID: 32013821 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200203115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As serine/threonine-protein kinases, Thousand and One Kinases(TAOKs) are members of the GCKlike superfamily, one of two well-known branches of the Ste20 kinase family. Within the last two decades, three functionally similar kinases, namely TAOK1-3, were identified. TAOKs are involved in many molecular and cellular events. Scholars widely believe that TAOKs act as kinases upstream of the MAPK cascade and as factors that interact with MST family kinases, the cytoskeleton, and apoptosis-associated proteins. Therefore, TAOKs are thought to function in tumorigenesis. Additionally, TAOKs participate in signal transduction induced by Notch, TCR, and IL-17. Recent studies found that TAOKs play roles in a series of diseases and conditions, such as the central nervous system dysfunction, herpes viral infection, immune system imbalance, urogenital system malformation during development, cardiovascular events, and childhood obesity. Therefore, inhibitory chemicals targeting TAOKs may be of great significance as potential drugs for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541000, China
| | - Qiuhong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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10
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Abstract
Nonclonal innate immune responses mediated by germ line-encoded receptors, such as Toll-like receptors or natural killer receptors, are commonly contrasted with diverse, clonotypic adaptive responses of lymphocyte antigen receptors generated by somatic recombination. However, the Variable (V) regions of antigen receptors include germ line-encoded motifs unaltered by somatic recombination, and theoretically available to mediate nonclonal, innate responses, that are independent of or largely override clonotypic responses. Recent evidence demonstrates that such responses exist, underpinning the associations of particular γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) with specific anatomical sites. Thus, TCRγδ can make innate and adaptive responses with distinct functional outcomes. Given that αβ T cells and B cells can also make nonclonal responses, we consider that innate responses of antigen receptor V-regions may be more widespread, for example, inducing states of preparedness from which adaptive clones are better selected. We likewise consider that potent, nonclonal T cell responses to microbial superantigens may reflect subversion of physiologic innate responses of TCRα/β chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; .,Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; .,Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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11
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Hayday AC. γδ T Cell Update: Adaptate Orchestrators of Immune Surveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:311-320. [PMID: 31285310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest in γδ T cells grows rapidly, what key points are emerging, and where is caution warranted? γδ T cells fulfill critical functions, as reflected in associations with vaccine responsiveness and cancer survival in humans and ever more phenotypes of γδ T cell-deficient mice, including basic physiological deficiencies. Such phenotypes reflect activities of distinct γδ T cell subsets, whose origins offer interesting insights into lymphocyte development but whose variable evolutionary conservation can obfuscate translation of knowledge from mice to humans. By contrast, an emerging and conserved feature of γδ T cells is their "adaptate" biology: an integration of adaptive clonally-restricted specificities, innate tissue-sensing, and unconventional recall responses that collectively strengthen host resistance to myriad challenges. Central to adaptate biology are butyrophilins and other γδ cell regulators, the study of which should greatly enhance our understanding of tissue immunogenicity and immunosurveillance and guide intensifying clinical interest in γδ cells and other unconventional lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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12
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Zheng Y, Qin C, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Li A, Wang M, Tang Y, Kreiswirth BN, Chen L, Zhang H, Du H. The tst gene associated Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island facilitates its pathogenesis by promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and inducing immune suppression. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103797. [PMID: 31614194 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen causing various limited or systemic infections. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in particular presents a major clinical and public health problem. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) encoded by the gene tst is an important virulence factor of tst positive S. aureus, leading to multi-organ malfunction. However, the mechanism of TSST-1 in pathogenesis is only partly clear. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of the tst gene in clinical isolates of S. aureus. Then, animal experiments were performed to further evaluate the influence of the presence of the tst gene associated Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity Island (SaPI) on body weight, serum cytokine concentrations and the bacterial load in different organs. In addition, macrophages were used to analyze the secretion of cytokines in vitro and bacterial survival in the cytoplasm. Finally, pathological analysis was carried out to evaluate organ tissue impairment. The results demonstrated that the prevalence of tst gene was approximately 17.8% of the bacterial strains examined. BALB/c mice infected with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates exhibited a severe loss of body weight and a high bacterial load in the liver, heart, kidney and spleen. Pathological analysis demonstrated that tissue impairment was more severe after infection with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates. Moreover, the secretion of IL-6, IL-2 and IL17A by macrophages infected with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates clearly increased. Notably, IL-6 secretion in BALB/c mice infected with tst gene associated SaPI positive isolates was higher than that in BALB/c mice infected with negative ones. Together, these results indicated that the tst gene associated SaPI may play a critical role in the pathological process of infection via a direct and persistent toxic function, and by promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines that indirectly induce immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, PR China
| | - Chenhao Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- School of Psychiatry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, PR China
| | - Aiqing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, PR China
| | - Yiwei Tang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Haifang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, PR China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, PR China.
