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Alipour S, Mardi A, Shajari N, Kazemi T, Sadeghi MR, Ahmadian Heris J, Masoumi J, Baradaran B. Unmasking the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmunity, cancer, and infectious conditions. Life Sci 2024; 348:122686. [PMID: 38710282 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Proper and functional immune response requires a complex interaction between innate and adaptive immune cells, which dendritic cells (DCs) are the primary actors in this coordination as professional antigen-presenting cells. DCs are armed with numerous pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) like NLRP3, which influence the development of their activation state upon sensation of ligands. NLRP3 is a crucial component of the immune system for protection against tumors and infectious agents, because its activation leads to the assembly of inflammasomes that cause the formation of active caspase-1 and stimulate the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. But, when NLRP3 becomes overactivated, it plays a pathogenic role in the progression of several autoimmune disorders. So, NLRP3 activation is strictly regulated by diverse signaling pathways that are mentioned in detail in this review. Furthermore, the role of NLRP3 in all of the diverse immune cells' subsets is briefly mentioned in this study because NLRP3 plays a pivotal role in modulating other immune cells which are accompanied by DCs' responses and subsequently influence differentiation of T cells to diverse T helper subsets and even impact on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells' responses. This review sheds light on the functional and therapeutic role of NLRP3 in DCs and its contribution to the occurrence and progression of autoimmune disorders, prevention of diverse tumors' development, and recognition and annihilation of various infectious agents. Furthermore, we highlight NLRP3 targeting potential for improving DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches, to be used for the benefit of patients suffering from these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Alipour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Shajari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Sundaram B, Tweedell RE, Prasanth Kumar S, Kanneganti TD. The NLR family of innate immune and cell death sensors. Immunity 2024; 57:674-699. [PMID: 38599165 PMCID: PMC11112261 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of pathogenic and sterile triggers. Activation of specific NLRs initiates pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling cascades and the formation of inflammasomes-multi-protein complexes that induce caspase-1 activation to drive inflammatory cytokine maturation and lytic cell death, pyroptosis. Certain NLRs and inflammasomes act as integral components of larger cell death complexes-PANoptosomes-driving another form of lytic cell death, PANoptosis. Here, we review the current understanding of the evolution, structure, and function of NLRs in health and disease. We discuss the concept of NLR networks and their roles in driving cell death and immunity. An improved mechanistic understanding of NLRs may provide therapeutic strategies applicable across infectious and inflammatory diseases and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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3
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Huang T, Wang X, Mi Y, Wu W, Xu X, Li C, Wen Y, Li B, Li Y, Sun L, Li J, Wang M, Liu T, Wang S, Liang M. Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Phases and Identifies Two Key Genes during Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection in PMA-Induced THP-1 Cells. Viruses 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 38257759 PMCID: PMC10819900 DOI: 10.3390/v16010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the research of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV). However, several limitations and challenges still exist. For instance, researchers face constraints regarding experimental conditions and the feasibility of sample acquisition for studying SFTSV. To enhance the quality and comprehensiveness of SFTSV research, we opted to employ PMA-induced THP-1 cells as a model for SFTSV infection. Multiple time points of SFTSV infection were designed to capture the dynamic nature of the virus-host interaction. Through a comprehensive analysis utilizing various bioinformatics approaches, including diverse clustering methods, MUfzz analysis, and LASSO/Cox machine learning, we performed dynamic analysis and identified key genes associated with SFTSV infection at the host cell transcriptomic level. Notably, successful clustering was achieved for samples infected at different time points, leading to the identification of two important genes, PHGDH and NLRP12. And these findings may provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of SFTSV and contribute to our understanding of host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Yuqian Mi
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China;
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Yanhan Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Boyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Yang Li
- Chongqing Research Institute of Big Data, Peking University, Chongqing 400039, China
| | - Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Jiandong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Tiezhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Mifang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
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4
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Li J, Zhang Q, Li X, Liu J, Wang F, Zhang W, Liu X, Li T, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Meng Y, Ma Y, Wang H. QingXiaoWuWei decoction alleviates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia in mice by regulating metabolic remodeling and macrophage gene expression network via the microbiota-short-chain fatty acids axis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0034423. [PMID: 37823635 PMCID: PMC10714818 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00344-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonizes the upper respiratory airways and is resistant to antibiotics. MRSA is a frequently acquired infection in hospital and community settings, including cases of MRSA-induced pneumonia. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the limited efficacy of antibiotics necessitate alternative strategies for preventing or treating the infection. QingXiaoWuWei decoction (QXWWD) protects against both gut microbiota dysbiosis and MRSA-induced pneumonia. Furthermore, the QXWWD-regulated metabolic remodeling and macrophage gene expression network contribute to its protective effects through the microbiota-short-chain fatty acid axis. The results of this study suggest that QXWWD and its pharmacodynamic compounds might have the potential to prevent and treat pulmonary infections, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the future treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases by manipulating gut microbiota and their metabolites via traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tiewei Li
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Children’s Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yukun Meng
- First Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuheng Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huanyun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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5
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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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6
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Huang L, Tao Y, Wu X, Wu J, Shen M, Zheng Z. The role of NLRP12 in inflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175995. [PMID: 37572944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor 12 (NLRP12), a highly conserved protein containing an N-terminal pyrin domain (PYD), a nucleotide-binding domain and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat region, belongs to the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor-containing PYD (NLRP) family and is a cytoplasmic sensor that plays a negative role in inflammation. NLRP12 is involved in multiple disease processes, including formation of inflammasomes and regulation of both canonical and noncanonical inflammatory signaling pathways. NLRP12 and pathogenic infections are closely linked, and alterations in NLRP12 expression and activity are associated with inflammatory diseases. In this review, we begin with a summary of the mechanisms of negative regulation by NLRP12. We then underscore the important roles of NLRP12 in the onset and progression of inflammation, infectious disease, host defense, carcinogenesis and COVID-19. Finally, we highlight factors that influence NLRP12 activity, including synthetic and naturally derived agonists, and are regarded as potential therapeutic agents to overcome inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youli Tao
- Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiping Wu
- Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianzhang Wu
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mengya Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Khan S, Kwak YT, Peng L, Hu S, Cantarel BL, Lewis CM, Gao Y, Mani RS, Kanneganti TD, Zaki H. NLRP12 downregulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via interaction with STK38 to suppress colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166295. [PMID: 37581937 PMCID: PMC10541192 DOI: 10.1172/jci166295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) at advanced stages is rarely curable, underscoring the importance of exploring the mechanism of CRC progression and invasion. NOD-like receptor family member NLRP12 was shown to suppress colorectal tumorigenesis, but the precise mechanism was unknown. Here, we demonstrate that invasive adenocarcinoma development in Nlrp12-deficient mice is associated with elevated expression of genes involved in proliferation, matrix degradation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Signaling pathway analysis revealed higher activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, but not NF-κB and MAPK pathways, in the Nlrp12-deficient tumors. Using Nlrp12-conditional knockout mice, we revealed that NLRP12 downregulates β-catenin activation in intestinal epithelial cells, thereby suppressing colorectal tumorigenesis. Consistent with this, Nlrp12-deficient intestinal organoids and CRC cells showed increased proliferation, accompanied by higher activation of β-catenin in vitro. With proteomic studies, we identified STK38 as an interacting partner of NLRP12 involved in the inhibition of phosphorylation of GSK3β, leading to the degradation of β-catenin. Consistently, the expression of NLRP12 was significantly reduced, while p-GSK3β and β-catenin were upregulated in mouse and human colorectal tumor tissues. In summary, NLRP12 is a potent negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the NLRP12/STK38/GSK3β signaling axis could be a promising therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brandi L. Cantarel
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, and
| | - Cheryl M. Lewis
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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8
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Morrison HA, Trusiano B, Rowe AJ, Allen IC. Negative regulatory NLRs mitigate inflammation via NF-κB pathway signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. Biomed J 2023; 46:100616. [PMID: 37321320 PMCID: PMC10494316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) function to mitigate overzealous pro-inflammatory signaling produced by NF-κB activation. Under normal pathophysiologic conditions, proper signaling by these NLRs protect against potential autoimmune responses. These NLRs associate with several different proteins within both the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways to either prevent activation of the pathway or inhibit signal transduction. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathways ultimately dampens the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of other downstream pro-inflammatory signaling mechanisms. Dysregulation of these NLRs, including NLRC3, NLRX1, and NLRP12, have been reported in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer patients, suggesting the potential of these NLRs as biomarkers for disease detection. Mouse models deficient in these NLRs also have increased susceptibility to colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. While current standard of care for IBD patients and FDA-approved therapeutics function to remedy symptoms associated with IBD and chronic inflammation, these negative regulatory NLRs have yet to be explored as potential drug targets. In this review, we describe a comprehensive overview of recent studies that have evaluated the role of NLRC3, NLRX1, and NLRP12 in IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Morrison
