IL-10 Family Cytokines IL-10 and IL-22: from Basic Science to Clinical Translation

Antibacterial potential of Euphorbia canariensis against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria causing respiratory tract infections

The widespread dissemination of bacterial resistance has led to great attention being paid to finding substitutes for traditionally used antibiotics. Plants are rich in various phytochemicals that could be used as antibacterial therapies. Here, we elucidate the phytochemical profile of Euphorbia canariensis ethanol extract (EMEE) and then elucidate the antibacterial potential of ECEE against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. ECEE showed minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL. The impact of ECEE on the biofilm-forming ability of the tested isolates was elucidated using crystal violet assay and qRT-PCR to study its effect on the gene expression level. ECEE exhibited antibiofilm potential, which resulted in a downregulation of the expression of the biofilm genes (algD, pelF, and pslD) in 39.13% of the tested isolates. The antibacterial potential of ECEE was studied in vivo using a lung infection model in mice. A remarkable improvement was observed in the ECEE-treated group, as revealed by the histological and immunohistochemical studies. Also, ELISA showed a noticeable decrease in the oxidative stress markers (nitric oxide and malondialdehyde). The gene expression of the proinflammatory marker (interleukin-6) was downregulated, while the anti-inflammatory biomarker was upregulated (interleukin-10). Thus, clinical trials should be performed soon to explore the potential antibacterial activity of ECEE, which could help in our battle against resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Escherichia coli and HPV16 coinfection may contribute to the development of cervical cancer

Persistent human papillomavirus HPV infection is a necessary but insufficient condition for cervical cancer. Microorganisms are crucial environmental factors in cancers susceptibility and progression, recently attracting considerable attention. This study aimed to determine the infection status and relationship between high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and lower genital tract infectious pathogens in cervical cancer and its precursors. From a retrospective and a prospective cohort analysis, Escherichia coli (E. coli) dominated the pathogens isolated from cervical discharges, and an isolation rate uptrend has been shown recently. HPV16 and E. coli's coinfection rate gradually increased with the severity of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The adhesion and invasion abilities of the isolated E. coli to HPV16-positive SiHa cells were evaluated in vitro. The TCGA database and cervical tissues samples analysis showed that IL-10 was upregulated in cervical cancer. IL-10 expression levels increased in tissue samples with the severity of cervical cancer and its precursors with HPV16 and E. coli coinfection. Although no significant changes in IL-10 production were observed in the co-culture supernatant, we hypothesized that Treg immune cells in the tumour microenvironment might be responsible for the local IL-10 upregulation, according to our data showing Foxp3 upregulation and an upward trend with the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grading to cancer and tumours with E. coli and HPV16 coinfection. Our data provide insights into the possible role of E. coli in cervical cancer progression and suggest that the application of HPV and E. coli screening programs may be an effective strategy to relieve the burden of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions.

IL-20 is produced by CD3γδ T cells and induced in the mucosal tissues of grass carp during infection with Aeromonas hydrophila

Interleukin (IL) 20 is a multifunctional cytokine and plays a vital role in regulating autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and immune responses. IL-20 homologs have been described in fish. However, due to the lack of antibodies, cellular sources and immunological functions of fish IL-20 in response to infections have not been fully characterized. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) was generated against the recombinant grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) IL-20 protein and characterized by immunoblotting, immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. It was shown that the IL-20 mAb specifically recognized recombinant IL-20 proteins expressed in the E. coli cells and HEK293 cells. Using confocal microscopy, the IL-20+ cells were identified in the head kidney, gills and intestine of grass carp, and induced after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Moreover, the IL-20 protein was found to be secreted mainly by CD3γδ T cells which were located predominantly in the gill filaments and intestinal mucosa. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-20 producing T cells are required for the mucosal immunity against bacterial infection in fish.

A comprehensive immunobiology review of IBD: With a specific glance to Th22 lymphocytes development, biology, function, and role in IBD

The two primary forms of inflammatory disorders of the small intestine andcolon that make up inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). While ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon and the rectum, CD affects the small and large intestines, as well as the esophagus,mouth, anus, andstomach. Although the etiology of IBD is not completely clear, and there are many unknowns about it, the development, progression, and recurrence of IBD are significantly influenced by the activity of immune system cells, particularly lymphocytes, given that the disease is primarily caused by the immune system stimulation and activation against gastrointestinal (GI) tract components due to the inflammation caused by environmental factors such as viral or bacterial infections, etc. in genetically predisposed individuals. Maintaining homeostasis and the integrity of the mucosal barrier are critical in stopping the development of IBD. Specific immune system cells and the quantity of secretory mucus and microbiome are vital in maintaining this stability. Th22 cells are helper T lymphocyte subtypes that are particularly important for maintaining the integrity and equilibrium of the mucosal barrier. This review discusses the most recent research on these cells' biology, function, and evolution and their involvement in IBD.

Harnessing cytokines to optimize chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy for gastric cancer: Current advances and innovative strategies

Enormous patients with gastric cancer (GC) are insensitive to chemotherapy and targeted therapy without the chance of radical surgery, so immunotherapy may supply a novel choice for them. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has the advantages of higher specificity, stronger lethality, and longer-lasting efficacy, and it has the potential for GC in the future. However, its application still faces numerous obstacles in terms of accuracy, efficacy, and safety. Cytokines can mediate the migration, proliferation, and survival of immune cells, regulate the duration and strength of immune responses, and are involved in the occurrence of severe side effects in CAR-T cell therapy. The expression levels of specific cytokines are associated with the genesis, invasion, metastasis, and prognosis of GC. Applications of cytokines and their receptors in CAR-T cell therapy have emerged, and various cytokines and their receptors have contributed to improving CAR-T cell anti-tumor capabilities. Large amounts of central cytokines in this therapy include chemokines, interleukins (ILs), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). Meanwhile, researchers have explored the combination therapy in treating GC, and several approaches applied to other malignancies can also be considered as references. Therefore, our review comprehensively outlines the biological functions and clinical significance of cytokines and summarizes current advances and innovative strategies for harnessing cytokines to optimize CAR-T cell therapy for GC.

CPT1A-IL-10-mediated macrophage metabolic and phenotypic alterations ameliorate acute lung injury

BACKGROUND

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common acute respiratory failure due to diffuse pulmonary inflammation and oedema. Elaborate regulation of macrophage activation is essential for managing this inflammatory process and maintaining tissue homeostasis. In the past decades, metabolic reprogramming of macrophages has emerged as a predominant role in modulating their biology and function. Here, we observed reduced expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a key rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), in macrophages of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. We assume that CPT1A and its regulated FAO is involved in the regulation of macrophage polarization, which could be positive regulated by interleukin-10 (IL-10).

METHODS

After nasal inhalation rIL-10 and/or LPS, wild type (WT), IL-10-/-, Cre-CPT1Afl/fl and Cre+CPT1Afl/fl mice were sacrificed to harvest bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood serum and lungs to examine cell infiltration, cytokine production, lung injury severity and IHC. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were extracted from mice and stimulated by exogenous rIL-10 and/or LPS. The qRT-PCR, Seahorse XFe96 and FAO metabolite related kits were used to test the glycolysis and FAO level in BMDMs. Immunoblotting assay, confocal microscopy and fluorescence microplate were used to test macrophage polarization as well as mitochondrial structure and function damage.

RESULTS

In in vivo experiments, we found that mice lacking CPT1A or IL-10 produced an aggravate inflammatory response to LPS stimulation. However, the addition of rIL-10 could alleviate the pulmonary inflammation in mice effectively. IHC results showed that IL-10 expression in lung macrophage decreased dramatically in Cre+CPT1Afl/fl mice. The in vitro experiments showed Cre+CPT1Afl/fl and IL-10-/- BMDMs became more "glycolytic", but less "FAO" when subjected to external attacks. However, the supplementation of rIL-10 into macrophages showed reverse effect. CPT1A and IL-10 can drive the polarization of BMDM from M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype, and CPT1A-IL-10 axis is also involved in the process of maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS

CPT1A modulated metabolic reprogramming and polarisation of macrophage under LPS stimulation. The protective effects of CPT1A may be partly attributed to the induction of IL-10/IL-10 receptor expression.