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13
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Butyrophilin-like 3 Directly Binds a Human Vγ4 + T Cell Receptor Using a Modality Distinct from Clonally-Restricted Antigen. Immunity 2019; 51:813-825.e4. [PMID: 31628053 PMCID: PMC6868513 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Butyrophilin (BTN) and butyrophilin-like (BTNL/Btnl) heteromers are major regulators of human and mouse γδ T cell subsets, but considerable contention surrounds whether they represent direct γδ T cell receptor (TCR) ligands. We demonstrate that the BTNL3 IgV domain binds directly and specifically to a human Vγ4+ TCR, “LES” with an affinity (∼15–25 μM) comparable to many αβ TCR-peptide major histocompatibility complex interactions. Mutations in germline-encoded Vγ4 CDR2 and HV4 loops, but not in somatically recombined CDR3 loops, drastically diminished binding and T cell responsiveness to BTNL3-BTNL8-expressing cells. Conversely, CDR3γ and CDR3δ loops mediated LES TCR binding to endothelial protein C receptor, a clonally restricted autoantigen, with minimal CDR1, CDR2, or HV4 contributions. Thus, the γδ TCR can employ two discrete binding modalities: a non-clonotypic, superantigen-like interaction mediating subset-specific regulation by BTNL/BTN molecules and CDR3-dependent, antibody-like interactions mediating adaptive γδ T cell biology. How these findings might broadly apply to γδ T cell regulation is also examined. BTNL3 binds directly and specifically to Vγ4+ TCRs via its IgV domain The superantigen-like binding mode focuses on germline-encoded TCR regions In contrast, γδ TCR binding to a clonally restricted antigen is CDR3-mediated Mutagenesis indicates parallels with BTN3A1-mediated activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells
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14
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Melandri D, Zlatareva I, Chaleil RAG, Dart RJ, Chancellor A, Nussbaumer O, Polyakova O, Roberts NA, Wesch D, Kabelitz D, Irving PM, John S, Mansour S, Bates PA, Vantourout P, Hayday AC. The γδTCR combines innate immunity with adaptive immunity by utilizing spatially distinct regions for agonist selection and antigen responsiveness. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1352-1365. [PMID: 30420626 PMCID: PMC6874498 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) comprise evolutionarily conserved cells with paradoxical features. On the one hand, clonally expanded γδ T cells with unique specificities typify adaptive immunity. Conversely, large compartments of γδTCR+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (γδ IELs) exhibit limited TCR diversity and effect rapid, innate-like tissue surveillance. The development of several γδ IEL compartments depends on epithelial expression of genes encoding butyrophilin-like (Btnl (mouse) or BTNL (human)) members of the B7 superfamily of T cell co-stimulators. Here we found that responsiveness to Btnl or BTNL proteins was mediated by germline-encoded motifs within the cognate TCR variable γ-chains (Vγ chains) of mouse and human γδ IELs. This was in contrast to diverse antigen recognition by clonally restricted complementarity-determining regions CDR1-CDR3 of the same γδTCRs. Hence, the γδTCR intrinsically combines innate immunity and adaptive immunity by using spatially distinct regions to discriminate non-clonal agonist-selecting elements from clone-specific ligands. The broader implications for antigen-receptor biology are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Melandri
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Iva Zlatareva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Robin J Dart
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Oliver Nussbaumer
- GammaDelta Therapeutics, London BioScience Innovation Center, London, UK
| | - Oxana Polyakova
- GammaDelta Therapeutics, London BioScience Innovation Center, London, UK
| | - Natalie A Roberts
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Susan John
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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15
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Stopnicki B, Blain M, Cui QL, Kennedy TE, Antel JP, Healy LM, Darlington PJ. Helper CD4 T cells expressing granzyme B cause glial fibrillary acidic protein fragmentation in astrocytes in an MHCII-independent manner. Glia 2018; 67:582-593. [PMID: 30444064 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During inflammatory processes of the central nervous system, helper T cells have the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and injure or kill neural cells through cytotoxic mechanisms. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament protein that is part of the astrocyte cytoskeleton that can become fragmented in neuroinflammatory conditions. The mechanism of action by which helper T cells with cytotoxic properties injure astrocytes is not completely understood. Primary human astrocytes were obtained from fetal brain tissue. Human helper (CD4+ ) T cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and activated with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE). Granzyme B was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular flow cytometry. GFAP fragmentation was monitored by western blotting. Cell death was monitored by lactic acid dehydrogenase release and terminal biotin-dUTP nick labeling (TUNEL). Astrocyte migration was monitored by scratch assay. Adult human oligodendrocytes were cultured with sublethally injured astrocytes to determine support function. Helper T cells activated with SEE expressed granzyme B but not perforin. Helper T cells released granzyme B upon contact with astrocytes and caused GFAP fragmentation in a caspase-dependent, MHCII-independent manner. Sublethally injured astrocytes were not apoptotic; however, their processes were thin and elongated, their migration was attenuated, and their ability to support oligodendrocytes was reduced in vitro. Helper T cells can release granzyme B causing sublethal injury to astrocytes, which compromises the supportive functions of astrocytes. Blocking these pathways may lead to improved resolution of neuroinflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Stopnicki
- Department of Exercise Science, Department of Biology, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manon Blain
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter J Darlington
- Department of Exercise Science, Department of Biology, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Ormonde JVS, Li Z, Stegen C, Madrenas J. TAOK3 Regulates Canonical TCR Signaling by Preventing Early SHP-1-Mediated Inactivation of LCK. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3431-3442. [PMID: 30373850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of LCK is required for canonical TCR signaling leading to T cell responses. LCK activation also initiates a negative feedback loop mediated by the phosphatase SHP-1 that turns off TCR signaling. In this article, we report that the thousand-and-one amino acid kinase 3 (TAOK3) is a key regulator of this feedback. TAOK3 is a serine/threonine kinase expressed in many different cell types including T cells. TAOK3-deficient human T cells had impaired LCK-dependent TCR signaling resulting in a defect in IL-2 response to canonical TCR signaling but not to bacterial superantigens, which use an LCK-independent pathway. This impairment was associated with enhanced interaction of LCK with SHP-1 after TCR engagement and rapid termination of TCR signals, a defect corrected by TAOK3 reconstitution. Thus, TAOK3 is a positive regulator of TCR signaling by preventing premature SHP-1-mediated inactivation of LCK. This mechanism may also regulate signaling by other Src family kinase-dependent receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V S Ormonde
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; and
| | - Zhigang Li
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; and
| | - Camille Stegen
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; and
| | - Joaquín Madrenas
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; and .,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90277
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17
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Fu X, Xu M, Song Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang C. Enhanced interaction between SEC2 mutant and TCR Vβ induces MHC II-independent activation of T cells via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19771-19784. [PMID: 30352872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SEC2, a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-dependent T-cell mitogen, binds MHC II and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβs to induce effective co-stimulating signals for clonal T-cell expansion. We previously characterized a SEC2 mutant with increased recognition of TCR Vβs, ST-4, which could intensify NF-κB signaling transduction, leading to IL-2 production and T-cell activation. In this study, we found that in contrast to SEC2, ST-4 could induce murine CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a Vβ8.2- and Vβ8.3-specific manner in the absence of MHC II+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, although IL-2 secretion in response to either SEC2 or ST-4 stimulation was accompanied by up-regulation of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ), inhibitor of κB (IκB), α and β IκB kinase (IKKα/β), IκBα, and NF-κB in mouse splenocytes, only ST-4 could activate CD4+ T cells in the absence of MHC II+ APCs through the PKCθ/NF-κB signaling pathway. The PKCθ inhibitor AEB071 significantly suppressed SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell proliferation, CD69 and CD25 expression, and IL-2 secretion with or without MHC II+ APCs. Further, SEC2/ST-4-induced changes in PKCθ/NF-κB signaling were significantly relieved by AEB071 in a dose-dependent manner. Using Lck siRNA, we found that Lck controlled SEC2/ST-4-induced phosphorylation of PKCθ. We also demonstrated that the IL-2R/STAT5 pathway is essential for SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell activation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that an enhanced ST-4-TCR interaction can compensate for lack of MHC II and stimulate MHC II-free CD4+ T-cell proliferation via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. Compared with SEC2, intensified PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signals induced by ST-4 lead to enhanced T-cell activation. The results of this study will facilitate better understanding of TCR-based immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Fu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and.,the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingkai Xu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yubo Song