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Brie Trusiano
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Audrey J Rowe
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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9
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Tweedell RE, Kanneganti T. NLRP12-PANoptosome in haemolytic, infectious and inflammatory diseases. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1409. [PMID: 37700491 PMCID: PMC10497829 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Tweedell
- Department of ImmunologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
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10
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Bulté D, Rigamonti C, Romano A, Mortellaro A. Inflammasomes: Mechanisms of Action and Involvement in Human Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:1766. [PMID: 37443800 PMCID: PMC10340308 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome complexes and their integral receptor proteins have essential roles in regulating the innate immune response and inflammation at the post-translational level. Yet despite their protective role, aberrant activation of inflammasome proteins and gain of function mutations in inflammasome component genes seem to contribute to the development and progression of human autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In the past decade, our understanding of inflammasome biology and activation mechanisms has greatly progressed. We therefore provide an up-to-date overview of the various inflammasomes and their known mechanisms of action. In addition, we highlight the involvement of various inflammasomes and their pathogenic mechanisms in common autoinflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. We conclude by speculating on the future avenues of research needed to better understand the roles of inflammasomes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Bulté
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Rigamonti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
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11
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He H, Wang W, Li L, Zhang X, Shi H, Chen J, Shi D, Xue M, Feng L. Activation of the NLRP1 Inflammasome and Its Role in Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0058923. [PMID: 37255428 PMCID: PMC10308917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00589-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome pathway is a critical early response mechanism of the host that detects pathogens, initiates the production of inflammatory cytokines, and recruits effector cells to the infection site. Nonetheless, the mechanism of inflammasome activation in coronavirus infection and its biological functions in host defense remain unclear. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus, is a significant pathogen that mainly infects piglets and causes intestinal inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Here, we investigated the mechanism of inflammasome activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) infected with TGEV. We observed a substantial increase in interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 levels in both IECs and TGEV-infected porcine intestinal tissues. Furthermore, TGEV infection resulted in increased activation of caspase-1 and the NLRP1 (NOD-like receptor [NLR]-containing pyrin domain [PYD]) inflammasome. Our findings revealed that TGEV infection impeded the interaction between porcine NLRP1 (pNLRP1) and porcine dipeptidyl peptidases 9 (pDPP9), yet it did not reduce the expression of pDPP9. Importantly, the ZU5 domain, not the function-to-find domain (FIIND) reported in human NLRP1, was identified as the minimal domain of pNLRP1 for pDPP9 binding. In addition, the robust type I IFN expression induced by TGEV infection also upregulated pNLRP1 expression and pNLRP1 itself acts as an interferon-stimulated gene to counteract TGEV infection. Our data demonstrate that pNLRP1 has antiviral capabilities against coronavirus infection, which highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target for coronavirus antiviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus primarily targets the epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, leading to damage in both humans and animals. NLRP1 is a direct sensor for RNA virus infection which is highly expressed in epithelial barrier tissues. However, until recently, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its activation in coronavirus infection and subsequent downstream events remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the alphacoronavirus TGEV induces the production of IL-1β and IL-18 and upregulates the expression of pNLRP1. Furthermore, we found that pNLRP1 can serve as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) to inhibit the infection of enterovirus TGEV. Our research highlights the crucial role of NLRP1 as a regulator of innate immunity in TGEV infection and shows that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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12
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Sundaram B, Pandian N, Mall R, Wang Y, Sarkar R, Kim HJ, Malireddi RKS, Karki R, Janke LJ, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. NLRP12-PANoptosome activates PANoptosis and pathology in response to heme and PAMPs. Cell 2023; 186:2783-2801.e20. [PMID: 37267949 PMCID: PMC10330523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic innate immune sensors are critical for host defense and form complexes, such as inflammasomes and PANoptosomes, that induce inflammatory cell death. The sensor NLRP12 is associated with infectious and inflammatory diseases, but its activating triggers and roles in cell death and inflammation remain unclear. Here, we discovered that NLRP12 drives inflammasome and PANoptosome activation, cell death, and inflammation in response to heme plus PAMPs or TNF. TLR2/4-mediated signaling through IRF1 induced Nlrp12 expression, which led to inflammasome formation to induce maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. The inflammasome also served as an integral component of a larger NLRP12-PANoptosome that drove inflammatory cell death through caspase-8/RIPK3. Deletion of Nlrp12 protected mice from acute kidney injury and lethality in a hemolytic model. Overall, we identified NLRP12 as an essential cytosolic sensor for heme plus PAMPs-mediated PANoptosis, inflammation, and pathology, suggesting that NLRP12 and molecules in this pathway are potential drug targets for hemolytic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nagakannan Pandian
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Roman Sarkar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Laura J Janke
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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13
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Ke Q, Greenawalt AN, Manukonda V, Ji X, Tisch RM. The regulation of self-tolerance and the role of inflammasome molecules. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154552. [PMID: 37081890 PMCID: PMC10110889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome molecules make up a family of receptors that typically function to initiate a proinflammatory response upon infection by microbial pathogens. Dysregulation of inflammasome activity has been linked to unwanted chronic inflammation, which has also been implicated in certain autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and related animal models. Classical inflammasome activation-dependent events have intrinsic and extrinsic effects on both innate and adaptive immune effectors, as well as resident cells in the target tissue, which all can contribute to an autoimmune response. Recently, inflammasome molecules have also been found to regulate the differentiation and function of immune effector cells independent of classical inflammasome-activated inflammation. These alternative functions for inflammasome molecules shape the nature of the adaptive immune response, that in turn can either promote or suppress the progression of autoimmunity. In this review we will summarize the roles of inflammasome molecules in regulating self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ashley Nicole Greenawalt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Veera Manukonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xingqi Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland Michael Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Roland Michael Tisch,
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Valadares DG, Clay OS, Chen Y, Scorza BM, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS, Wilson ME. NLRP12-expressing dendritic cells mediate both dissemination of infection and adaptive immune responses in visceral leishmaniasis. iScience 2023; 26:106163. [PMID: 36879824 PMCID: PMC9985045 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLR protein NLRP12 contributes to innate immunity, but the mechanism remains elusive. Infection of Nlrp12 -/- or wild-type mice with Leishmania infantum led to aberrant parasite tropism. Parasites replicated to higher levels in livers of Nlrp12 -/- mice than in the livers of WT mice and failed to disseminate to spleens. Most retained liver parasites resided in dendritic cells (DCs), with correspondingly fewer infected DCs in spleens. Furthermore, Nlrp12 -/- DCs expressed lower CCR7 than WT DCs, failed to migrate toward CCL19 or CCL21 in chemotaxis assays, and migrated poorly to draining lymph nodes after sterile inflammation. Leishmania-infected Nlpr12 -/- DCs were significantly less effective at transporting parasites to lymph nodes than WT DCs. Consistently, adaptive immune responses were also impaired in infected Nlrp12 -/- mice. We hypothesize that Nlrp12-expressing DCs are required for efficient dissemination and immune clearance of L. infantum from the site of initial infection. This is at least partly due to the defective expression of CCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Garcia Valadares
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Owen Scott Clay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yani Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna Mary Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Suzanne Louise Cassel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Fayyaz Shiraz Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mary Edythe Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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15
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Chen KQ, Ke BY, Cheng L, Yu XQ, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Research and progress of inflammasomes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110013. [PMID: 36931172 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
With the development of the social economy, unhealthy living habits and eating styles are gradually affecting people's health in recent years. As a chronic liver disease, NAFLD is deeply affected by unhealthy living habits and eating styles and has gradually become an increasingly serious public health problem. As a protein complex in clinical research, the inflammasomes play a crucial role in the development of NAFLD, atherosclerosis, and other diseases. This paper reviews the types, composition, characteristics of inflammasomes, and molecular mechanism of the inflammasome in NAFLD. Meanwhile, the paper reviews the drugs and non-drugs that target NLRP3 inflammasome in the treatment of NAFLD in the past decades. we also analyzed and summarized the related experimental models, mechanisms, and results of NAFLD. Although current therapeutic strategies for NAFLD are not effective, we expect that we will be able to find an appropriate treatment to address this problem in the future with further research on inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qian Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Bo-Yi Ke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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16