DNA Origami Enhanced Cytokine Immunotherapy for Alleviating Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major contributing factor to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality. Persistent inflammatory responses and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney following IRI can severely delay tissue repair, making it challenging to effectively promote IRI regeneration. Herein, we report an approach to enhance immunotherapy using interleukin-10 (IL-10) to promote IRI regeneration by loading IL-10 onto rectangular DNA origami nanostructures (rDON). rDON can significantly enhance the renal accumulation and retention time of IL-10, enabling it to effectively polarize type 1 macrophages into type 2 macrophages, thereby significantly reducing proinflammatory factors and increasing anti-inflammatory factors. In addition, DNA origami helps mitigate the harmful effects of ROS during renal IRI. The administration of IL-10-loaded DNA origami effectively improves kidney function, resulting in a notable reduction in blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and serum creatinine levels. Our study demonstrates that the integration of anti-inflammatory cytokines within DNA origami holds promise as a strategic approach for cytokine immunotherapy in patients with AKI and other renal disorders.

Impact of IL-6 and IL-10 genotypes on tacrolimus dose requirements in kidney transplant recipients: Monte Carlo analysis

Introduction: IL-6 and IL-10 may affect the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes involved in tacrolimus (Tac) metabolism. Moreover, the effect of IL-6 and IL-10 on Tac pharmacokinetics may differ with respect to the genetic variations in their genes. Aim: To examine the influence of IL-6 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms on Tac dose requirements and exposure over a 5-year period following kidney transplantation. Univariate and standard multivariate linear regression and Monte Carlo analysis were performed to investigate potential covariates influencing Tac dose-adjusted trough concentration (C0/D) in various post-transplantation periods. Materials & methods: IL-6 (-174G > C), IL-10 (-1082G > A, -819C > T and -592C > A) genotype, Tac daily dose, C0, C0/D and intrapatient variability data were collected from 113 patients. Results: Multivariate regression analysis and accompanied Monte Carlo simulation underscore the importance of considering IL-6 -174G > C and IL-10 -1082G > A gene polymorphisms, alongside Tac metabolic phenotype and post-transplantation period, when tailoring Tac dosage regimen. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights regarding the individualized adjustment of Tac treatment in various post-transplantation periods.

Regulation of Tert methylation alleviates food allergy via regulating the Tert-IL10 signal pathway

BACKGROUND

The cause of food allergy (FA) is still a mystery. Telomerases are involved in the regulation of immune responses. This study aims to gain an understanding of the contribution of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) to the pathogenesis of FA.

METHODS

A murine FA model was established with ovalbumin as the specific antigen. The role of TERT in regulating dendritic cell (DC) immune tolerogenic functions was evaluated in this murine model.

RESULTS

We observed that the Tert promoter was at demethylation status and the Tert expression was elevated in DCs of FA mice. The Tert expression in DCs had a positive correlation with the FA response. TERT prevented the induction of Il10 expression in DCs. The immune tolerogenic functions of DCs were diminished by TERT. The immune tolerogenic functions of DC were restored by CpG by boosting the Tert promoter methylation. Administration of CpG promoted the therapeutic effects of allergen specific immunotherapy in FA mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Low levels of Il10 expression and high levels of Tert expression were observed in intestinal DCs of FA mice. CpG exposure restored the expression of Il10 and increased the therapeutic benefits of allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Rosmarinic acid modulates purinergic signaling and induces apoptosis in melanoma cells

Cancer cases have increased worldwide. Cutaneous melanoma (CM), a highly metastatic skin cancer, largely contributes to global statistical cancer death data. Research has shown that rosmarinic acid (RA) is a promising phenolic compound with antineoplastic properties. Thus, we investigated the effects of RA on apoptosis-inducing in melanoma cells, purinergic signaling modulation, and cytokine levels. We treated SK-MEL-28 cells for 24 h with different concentrations of RA and assessed the apoptosis, CD39, CD73, and A2A expression, and cytokine levels. We found RA-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. Regarding the purinergic system, we verified that RA downregulated the expression of CD73 and A2A, specially at high concentrations of treatment. Additionally, RA increased IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels. Our in vitro results confirm RA's potential to be used to induce melanoma cell apoptosis, having CD73 and A2A as targets when reversion of immune suppression is desired. Further studies in animal models and clinical trials focusing on RA's modulation of purinergic signaling in melanoma are required.

Excessive heavy metal enrichment disturbs liver functions through the gut microbe in the great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger)

Heavy metal residues in natural ecosystems have emerged as a significant global environmental problem requiring urgent resolution. Because these elements are non-biodegradable, organisms can accumulate excessive levels of heavy metal elements into their tissues. Previous studies suggest that prolonged exposure to heavy metal enrichment poses comprehensive toxicity to various organs in vertebrates. However, few studies have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the hepatotoxic effects of heavy metal enrichment in Chiroptera. In this study, 10 Hipposideros armiger individuals were dissected from Yingde City (YD, relatively pollution-free) and Chunwan City (CW, excessive heavy metals emission). Environmental samples were also obtained. To investigate the mechanism of heavy metal toxicity in bat livers, we employed a combination of multi-omics, pathology, and molecular biology methods. Our results revealed significant enrichment of Cd and Pb in the bat livers and food sources in the CW group (P<0.05). Furthermore, prolonged accumulation of heavy metals disrupted hepatic transcription profiles associated with the solute carriers family, the ribosome pathway, ATP usage, and heat shock proteins. Excessive heavy metal enrichment also altered the relative abundance of typical gut microbe taxa significantly (P<0.05), inhibiting tight-junction protein expression. We observed a significant decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione (P<0.05), along with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) density and malondialdehyde content following excessive heavy metal enrichment. Additionally, hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation injuries were present under conditions of excessive heavy metal enrichment, while the contents of metabolism biomarkers significantly decreased (P<0.05). Consequently, prolonged heavy metal enrichment can induce hepatotoxicity by disturbing the microbes-gut-liver axis and hepatic transcription modes, leading to a decrease in overall metabolic activity in bats. Our study offers strategies for biodiversity conservation and highlights the importance of addressing environmental pollution to raise public awareness.

Endogenous IL-22 contributes to the pathogenesis of salivary gland dysfunction in the non-obese diabetic model of Sjögren's syndrome

Sjӧgren's syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily targeting the salivary and lacrimal glands. Our previous investigations have shown that administration of interleukin-22 (IL-22), an IL-10 family cytokine known for its complex and context-dependent effects on tissues, either protective- or detrimental, to salivary glands leads to hypofunction and pathological changes of salivary glands in C57BL/6 mice and in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the latter being a commonly used model of Sjӧgren's syndrome. This study aims to delineate the pathophysiological roles of endogenously produced IL-22 in the development of salivary gland pathologies and dysfunction associated with Sjӧgren's disease in the NOD mouse model. Our results reveal that neutralizing IL-22 offered a protective effect on salivary gland function without significantly affecting the immune cell infiltration of salivary glands or the autoantibody production. Blockade of IL-22 reduced the levels of phosphorylated STAT3 in salivary gland tissues of NOD mice, while its administration to salivary glands had the opposite effect. Correspondingly, the detrimental impact of exogenously applied IL-22 on salivary glands was almost completely abrogated by a specific STAT3 inhibitor. Moreover, IL-22 blockade led to a downregulation of protein amounts of Ten-Eleven-Translocation 2, a methylcytosine dioxygenase critical for mediating interferon-induced responses, in salivary gland epithelial cells. IL-22 neutralization also exerted a protective effect on the salivary gland epithelial cells that express high levels of surface EpCAM and bear the stem cell potential, and IL-22 treatment in vitro hampered the survival/expansion of these salivary gland stem cells, indicating a direct negative impact of IL-22 on these cells. In summary, this study has uncovered a critical pathogenic role of the endogenous IL-22 in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's disease-characteristic salivary gland dysfunction and provided initial evidence that this effect is dependent on STAT3 activation and potentially achieved through fostering Tet2-mediated interferon responses in salivary gland epithelial cells and negatively affecting the EpCAMhigh salivary gland stem cells.

Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 on admission correlate with complications in elderly patients with hip fracture

OBJECTIVES

Ageing may cause a progressive pro-inflammatory environment and alter functionality of different immune-cell populations. The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of certain serum immunological parameters on hospitalization stay and complications in patients who have suffered a hip fracture.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective study was carried out with 87 patients (63 women) presenting with either trochanteric femoral fracture or Garden IV displaced subcapital fracture. The average age was 84.43 ± 9, ranging from 65 to 104 years old. Data regarding different comorbidities were recorded at the time of arrival. The morning after patient's admission peripheral blood samples were obtained and a series of immunological parameters were determined: leukocyte formula, platelets count, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), IL-6 and IL-10 levels, T-lymphocytes count, number of cells/mm3 and percentages of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD3-/CD16/56+ (NK cells), and CD3-/CD19+ (B cells).

RESULTS

IL-6 serum levels presented a positive and significant correlation with higher levels of CRP (p < 0.001), IL-10 (p = 0.002), and higher percentages of NK CD56+ cells (p = 0.046). IL-6 serum levels at hospitalization presented a positive and significant correlation with a longer hospitalization stay (p = 0.037). Hospitalization increased by 0.231 days for every 1 pg/mL above the IL-6 mean value (40.43 pg/mL). Lower serum IL-10 levels on admission were associated with the appearance of symptomatic urinary tract infection during hospitalization (p = 0.032). Higher number of CD19+ cells/mm3 presented a significant relationship with pneumonia (p = 0.018) and symptomatic urinary tract infection (p = 0.0019).

CONCLUSIONS

IL-6 serum levels on admission showed a positive and significant correlation with a longer hospitalization stay in elderly patients presenting with hip fracture. Lower levels of IL-10 in peripheral blood on admission were associated with symptomatic urinary tract infections. A higher number of CD19+ cells/mm³ was significantly associated with pneumonia and symptomatic urinary tract infection. These immunological variables on admission may serve as risk indicators of complications during hospitalization.

Inflammatory Response Genes' Polymorphism Associated with Risk of Rheumatic Heart Disease

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) caused by group A streptococcus infection is one of the most important reasons of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Aberrant host immune response modulated by polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes plays an important role in RHD pathogenesis. This study aimed to determine risk-associated polymorphic variants in inflammatory response genes in Caucasian RHD patients. A total of 251 Caucasian RHD patients and 300 healthy donors were recruited for this study, and 27 polymorphic sites in 12 genes (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, IL1B, IL6R, IL6, IL10, IL12RB1, IL12B, TNF and CRP) were analyzed using allele-specific PCR. It was demonstrated that the polymorphic variants rs1800871 and rs1800872 in the IL10 gene, rs 1130864, rs3093077 and rs1205 in the CRP gene, rs375947 in the IL12RB1 gene, rs 5743551 and rs5743611 in the TLR1 gene, and rs3775073 in the TLR6 gene can modify RHD risk in a gender- and age-dependent manner. The obtained results can be used to determine the personalized risk of RHD in healthy donors during medical examination or screening, as well as to develop appropriate early prevention strategies targeting RHD in the risk groups.

From pancreas to lungs: The role of immune cells in severe acute pancreatitis and acute lung injury

BACKGROUND

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a potentially lethal inflammatory pancreatitis condition that is usually linked to multiple organ failure. When it comes to SAP, the lung is the main organ that is frequently involved. Many SAP patients experience respiratory failure following an acute lung injury (ALI). Clinicians provide insufficient care for compounded ALI since the underlying pathophysiology is unknown. The mortality rate of SAP patients is severely impacted by it.

OBJECTIVE

The study aims to provide insight into immune cells, specifically their roles and modifications during SAP and ALI, through a comprehensive literature review. The emphasis is on immune cells as a therapeutic approach for treating SAP and ALI.

FINDINGS

Immune cells play an important role in the complicated pathophysiology ofSAP and ALI by maintaining the right balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Immunomodulatory drugs now in the market have low thepeutic efficacy because they selectively target one immune cell while ignoring immune cell interactions. Accurate management of dysregulated immune responses is necessary. A critical initial step is precisely characterizing the activity of the immune cells during SAP and ALI.

CONCLUSION

Given the increasing incidence of SAP, immunotherapy is emerging as a potential treatment option for these patients. Interactions among immune cells improve our understanding of the intricacy of concurrent ALI in SAP patients. Acquiring expertise in these domains will stimulate the development of innovative immunomodulation therapies that will improve the outlook for patients with SAP and ALI.

Deciphering CD4+ T cell-mediated responses against cancer

It's been long thought that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells play a major role in T cell-mediated antitumor responses, whereas CD4+ T cells merely provide some assistance to CD8+ T cells as the "helpers." In recent years, numerous studies support the notion that CD4+ T cells play an indispensable role in antitumor responses. Here, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the roles of CD4+ T cells in antitumor responses and immunotherapy, with a focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind these observations. These new insights on CD4+ T cells may pave the way to further optimize cancer immunotherapy.

Microbial tryptophan catabolism as an actionable target via diet-microbiome interactions

In recent years, the role of microbial tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in host-microbiota crosstalk has become a major area of scientific interest. Microbiota-derived Trp catabolites positively contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis by acting as ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptor, and as signaling molecules in microbial communities. Accumulating evidence suggests that microbial Trp catabolism could be therapeutic targets in treating human diseases. A number of bacteria and metabolic pathways have been identified to be responsible for the conversion of Trp in the intestine. Interestingly, many Trp-degrading bacteria can benefit from the supplementation of specific dietary fibers and polyphenols, which in turn increase the microbial production of beneficial Trp catabolites. Thus, this review aims to highlight the emerging role of diets and food components, i.e., food matrix, fiber, and polyphenol, in modulating the microbial catabolism of Trp and discuss the opportunities for potential therapeutic interventions via specifically designed diets targeting the Trp-microbiome axis.

Association between serum cytokines and timeframe for conversion from clinical high-risk to psychosis

AIM

Although many studies have explored the link between inflammatory markers and psychosis, there is a paucity of research investigating the temporal progression in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) who eventually develop full psychosis. To address this gap, we investigated the correlation between serum cytokine levels and Timeframe for Conversion to Psychosis (TCP) in individuals with CHR.

METHODS

We enrolled 53 individuals with CHR who completed a 5-year follow-up with a confirmed conversion to psychosis. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1β, 2, 6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured at baseline and 1-year. Correlation and quantile regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS

The median TCP duration was 14 months. A significantly shorter TCP was associated with higher levels of TNF-α (P = 0.022) and VEGF (P = 0.016). A negative correlation was observed between TCP and TNF-α level (P = 0.006) and VEGF level (P = 0.04). Quantile regression indicated negative associations between TCP and GM-CSF levels below the 0.5 quantile, IL-10 levels below the 0.3 quantile, IL-2 levels below the 0.25 quantile, IL-6 levels between the 0.65 and 0.75 quantiles, TNF-α levels below the 0.8 quantile, and VEGF levels below the 0.7 quantile. A mixed linear effects model identified significant time effects for IL-10 and IL-2, and significant group effects for changes in IL-2 and TNF-α.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings underscore that a more pronounced baseline inflammatory state is associated with faster progression of psychosis in individuals with CHR. This highlights the importance of considering individual inflammatory profiles during early intervention and of tailoring preventive measures for risk profiles.