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yongqiang Li
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
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18
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Tuffs SW, Haeryfar SMM, McCormick JK. Manipulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Staphylococcal Superantigens. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020053. [PMID: 29843476 PMCID: PMC6027230 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) constitute a family of potent exotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and other select staphylococcal species. SAgs function to cross-link major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules with T cell receptors (TCRs) to stimulate the uncontrolled activation of T lymphocytes, potentially leading to severe human illnesses such as toxic shock syndrome. The ubiquity of SAgs in clinical S. aureus isolates suggests that they likely make an important contribution to the evolutionary fitness of S. aureus. Although the apparent redundancy of SAgs in S. aureus has not been explained, the high level of sequence diversity within this toxin family may allow for SAgs to recognize an assorted range of TCR and MHC class II molecules, as well as aid in the avoidance of humoral immunity. Herein, we outline the major diseases associated with the staphylococcal SAgs and how a dysregulated immune system may contribute to pathology. We then highlight recent research that considers the importance of SAgs in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections, demonstrating that SAgs are more than simply an immunological diversion. We suggest that SAgs can act as targeted modulators that drive the immune response away from an effective response, and thus aid in S. aureus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada.
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada.
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19
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Kabanova A, Zurli V, Baldari CT. Signals Controlling Lytic Granule Polarization at the Cytotoxic Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515593 PMCID: PMC5826174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immunity relies on specialized effector T cells, the cytotoxic T cells, which are endowed with specialized cytolytic machinery that permits them to induce death of their targets. Upon recognition of a target cell, cytotoxic T cells form a lytic immune synapse and by docking the microtubule-organizing center at the synaptic membrane get prepared to deliver a lethal hit of enzymes contained in lytic granules. New insights suggest that the directionality of lytic granule trafficking along the microtubules represents a fine means to tune the functional outcome of the encounter between a T cell and its target. Thus, mechanisms regulating the directionality of granule transport may have a major impact in settings characterized by evasion from the cytotoxic response, such as chronic infection and cancer. Here, we review our current knowledge on the signaling pathways implicated in the polarized trafficking at the immune synapse of cytotoxic T cells, complementing it with information on the regulation of this process in natural killer cells. Furthermore, we highlight some of the parameters which we consider critical in studying the polarized trafficking of lytic granules, including the use of freshly isolated cytotoxic T cells, and discuss some of the major open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zurli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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20
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Li Z, Zeppa JJ, Hancock MA, McCormick JK, Doherty TM, Hendy GN, Madrenas J. Staphylococcal Superantigens Use LAMA2 as a Coreceptor To Activate T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1471-1479. [PMID: 29335257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Canonical Ag-dependent TCR signaling relies on activation of the src-family tyrosine kinase LCK. However, staphylococcal superantigens can trigger TCR signaling by activating an alternative pathway that is independent of LCK and utilizes a Gα11-containing G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) leading to PLCβ activation. The molecules linking the superantigen to GPCR signaling are unknown. Using the ligand-receptor capture technology LRC-TriCEPS, we identified LAMA2, the α2 subunit of the extracellular matrix protein laminin, as the coreceptor for staphylococcal superantigens. Complementary binding assays (ELISA, pull-downs, and surface plasmon resonance) provided direct evidence of the interaction between staphylococcal enterotoxin E and LAMA2. Through its G4 domain, LAMA2 mediated the LCK-independent T cell activation by these toxins. Such a coreceptor role of LAMA2 involved a GPCR of the calcium-sensing receptor type because the selective antagonist NPS 2143 inhibited superantigen-induced T cell activation in vitro and delayed the effects of toxic shock syndrome in vivo. Collectively, our data identify LAMA2 as a target of antagonists of staphylococcal superantigens to treat toxic shock syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Joseph J Zeppa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mark A Hancock
- Surface Plasmon Resonance-Mass Spectrometry Facility, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Terence M Doherty
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90277; and
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joaquín Madrenas
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; .,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90277; and
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21
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Fu X, Xu M, Yao S, Zhang H, Zhang C, Zhang J. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 mutant drives T lymphocyte activation through PI3K/mTOR and NF-ĸB signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 333:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive cells of the immune system that control autoimmune reactivity. Tregs also respond during immune reactions to infectious agents in order to limit immunopathological damage from potent effectors such as CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes. We have used the Friend virus (FV) model of retroviral infection in mice to investigate how viral infections induce Tregs. During acute FV infection, there is significant activation and expansion of thymus-derived (natural) Tregs that suppress virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Unlike conventional T cells, the responding Tregs are not virus specific, so the mechanisms that induce their expansion are of great interest. We now show that B cells provide essential signals for Treg expansion during FV infection. Treg responses are greatly diminished in B cell-deficient mice but can be restored by adoptive transfers of B cells at the time of infection. The feeble Treg responses in B cell-deficient mice are associated with enhanced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses and accelerated virus control during the first 2 weeks of infection. In vitro experiments demonstrated that B cells promote Treg activation and proliferation through a glucocorticoid-induced receptor superfamily member 18 (GITR) ligand-dependent mechanism. Thus, B cells play paradoxically opposing roles during FV infection. They provide proliferative signals to immunsosuppressive Tregs, which slows early virus control, and they also produce virus-specific antibodies, which are essential for long-term virus control. When infectious agents invade a host, numerous immunological mechanisms are deployed to limit their replication, neutralize their spread, and destroy the host cells harboring the infection. Since immune responses also have a strong capacity to damage host cells and tissues, their magnitude, potency, and duration are under regulatory control. Regulatory T cells are an important component of this control, and the mechanisms that induce them to respond and exert immunosuppressive regulation are of great interest. In the current report, we show that B cells, the cells responsible for making pathogen-specific antibodies, are also involved in promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells during a retroviral infection. In vitro studies demonstrated that they do so via stimulation of the Tregs through interactions between cell surface molecules: GITR interactions with its ligand (GITRL) on B cells and GITR on regulatory T cells. These findings point the way toward therapeutics to better treat infections and autoimmune diseases.