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Abdelhamid L, Mao J, Cabana-Puig X, Zhu J, Swartwout BK, Edwards MR, Testerman JC, Michaelis JS, Allen IC, Ahmed SA, Luo XM. Nlrp12 deficiency alters gut microbiota and ameliorates Faslpr-mediated systemic autoimmunity in male mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120958. [PMID: 36969209 PMCID: PMC10036793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP12 has dual roles in shaping inflammation. We hypothesized that NLRP12 would modulate myeloid cells and T cell function to control systemic autoimmunity. Contrary to our hypothesis, the deficiency of Nlrp12 in autoimmune-prone B6.Faslpr/lpr mice ameliorated autoimmunity in males but not females. Nlrp12 deficiency dampened B cell terminal differentiation, germinal center reaction, and survival of autoreactive B cells leading to decreased production of autoantibodies and reduced renal deposition of IgG and complement C3. In parallel, Nlrp12 deficiency reduced the expansion of potentially pathogenic T cells, including double-negative T cells and T follicular helper cells. Furthermore, reduced pro-inflammatory innate immunity was observed, where the gene deletion decreased in-vivo expansion of splenic macrophages and mitigated ex-vivo responses of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to LPS stimulation. Interestingly, Nlrp12 deficiency altered the diversity and composition of fecal microbiota in both male and female B6/lpr mice. Notably, however, Nlrp12 deficiency significantly modulated small intestinal microbiota only in male mice, suggesting that the sex differences in disease phenotype might be gut microbiota-dependent. Together, these results suggest a potential pathogenic role of NLRP12 in promoting systemic autoimmunity in males. Future studies will investigate sex-based mechanisms through which NLRP12 differentially modulates autoimmune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abdelhamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jiangdi Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Xavier Cabana-Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brianna K. Swartwout
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - James C. Testerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jacquelyn S. Michaelis
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - S. Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: S. Ansar Ahmed, ; Xin M. Luo,
| | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: S. Ansar Ahmed, ; Xin M. Luo,
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Gupta S, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS. Inflammasome-Independent Roles of NLR and ALR Family Members. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2696:29-45. [PMID: 37578713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3350-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NLR and ALR families, are essential for recognition of both pathogen- and host-derived danger signals. Several members of these families, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2, are capable of forming multiprotein complexes, called inflammasomes, that result in the activation of pro-inflammatory caspase-1. However, in addition to the formation of inflammasomes, a number of these family members exert inflammasome-independent functions. Here, we will discuss inflammasome-independent functions of NLRC4, NLRP12, and AIM2 and examine their roles in regulating innate and adaptive immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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18
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Construction of Prognostic Risk Model of Patients with Skin Cutaneous Melanoma Based on TCGA-SKCM Methylation Cohort. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4261329. [PMID: 36060650 PMCID: PMC9436567 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4261329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a common malignant skin cancer. Early diagnosis could effectively reduce SKCM patient's mortality to a large extent. We managed to construct a model to examine the prognosis of SKCM patients. The methylation-related data and clinical data of The Cancer Gene Atlas- (TCGA-) SKCM were downloaded from TCGA database. After preprocessing the methylation data, 21,861 prognosis-related methylated sites potentially associated with prognosis were obtained using the univariate Cox regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Afterward, unsupervised clustering was used to divide the patients into 4 clusters, and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to construct coexpression modules. By overlapping the CpG sites between the clusters and turquoise model, a prognostic model was established by LASSO Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression. It was found that 9 methylated sites included cg01447831, cg14845689, cg20895058, cg06506470, cg09558315, cg06373660, cg17737409, cg21577036, and cg22337438. After constructing the prognostic model, the performance of the model was validated by survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the independence of the model was verified by univariate and multivariate regression. It was represented that the prognostic model was reliable, and riskscore could be used as an independent prognostic factor in SKCM patients. At last, we combined clinical data and patient's riskscore to establish and testify the nomogram that could determine patient's prognosis. The results found that the reliability of the nomogram was relatively good. All in all, we constructed a prognostic model that could determine the prognosis of SKCM patients and screened 9 key methylated sites through analyzing data in TCGA-SKCM dataset. Finally, a prognostic nomogram was established combined with clinical diagnosed information and riskscore. The results are significant for improving the prognosis of SKCM patients in the future.
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19
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Challagundla N, Saha B, Agrawal-Rajput R. Insights into inflammasome regulation: cellular, molecular, and pathogenic control of inflammasome activation. Immunol Res 2022; 70:578-606. [PMID: 35610534 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immune homeostasis is an intricate process wherein inflammasomes play a pivotal role by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammasomes are ensembles of adaptor proteins that can trigger a signal following innate sensing of pathogens or non-pathogens eventuating in the inductions of IL-1β and IL-18. These inflammatory cytokines substantially influence the antigen-presenting cell's costimulatory functions and T helper cell differentiation, contributing to adaptive immunity. As acute and chronic disease conditions may accompany parallel tissue damage, we analyze the critical role of extracellular factors such as cytokines, amyloids, cholesterol crystals, etc., intracellular metabolites, and signaling molecules regulating inflammasome activation/inhibition. We develop an operative framework for inflammasome function and regulation by host cell factors and pathogens. While inflammasomes influence the innate and adaptive immune components' interplay modulating the anti-pathogen adaptive immune response, pathogens may target inflammasome inhibition as a survival strategy. As trapped between health and diseases, inflammasomes serve as promising therapeutic targets and their modus operandi serves as a scientific rationale for devising better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Challagundla
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
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20
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Lee EJ, Napier RJ, Vance EE, Lashley SJ, Truax AD, Ting JP, Rosenzweig HL. The innate immune receptor Nlrp12 suppresses autoimmunity to the retina. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:69. [PMID: 35313917 PMCID: PMC8939070 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are critical to innate immune activation and induction of adaptive T cell responses. Yet, their role in autoinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) remains incompletely defined. The NLR, Nlrp12, has been reported to both inhibit and promote neuroinflammation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE), where its T cell-specific role has been investigated. Uveitis resulting from autoimmunity of the neuroretina, an extension of the CNS, involves a breach in immune privilege and entry of T cells into the eye. Here, we examined the contribution of Nlrp12 in a T cell-mediated model of uveitis, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Methods Mice were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptide 1–20 (IRBP1–20) emulsified in Complete Freund’s adjuvant, CFA. Uveitis was evaluated by clinical and histopathological scoring, and comparisons were made in WT vs. Nlrp12−/− mice, lymphopenic Rag1−/− mice reconstituted with WT vs. Nlrp12−/− CD4+ T cells, or among bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice. Antigen-specific Th-effector responses were evaluated by ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. Cellular composition of uveitic eyes from WT or Nlrp12−/− mice was compared using flow cytometry. Expression of Nlrp12 and of cytokines/chemokines within the neuroretina was evaluated by immunoblotting and quantitative PCR. Results Nlrp12−/− mice developed exacerbated uveitis characterized by extensive vasculitis, chorioretinal infiltrates and photoreceptor damage. Nlrp12 was dispensable for T cell priming and differentiation of peripheral Th1 or Th17 cells, and uveitis in immunodeficient mice reconstituted with either Nlrp12−/− or WT T cells was similar. Collectively, this ruled out T cells as the source of Nlrp12-mediated protection to EAU. Uveitic Nlrp12−/− eyes had more pronounced myeloid cell accumulation than uveitic WT eyes. Transplantation of Nlrp12−/− BM resulted in increased susceptibility to EAU regardless of host genotype, but interestingly, a non-hematopoietic origin for Nlrp12 function was also observed. Indeed, Nlrp12 was found to be constitutively expressed in the neuroretina, where it suppressed chemokine/cytokine induction. Conclusions Our data identify a combinatorial role for Nlrp12 in dampening autoimmunity of the neuroretina. These findings could provide a pathway for development of therapies for uveitis and potentially other autoinflammatory/autoimmune diseases of the CNS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02425-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Lee
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ruth J Napier
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Emily E Vance
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Agnieszka D Truax
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Depts. Genetics and Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Holly L Rosenzweig
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. .,Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Oregon Health & Science University, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Bldg 103, Room E-222, Mail stop: VA R&D-14, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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21
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Alegre F, Martí-Rodrigo A, Polo M, Ortiz-Masiá D, Bañuls C, Pinti M, Álvarez Á, Apostolova N, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A. Macrophages Modulate Hepatic Injury Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome: The Example of Efavirenz. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010109. [PMID: 35052789 PMCID: PMC8772956 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes a clinical challenge due to the incomplete characterization of the mechanisms involved and potential risk factors. Efavirenz, an anti-HIV drug, induces deleterious actions in hepatocytes that could underlie induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome, an important regulator of inflammatory responses during liver injury. We assessed the potential of efavirenz to modulate the inflammatory and fibrogenic responses of major liver cell types involved in DILI. The effects of efavirenz were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Efavirenz triggered inflammation in hepatocytes, in a process that involved NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome, and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), thereby enhancing expression of inflammatory and fibrogenic markers. The NLRP3 inflammasome was not altered in efavirenz-treated macrophages, but these cells polarized towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and displayed upregulated anti-inflammatory mediators. Conversely, no evidence of damage was observed in efavirenz-treated animals, except when macrophages were depleted, which resulted in the in vivo manifestation of the deleterious effects detected in hepatocytes and HSCs. Efavirenz elicits a cell-specific activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatocytes and HSCs, but macrophages appear to counteract efavirenz-induced liver injury. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of the interaction among liver cell populations and emphasize the potential of targeting macrophage polarization as a strategy to treat NLRP3 inflammasome-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alegre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martí-Rodrigo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Polo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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22