Distinct pulmonary and systemic effects of dexamethasone in severe COVID-19

Dexamethasone is the standard of care for critically ill patients with COVID-19, but the mechanisms by which it decreases mortality and its immunological effects in this setting are not understood. Here we perform bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of samples from the lower respiratory tract and blood, and assess plasma cytokine profiling to study the effects of dexamethasone on both systemic and pulmonary immune cell compartments. In blood samples, dexamethasone is associated with decreased expression of genes associated with T cell activation, including TNFSFR4 and IL21R. We also identify decreased expression of several immune pathways, including major histocompatibility complex-II signaling, selectin P ligand signaling, and T cell recruitment by intercellular adhesion molecule and integrin activation, suggesting these are potential mechanisms of the therapeutic benefit of steroids in COVID-19. We identify additional compartment- and cell- specific differences in the effect of dexamethasone that are reproducible in publicly available datasets, including steroid-resistant interferon pathway expression in the respiratory tract, which may be additional therapeutic targets. In summary, we demonstrate compartment-specific effects of dexamethasone in critically ill COVID-19 patients, providing mechanistic insights with potential therapeutic relevance. Our results highlight the importance of studying compartmentalized inflammation in critically ill patients.

IL-10 indirectly modulates functional activity of CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes through LFA-3 and HLA class II inhibition

Expansion of CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes is common in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. Its ability to produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines is probably the key role of these cells in CHF. IL-10 is a candidate for limiting CD4+CD28null T-lymphocyte responses, whereas tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is the cytokine most closely involved in the loss of CD28 expression. Serum levels of TNF and IL-10 were measured in 65 CHF patients (mean age, 65.2 ± 13.84 years). Patients with an IL-10/TNF ratio ≥1 had significantly lower levels of CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes than those with a ratio <1. In vitro, IL-10 reduced the frequency of proliferative CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3. Pre-treatment with IL-10 before anti-CD3 stimulation was required for the cytokine to inhibit TNF production by CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes. In addition to the previously described effect of IL-10 on HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression, LFA-3 protein and mRNA levels were reduced in the presence of the cytokine in monocytes. IL-10 inhibition on CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes may be mediated by a reduction in HLA class II and LFA-3 expression because blocking interactions with these costimulators has similar effects to those of IL-10 treatment. Moreover, costimulation through CD2/LFA-3 interaction is enough to induce proliferation and cytokine production in CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes.

Kinetics of pro- and anti-inflammatory spike-specific cellular immune responses in long-term care facility residents after COVID-19 mRNA primary and booster vaccination: a prospective longitudinal study in Japan

BACKGROUND

The magnitude and durability of cell-mediated immunity in older and severely frail individuals following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination remain unclear. A controlled immune response could be the key to preventing severe COVID-19; however, it is uncertain whether vaccination induces an anti-inflammatory cellular immune response. To address these issues, a 48-week-long prospective longitudinal study was conducted. A total of 106 infection-naive participants (57 long-term care facility [LTCF] residents [median age; 89.0 years], 28 outpatients [median age; 72.0 years], and 21 healthcare workers [median age; 51.0 years]) provided peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples for the assessment of spike-specific PBMC responses before primary vaccination, 24 weeks after primary vaccination, and three months after booster vaccination. Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein were examined by measuring interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 levels secreted from the spike protein peptide-stimulated PBMCs of participants.

RESULTS

LTCF residents exhibited significantly lower IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and IL-6 levels than healthcare workers after the primary vaccination. Booster vaccination increased IL-2 and IL-6 levels in LTCF residents comparable to those in healthcare workers, whereas IFN-γ and TNF levels in LTCF residents remained significantly lower than those in healthcare workers. IL-10 levels were not significantly different from the initial values after primary vaccination but increased significantly after booster vaccination in all subgroups. Multivariate analysis showed that age was negatively associated with IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and IL-6 levels but not with IL-10 levels. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and IL-6, were positively correlated with humoral immune responses, whereas IL-10 levels were not.

CONCLUSIONS

Older and severely frail individuals may exhibit diminished spike-specific PBMC responses following COVID-19 vaccination compared to the general population. A single booster vaccination may not adequately enhance cell-mediated immunity in older and severely frail individuals to a level comparable to that in the general population. Furthermore, booster vaccination may induce not only a pro-inflammatory cellular immune response but also an anti-inflammatory cellular immune response, potentially mitigating detrimental hyperinflammation.

Non-infectious immune complexes downregulate the production of interferons and tumor necrosis factor-α in primary porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) has been harming the pig industry worldwide for nearly 40 years. Although scientific researchers have made substantial efforts to explore PRRSV pathogenesis, the immune factors influencing PRRSV infection still need to be better understood. Infectious virus-antibody immune complexes (ICs) formed by PRRSV and sub-or non-neutralizing antibodies specific for PRRSV may significantly promote the development of PRRS by enhancing PRRSV replication through antibody-dependent enhancement. However, nothing is known about whether PRRSV infection is affected by non-infectious ICs (NICs) formed by non-pathogenic/infectious antigens and corresponding specific antibodies. Here, we found that PRRSV significantly induced the transcripts and proteins of interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vitro primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in the early stage of infection. Our results showed that NICs formed by rabbit-negative IgG (RNI) and pig anti-RNI specific IgG significantly reduced the transcripts and proteins of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, and TNF-α in vitro PAMs and significantly elevated the transcripts and proteins of interleukine-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in vitro PAMs. NICs-mediated PRRSV infection showed that NICs not only significantly decreased the induction of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, and TNF-α by PRRSV but also significantly increased the induction of IL-10 and TGF-β1 by PRRSV and considerably enhanced PRRSV replication in vitro PAMs. Our data suggested that NICs could downregulate the production of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α/β/γ/λ1 and TNF-α) during PRRSV infection in vitro and facilitated PRRSV proliferation in its host cells by inhibiting innate antiviral immune response. This study elucidated one novel immune response to PRRSV infection, which would enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of PRRSV.

Expression and diagnostic value of interleukin-22 in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is characterized by a high incidence and mortality rate, highlighting the need for biomarkers to detect ILD early in RA patients. Previous studies have shown the protective effects of Interleukin-22 (IL-22) in pulmonary fibrosis using mouse models. This study aims to assess IL-22 expression in RA-ILD to validate foundational experiments and explore its diagnostic value. The study included 66 newly diagnosed RA patients (33 with ILD, 33 without ILD) and 14 healthy controls (HC). ELISA was utilized to measure IL-22 levels and perform intergroup comparisons. The correlation between IL-22 levels and the severity of RA-ILD was examined. Logistic regression analysis was employed to screen potential predictive factors for RA-ILD risk and establish a predictive nomogram. The diagnostic value of IL-22 in RA-ILD was assessed using ROC. Subsequently, the data were subjected to 30-fold cross-validation. IL-22 levels in the RA-ILD group were lower than in the RA-No-ILD group and were inversely correlated with the severity of RA-ILD. Logistic regression analysis identified IL-22, age, smoking history, anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin antibody (MCV-Ab), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) as independent factors for distinguishing between the groups. The diagnostic value of IL-22 in RA-ILD was moderate (AUC = 0.75) and improved when combined with age, smoking history, MCV-Ab and MCHC (AUC = 0.97). After 30-fold cross-validation, the average AUC was 0.886. IL-22 expression is dysregulated in the pathogenesis of RA-ILD. This study highlights the potential of IL-22, along with other factors, as a valuable biomarker for assessing RA-ILD occurrence and progression.

The roles of Th cells in myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a serious condition caused by the abrupt stoppage of blood flow to a part of the heart, leading to tissue damage. A significant aspect of this condition is reperfusion injury, which occurs when blood flow is restored but exacerbates the damage. This review first addresses the role of the innate immune system, including neutrophils and macrophages, in the cascade of events leading to myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury. It then shifts focus to the critical involvement of CD4+ T helper cells in these processes. These cells, pivotal in regulating the immune response and tissue recovery, include various subpopulations such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th22, each playing a unique role in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury. These subpopulations contribute to the injury process through diverse mechanisms, with cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-4 influencing the balance between tissue repair and injury exacerbation. Understanding the interplay between the innate immune system and CD4+ T helper cells, along with their cytokines, is crucial for developing targeted therapies to mitigate myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury, ultimately improving outcomes for cardiac patients.

