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Xu Y, Li H, Meng X, Yang J, Xue Y, Teng C, Lv W, Wang Z, Li X, Sun T, Meng S, Zong C. Unfolding Protein-Based Hapten Coupling via Thiol-Maleimide Click Chemistry: Enhanced Immunogenicity in Anti-Nicotine Vaccines Based on a Novel Conjugation Method and MPL/QS-21 Adjuvants. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:931. [PMID: 38611189 PMCID: PMC11013800 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines typically work by eliciting an immune response against larger antigens like polysaccharides or proteins. Small molecules like nicotine, on their own, usually cannot elicit a strong immune response. To overcome this, anti-nicotine vaccines often conjugate nicotine molecules to a carrier protein by carbodiimide crosslinking chemistry to make them polymeric and more immunogenic. The reaction is sensitive to conditions such as pH, temperature, and the concentration of reactants. Scaling up the reaction from laboratory to industrial scales while maintaining consistency and yield can be challenging. Despite various approaches, no licensed anti-nicotine vaccine has been approved so far due to the susboptimal antibody titers. Here, we report a novel approach to conjugate maleimide-modified nicotine hapten with a disulfide bond-reduced carrier protein in an organic solvent. It has two advantages compared with other approaches: (1) The protein was unfolded to make the peptide conformation more flexible and expose more conjugation sites; (2) thiol-maleimide "click" chemistry was utilized to conjugate the disulfide bond-reduced protein and maleimide-modified nicotine due to its availability, fast kinetics, and bio-orthogonality. Various nicotine conjugate vaccines were prepared via this strategy, and their immunology effects were investigated by using MPL and QS-21 as adjuvants. The in vivo study in mice showed that the nicotine-BSA conjugate vaccines induced high anti-nicotine IgG antibody titers, compared with vaccines prepared by using traditional condensation methods, indicating the success of the current strategy for further anti-nicotine or other small-molecule vaccine studies. The enhancement was more significant by using MPL and QS-21 than that of traditional aluminum adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Xiongyan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Yannan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Changcai Teng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Wenxin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Shuai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
| | - Chengli Zong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China (Z.W.)
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2
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Luba R, Martinez S, Jones J, Pravetoni M, Comer SD. Immunotherapeutic strategies for treating opioid use disorder and overdose. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:77-87. [PMID: 36696567 PMCID: PMC10035039 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2173062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development and implementation of effective treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) and prevention of overdose are urgent public health needs. Though existing medications for OUD (MOUD) are effective, barriers to initiation and retention in treatment persist. Therefore, development of novel treatments, especially those may complement existing treatments, is needed. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of vaccines for substance use disorders (SUD) and mechanisms underlying their function and efficacy. Next, we focus on existing preclinical and clinical trials of SUD vaccines. We focus briefly on related strategies before providing an expert opinion on prior, current, and future work on vaccines for OUD. We included published findings from preclinical and clinical trials found on PubMed and ScienceDirect as well as ongoing or initiated trials listed on ClinicalTrials.gov. EXPERT OPINION The present opioid overdose and OUD crises necessitate urgent development and implementation of effective treatments, especially those that offer protection from overdose and can serve as adjuvants to existing medications. Promising preclinical trial results paired with careful efforts to develop vaccines that account for prior SUD vaccine shortcomings offer hope for current and future clinical trials of opioid vaccines. Clinical advantages of opioid vaccines appear to outnumber disadvantages, which may result in improved treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Luba
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
| | - Suky Martinez
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
| | - Jermaine Jones
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Medication Development for Substance Use Disorders and Overdose, Seattle, WA
| | - Sandra D Comer
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
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3
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Hossain MK, Davidson M, Kypreos E, Feehan J, Muir JA, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111778. [PMID: 36366287 PMCID: PMC9697687 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are a serious public health concern globally. Existing treatment platforms suffer from a lack of effectiveness. The development of immunotherapies against these substances of abuse for both prophylactic and therapeutic use has gained tremendous importance as an alternative and/or supplementary to existing therapies. Significant development has been made in this area over the last few decades. Herein, we highlight the vaccine and other biologics development strategies, preclinical, clinical updates along with challenges and future directions. Articles were searched in PubMed, ClinicalTrial.gov, and google electronic databases relevant to development, preclinical, clinical trials of nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid vaccines. Various new emerging vaccine development strategies for SUD were also identified through this search and discussed. A good number of vaccine candidates demonstrated promising results in preclinical and clinical phases and support the concept of developing a vaccine for SUD. However, there have been no ultimate success as yet, and there remain some challenges with a massive push to take more candidates to clinical trials for further evaluation to break the bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Erica Kypreos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Joshua Alexander Muir
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Celik M, Fuehrlein B. A Review of Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Prospects. Immunotargets Ther 2022; 11:55-66. [PMID: 36199734 PMCID: PMC9528911 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s370435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Celik