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Xu Q, Zhang J, Qin T, Bao J, Dong H, Zhou X, Hou S, Mao L. The role of the inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 208:108618. [PMID: 33989670 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis is a diverse group of sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory diseases usually causing eye redness, pain, blurred vision, and sometimes blindness. Although the exact pathogenesis of uveitis is not yet clear, accumulating evidences have shown that an imbalanced regulation of immune responses caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. As critical regulators of inflammation, inflammasomes have been assumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Recent studies have reported the association between a number of genetic variants in inflammasome related genes (such as NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4 and AIM2) with increased risk to uveitis. Mounting evidence have shown an aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in both uveitis patients and murine models of uveitis. Some studies explored the intervention of uveitis via modulating inflammasome activity in the eye. This review aims at summarizing the main findings of these studies, proposing the possible mechanism whereby inflammasomes affect the susceptibility to develop uveitis, and giving a perspective for future studies, which may further improve our understanding about the role of inflammasomes and related cytokines in the pathogenesis of uveitis, and may hopefully lead to new therapeutics by targeting inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Tingyu Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jingyin Bao
- Basic Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hongtao Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, 400016, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Liming Mao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China; Basic Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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23
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Guo H, Gibson SA, Ting JPY. Gut microbiota, NLR proteins, and intestinal homeostasis. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152098. [PMID: 32941596 PMCID: PMC7537383 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors a highly complex microbial community, which is referred to as gut microbiota. With increasing evidence suggesting that the imbalance of gut microbiota plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, interactions between the host immune system and the gut microbiota are now attracting emerging interest. Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat–containing receptors (NLRs) encompass a large number of innate immune sensors and receptors, which mediate the activation of Caspase-1 and the subsequent release of mature interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Several family members have been found to restrain rather than activate inflammatory cytokines and immune signaling. NLR family members are central regulators of pathogen recognition, host immunity, and inflammation with utmost importance in human diseases. In this review, we focus on the potential roles played by NLRs in controlling and shaping the microbiota community and discuss how the functional axes interconnecting gut microbiota with NLRs impact the modulation of colitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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24
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Devi S, Stehlik C, Dorfleutner A. An Update on CARD Only Proteins (COPs) and PYD Only Proteins (POPs) as Inflammasome Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6901. [PMID: 32962268 PMCID: PMC7555848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are protein scaffolds required for the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and danger signals, as well as the induction of pyroptotic cell death to restore homeostasis following infection and sterile tissue damage. However, excessive inflammasome activation also causes detrimental inflammatory disease. Therefore, extensive control mechanisms are necessary to prevent improper inflammasome responses and inflammatory disease. Inflammasomes are assembled by sequential nucleated polymerization of Pyrin domain (PYD) and caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing inflammasome components. Once polymerization is nucleated, this process proceeds in a self-perpetuating manner and represents a point of no return. Therefore, regulation of this key step is crucial for a controlled inflammasome response. Here, we provide an update on two single domain protein families containing either a PYD or a CARD, the PYD-only proteins (POPs) and CARD-only proteins (COPs), respectively. Their structure allows them to occupy and block access to key protein-protein interaction domains necessary for inflammasome assembly, thereby regulating the threshold of these nucleated polymerization events, and consequently, the inflammatory host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Devi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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25
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Wakashin H, Heymann J, Roshanravan H, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Rosenberg A, Shin MK, Hoek M, Kopp JB. APOL1 renal risk variants exacerbate podocyte injury by increasing inflammatory stress. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:371. [PMID: 32854642 PMCID: PMC7450955 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein L1, APOL1, is a trypanosome lytic factor present in human and certain other primates. APOL1 gene variants, present in individuals of recent sub-Saharan African descent, increase risk for glomerular disease and associate with the disease progression, but the molecular mechanisms have not been defined. Objectives We focus on the mechanism how APOL1 variant proteins enhance podocyte injury in the stressed kidney. Methods First, we investigated the expression of APOL1 protein isoform and the localization of APOL1 protein in the kidney. Next, we examined the role of APOL1 in the podocyte stress and the inflammatory signaling in the kidney after hemi-nephrectomy. Results We identified a novel RNA variant that lacks a secretory pathway signal sequence and we found that the predicted APOL1-B3 protein isoform was expressed in human podocytes in vivo and by BAC-APOL1 transgenic mice. APOL1-B3-G2 transgenic mice, carrying a renal risk variant, manifested podocyte injury and increased pro-IL-1β mRNA in isolated glomeruli and increased IL-1β production in the remnant kidney after uninephrectomy. APOL1-B3 interacted with NLRP12, a key regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling. Conclusions These results suggest a possible mechanism for podocyte injury by which one of the APOL1 protein isoforms, APOL1-B3 and its renal risk variants, enhances inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Wakashin
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA
| | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA
| | - Hila Roshanravan
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA
| | | | - Avi Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myung Kyun Shin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Company, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Maze Therapeutics, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA.
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26
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Tuladhar S, Kanneganti TD. NLRP12 in innate immunity and inflammation. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 76:100887. [PMID: 32838963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins, or NOD-like receptors (NLRs), are intracellular innate immune sensors that can regulate several signaling pathways, including MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways. In addition to these regulatory roles, some NLRs can assemble into multimeric protein complexes known as inflammasomes. NLRP12 is a member of the NLR family that contains an N-terminal pyrin domain, a central nucleotide-binding domain, and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat. It has been shown to play a role in forming an inflammasome in response to specific infections, and it can also function as a regulator of inflammatory signaling. During Yersinia pestis or Plasmodium chabaudi infection, NLRP12 induces the release of the inflammasome-dependent cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. These NLRP12-dependent cytokines confer protection against severe infections caused by these pathogens. Conversely, during infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, vesicular stomatitis virus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and in colonic tumorigenesis, NLRP12 acts as a negative regulator of the NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways. NLRP12 also negatively regulates canonical and non-canonical signaling in T cells and causes exacerbated autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, NLRP12 acts as a central component in maintaining intestinal inflammation and gut homeostasis. Therefore, the ability of NLRP12 to function as an inflammasome or as a negative regulator is context-dependent. In this review, we provide an overview of the NLR family members and summarize recent insights into the roles of NLRP12 as an inflammasome and as a negative regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Tuladhar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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27
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NLRP12- and NLRC4-mediated corneal epithelial pyroptosis is driven by GSDMD cleavage accompanied by IL-33 processing in dry eye. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:783-794. [PMID: 32735949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is a common and multifactor-induced autoimmune ocular surface disease. Environmental factors, such as desiccating stress (DS) and hyperosmolarity, affect the corneal epithelium to induce ocular surface inflammation in DED. We aimed to explore the potential mechanisms by which innate immunity and pyroptosis are initiated in the mucosal epithelium in response to environmental stress. METHODS Experimental dry eye was established in C57BL/6 J mice and genetic mice on the background of C57BL/6 J mice by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine and exposure to a desiccating environment. SDHCEC cell line was subjected to hyperosmolarity stress (450 mOsM). The phenol red thread tear test and corneal epithelial defects evaluation were used as assessments of severity of DED. RNA-sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed in this study. RESULTS Loss-of-function studies indicated that genetic deletion of GSDMD alleviates DS-induced corneal epithelium defects, and GSDMD is needed for IL-33 processing. We further found that NLRP12 collaborates with NLRC4 inflammasome to initiate GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, which requires TLR4-induced caspase-8 (CASP8) activation in the mucosal corneal epithelium in response to DS. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide compelling evidence that GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis plays a pivotal role in DED. A novel mechanism involving NLRP12 and NLRC4 inflammasomes-induced GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, accompanied by IL-33 processing is responsible for ocular surface epithelial defects in response to environmental stress. GSDMD is required for IL-33 processing and the subsequent amplification of inflammatory cascades. These findings reveal novel therapeutic targets for treating DED.