Immune Microenvironment in Childhood Cancers: Characteristics and Therapeutic Challenges

The tumor immune microenvironment is pivotal in cancer initiation, advancement, and regulation. Its molecular and cellular composition is critical throughout the disease, as it can influence the balance between suppressive and cytotoxic immune responses within the tumor's vicinity. Studies on the tumor immune microenvironment have enriched our understanding of the intricate interplay between tumors and their immunological surroundings in various human cancers. These studies illuminate the role of significant components of the immune microenvironment, which have not been extensively explored in pediatric tumors before and may influence the responsiveness or resistance to therapeutic agents. Our deepening understanding of the pediatric tumor immune microenvironment is helping to overcome challenges related to the effectiveness of existing therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapies. Although in the early stages, targeted therapies that modulate the tumor immune microenvironment of pediatric solid tumors hold promise for improved outcomes. Focusing on various aspects of tumor immune biology in pediatric patients presents a therapeutic opportunity that could improve treatment outcomes. This review offers a comprehensive examination of recent literature concerning profiling the immune microenvironment in various pediatric tumors. It seeks to condense research findings on characterizing the immune microenvironment in pediatric tumors and its impact on tumor development, metastasis, and response to therapeutic modalities. It covers the immune microenvironment's role in tumor development, interactions with tumor cells, and its impact on the tumor's response to immunotherapy. The review also discusses challenges targeting the immune microenvironment for pediatric cancer therapies.

Deciphering the performance of macrophages in tumour microenvironment: a call for precision immunotherapy

Macrophages infiltrating tumour tissues or residing in the microenvironment of solid tumours are known as tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). These specialized immune cells play crucial roles in tumour growth, angiogenesis, immune regulation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. TAMs encompass various subpopulations, primarily classified into M1 and M2 subtypes based on their differentiation and activities. M1 macrophages, characterized by a pro-inflammatory phenotype, exert anti-tumoural effects, while M2 macrophages, with an anti-inflammatory phenotype, function as protumoural regulators. These highly versatile cells respond to stimuli from tumour cells and other constituents within the tumour microenvironment (TME), such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. These stimuli induce their polarization towards one phenotype or another, leading to complex interactions with TME components and influencing both pro-tumour and anti-tumour processes.This review comprehensively and deeply covers the literature on macrophages, their origin and function as well as the intricate interplay between macrophages and the TME, influencing the dual nature of TAMs in promoting both pro- and anti-tumour processes. Moreover, the review delves into the primary pathways implicated in macrophage polarization, examining the diverse stimuli that regulate this process. These stimuli play a crucial role in shaping the phenotype and functions of macrophages. In addition, the advantages and limitations of current macrophage based clinical interventions are reviewed, including enhancing TAM phagocytosis, inducing TAM exhaustion, inhibiting TAM recruitment, and polarizing TAMs towards an M1-like phenotype. In conclusion, while the treatment strategies targeting macrophages in precision medicine show promise, overcoming several obstacles is still necessary to achieve an accessible and efficient immunotherapy.

Immunosuppressive role of BDNF in therapy-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer

Prostate stromal cells play a crucial role in the promotion of tumor growth and immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME) through intricate molecular alterations in their interaction with prostate cancer (PCa) cells. While the impact of these cells on establishing an immunosuppressive response and influencing PCa aggressiveness remains incompletely understood. Our study shows that the activation of the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/LIF receptor (LIFR) pathway in both prostate tumor and stromal cells, following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), leads to the development of an immunosuppressive TME. Activation of LIF/LIFR signaling in PCa cells induces neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and upregulates immune checkpoint expression. Inhibition of LIF/LIFR attenuates these effects, underscoring the crucial role of LIF/LIFR in linking NED to immunosuppression. Prostate stromal cells expressing LIFR contribute to NED and immunosuppressive marker abundance in PCa cells, while LIFR knockdown in prostate stromal cells reverses these effects. ADT-driven LIF/LIFR signaling induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which, in turn, promotes NED, aggressiveness, and immune evasion in PCa cells. Clinical analyses demonstrate elevated BDNF levels in metastatic castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and a positive correlation with programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) and immunosuppressive signatures. This study shows that the crosstalk between PCa cells and prostate stromal cells enhances LIF/LIFR signaling, contributing to an immunosuppressive TME and NED in PCa cells through the upregulation of BDNF.

The role of neuropilin in bone/cartilage diseases

Bone remodeling is the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are associated with imbalanced bone remodeling. Skeletal injury leads to limited motor function and pain. Neurophilin was initially identified in axons, and its various ligands and roles in bone remodeling, angiogenesis, neuropathic pain and immune regulation were later discovered. Neurophilin promotes osteoblast mineralization and inhibits osteoclast differentiation and its function. Neuropolin-1 provides channels for immune cell chemotaxis and cytokine diffusion and leads to pain. Neuropolin-1 regulates the proportion of T helper type 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and affects bone immunity. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) combine with neuropilin and promote angiogenesis. Class 3 semaphorins (Sema3a) compete with VEGF to bind neuropilin, which reduces angiogenesis and rejects sympathetic nerves. This review elaborates on the structure and general physiological functions of neuropilin and summarizes the role of neuropilin and its ligands in bone and cartilage diseases. Finally, treatment strategies and future research directions based on neuropilin are proposed.

Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms and new immunotherapeutic approaches

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating autoimmune disease with increasing global prevalence. It predominantly affects females, especially those of European descent. The interplay between environmental factors and genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in MS etiopathogenesis.

METHODS

We searched recent relevant literature on reputable databases, which include, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: multiple sclerosis, pathogenesis, autoimmunity, demyelination, therapy, and immunotherapy.

RESULTS

Various animal models have been employed to investigate the MS etiopathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoreactive T cells within the CNS recruit myeloid cells through chemokine expression, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines driving the MS pathogenesis, resulting in demyelination, gliosis, and axonal loss. Key players include T cell lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B cells, and neutrophils. Signaling dysregulation in inflammatory pathways and the immunogenetic basis of MS are essential considerations for any successful therapy to MS. Data indicates that B cells and neutrophils also have significant roles in MS, despite the common belief that T cells are essential. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios correlate with MS severity, indicating their contribution to disease progression. Dysregulated signaling pathways further exacerbate MS progression.

CONCLUSION

MS remains incurable, but disease-modifying therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drugs offer hope for patients. Research on the immunogenetics and immunoregulatory functions of gut microbiota is continuing to provide light on possible treatment avenues. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MS.

Anti-inflammatory actions of aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) in bronchial epithelial cells stimulated by cigarette smoke extract

Smoking causes several diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aspirin-triggered-resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a lipid mediator produced during the resolution of inflammation and demonstrates anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects in several inflammatory experimental models including in the airways. Here we evaluated the role of AT-RvD1 (100 nM) in bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated by cigarette smoke extract (CSE; 1%; 1 cigarette) for 24 h. CSE induced the productions of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4 and IFN-γ as well as the activations of NF-κB and STAT3 and the expression of ALX/FPR2 receptor. AT-RvD1 reduced the IL-1β and TNF-α production and increased the production of IFN-γ. These effects were reversed BOC2, an antagonist of ALX/FPR2 receptor for AT-RvD1. The production of IL-4 and IL-10 were not altered by AT-RvD1. In addition, AT-RvD1 reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB and STAT3 when compared to CSE-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. No alteration of ALX/FPR2 expression was observed by AT-RvD1 when compared to CSE group. In the human monocytic leukemia cell line, the relative number of copies of IL-1β and IL-4 was significantly higher in CSE + AT-RvD1 group compared CSE group, however, the expression of M1 cytokine was more pronounced than M2 profile. AT-RvD1 could be an important target for the reduction of inflammation in the airways associated with smoking.

COVID-19 severity gradient differentially dysregulates clinically relevant drug processing genes in nasopharyngeal swab samples

AIM

Understanding how COVID-19 impacts the expression of clinically relevant drug metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters (DMETs) is vital for addressing potential safety and efficacy concerns related to systemic and peripheral drug concentrations. This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 severity on DMETs expression and the underlying mechanisms to inform the design of precise clinical dosing regimens for affected patients.