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23
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Rukkawattanakul T, Sookrung N, Seesuay W, Onlamoon N, Diraphat P, Chaicumpa W, Indrawattana N. Human scFvs That Counteract Bioactivities of Staphylococcus aureus TSST-1. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020050. [PMID: 28218671 PMCID: PMC5331430 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some Staphylococcus aureus isolates produced toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) which is a pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg). The toxin activates a large fraction of peripheral blood T lymphocytes causing the cells to proliferate and release massive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to a life-threatening multisystem disorder: toxic shock syndrome (TSS). PTSAg-mediated-T cell stimulation circumvents the conventional antigenic peptide presentation to T cell receptor (TCR) by the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Instead, intact PTSAg binds directly to MHC-II molecule outside peptide binding cleft and simultaneously cross-links TCR-Vβ region. Currently, there is neither specific TSS treatment nor drug that directly inactivates TSST-1. In this study, human single chain antibodies (HuscFvs) that bound to and neutralized bioactivities of the TSST-1 were generated using phage display technology. Three E. coli clones transfected with TSST-1-bound phages fished-out from the human scFv library using recombinant TSST-1 as bait expressed TSST-1-bound-HuscFvs that inhibited the TSST-1-mediated T cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions and productions.Computerized simulation, verified by mutations of the residues of HuscFv complementarity determining regions (CDRs),predicted to involve in target binding indicated that the HuscFvs formed interface contact with the toxin residues important for immunopathogenesis. The HuscFvs have high potential for future therapeutic application.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Bacterial Toxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/metabolism
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/microbiology
- Shock, Septic/prevention & control
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/metabolism
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/metabolism
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/genetics
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/immunology
- Superantigens/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thunchanok Rukkawattanakul
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nattawat Onlamoon
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Pornphan Diraphat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Li Z, Levast B, Madrenas J. Staphylococcus aureusDownregulates IP-10 Production and Prevents Th1 Cell Recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1865-1874. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. sCD48 is anti-inflammatory in Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B-induced eosinophilic inflammation. Allergy 2016; 71:829-39. [PMID: 26836239 DOI: 10.1111/all.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most important pathogens, is heavily associated with allergy. S. aureus and its toxins interact with eosinophils through CD48, a GPI-anchored receptor important in allergy mainly as expressed by the eosinophils (mCD48). CD48 can exist in a soluble form (sCD48). Our aim was to investigate SEB-induced regulation of eosinophil CD48 and the possible formation and role of sCD48 in SEB-mediated eosinophil activation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human peripheral blood eosinophils were activated by SEB with or without inhibitors for phospholipases (PL) (-C or -D), or cycloheximide, or brefeldin A. We evaluated eosinophil activation (CD11b expression or EPO/IL-8 release), mCD48 (flow cytometry), sCD48 (ELISA), SEB binding to sCD48 (ELISA), and chemotaxis toward SEB. C57BL/6 mice were pre-injected (ip.) with sCD48, and then, peritonitis was induced by SEB injection; peritoneal lavages were collected after 48 h and analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA. RESULTS SEB-activated human eosinophils formed sCD48, directly correlating with CD11b expression, through cell-associated PL-C and -D. mCD48 remained stable due to up-regulation in CD48 transcription and cellular trafficking. sCD48 bound to SEB and down-regulated SEB stimulatory effects on eosinophils as assessed by EPO and IL-8 release and eosinophil chemotaxis toward SEB. sCD48 showed anti-inflammatory activity in a SEB-induced mouse peritonitis model. CONCLUSIONS SEB regulates CD48 dynamics on eosinophils. Our data indicate sCD48 as a SEB-induced 'decoy' receptor derived from eosinophil and therefore as a potential anti-inflammatory tool in S. aureus-induced eosinophil inflammation often associated with allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Gangwar
- Faculty of Medicine; Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - F. Levi-Schaffer
- Faculty of Medicine; Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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26
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Elliott DM, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. 3,39-Diindolylmethane Ameliorates Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B–Induced Acute Lung Injury through Alterations in the Expression of MicroRNA that Target Apoptosis and Cell-Cycle Arrest in Activated T Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:177-87. [PMID: 26818958 PMCID: PMC4809322 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3,39-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural indole found in cruciferous vegetables, has significant anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. In this current study, we investigated the effects of DIM on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). We found that pretreatment of mice with DIM led to attenuation of SEB-induced inflammation in the lungs, vascular leak, and IFN-g secretion. Additionally, DIM could induce cell-cycle arrest and cell death in SEB-activated T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, microRNA (miRNA) microarray analysis uncovered an altered miRNA profile in lung-infiltrating mononuclear cells after DIM treatment of SEB-exposed mice. Moreover, computational analysis of miRNA gene targets and regulation networks indicated that DIM alters miRNA in the cell death and cell-cycle progression pathways. Specifically, DIM treatment significantly downregulated several miRNA and a correlative increase associated gene targets. Furthermore, overexpression and inhibition studies demonstrated that DIM-induced cell death, at least in part, used miR-222. Collectively, these studies demonstrate for the first time that DIM treatment attenuates SEB-induced ALI and may do so through the induction of microRNAs that promote apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in SEB-activated T cells.