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28
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Prado DS, Veras FP, Ferreira RG, Damasceno LEA, Melo PH, Zamboni DS, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC. NLRP12 controls arthritis severity by acting as a checkpoint inhibitor of Th17 cell differentiation. FASEB J 2020; 34:10907-10919. [PMID: 32632939 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000795r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor-12 (NLRP12) has emerged as a negative regulator of inflammation. It is well described that the Th17 cell population increases in patients with early Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), which correlates with the disease activity. Here, we investigated the role of NLRP12 in the differentiation of Th17 cells and the development of experimental arthritis, using the antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) murine model. We found that Nlrp12-/ - mice develop severe arthritis characterized by an exacerbated Th17-mediated inflammatory response with increases in the articular hyperalgesia, knee joint swelling, and neutrophil infiltration. Adoptive transfer of Nlrp12-/ - cells into WT mice recapitulated the hyperinflammatory response seen in Nlrp12-/ - mice and the treatment with anti-IL-17A neutralizing antibody abrogated arthritis development in Nlrp12-/ - mice, suggesting that NLRP12 works as an inhibitor of Th17 cell differentiation. Indeed, Th17 cell differentiation markedly increases in Nlrp12-/- T cells cultured under the Th17-skewing condition. Mechanistically, we found that NLRP12 negatively regulates IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 in T cells. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 reduced Th17 cell differentiation and abrogated hyperinflammatory arthritis observed in Nlrp12-/ - mice. Thus, we described a novel role for NLRP12 as a checkpoint inhibitor of Th17 cell differentiation, which controls the severity of experimental arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Silva Prado
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flavio P Veras
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Raphael Gomes Ferreira
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Alves Damasceno
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Melo
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dario Simões Zamboni
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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29
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Chen H, Deng Y, Gan X, Li Y, Huang W, Lu L, Wei L, Su L, Luo J, Zou B, Hong Y, Cao Y, Liu Y, Chi W. NLRP12 collaborates with NLRP3 and NLRC4 to promote pyroptosis inducing ganglion cell death of acute glaucoma. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:26. [PMID: 32295623 PMCID: PMC7161290 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute glaucoma, characterized by a sudden elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death, is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide that lacks approved effective therapies, validated treatment targets and clear molecular mechanisms. We sought to explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the causal link between high IOP and glaucomatous RGCs death. METHODS A murine retinal ischemia/ reperfusion (RIR) model and an in vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGDR) model were used to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of acute glaucoma. RESULTS Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of microglia-induced pyroptosis-mediated RGCs death associated with glaucomatous vision loss. Genetic deletion of gasdermin D (GSDMD), the effector of pyroptosis, markedly ameliorated the RGCs death and retinal tissue damage in acute glaucoma. Moreover, GSDMD cleavage of microglial cells was dependent on caspase-8 (CASP8)-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) signaling. Mechanistically, the newly identified nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 12 (NLRP12) collaborated with NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) downstream of the CASP8-HIF-1α axis, to elicit pyroptotic processes and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) maturation through caspase-1 activation, facilitating pyroptosis and neuroinflammation in acute glaucoma. Interestingly, processing of IL-1β in turn magnified the CASP8-HIF-1α-NLRP12/NLRP3/NLRC4-pyroptosis circuit to accelerate inflammatory cascades. CONCLUSIONS These data not only indicate that the collaborative effects of NLRP12, NLRP3 and NLRC4 on pyroptosis are responsible for RGCs death, but also shed novel mechanistic insights into microglial pyroptosis, paving novel therapeutic avenues for the treatment of glaucoma-induced irreversible vision loss through simultaneously targeting of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiaoliang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wenyong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lishi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiawen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yanhua Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karoslinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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30
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Hayashi I, Yamaguchi K, Sumitomo M, Takakura K, Nagai N, Sakane N. Full-term low birth weight infants have differentially hypermethylated DNA related to immune system and organ growth: a comparison with full-term normal birth weight infants. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:199. [PMID: 32245519 PMCID: PMC7126402 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health issue as it increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases throughout life. However, the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of full-term LBW infants (FT-LBWs) are still unclear. This exploratory study aimed to analyze the DNA methylation differences in FT-LBWs compared with those in full-term normal birth weight infants (FT-NBWs) whose mothers were nonsmokers and had no complications. Initially, 702 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies were recruited. Of these, four FT-LBWs and five FT-NBWs were selected as references for DNA methylation analysis, and 862,260 CpGs were assessed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed using DAVID v6.8 software to identify the biological functions of hyper- and hypomethylated DNA in FT-LBWs. Results 483 hyper-differentially methylated genes (DMGs) and 35 hypo-DMGs were identified in FT-LBW promoter regions. Hyper-DMGs were annotated to 11 biological processes; “macrophage differentiation” (e.g., CASP8), “apoptotic mitochondrial changes” (e.g., BH3), “nucleotide-excision repair” (e.g., HUS1), and “negative regulation of inflammatory response” (e.g., NLRP12 and SHARPIN). EREG was classified into “ovarian cumulus expansion” within the “organism growth and organization” category. Our data imply that LBW might be associated with epigenetic modifications, which regulate the immune system and cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Hayashi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1, Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8551, Japan. .,Laboratory of Nutrition Education and Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan.