METHODS

Transcriptomics analysis of 102 DMETs, 10 inflammatory markers, and 12 xenosensing regulatory genes was conducted on nasopharyngeal swabs from 50 SARS-CoV-2 positive (17 outpatients, 16 non-ICU, and 17 ICU) and 13 SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals, clinically tested through qPCR, in the Greater Toronto area from October 2020 to October 2021.

RESULTS

We observed a significant differential gene expression for 42 DMETs, 6 inflammatory markers, and 9 xenosensing regulatory genes. COVID-19 severity was associated with the upregulation of AKR1C1, MGST1, and SULT1E1, and downregulation of ABCC10, CYP3A43, and SLC29A4 expressions. Altogether, SARS-CoV-2-positive patients showed an upregulation in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, AKR1C1, SULT1B1, SULT2B1, and SLCO4A1 and downregulation in FMO5, MGST3, ABCC5, and SLCO4C1 compared with SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals. These dysregulations were associated with significant changes in the expression of inflammatory and xenosensing regulatory genes driven by the disease. GSTM3, PPARA, and AKR1C1 are potential biomarkers of the observed DMETs dysregulation pattern in nasopharyngeal swabs of outpatients, non-ICU, and ICU patients, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The severity of COVID-19 is associated with the dysregulation of DMETs involved in processing commonly prescribed drugs, suggesting potential disease-drug interactions, especially for narrow therapeutic index drugs.

Sitagliptin ameliorates L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis via modulating inflammatory cytokines expression and combating oxidative stress

Background

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory condition that resolves spontaneously, but occasionally, develops into systemic inflammation, organ failure and mortality. Oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory pathways represent major players in AP pathogenesis. Current management of AP relies on attenuating injuries to the pancreas and putting the inflammatory process under control. In this study, we investigated the role of sitagliptin in modulating L-arginine-induced AP in rats.

Methods

Swiss rats were subdivided into a healthy control group, AP group (a single dose of L-arginine 250 mg/100 g, intraperitoneal), and sitagliptin + L-arginine-treated group (10 mg sitagliptin/kg body weight/day, orally). Sitagliptin treatment started 1 hour after L-arginine injection and continued for 3days. Biochemical and histopathological investigations were performed on serum and tissue samples collected from test animals.

Results

L-arginine increased pancreatic meyloperoxidase and serum amylase- and lipase activities and serum levels of TNF-α, LT-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α/β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-15. AP animals showed elevated MDA and NO and decreased GSH and serum calcium levels. Histopathological changes were observed by H&E staining. Sitagliptin treatment significantly ameliorated these biochemical and histological changes diminishing the signs of AP.

Conclusion

Sitagliptin treatment was effective in ameliorating L-arginine-induced AP which can be regarded to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect.

IL-33 controls IL-22-dependent antibacterial defense by modulating the microbiota

IL-22 plays a critical role in defending against mucosal infections, but how IL-22 production is regulated is incompletely understood. Here, we show that mice lacking IL-33 or its receptor ST2 (IL-1RL1) were more resistant to Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection than wild-type animals and that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL33 and IL1RL1 were associated with pneumococcal pneumonia in humans. The effect of IL-33 on S. pneumoniae infection was mediated by negative regulation of IL-22 production in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) but independent of ILC2s as well as IL-4 and IL-13 signaling. Moreover, IL-33's influence on IL-22-dependent antibacterial defense was dependent on housing conditions of the mice and mediated by IL-33's modulatory effect on the gut microbiota. Collectively, we provide insight into the bidirectional crosstalk between the innate immune system and the microbiota. We conclude that both genetic and environmental factors influence the gut microbiota, thereby impacting the efficacy of antibacterial immune defense and susceptibility to pneumonia.

Immunotherapeutic implications on targeting the cytokines produced in rhinovirus-induced immunoreactions

Rhinovirus is a widespread virus associated with several respiratory diseases, especially asthma exacerbation. Currently, there are no accurate therapies for rhinovirus. Encouragingly, it is found that during rhinovirus-induced immunoreactions the levels of certain cytokines in patients' serum will alter. These cytokines may have pivotal pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects via their specific mechanisms. Thus far, studies have shown that inhibitions of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-18, IL-25, and IL-33 may attenuate rhinovirus-induced immunoreactions, thereby relieving rhinovirus infection. Furthermore, such therapeutics for rhinovirus infection can be applied to viruses of other species, with certain practicability.

Effects of interleukin-10 treated macrophages on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway

BACKGROUND

Alveolar bone defects caused by inflammation are an urgent issue in oral implant surgery that must be solved. Regulating the various phenotypes of macrophages to enhance the inflammatory environment can significantly affect the progression of diseases and tissue engineering repair process.

AIM

To assess the influence of interleukin-10 (IL-10) on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) following their interaction with macrophages in an inflammatory environment.

METHODS

IL-10 modulates the differentiation of peritoneal macrophages in Wistar rats in an inflammatory environment. In this study, we investigated its impact on the proliferation, migration, and osteogenesis of BMSCs. The expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its activated form, phosphorylated-STAT3, were examined in IL-10-stimulated macrophages. Subsequently, a specific STAT3 signaling inhibitor was used to impede STAT3 signal activation to further investigate the role of STAT3 signaling.

RESULTS

IL-10-stimulated macrophages underwent polarization to the M2 type through substitution, and these M2 macrophages actively facilitated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Mechanistically, STAT3 signaling plays a crucial role in the process by which IL-10 influences macrophages. Specifically, IL-10 stimulated the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway and reduced the macrophage inflammatory response, as evidenced by its diminished impact on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

CONCLUSION

Stimulating macrophages with IL-10 proved effective in improving the inflammatory environment and promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway has emerged as a key regulator in the macrophage-mediated control of BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation.

A Mechanistic Analysis of the Neural Modulation of the Inflammatory System Through Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the antiinflammatory effects of various VNS methods while exploring multiple antiinflammatory pathways.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We included clinical trials that used electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and assessed inflammatory markers up to October 2022. We excluded studies lacking control groups, those with combined interventions, or abstracts without full text. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. For each inflammatory marker, a random-effects meta-analysis using the inverse variance method was performed. Methods used include transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS), transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS), invasive cervical VNS (iVNS), and electroacupuncture VNS (eaVNS). Main reported outcomes included tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ß, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-10. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool (RoB 2.0).

RESULTS

This review included 15 studies, involving 597 patients. No statistically significant general VNS effect was observed on TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß. However, CRP, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly modulated by VNS across all methods. Subgroup analysis revealed specific stimulation techniques producing significant results, such as taVNS effects in IL-1ß and IL-10, and iVNS in IL-6, whereas tcVNS and eaVNS did not convey significant pooled results individually. Cumulative exposure to VNS, higher risk of bias, study design, and pulse width were identified as effect size predictors in our meta-regression models.

CONCLUSIONS

Pooling all VNS techniques indicated the ability of VNS to modulate inflammatory markers such as CRP, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Individually, methods such as taVNS were effective in modulating IL-1ß and IL-10, whereas iVNS modulated IL-6. However, different VNS techniques should be separately analyzed in larger, homogeneous, and powerful studies to achieve a clearer and more consistent understanding of the effect of each VNS method on the inflammatory system.

Lung Transplant Immunomodulation with Genetically Engineered Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Therapeutic Window for Interleukin-10

Lung transplantation results are compromised by ischemia-reperfusion injury and alloimmune responses. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is used to assess marginal donor lungs before transplantation but is also an excellent platform to apply novel therapeutics. We investigated donor lung immunomodulation using genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells with augmented production of human anti-inflammatory hIL-10 (MSCsIL-10). Pig lungs were placed on EVLP for 6 h and randomized to control (n = 7), intravascular delivery of 20 × 106 (n = 5, low dose) or 40 × 106 human MSCs IL-10 (n = 6, high dose). Subsequently, single-lung transplantation was performed, and recipient pigs were monitored for 3 days. hIL-10 secretion was measured during EVLP and after transplantation, and immunological effects were assessed by cytokine profile, T and myeloid cell characterization and mixed lymphocyte reaction. MSCIL-10 therapy rapidly increased hIL-10 during EVLP and resulted in transient hIL-10 elevation after lung transplantation. MSCIL-10 delivery did not affect lung function but was associated with dose-related immunomodulatory effects, with the low dose resulting in a beneficial decrease in apoptosis and lower macrophage activation, but the high MSCIL-10 dose resulting in inflammation and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell activation. MSCIL-10 therapy during EVLP results in a rapid and transient perioperative hIL-10 increase and has a therapeutic window for its immunomodulatory effects.