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27
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Krakauer T, Pradhan K, Stiles BG. Staphylococcal Superantigens Spark Host-Mediated Danger Signals. Front Immunol 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 26870039 PMCID: PMC4735405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a variety of human diseases from transient food poisoning to lethal toxic shock. These protein toxins bind directly to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in hyperactivation of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. Because of superantigen-induced T cells skewed toward TH1 helper cells, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, superantigens can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Upon TCR/MHC ligation, pathways induced by superantigens include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, resulting in activation of NFκB and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Various mouse models exist to study SEB-induced shock including those with potentiating agents, transgenic mice and an “SEB-only” model. However, therapeutics to treat toxic shock remain elusive as host response genes central to pathogenesis of superantigens have only been identified recently. Gene profiling of a murine model for SEB-induced shock reveals novel molecules upregulated in multiple organs not previously associated with SEB-induced responses. The pivotal genes include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, immunoproteasome components, as well as antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. The host-wide induction of these, and other, antimicrobial defense genes provide evidence that SEB elicits danger signals resulting in multi-organ damage and toxic shock. Ultimately, these discoveries might lead to novel therapeutics for various superantigen-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick , Frederick, MD , USA
| | - Kisha Pradhan
- Biology Department, Wilson College , Chambersburg, PA , USA
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28
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Sarkar S, Motwani V, Sabhachandani P, Cohen N, Konry T. T Cell Dynamic Activation and Functional Analysis in Nanoliter Droplet Microarray. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26613065 PMCID: PMC4657871 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective Characterization of the heterogeneity in immune reactions requires assessing dynamic single cell responses as well as interactions between the various immune cell subsets. Maturation and activation of effector cells is regulated by cell contact-dependent and soluble factor-mediated paracrine signalling. Currently there are few methods available that allow dynamic investigation of both processes simultaneously without physically constraining non-adherent cells and eliminating crosstalk from neighboring cell pairs. We describe here a microfluidic droplet microarray platform that permits rapid functional analysis of single cell responses and co-encapsulation of heterotypic cell pairs, thereby allowing us to evaluate the dynamic activation state of primary T cells. Methods The microfluidic droplet platform enables generation and docking of monodisperse nanoliter volume (0.523 nl) droplets, with the capacity of monitoring a thousand droplets per experiment. Single human T cells were encapsulated in droplets and stimulated on-chip with the calcium ionophore ionomycin. T cells were also co-encapsulated with dendritic cells activated by ovalbumin peptide, followed by dynamic calcium signal monitoring. Results Ionomycin-stimulated cells depicted fluctuation in calcium signalling compared to control. Both cell populations demonstrated marked heterogeneity in responses. Calcium signalling was observed in T cells immediately following contact with DCs, suggesting an early activation signal. T cells further showed non-contact mediated increase in calcium level, although this response was delayed compared to contact-mediated signals. Conclusions Our results suggest that this nanoliter droplet array-based microfluidic platform is a promising technique for assessment of heterogeneity in various types of cellular responses, detection of early/delayed signalling events and live cell phenotyping of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Vinny Motwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Pooja Sabhachandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Noa Cohen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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29
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Joedicke JJ, Myers L, Carmody AB, Messer RJ, Wajant H, Lang KS, Lang PA, Mak TW, Hasenkrug KJ, Dittmer U. Activated CD8+ T cells induce expansion of Vβ5+ regulatory T cells via TNFR2 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2952-60. [PMID: 25098294 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vβ5(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are specific for a mouse endogenous retroviral superantigen, become activated and proliferate in response to Friend virus (FV) infection. We previously reported that FV-induced expansion of this Treg subset was dependent on CD8(+) T cells and TNF-α, but independent of IL-2. We now show that the inflammatory milieu associated with FV infection is not necessary for induction of Vβ5(+) Treg expansion. Rather, it is the presence of activated CD8(+) T cells that is critical for their expansion. The data indicate that the mechanism involves signaling between the membrane-bound form of TNF-α on activated CD8(+) T cells and TNFR2 on Tregs. CD8(+) T cells expressing membrane-bound TNF-α but no soluble TNF-α remained competent to induce strong Vβ5(+) Treg expansion in vivo. In addition, Vβ5(+) Tregs expressing only TNFR2 but no TNFR1 were still responsive to expansion. Finally, treatment of naive mice with soluble TNF-α did not induce Vβ5(+) Treg expansion, but treatment with a TNFR2-specific agonist did. These results reveal a new mechanism of intercellular communication between activated CD8(+) T cell effectors and Tregs that results in the activation and expansion of a Treg subset that subsequently suppresses CD8(+) T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara J Joedicke
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lara Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; and
| | - Tak W Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840;
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany;
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30
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Jenkins MR, Stinchcombe JC, Au-Yeung BB, Asano Y, Ritter AT, Weiss A, Griffiths GM. Distinct structural and catalytic roles for Zap70 in formation of the immunological synapse in CTL. eLife 2014; 3:e01310. [PMID: 24596147 PMCID: PMC3936284 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) activation leads to a dramatic reorganisation of both membranes and receptors as the immunological synapse forms. Using a genetic model to rapidly inhibit Zap70 catalytic activity we examined synapse formation between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their targets. In the absence of Zap70 catalytic activity Vav-1 activation occurs and synapse formation is arrested at a stage with actin and integrin rich interdigitations forming the interface between the two cells. The membranes at the synapse are unable to flatten to provide extended contact, and Lck does not cluster to form the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). Centrosome polarisation is initiated but aborts before reaching the synapse and the granules do not polarise. Our findings reveal distinct roles for Zap70 as a structural protein regulating integrin-mediated control of actin vs its catalytic activity that regulates TCR-mediated control of actin and membrane remodelling during formation of the immunological synapse. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01310.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Jenkins
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Byron B Au-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institue, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex T Ritter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institue, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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SEA antagonizes the imatinib-meditated inhibitory effects on T cell activation via the TCR signaling pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:682010. [PMID: 24524084 PMCID: PMC3909973 DOI: 10.1155/2014/682010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib is highly effective in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, long-term imatinib treatment induces immunosuppression, which is mainly due to T cell dysfunction. Imatinib can reduce TCR-triggered T cell activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases such as Lck, ZAP70, LAT, and PLCγ1 early in the TCR signaling pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the superantigen SEA, a potent T cell stimulator, can block the immunosuppressive effects of imatinib on T cells. Our data show that the exposure of primary human T cells and Jurkat cells to SEA for 24 h leads to the upregulation of the Lck and ZAP70 proteins in a dose-dependent manner. T cells treated with SEA prior to TCR binding had increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of Lck, ZAP70, and PLCγ1. Pretreatment with SEA prevents the inhibitory effects of imatinib on TCR signaling, which leads to T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. It is conceivable that SEA antagonizes the imatinib-mediated inhibition of T cell activation and proliferation through the TCR signaling pathway.