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1, Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8551, Japan.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sumitomo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.,Tajima KOUNOTORI Perinatal Medical Center, Toyooka Hospital, Toyooka, Japan
| | - Kenji Takakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Narumi Nagai
- Laboratory of Nutrition Education and Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1, Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8551, Japan
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31
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Zhang Y, Okamoto CT. Nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain-containing protein 12: characterization of its binding to hematopoietic cell kinase. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1507-1525. [PMID: 32226298 PMCID: PMC7097926 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.41798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are key to define the function of nucleotide binding domain (NBD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family, pyrin domain (PYD)-containing protein 12 (NLRP12). cDNA encoding the human PYD + NBD of NLRP12 was used as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen with a human leukocyte cDNA library as prey. Hematopoiesis cell kinase (HCK), a member of the c-SRC family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, was among the top hits. The C-terminal 40 amino acids of HCK selectively bound to NLRP12's PYD + NBD, but not to that of NLRP3 and NLRP8. Amino acids F503, I506, Q507, L510, and D511 of HCK are critical for the binding of HCK's C-terminal 40 amino acids to NLRP12's PYD + NBD. Additionally, the C-terminal 30 amino acids of HCK are sufficient to bind to NLRP12's PYD + NBD, but not to its PYD alone nor to its NBD alone. In cell lines that express HCK endogenously, it was co- immunoprecipitated with stably expressed exogenous NLRP12. Also, NLRP12 co-immunoprecipitated and co-localized with HCK when both were overexpressed in 293T cells. In addition, in this overexpression system, steady-state NLRP12 protein expression levels significantly decreased when HCK was co-expressed. Bioinformatic analysis showed that HCK mRNA co-occurred with NLRP12 mRNA, but not with other NLRP mRNAs, in blood and marrow samples from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The mRNA of NLRP12 is also co-expressed with HCK in AML patient samples, and the levels of mRNA expression of each are correlated. Together these data suggest that NLRP12, through its binding to HCK, may have an effect on the pathogenesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, USA 90089-9121
| | - Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, USA 90089-9121
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Massa D, Baran M, Bengoechea JA, Bowie AG. PYHIN1 regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine induction rather than innate immune DNA sensing in airway epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4438-4450. [PMID: 32102850 PMCID: PMC7135979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells use pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect specific pathogens. Pathogen detection mounts an appropriate immune response, including interferon and cytokine induction. The intracellular PRR-signaling pathways that detect DNA viruses have been characterized, particularly in myeloid cells. In these pathways, cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and the pyrin and HIN domain family member (PYHIN) protein interferon-γ–inducible protein 16 (IFI16) detect DNA and signal via stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING). However, although airway epithelial cells are frontline sentinels in detecting pathogens, information on how they respond to DNA viruses is limited, and the roles of PYHIN proteins in these cells are unknown. Here, we examined expression and activities of cGAS, STING, and PYHINs in human lung epithelial cells. A549 epithelial cells, commonly used for RNA-sensing studies, failed to respond to DNA because they lacked STING expression, and ectopic STING expression restored a cGAS-dependent DNA response in these cells. In contrast, NuLi-1 immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells did express STING, which was activated after DNA stimulation and mediated DNA-dependent gene induction. PYHIN1, which like IFI16 has been proposed to be a viral DNA sensor, was the only PYHIN protein expressed in both airway epithelial cell types. However, rather than having a role in DNA sensing, PYHIN1 induced proinflammatory cytokines in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) stimulation. Of note, PYHIN1, via its HIN domain, directly induced IL-6 and TNFα transcription, revealing that PYHIN proteins play a role in proinflammatory gene induction in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Massa
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marcin Baran
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jose A Bengoechea
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Crosstalk between NLRP12 and JNK during Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020496. [PMID: 31941025 PMCID: PMC7013925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer-related death, is initiated and promoted by chronic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators are transcriptionally regulated by several inflammatory signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the MAPK family, plays a central role in HCC pathogenesis. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) activate JNK and other MAPK upon recognition by toll-like receptors (TLRs). Apart from TLRs, PAMPs are sensed by several other pattern recognition receptors, including cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLRs). In a recent study, we demonstrated that the NLR member NLRP12 plays a critical role in suppressing HCC via negative regulation of the JNK pathway. This article briefly reviews the crosstalk between NLRP12 and JNK that occurs during HCC.
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Deerhake ME, Biswas DD, Barclay WE, Shinohara ML. Pattern Recognition Receptors in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2644. [PMID: 31781124 PMCID: PMC6861384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) coordinate the innate immune response and have a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Accumulating evidence has identified both pathogenic and protective functions of PRR signaling in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Additionally, evidence for PRR signaling in non-immune cells and PRR responses to host-derived endogenous ligands has also revealed new pathways controlling the development of CNS autoimmunity. Many PRRs remain uncharacterized in MS and EAE, and understanding the distinct triggers and functions of PRR signaling in CNS autoimmunity requires further investigation. In this brief review, we discuss the diverse pathogenic and protective functions of PRRs in MS and EAE, and highlight major avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Deerhake
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Debolina D Biswas
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William E Barclay
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Early Diagnosis of Pathogen Infection by Cell-Based Activation Immunoassay. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090952. [PMID: 31443439 PMCID: PMC6769711 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic identification of pathogens is usually accomplished by isolation of the pathogen or its substances, and should correlate with the time and site of infection. Alternatively, immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for quantification of serum antibodies are expedient and are usually employed for retrospective diagnostic of a particular infective agent. Here, the potential of cell-based immunoassays for early pathogen detection was evaluated by quantification of specific, antigen-activated, low-frequency IFNγ-secreting cells in mouse spleens following infection with various pathogens. Using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays, specific responses were observed within 3–6 days following infection with F. tularensis, B. anthracis, Y. pestis, or Influenza virus. Blood samples collected from F. tularensis-infected mice revealed the presence of IFNγ-producing activated cells within one week post infection. When non-human primates were infected with B. anthracis, cellular response was observed in peripheral blood samples as early as five days post infection, 3–5 days earlier than serum antibodies. Finally, the expression pattern of genes in splenocytes of F. tularensis-infected mice was inspected by a transcriptomic approach, enabling the identification of potential host targets for the future development of genetic-based cellular immunoassays. Altogether, the data demonstrate the potential of cell-based immunoassays for early pathogen detection.
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Generalized Cytokine Increase in the Setting of a Multisystem Clinical Disorder and Carcinoid Syndrome Associated with a Novel NLRP12 Variant. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2140-2146. [PMID: 30788684 PMCID: PMC6707534 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of cytoplasmic sensors that survey danger signals released by invading pathogens or damaged tissue. Mutations in the NLRP subfamily affect pro-inflammatory mediators and cause nonspecific systemic symptoms. AIMS We sought to identify a potential genetic etiology of an inflammatory syndrome in a patient that presented with an atypical multisystem illness with carcinoid syndrome as well as atopic and autoimmune features. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed using the Agilent SureSelect Clinical Research Exome XT kit on an Illumina HiSeq 2500. Longitudinal monitoring of pro-inflammatory cytokines was performed. RESULTS We identified a novel variant (heterozygous c.536C > T [p.Thr179Ile]) in the NLRP12 gene in a 63-year-old woman and her daughter, who presented with an unusual clinical syndrome that differs from autoinflammatory disorders previously reported in association with the NLRP subfamily gene mutations. This NLRP12 variant was predicted to be pathogenic by functional analysis through Hidden Markov Models (FATHMM). Both the mother and the daughter had episodes of abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, skin rash, hypothyroidism, and elevated urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. The proband also had elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α), Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ), and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cytokines, but not of Th17 (IL-17) and IL-10. CONCLUSION This report adds to the expanding spectrum of clinical manifestations attributed to the NLRP subfamily gene variants and suggests a role of NLRP12 in the regulation of multiple cytokines.