The role of Interleukin-22 in severe acute pancreatitis

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) begins with premature activation of enzymes, promoted by the immune system, triggering a potential systemic inflammatory response that leads to organ failure with increased mortality and a bleak prognosis. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine that may have a significant role in SAP. IL-22, a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, has garnered growing interest owing to its potential tissue-protective properties. Recently, emerging research has revealed its specific effects on pancreatic diseases, particularly SAP. This paper provides a review of the latest knowledge on the role of IL-22 and its viability as a therapeutic target in SAP.

Bone Regeneration Facilitated by Autologous Bioscaffold Material: Liquid Phase of Concentrated Growth Factor with Dental Follicle Stem Cell Loading

The application of bioengineering techniques for achieving bone regeneration in the oral environment is an increasingly prominent field. However, the clinical use of synthetic materials carries certain risks. The liquid phase of concentrated growth factor (LPCGF), as a biologically derived material, exhibits superior biocompatibility. In this study, LPCGF was employed as a tissue engineering scaffold, hosting dental follicle cells (DFCs) to facilitate bone regeneration. Both in vivo and in vitro experimental results demonstrate that this platform significantly enhances the expression of osteogenic markers in DFCs, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and type I collagen (Col1a1). Simultaneously, it reduces the expression of inflammation-related genes, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), thereby alleviating the negative impact of the inflammatory microenvironment on DFCs. Further investigation into potential mechanisms reveals that this process is regulated over time by the WNT pathway. Our research results demonstrate that LPCGF, with its favorable physical characteristics, holds great potential as a scaffold. It can effectively carry DFCs, thereby providing an optimal initial environment for bone regeneration. Furthermore, LPCGF endeavors to closely mimic the mechanisms of bone healing post-trauma to facilitate bone formation. This offers new perspectives and insights into bone regeneration engineering.

Bacterial Sphingolipids Exacerbate Colitis by Inhibiting ILC3-derived IL-22 Production

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Gut bacterial sphingolipids, primarily produced by Bacteroidetes, have dual roles as bacterial virulence factors and regulators of the host mucosal immune system, including regulatory T cells and invariant natural killer T cells. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease display altered sphingolipids profiles in fecal samples. However, how bacterial sphingolipids modulate mucosal homeostasis and regulate intestinal inflammation remains unclear.

METHODS

We used dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice monocolonized with Bacteroides fragilis strains expressing or lacking sphingolipids to assess the influence of bacterial sphingolipids on intestinal inflammation using transcriptional, protein, and cellular analyses. Colonic explant and organoid were used to study the function of bacterial sphingolipids. Host mucosal immune cells and cytokines were profiled and characterized using flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot, and cytokine function in vivo was investigated by monoclonal antibody injection.

RESULTS

B fragilis sphingolipids exacerbated intestinal inflammation. Mice monocolonized with B fragilis lacking sphingolipids exhibited less severe DSS-induced colitis. This amelioration of colitis was associated with increased production of interleukin (IL)-22 by ILC3. Mice colonized with B fragilis lacking sphingolipids following DSS treatment showed enhanced epithelial STAT3 activity, intestinal cell proliferation, and antimicrobial peptide production. Protection against DSS colitis associated with B fragilis lacking sphingolipids was reversed on IL22 blockade. Furthermore, bacterial sphingolipids restricted epithelial IL18 production following DSS treatment and interfered with IL22 production by a subset of ILC3 cells expressing both IL18R and major histocompatibility complex class II.

CONCLUSIONS

B fragilis-derived sphingolipids exacerbate mucosal inflammation by impeding epithelial IL18 expression and concomitantly suppressing the production of IL22 by ILC3 cells.

Functional role of IL-19 in a mouse model of L-arginine-induced pancreatitis and related lung injury

IL-19 is a member of IL-10 family and is mainly produced by macrophages. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease characterized by acinar cell injury and necrosis. In the present study, the role of IL-19 in AP and AP-associated lung injury in mice was explored using L-arginine-induced pancreatitis. Experimental pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine in wild-type (WT) and IL-19 gene-deficient (IL-19 KO) mice. Among the mice treated with L-arginine, the serum amylase level was significantly increased in the IL-19 KO mice, and interstitial edema, analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, was aggravated mildly in IL-19 KO mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly upregulated in IL-19 KO mice treated with L-arginine compared with WT mice treated with L-arginine. IL-19 mRNA was equally expressed in the pancreases of both control and L-arginine-treated WT mice. The conditions of lung alveoli were then evaluated in WT and IL-19 KO mice treated with L-arginine. In mice with L-arginine-induced pancreatitis, the alveolar area was remarkedly decreased, and expression of lung myeloperoxidase was significantly increased in IL-19 KO mice compared with WT mice. In the lungs, the mRNA expression of IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase was significantly increased in IL-19 KO mice compared with WT mice. In summary, IL-19 was proposed to alleviate L-arginine-induced pancreatitis by regulating TNF-α production and to protect against AP-related lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil migration.

Genetic association of circulating interleukins and risk of colorectal cancer: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported that inflammation, especially interleukin family members, plays an important role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, because of various confounders and the lack of clinical randomized controlled trial, the causal relationship between genetically predicted level of interleukin family and CRC risk has not been fully explained.

OBJECTIVE

Bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) was conducted to investigate the causal association between interleukin family members and CRC.

METHODS

Several genetic variables were extracted as instrumental variables (IVs) from summary data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for interleukin and CRC. IVs of interleukin family were obtained from recently published GWAS studies and the summary data of CRC was from FinnGen Biobank. After a series of quality control measures and strict screening, six models were used to evaluate the causal relationship. Pleiotropy, heterogeneity test, and a variety of sensitivity analysis were also used to estimate the robustness of the model results.

RESULTS

Genetically predicted higher circulating levels of IL-2 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-0.92; p = .0043), IL-17F(OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62-1.00; p = .015), and IL-31 (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.98; p = .023) were suggestively associated with decreased CRC risk. However, higher level of IL-10 (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.18-1.65; p = .000094) was causally associated with increased risk of CRC. Reverse MR results indicated that the exposure of CRC was suggestively associated with higher levels of IL-36α (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.01-1.49; p = .040) and IL-17RD (OR: 1.22; 95% CI, 1.00-1.48; p = .048) and lower level of IL-13 (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65-0.95; p = .013). The overall MR results did not provide evidence for causal relationships between other interleukins and CRC (p > .05).

CONCLUSION

We offer suggestive evidence supporting a potential causal relationship between circulating interleukins and CRC, underscoring the significance of targeting circulating interleukins as a strategy to mitigate the incidence of CRC.

ANKRD22 promotes resolution of psoriasiform skin inflammation by antagonizing NIK-mediated IL-23 production

Inflammation resolution is an essential process for preventing the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms that regulate inflammation resolution in psoriasis are not well understood. Here, we report that ANKRD22 is an endogenous negative orchestrator of psoriasiform inflammation because ANKRD22-deficient mice are more susceptible to IMQ-induced psoriasiform inflammation. Mechanistically, ANKRD22 deficiency leads to excessive activation of the TNFRII-NIK-mediated noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the hyperproduction of IL-23 in DCs. This is due to ANKRD22 being a negative feedback regulator for NIK because it physically binds to and assists in the degradation of accumulated NIK. Clinically, ANKRD22 is negatively associated with IL-23A expression and psoriasis severity. Of greater significance, subcutaneous administration of an AAV carrying ANKRD22-overexpression vector effectively hastens the resolution of psoriasiform skin inflammation. Our findings suggest ANKRD22, an endogenous supervisor of NIK, is responsible for inflammation resolution in psoriasis, and may be explored in the context of psoriasis therapy.