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32
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Louis-Dit-Sully C, Schamel WWA. Activation of the TCR complex by small chemical compounds. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 104:25-39. [PMID: 24214616 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Small chemical compounds and certain metal ions can activate T cells, resulting in drug hypersensitivity reactions that are a main problem in pharmacology. Mostly, the drugs generate new antigenic epitopes on peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are recognized by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of how the drugs alter self-peptide-MHC, so that neo-antigens are produced. This includes (1) haptens covalently bound to peptides presented by MHC, (2) metal ions and drugs that non-covalently bridge self-pMHC to the TCR, and (3) drugs that allow self-peptides to be presented by MHCs that otherwise are not presented. We also briefly discuss how a second signal-next to the TCR-that naïve T cells require to become activated is generated in the drug hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Louis-Dit-Sully
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Rapid progress has recently been made regarding how phospholipase C (PLC)-β functions downstream of G protein-coupled receptors and how PLC-β functions in the nucleus. PLC-β has also been shown to interplay with tyrosine kinase-based signaling pathways, specifically to inhibit Stat5 activation by recruiting the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. In this regard, a new multimolecular signaling platform, named SPS complex, has been identified. The SPS complex has important regulatory roles in tumorigenesis and immune cell activation. Furthermore, a growing body of work suggests that PLC-β also participates in the differentiation and activation of immune cells that control both the innate and adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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34
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Louis-Dit-Sully C, Blumenthal B, Duchniewicz M, Beck-Garcia K, Fiala GJ, Beck-García E, Mukenhirn M, Minguet S, Schamel WWA. Activation of the TCR Complex by Peptide-MHC and Superantigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 104:9-23. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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35
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Krakauer T. Update on staphylococcal superantigen-induced signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1629-54. [PMID: 24064719 PMCID: PMC3798877 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5091629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related bacterial toxins cause diseases in humans and laboratory animals ranging from food poisoning, acute lung injury to toxic shock. These superantigens bind directly to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR), resulting in rapid hyper-activation of the host immune system. In addition to TCR and co-stimulatory signals, proinflammatory mediators activate signaling pathways culminating in cell-stress response, activation of NFκB and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This article presents a concise review of superantigen-activated signaling pathways and focuses on the therapeutic challenges against bacterial superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Integrated Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702 5011, USA.
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36
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Kawakami T, Xiao W. Phospholipase C-β in immune cells. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:249-57. [PMID: 23981313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Great progress has recently been made in structural and functional research of phospholipase C (PLC)-β. We now understand how PLC-β isoforms (β1-β4) are activated by GTP-bound Gαq downstream of G protein-coupled receptors. Numerous studies indicate that PLC-βs participate in the differentiation and activation of immune cells that control both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The PLC-β3 isoform also interplays with tyrosine kinase-based signaling pathways, to inhibit Stat5 activation by recruiting the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, with which PLC-β3 and Stat5 form a multi-molecular signaling platform, named SPS complex. The SPS complex has important regulatory roles in tumorigenesis and immune cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory of Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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37
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Verhaar AP, Wildenberg ME, Duijvestein M, Vos ACW, Peppelenbosch MP, Löwenberg M, Hommes DW, van den Brink GR. Superantigen-Induced Steroid Resistance Depends on Activation of Phospholipase Cβ2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6589-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Yomogida K, Chou YK, Chu CQ. Superantigens induce IL-17 production from polarized Th1 clones. Cytokine 2013; 63:6-9. [PMID: 23664273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells has been considered to be an irreversible event and, in particular, the plasticity is believed to be completely lost in Th1 subset in vitro after multiple stimulations. However, here we demonstrate that highly polarized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)- and herpes simples virus-specific Th1 clones were still capable of producing IL-17 upon superantigen stimulation. Anti-MHC class-II and anti-TCR αβ chains partially blocked superantigen-induced IL-17 production. These findings suggest that fully differentiated Th1 cells still have capability to produce cytokines of other Th subsets and production of IL-17 by MOG-specific Th1 cells may have implication in initiation and/or exacerbation of neurological autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yomogida
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Yuan K Chou
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Cong-Qiu Chu
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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39
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Myers L, Joedicke JJ, Carmody AB, Messer RJ, Kassiotis G, Dudley JP, Dittmer U, Hasenkrug KJ. IL-2-independent and TNF-α-dependent expansion of Vβ5+ natural regulatory T cells during retrovirus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5485-95. [PMID: 23645880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Friend virus infection of mice induces the expansion and activation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that dampen acute immune responses and promote the establishment and maintenance of chronic infection. Adoptive transfer experiments and the expression of neuropilin-1 indicate that these cells are predominantly natural Tregs rather than virus-specific conventional CD4(+) T cells that converted into induced Tregs. Analysis of Treg TCR Vβ chain usage revealed a broadly distributed polyclonal response with a high proportionate expansion of the Vβ5(+) Treg subset, which is known to be responsive to endogenous retrovirus-encoded superantigens. In contrast to the major population of Tregs, the Vβ5(+) subset expressed markers of terminally differentiated effector cells, and their expansion was associated with the level of the antiviral CD8(+) T cell response rather than the level of Friend virus infection. Surprisingly, the expansion and accumulation of the Vβ5(+) Tregs was IL-2 independent but dependent on TNF-α. These experiments reveal a subset-specific Treg induction by a new pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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40
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Wang Y, Li Y, Shi G. The regulating function of heterotrimeric G proteins in the immune system. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:309-19. [PMID: 23563866 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which consist of an α-, a β- and a γ-subunit, have crucial roles as molecular switches in the regulation of the downstream effector molecules of multiple G protein-coupled receptor signalling pathways, such as phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase. According to the structural and functional similarities of their α-subunits, G proteins can be divided into four subfamilies: Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11 and Gα12/13. Most of the α- and the βγ-subunits are abundantly expressed on the surface of immune cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that G proteins are a group of important immunomodulatory factors that regulate the migration, activation, survival, proliferation, differentiation and cytokine secretion of immune cells. In this review, we summarise the recent findings on the functions of G proteins in immune regulation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Peres AG, Madrenas J. The broad landscape of immune interactions with Staphylococcus aureus: from commensalism to lethal infections. Burns 2013; 39:380-8. [PMID: 23313242 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that is present in the nostrils of a quarter of the general population without causing any apparent disease. However, S. aureus can also act as a pathogen to cause severe infections. The factors determining the balance between its commensal and pathogenic states are not understood. Emerging evidence suggests that S. aureus, in addition to inducing a pro-inflammatory response, may have the capacity to modulate the host immune system. The latter is in part the result of recognition of specific molecules embedded in the peptidoglycan layer of the staphylococcal cell wall that bind to TLR2 on host antigen-presenting cells and induce a strong IL-10 response that down regulates the adaptive T cell response. This mechanism can partially explain the duality of interactions between S. aureus and the human immune system by favoring nasal colonization instead of staphylococcal diseases. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular basis of this mechanism and explore its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Peres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Krakauer T. PI3K/Akt/mTOR, a pathway less recognized for staphylococcal superantigen-induced toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:1343-66. [PMID: 23202320 PMCID: PMC3509712 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulating staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins cause diseases in humans and laboratory animals by activating cells of the immune system. These toxins bind directly to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR), resulting in hyperactivation of both T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. The well-explored signal transduction pathways for SEB-induced toxicity downstream from TCR/MHC ligation and interaction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, culminating in NFκB activation. Independently, IL-2, IFNγ, and chemokines from activated T cells signal via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the serine/threonine kinases, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. This article reviews the signaling molecules induced by superantigens in the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways leading to staphylococcal superantigen-induced toxicity and updates potential therapeutics against superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Integrated Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Hauck F, Randriamampita C, Martin E, Gerart S, Lambert N, Lim A, Soulier J, Maciorowski Z, Touzot F, Moshous D, Quartier P, Heritier S, Blanche S, Rieux-Laucat F, Brousse N, Callebaut I, Veillette A, Hivroz C, Fischer A, Latour S, Picard C. Primary T-cell immunodeficiency with immunodysregulation caused by autosomal recessive LCK deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1144-1152.e11. [PMID: 22985903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signals emanating from the antigen T-cell receptor (TCR) are required for T-cell development and function. The T lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) is a key component of the TCR signaling machinery. On the basis of its function, we considered LCK a candidate gene in patients with combined immunodeficiency. OBJECTIVE We identify and describe a child with a T-cell immunodeficiency caused by a homozygous missense mutation of the LCK gene (c.1022T>C) resulting from uniparental disomy. METHODS Genetic, molecular, and functional analyses were performed to characterize the Lck deficiency, and the associated clinical and immunologic phenotypes are reported. RESULTS The mutant LCK protein (p.L341P) was weakly expressed with no kinase activity and failed to reconstitute TCR signaling in LCK-deficient T cells. The patient presented with recurrent respiratory tract infections together with predominant early-onset inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations. The patient displayed CD4(+) T-cell lymphopenia and low levels of CD4 and CD8 expression on the T-cell surface. The residual T lymphocytes had an oligoclonal T-cell repertoire and exhibited a profound TCR signaling defect, with only weak tyrosine phosphorylation signals and no Ca(2+) mobilization in response to TCR stimulation. CONCLUSION We report a new form of T-cell immunodeficiency caused by a LCK gene defect, highlighting the essential role of Lck in human T-cell development and responses. Our results also point out that defects in the TCR signaling cascade often result in abnormal T-cell differentiation and functions, leading to an important risk factor for inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hauck
- INSERM 768, Laboratoire du Développement Normal et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Chowdhary VR, Tilahun AY, Clark CR, Grande JP, Rajagopalan G. Chronic exposure to staphylococcal superantigen elicits a systemic inflammatory disease mimicking lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2054-62. [PMID: 22798666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic nasal and skin colonization with superantigen (SAg)-producing Staphylococcus aureus is well documented in humans. Given that trans-mucosal and trans-cutaneous absorption of SAgs can occur, we determined whether chronic exposure to small amounts of SAg per se could activate autoreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and precipitate any autoimmune disease without further external autoantigenic stimulation. Because HLA class II molecules present SAg more efficiently than do mouse MHC class II molecules, HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice were implanted s.c. with mini-osmotic pumps capable of continuously delivering the SAg, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (total of 10 μg/mouse), or PBS over 4 wk. Chronic exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B resulted in a multisystem autoimmune inflammatory disease with features similar to systemic lupus erythematosus. The disease was characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of lungs, liver, and kidneys, accompanied by the production of anti-nuclear Abs and deposition of immune complexes in the renal glomeruli. The inflammatory infiltrates in various organs predominantly consisted of CD4(+) T cells bearing TCR Vβ8. The extent of immunopathology was markedly reduced in mice lacking CD4(+) T cells and CD28, indicating that the disease is CD4(+) T cell mediated and CD28 dependent. The absence of disease in STAT4-deficient, as well as IFN-γ-deficient, HLA-DQ8 mice suggested the pathogenic role of Th1-type cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ. In conclusion, our study suggests that chronic exposure to extremely small amounts of bacterial SAg could be an etiological factor for systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi R Chowdhary
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Xu SX, McCormick JK. Staphylococcal superantigens in colonization and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:52. [PMID: 22919643 PMCID: PMC3417409 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are a family of potent immunostimulatory exotoxins known to be produced by only a few bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. More than 20 distinct SAgs have been characterized from different S. aureus strains and at least 80% of clinical strains harbor at least one SAg gene, although most strains encode many. SAgs have been classically associated with food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome (TSS), for which these toxins are the causative agent. TSS is a potentially fatal disease whereby SAg-mediated activation of T cells results in overproduction of cytokines and results in systemic inflammation and shock. Numerous studies have also shown a possible role for SAgs in other diseases such as Kawasaki disease (KD), atopic dermatitis (AD), and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). There is also now a rich understanding of the mechanisms of action of SAgs, as well as their structures and function. However, we have yet to discover what purpose SAgs play in the life cycle of S. aureus, and why such a wide array of these toxins exists. This review will focus on recent developments within the SAg field in terms of the molecular biology of these toxins and their role in both colonization and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey X Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada
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46
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Sundaravaradan V, Mir KD, Sodora DL. Double-negative T cells during HIV/SIV infections: potential pinch hitters in the T-cell lineup. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:164-71. [PMID: 22241163 PMCID: PMC3639317 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283504a66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the role of CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells, which have both regulatory and helper T-cell functions and may have the potential to compensate for the reduced levels of CD4 T cells during SIV/HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Double-negative T cells have been characterized in several human diseases and in murine models of autoimmunity and transplantation, where they exhibit both immunoregulatory and helper T-cell-like function. During the natural nonpathogenic SIV infection of African nonhuman primates, the lack of clinical disease progression is associated with the presence of double-negative T cells that maintain helper T-cell functions while remaining refractory to viral infection. Moreover, DN T cells may compensate for very low levels of CD4+ T cells observed in a cohort of SIV-infected sooty mangabeys that have remained free of clinical AIDS for over 10 years. These studies identify a potential for double-negative T cells to provide critical helper function during HIV infection. SUMMARY Double-negative T cells with some CD4+ T-cell functions are associated with a nonpathogenic outcome during SIV infection and represent a potential immune therapeutic target in HIV-infected patients.