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Fu Y, Zhan X, Wang Y, Jiang X, Liu M, Yang Y, Huang Y, Du X, Zhong XP, Li L, Ma L, Hu S. NLRC3 expression in dendritic cells attenuates CD4 + T cell response and autoimmunity. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101397. [PMID: 31290162 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor (NLR) family CARD domain containing 3 (NLRC3), an intracellular member of NLR family, is a negative regulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells. Previous reports have shown that NLRC3 is expressed in dendritic cells (DCs). However, the role of NLRC3 in DC activation and immunogenicity is unclear. In the present study, we find that NLRC3 attenuates the antigen-presenting function of DCs and their ability to activate and polarize CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th17 subsets. Loss of NLRC3 promotes pathogenic Th1 and Th17 responses and enhanced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. NLRC3 negatively regulates the antigen-presenting function of DCs via p38 signaling pathway. Vaccination with NLRC3-overexpressed DCs reduces EAE progression. Our findings support that NLRC3 serves as a potential target for treating adaptive immune responses driving multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yichong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laisheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Shen M, Meng L. Peripheral blood miR-372 as a biomarker for ulcerative colitis via direct targeting of NLRP12. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1486-1492. [PMID: 31363381 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression pattern and underlying mechanism of microRNA-372 (miR-372) in the progression of ulcerative colitis (UC). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure miR-372 expression levels in the blood and colonic mucosa tissue samples from patients with UC. The present study demonstrated that levels of miR-372 were significantly increased in the blood and colonic mucosa tissue samples from patients with UC compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the level of serum miR-372 was positively correlated with the level of serum c-reactive protein. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that levels of miR-372 detected in serum and tissue samples could be used to screen for patients with UC from healthy controls. These results indicated a potential role of miR-372 as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with UC. Furthermore, a conserved miR-372 binding site in the 3'untranslated region of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 12 (NLRP12) was identified. Dual luciferase assay demonstrated that overexpression of miR-372 significantly reduced the relative luciferase activity of pmirGLO-NLRP12-3'UTR compared with control pmirGLO. In addition, western blot analysis indicated that overexpression of miR-372 significantly decreased the protein expression level of NLRP12. Therefore it was hypothesized that miR-372 may promote the progression of UC by suppressing NLRP12 protein expression and thereby inducing the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, high levels of miR-372 detected in peripheral blood samples may serve a role as a potential biomarker to screen potential patients with UC from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Li'Na Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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39
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Vilariño-Güell C, Zimprich A, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Herculano B, Wang Z, Matesanz F, Urcelay E, Vandenbroeck K, Leyva L, Gris D, Massaad C, Quandt JA, Traboulsee AL, Encarnacion M, Bernales CQ, Follett J, Yee IM, Criscuoli MG, Deutschländer A, Reinthaler EM, Zrzavy T, Mascia E, Zauli A, Esposito F, Alcina A, Izquierdo G, Espino-Paisán L, Mena J, Antigüedad A, Urbaneja-Romero P, Ortega-Pinazo J, Song W, Sadovnick AD. Exome sequencing in multiple sclerosis families identifies 12 candidate genes and nominates biological pathways for the genesis of disease. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008180. [PMID: 31170158 PMCID: PMC6553700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by myelin loss and neuronal dysfunction. Although the majority of patients do not present familial aggregation, Mendelian forms have been described. We performed whole-exome sequencing analysis in 132 patients from 34 multi-incident families, which nominated likely pathogenic variants for MS in 12 genes of the innate immune system that regulate the transcription and activation of inflammatory mediators. Rare missense or nonsense variants were identified in genes of the fibrinolysis and complement pathways (PLAU, MASP1, C2), inflammasome assembly (NLRP12), Wnt signaling (UBR2, CTNNA3, NFATC2, RNF213), nuclear receptor complexes (NCOA3), and cation channels and exchangers (KCNG4, SLC24A6, SLC8B1). These genes suggest a disruption of interconnected immunological and pro-inflammatory pathways as the initial event in the pathophysiology of familial MS, and provide the molecular and biological rationale for the chronic inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration observed in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filippo Martinelli-Boneschi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- MS Unit and Department of Neurology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Herculano
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhe Wang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Immunology Dept, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Denis Gris
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Charbel Massaad
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cell Signalisation—UMR-S 1124 Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline A. Quandt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony L. Traboulsee
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary Encarnacion
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cecily Q. Bernales
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jordan Follett
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Irene M. Yee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria G. Criscuoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angela Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Eva M. Reinthaler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Mascia
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Zauli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Laura Espino-Paisán
- Immunology Dept, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Mena
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alfredo Antigüedad
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, S/N, Baracaldo, Spain
| | - Patricia Urbaneja-Romero
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Ortega-Pinazo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A. Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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The Innate Immune Sensor NLRC3 Acts as a Rheostat that Fine-Tunes T Cell Responses in Infection and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2019; 49:1049-1061.e6. [PMID: 30566882 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate immune responses require a fine balance between immune activation and attenuation. NLRC3, a non-inflammasome-forming member of the NLR innate immune receptor family, attenuates inflammation in myeloid cells and proliferation in epithelial cells. T lymphocytes express the highest amounts of Nlrc3 transcript where its physiologic relevance is unknown. We show that NLRC3 attenuated interferon-γ and TNF expression by CD4+ T cells and reduced T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cell proliferation. Nlrc3-/- mice exhibited increased and prolonged CD4+ T cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and worsened experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These functions of NLRC3 were executed in a T-cell-intrinsic fashion: NLRC3 reduced K63-linked ubiquitination of TNF-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to limit NF-κB activation, lowered phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and diminished glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. This study reveals an unappreciated role for NLRC3 in attenuating CD4+ T cell signaling and metabolism.
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41
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Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 Exacerbate Neurotoxicity of Prothrombin Kringle-2 in Cortex In Vivo via Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081927. [PMID: 31010119 PMCID: PMC6515094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of activated microglia-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 on neurodegeneration in prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2)-treated rat cortex. pKr-2 was unilaterally injected into the Sprague–Dawley rat cerebral cortex and IL-4 and IL-13 neutralizing antibody was used to block the function of IL-4 and IL-13. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant loss of NeuN+ and Nissl+ cells and an increase of OX-42+ cells in the cortex at seven days post pKr-2. The levels of IL-4 and IL-13 expression were upregulated in the activated microglia as early as 12 hours post pKr-2 and sustained up to seven days post pKr-2. Neutralization by IL-4 or IL-13 antibodies (NA) significantly increased neuronal survival in pKr-2-treated rat cortex in vivo by suppressing microglial activation and the production of reactive oxygen species, as analyzed by immunohisotochemistry and hydroethidine histochemistry. These results suggest that IL-4 and IL-13 that were endogenously expressed from reactive microglia may play a critical role on neuronal death by regulating oxidative stress during the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
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42
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Udden SN, Kwak YT, Godfrey V, Khan MAW, Khan S, Loof N, Peng L, Zhu H, Zaki H. NLRP12 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulation of cJun N-terminal kinase activation in the hepatocyte. eLife 2019; 8:40396. [PMID: 30990169 PMCID: PMC6483596 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly human cancer associated with chronic inflammation. The cytosolic pathogen sensor NLRP12 has emerged as a negative regulator of inflammation, but its role in HCC is unknown. Here we investigated the role of NLRP12 in HCC using mouse models of HCC induced by carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Nlrp12-/- mice were highly susceptible to DEN-induced HCC with increased inflammation, hepatocyte proliferation, and tumor burden. Consistently, Nlrp12-/- tumors showed higher expression of proto-oncogenes cJun and cMyc and downregulation of tumor suppressor p21. Interestingly, antibiotics treatment dramatically diminished tumorigenesis in Nlrp12-/- mouse livers. Signaling analyses demonstrated higher JNK activation in Nlrp12-/- HCC and cultured hepatocytes during stimulation with microbial pattern molecules. JNK inhibition or NLRP12 overexpression reduced proliferative and inflammatory responses of Nlrp12-/- hepatocytes. In summary, NLRP12 negatively regulates HCC pathogenesis via downregulation of JNK-dependent inflammation and proliferation of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sm Nashir Udden
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Youn-Tae Kwak
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Victoria Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Md Abdul Wadud Khan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Nicolas Loof
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lan Peng
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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NLRP12 Regulates Anti-viral RIG-I Activation via Interaction with TRIM25. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:602-616.e7. [PMID: 30902577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the balance between positive and negative innate immune mechanisms is crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Here we uncover the regulatory crosstalk between two previously unlinked innate immune receptor families: RIG-I, an anti-viral cytosolic receptor activated type I interferon production, and NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine repeat domain-containing protein). We show that NLRP12 dampens RIG-I-mediated immune signaling against RNA viruses by controlling RIG-I's association with its adaptor MAVS. The nucleotide-binding domain of NLRP12 interacts with the ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 to prevent TRIM25-mediated, Lys63-linked ubiquitination and activation of RIG-I. NLRP12 also enhances RNF125-mediated, Lys48-linked degradative ubiquitination of RIG-I. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection downregulates NLRP12 expression to allow RIG-I activation. Myeloid-cell-specific Nlrp12-deficient mice display a heightened interferon and TNF response and are more resistant to VSV infection. These results indicate that NLRP12 functions as a checkpoint for anti-viral RIG-I activation.