Blimp-1 and c-Maf regulate immune gene networks to protect against distinct pathways of pathobiont-induced colitis

Intestinal immune responses to microbes are controlled by the cytokine IL-10 to avoid immune pathology. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing of colon lamina propria leukocytes (LPLs) along with RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of purified CD4+ T cells to show that the transcription factors Blimp-1 (encoded by Prdm1) and c-Maf co-dominantly regulate Il10 while negatively regulating proinflammatory cytokines in effector T cells. Double-deficient Prdm1fl/flMaffl/flCd4Cre mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus developed severe colitis with an increase in TH1/NK/ILC1 effector genes in LPLs, while Prdm1fl/flCd4Cre and Maffl/flCd4Cre mice exhibited moderate pathology and a less-marked type 1 effector response. LPLs from infected Maffl/flCd4Cre mice had increased type 17 responses with increased Il17a and Il22 expression and an increase in granulocytes and myeloid cell numbers, resulting in increased T cell-myeloid-neutrophil interactions. Genes over-expressed in human inflammatory bowel disease showed differential expression in LPLs from infected mice in the absence of Prdm1 or Maf, revealing potential mechanisms of human disease.

Inflammatory Microenvironment-Responsive Hydrogels Enclosed with Quorum Sensing Inhibitor for Treating Post-Traumatic Osteomyelitis

Non-antibiotic strategies are desperately needed to treat post-traumatic osteomyelitis (PTO) due to the emergence of superbugs, complex inflammatory microenvironments, and greatly enriched biofilms. Previously, growing evidence indicated that quorum sensing (QS), a chemical communication signal among bacterial cells, can accelerate resistance under evolutionary pressure. This study aims to develop a medical dressing to treat PTO by inhibiting QS and regulating the inflammatory microenvironment, which includes severe oxidative stress and acid abscesses, through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive bond between N1- (4-borobenzoyl)-N3-(4-borobenzoyl)-the N1, the N1, N3, N3-tetramethylpropane-1,3-diamine (TSPBA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the amino side chain of hyperbranched polylysine (HBPL). Physically enclosed QS inhibitors subsequently exerted the antibacterial effects. This hydrogel can scavenge hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion free radical (·O2 -), hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) to reduce oxidative stress and inhibit "bacteria-to-bacteria communication", thus clearing planktonic bacteria and biofilms, accelerating bacterial plasmolysis, reducing bacterial virulence and interfering with membrane transport. After in vivo treatment with hydrogel, nearly all bacteria are eliminated, inflammation is effectively inhibited, and osteogenesis and bone repair are promoted to facilitate recovery from PTO. The work demonstrates the clinical translational potential of the hydrogel in the treatment of drug-resistant bacteria induced PTO.

IL20Rb aggravates pulmonary fibrosis through enhancing bone marrow derived profibrotic macrophage activation

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most fatal chronic interstitial lung diseases with unknown pathogenesis, current treatments cannot truly reverse the progression of the disease. Pulmonary macrophages, especially bone marrow derived pro-fibrotic macrophages, secrete multiple kinds of profibrotic mediators (SPP1, CD206, CD163, IL-10, CCL18…), thus further promote myofibroblast activation and fibrosis procession. IL20Rb is a cell-surface receptor that belongs to IL-20 family. The role of IL20Rb in macrophage activation and pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we established a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, used IL4/13-inducing THP1 cells to induce profibrotic macrophage (M2-like phenotype) polarization models. We found that IL20Rb is upregulated in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and its absence can alleviate the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, we demonstrated that IL20Rb promote the activation of bone marrow derived profibrotic macrophages by regulating the Jak2/Stat3 and Pi3k/Akt signaling pathways. In terms of therapeutic strategy, we used IL20Rb neutralizing antibodies for animal administration, which was found to alleviate the progression of IPF. Our results suggest that IL20Rb plays a profibrotic role by promoting profibrotic macrophage polarization, and IL20Rb may become a potential therapeutic target for IPF. Neutralizing antibodies against IL20Rb may become a potential drug for the clinical treatment of IPF.

Cytokine and immunoglobulin profiles of Arbor Acres broiler chickens at different stages of physiological development

Background and Aim

Modern scientific research focuses on a detailed study of the immune system, the mechanisms of immunosuppression, and the search for an effective means to restore disturbed immune homeostasis in farm animals. The present study examined the cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) profiles of healthy broiler chickens during physiological development.

Materials and Methods

Arbor Acres broilers (n = 28) were used in the study to achieve this objective. The immune status of broiler chickens was assessed on 7, 14, 28, and 42 days of age, including serum levels of cytokines, Igs, and lysozyme by enzyme immunoassay.

Results

We observed a decrease in the efficiency of immune system functioning of birds with increasing age. The most pronounced immunological deficiency in the body of broiler chickens is noted at the age of 7-14 days, which is associated with immaturity of the immune system and is characterized by the fact that non-specific humoral and specific cellular defense factors are at a rather low level. The levels of lysozyme, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and IgA in blood serum at this age were minimal; starting from 28 days of age, there is a specific humoral immune deficiency, which is compensated by strengthening of cellular defense factors. The serum level of IgY intensively decreases against the background of an increase of lysozyme, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10.

Conclusion

During postnatal ontogenesis, the immune system of broiler chickens undergoes dynamic changes that have an age direction and phase character. Changes in the immune system may affect immunocompetence, disease susceptibility, and, consequently, productivity.

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract alleviates inflammation in experimental colitis mice by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complex inflammatory disease of colorectum that induces abnormal immune responses and severely affects the quality of life of the patients. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions in many inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of GSPE in UC using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse UC model and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage model. In this study, we found that the GSPE markedly prevented DSS-induced weight loss and colon length shortening in UC mice. Further investigations showed that GSPE significantly attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and elevated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the colon tissues and serum of DSS-induced colitis mice by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells was also reversed by GSPE. Taken together, our results confirm that GSPE can ameliorate inflammatory response in experimental colitis via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. This study advances the research progress on a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases.

A multi-mode Rhein-based nano-platform synergizing ferrotherapy/chemotherapy-induced immunotherapy for enhanced tumor therapy

Ferroptosis has emerged as a promising strategy for treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) due to bypassing apoptosis and triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells. However, the antitumor efficacy has been limited by the insufficient intracellular ferrous iron concentration required for ferroptosis and inadequate antitumor immune response. To address these limitations, we designed a multi-mode nano-platform (MP-FA@R-F NPs), which exhibited a synergistic effect of ferroptosis, apoptosis and induced immune response for enhanced antitumor therapy. MP-FA@R-F NPs target folate receptors, which are over-expressed on the tumor cell's surface to promote intracellular uptake. The cargoes, including Rhein and Fe3O4, would be released in intracellular acid, accelerating by NIR laser irradiation. The released Rhein induced apoptosis of tumor cells mediated by the caspase 3 signal pathway, while the released Fe3O4 triggered ferroptosis through the Fenton reaction and endowed the nanoplatform with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capabilities. In addition, ferroptosis-dying tumor cells could release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to promote T cell activation and infiltration for immune response and induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) for tumor immunotherapy. Together, MP-FA@R-F NPs represent a potential synergistic ferro-/chemo-/immuno-therapy strategy with MRI guidance for enhanced antitumor therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The massive strategies of cancer therapy based on ferroptosis have been emerging in recent years, which provided new insights into designing materials for cancer therapy. However, the antitumor efficacy of ferroptosis is still unsatisfactory, mainly due to insufficient intracellular pro-ferroptotic stimuli. In the current study, we designed a multi-mode nano-platform (MP-FA@R-F NPs), which represented a potential synergistic ferro-/chemo-/immuno-therapy strategy with MRI guidance for enhanced antitumor therapy.