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Watson ARO, Janik DK, Lee WT. Superantigen-induced CD4 memory T cell anergy. I. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces Fyn-mediated negative signaling. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:16-25. [PMID: 22386537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD4 T cells must provide robust protection for an organism while still maintaining self-tolerance. Superantigens reveal a memory cell-specific regulatory pathway, by which signaling through the TCR can lead to clonal tolerance (anergy). Here we show that the src kinase Fyn is a critical regulator of anergy in murine memory CD4 T cells induced by the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Exposure to SEB results in impaired TCR signaling due to failed CD3/ZAP-70 complex formation. Further, signal transduction through the TCR remains similarly blocked when anergic memory cells are subsequently exposed to agonist peptide antigen. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic elimination of Fyn kinase reverses memory cell anergy, resulting in SEB-induced cell proliferation. The mechanism underlying impaired TCR signaling and subsequent memory cell anergy must involve a Fyn signaling pathway given that the suppression of Fyn activity restores CD3/ZAP-70 complex formation and TCR proximal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R O Watson
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
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48
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Wernimont SA, Wiemer AJ, Bennin DA, Monkley SJ, Ludwig T, Critchley DR, Huttenlocher A. Contact-dependent T cell activation and T cell stopping require talin1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:6256-67. [PMID: 22075696 PMCID: PMC3237745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell-APC contact initiates T cell activation and is maintained by the integrin LFA-1. Talin1, an LFA-1 regulator, localizes to the immune synapse (IS) with unknown roles in T cell activation. In this study, we show that talin1-deficient T cells have defects in contact-dependent T cell stopping and proliferation. Although talin1-deficient T cells did not form stable interactions with APCs, transient contacts were sufficient to induce signaling. In contrast to prior models, LFA-1 polarized to T cell-APC contacts in talin1-deficient T cells, but vinculin and F-actin polarization at the IS was impaired. These results indicate that T cell proliferation requires sustained, talin1-mediated T cell-APC interactions and that talin1 is necessary for F-actin polarization and the stability of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Wernimont
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53705
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706
| | - David A Bennin
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
| | - Susan J Monkley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - David R Critchley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
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Hayworth JL, Mazzuca DM, Maleki Vareki S, Welch I, McCormick JK, Haeryfar SMM. CD1d-independent activation of mouse and human iNKT cells by bacterial superantigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:699-709. [PMID: 22041925 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are infrequent but important immunomodulatory lymphocytes that exhibit CD1d-restricted reactivity with glycolipid Ags. iNKT cells express a unique T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of an invariant α-chain, paired with a limited range of β-chains. Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins defined by their ability to activate conventional T cells in a TCR β-chain variable domain (Vβ)-specific manner. However, whether iNKT cells are directly activated by bacterial SAgs remains an open question. Herein, we explored the responsiveness of mouse and human iNKT cells to a panel of staphylococcal and streptococcal SAgs and examined the contribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD1d to these responses. Bacterial SAgs that target mouse Vβ8, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), were able to activate mouse hybridoma and primary hepatic iNKT cells in the presence of mouse APCs expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR4. iNKT cell-mediated cytokine secretion in SEB-challenged HLA-DR4-transgenic mice was CD1d-independent and accompanied by a high interferon-γ:interleukin-4 ratio consistent with an in vivo Th1 bias. Furthermore, iNKT cells from SEB-injected HLA-DR4-transgenic mice, and iNKT cells from SEB-treated human PBMCs, showed early activation by intracellular cytokine staining and CD69 expression. Unlike iNKT cell stimulation by α-galactosylceramide, stimulation by SEB did not induce TCR downregulation of either mouse or human iNKT cells. We conclude that Vβ8-targeting bacterial SAgs can activate iNKT cells by utilizing a novel pathway that requires MHC class II interactions, but not CD1d. Therefore, iNKT cells fulfill important effector functions in response to bacterial SAgs and may provide attractive targets in the management of SAg-induced illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Hayworth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Frodermann V, Chau TA, Sayedyahossein S, Toth JM, Heinrichs DE, Madrenas J. A modulatory interleukin-10 response to staphylococcal peptidoglycan prevents Th1/Th17 adaptive immunity to Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:253-62. [PMID: 21673036 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) enables these cells to recognize peptidoglycan-embedded lipopeptides and glycopolymers in the Staphylococcus aureus cell wall and mount an inflammatory response to this microbe. TLR2 signalling can also modulate immunity to S. aureus by inducing an interleukin (IL)-10 response in APCs. What determines the balance between proinflammatory and modulatory responses to S. aureus is unknown. We show that the modulatory IL-10 response preferentially occurs upon CD14- and CD36-independent TLR2 signaling, triggering PI3K activation, and is restricted to monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MΦs). In contrast, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) produce mostly IL-12 and IL-23. The differential APC polarization induced by staphylococcal peptidoglycan translates into differential T helper responses: MΦs primarily trigger IL-10 and weak IL-17 responses, whereas DCs trigger a robust Th1/Th17 response. Exploitation of TLR2 signalling plasticity by S. aureus may explain the wide range of outcomes of human encounters with this microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- The Centre for Human Immunology, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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