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44
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Deng J, Yu XQ, Wang PH. Inflammasome activation and Th17 responses. Mol Immunol 2019; 107:142-164. [PMID: 30739833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune sensing of exogenous molecules from microbes (e.g., pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and nonmicrobial molecules (e.g., asbestos, alum, and silica), as well as endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (e.g., ATP, uric acid crystals, and amyloid A) activates innate immunity by inducing immune-related genes, including proinflammatory cytokines, which further facilitate the development of adaptive immunity. The roles of transcriptional responses downstream of immune sensing have been widely characterized in informing adaptive immunity; however, few studies focus on the effect of post-translational responses on the modulation of adaptive immune responses. Inflammasomes activated by the previously described endo- and exogenous stimuli autocatalytically induce intracellular pro-caspase-1, which cleaves the inactive precursors of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 into bioactive proinflammatory cytokines. IL-1β and IL-18 not only contribute to the host defense against infections by activating phagocytes, such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, but also induce T-helper 17 (Th17)- and Th1-mediated adaptive immune responses. In synergy with IL-6 and IL-23, IL-1β activates IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling to drive the differentiation of IL-17-producing Th17 cells, which not only play critical roles in host protective immunity to infections of bacteria, fungi, and certain viruses but also participate in the pathology of inflammatory disorders and tumorigenesis. Consequently, targeting inflammasomes and IL-1/IL-1R signaling may effectively improve the treatment of Th17-associated disorders, such as autoinflammatory diseases and cancers, thereby providing novel insights into drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Deng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110-2499, USA
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Bhat SA, Ahmad SM, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Bhat BA, Dar MA, Mumtaz PT, Shah RA, Ganai NA. Comparative transcriptome analysis of mammary epithelial cells at different stages of lactation reveals wide differences in gene expression and pathways regulating milk synthesis between Jersey and Kashmiri cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211773. [PMID: 30721247 PMCID: PMC6363229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Jersey and Kashmiri cattle are important dairy breeds that contribute significantly to the total milk production of the Indian northern state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Kashmiri cattle germplasm has been extensively diluted through crossbreeding with Jersey cattle with the goal of enhancing its milk production ability. However, crossbred animals are prone to diseases resulting to unsustainable milk production. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive transcriptome profile of mammary gland epithelial cells at different stages of lactation and to find key differences in genes and pathways regulating milk traits between Jersey and Kashmiri cattle. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) isolated from milk obtained from six lactating cows (three Jersey and three Kashmiri cattle) on day 15 (D15), D90 and D250 in milk, representing early, mid and late lactation, respectively were used. RNA isolated from MEC was subjected to next-generation RNA sequencing and bioinformatics processing. Casein and whey protein genes were found to be highly expressed throughout the lactation stages in both breeds. Largest differences in differentially expressed genes (DEG) were between D15 vs D90 (1,805 genes) in Kashmiri cattle and, D15 vs D250 (3,392 genes) in Jersey cattle. A total of 1,103, 1,356 and 1,397 genes were differentially expressed between Kashmiri and Jersey cattle on D15, D90 and D250, respectively. Antioxidant genes like RPLPO and RPS28 were highly expressed in Kashmiri cattle. Differentially expressed genes in both Kashmiri and Jersey were enriched for multicellular organismal process, receptor activity, catalytic activity, signal transducer activity, macromolecular complex and developmental process gene ontology terms. Whereas, biological regulation, endopeptidase activity and response to stimulus were enriched in Kashmiri cattle and, reproduction and immune system process were enriched in Jersey cattle. Most of the pathways responsible for regulation of milk production like JAK-STAT, p38 MAPK pathway, PI3 kinase pathway were enriched by DEG in Jersey cattle only. Although Kashmiri has poor milk production efficiency, the present study suggests possible physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Kashmiri cattle milk that needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Basharat A. Bhat
- Department of Life Science, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mashooq Ahmad Dar
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Peerzada Tajamul Mumtaz
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Riaz A. Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Nazir A. Ganai
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
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Structural Biology of NOD-Like Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1172:119-141. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9367-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Truax AD, Chen L, Tam JW, Cheng N, Guo H, Koblansky AA, Chou WC, Wilson JE, Brickey WJ, Petrucelli A, Liu R, Cooper DE, Koenigsknecht MJ, Young VB, Netea MG, Stienstra R, Sartor RB, Montgomery SA, Coleman RA, Ting JPY. The Inhibitory Innate Immune Sensor NLRP12 Maintains a Threshold against Obesity by Regulating Gut Microbiota Homeostasis. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:364-378.e6. [PMID: 30212649 PMCID: PMC6161752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to high-fat diet (HFD) and inactivity, inflammation and microbiota composition contribute to obesity. Inhibitory immune receptors, such as NLRP12, dampen inflammation and are important for resolving inflammation, but their role in obesity is unknown. We show that obesity in humans correlates with reduced expression of adipose tissue NLRP12. Similarly, Nlrp12-/- mice show increased weight gain, adipose deposition, blood glucose, NF-κB/MAPK activation, and M1-macrophage polarization. Additionally, NLRP12 is required to mitigate HFD-induced inflammasome activation. Co-housing with wild-type animals, antibiotic treatment, or germ-free condition was sufficient to restrain inflammation, obesity, and insulin tolerance in Nlrp12-/- mice, implicating the microbiota. HFD-fed Nlrp12-/- mice display dysbiosis marked by increased obesity-associated Erysipelotrichaceae, but reduced Lachnospiraceae family and the associated enzymes required for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis. Lachnospiraceae or SCFA administration attenuates obesity, inflammation, and dysbiosis. These findings reveal that Nlrp12 reduces HFD-induced obesity by maintaining beneficial microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka D Truax
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason W Tam
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ning Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Alicia Koblansky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W June Brickey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel E Cooper
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Koenigsknecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosalind A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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The Dual Immunoregulatory function of Nlrp12 in T Cell-Mediated Immune Response: Lessons from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090119. [PMID: 30150571 PMCID: PMC6162721 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains enigmatic, the role of T cells is unquestionably central in this pathology. Immune cells respond to pathogens and danger signals via pattern-recognition receptors (PRR). Several reports implicate Nlrp12, an intracellular PRR, in the development of a mouse MS-like disease, called Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we used induced and spontaneous models of EAE, as well as in vitro T cell assays, to test the hypothesis that Nlrp12 inhibits Th1 response and prevents T-cell mediated autoimmunity. We found that Nlrp12 plays a protective role in induced EAE by reducing IFNγ/IL-4 ratio in lymph nodes, whereas it potentiates the development of spontaneous EAE (spEAE) in 2D2 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. Looking into the mechanism of Nlrp12 activity in T cell response, we found that it inhibits T cell proliferation and suppresses Th1 response by reducing IFNγ and IL-2 production. Following TCR activation, Nlrp12 inhibits Akt and NF-κB phosphorylation, while it has no effect on S6 phosphorylation in the mTOR pathway. In conclusion, we propose a model that can explain the dual immunoregulatory function of Nlrp12 in EAE. We also propose a model explaining the molecular mechanism of Nlrp12-dependent regulation of T cell response.
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Modeling of inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields in the nervous system: a novel paradigm in understanding cell interactions, disease etiology and therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12909. [PMID: 30150694 PMCID: PMC6110729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All major processes in the nervous system depend on interactions between cells and nerve fibers. In this work we present a novel model of inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields originating from nerve fibers and delineate their influence on cells. By expanding Hodgkin-Huxley's applied current into axial current, governed by[Formula: see text], we reveal that cell-with-neuron interactions are regulated by the strength of the electromagnetic fields, which are homogeneous up to 2.066 μm or 6.606 μm away from neurilemma and axolemma, respectively. At the nodes of Ranvier, these fields reach strengths of 3.0 × 10-12T, while at the myelinated segments they only peak at 2.3 × 10-12T. These are the same fields which are, due to inhomogeneity, detected as 1,000 times weaker by magnetoencephalography. Considering the widespread occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders, our model reveals that a 50% demyelination increases the field strength by 0.35 × 10-12T, while a complete demyelination increases it by 0.7 × 10-12T. Since this suggests that the inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields around neurons play a role in physiological and pathological processes, including cell-to-neuron and cell-to-cell communication, their improved understanding opens up new therapeutic strategies based on electromagnetic field modulation or cell's surface charge alteration.
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50
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Hu S, Du X, Huang Y, Fu Y, Yang Y, Zhan X, He W, Wen Q, Zhou X, Zhou C, Zhong XP, Yang J, Xiong W, Wang R, Gao Y, Ma L. NLRC3 negatively regulates CD4+ T cells and impacts protective immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007266. [PMID: 30133544 PMCID: PMC6122840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRC3, a member of the NLR family, has been reported as a negative regulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in innate immune cells. However, the direct role of NLRC3 in modulation of CD4+ T-cell responses in infectious diseases has not been studied. In the present study, we showed that NLRC3 plays an intrinsic role by suppressing the CD4+ T cell phenotype in lung and spleen, including differentiation, activation, and proliferation. NLRC3 deficiency in CD4+ T cells enhanced the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Finally, we demonstrated that NLRC3 deficiency promoted the activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of CD4+ T cells via negatively regulating the NF-κB and MEK-ERK signaling pathways. This study reveals a critical role of NLRC3 as a direct regulator of the adaptive immune response and its protective effects on immunity during M. tuberculosis infection. Our findings also suggested that NLRC3 serves as a potential target for therapeutic intervention against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhan
- Department of laboratory medicine, The first Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchi Gao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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