- Research Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Fuehrlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Correspondence: Brian Fuehrlein, Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, Tel +1-203-932-5711 x4471, Fax +1-203-937-4904, Email
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Akache B, Stark FC, Agbayani G, Renner TM, McCluskie MJ. Adjuvants: Engineering Protective Immune Responses in Human and Veterinary Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2412:179-231. [PMID: 34918246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are key components of many vaccines, used to enhance the level and breadth of the immune response to a target antigen, thereby enhancing protection from the associated disease. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems have allowed for the development of a number of novel adjuvants with differing mechanisms of action. Herein, we review adjuvants currently approved for human and veterinary use, describing their use and proposed mechanisms of action. In addition, we will discuss additional promising adjuvants currently undergoing preclinical and/or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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6
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Chang XX, Fan K, Meng W, Guo J, Zhao D, Yin W, Li H, Wang Z. Truncated Diphtheria Toxin DT390 Enhances the Humoral Immunogenicity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Antigen in Mice. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:448-456. [PMID: 33902339 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of PCV-associated disease, which harms the swine industry worldwide. Open reading frame 2 of PCV2 encodes the principal immunogenic capsid (Cap) protein, which induces neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. Cap has been developed as a subunit vaccine against PCV2 infection, although its use is hindered by low immunogenicity. Here, we hypothesized that the truncated diphtheria toxin DT390 might enhance the immunogenicity of Cap. To verify this hypothesis, we fused Cap with DT390, which was expressed using the unique diphtheria toxin-resistant Pichia pastoris expression system. We assessed the immunogenicity of DT390-Cap using BALB/c mice. DT390-Cap induced significantly higher Cap-specific and neutralizing antibodies than Cap alone with or without the ISA201 adjuvant. DT390-Cap with ISA201 adjuvant induced production of more Cap-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than Ingelvac CircoFLEX (positive control). DT390-Cap induced slightly higher Th2-associated interleukin-4 production than Cap alone but did not affect Th1-associated interferon-γ production. The protection study demonstrated that DT390-Cap induced more effective protective immunity than Cap alone, when challenged with PCV2. The viral loads in the lungs, liver, and thymus in mice immunized using DT390-Cap were significantly lower than in those immunized with the corresponding Cap with or without the ISA201 adjuvant. Taken together, the engineered DT390 effectively enhanced the immunogenicity and protective immunity of Cap in mice. Thus, DT390-Cap is a promising novel vaccine candidate against PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiong Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Weijin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dahai Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wei Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhirui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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7
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Brisse M, Vrba SM, Kirk N, Liang Y, Ly H. Emerging Concepts and Technologies in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583077. [PMID: 33101309 PMCID: PMC7554600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of vaccination to greatly mitigate or eliminate threat of diseases caused by pathogens, there are still known diseases and emerging pathogens for which the development of successful vaccines against them is inherently difficult. In addition, vaccine development for people with compromised immunity and other pre-existing medical conditions has remained a major challenge. Besides the traditional inactivated or live attenuated, virus-vectored and subunit vaccines, emerging non-viral vaccine technologies, such as viral-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, and rational vaccine design, offer innovative approaches to address existing challenges of vaccine development. They have also significantly advanced our understanding of vaccine immunology and can guide future vaccine development for many diseases, including rapidly emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, and diseases that have not traditionally been addressed by vaccination, such as cancers and substance abuse. This review provides an integrative discussion of new non-viral vaccine development technologies and their use to address the most fundamental and ongoing challenges of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Sophia M. Vrba
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Natalie Kirk
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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8
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Alzhrani RF, Xu H, Valdes SA, Cui Z. Intranasal delivery of a nicotine vaccine candidate induces antibodies in mouse blood and lung mucosal secretions that specifically neutralize nicotine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1656-1664. [PMID: 32892651 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1820033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The majority of the smokers have tried to quit, but only a few of them were able to achieve long-term abstinence, due to the high addictiveness of nicotine. Nicotine-specific antibodies have the potential to block the euphoric effect of nicotine by forming antibody-antigen complexes in the blood circulation. Since nicotine is taken largely by inhalation, inducing anti-nicotine antibodies in lung and nasal mucosal secretions, in addition to blood circulation, is expected to be beneficial. SIGNIFICANCE The importance of this study is to establish the feasibility of inducing nicotine-neutralizing antibodies not only in the blood, but also in the lung and nasal mucosal secretions, by intranasal administration of a nicotine vaccine candidate. METHODS Nicotine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate (Nic-KLH) was prepared and mixed with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) as an adjuvant. Nic-KLH/MPL was given intranasally or subcutaneously to mice, and the titers, affinity, and specificity of the nicotine-specific antibodies in nasal and lung mucosal secretions and blood samples were determined using (competitive) ELISA. RESULTS Nasal Nic-KLH/MPL immunization elicited robust nicotine-specific neutralizing IgA in mouse nasal and lung secretions, in additional to anti-nicotine IgG in blood circulation. The nicotine-specific IgG level in mice nasally immunized with Nic-KLH/MPL was lower than in mice subcutaneously immunized with the same Nic-KLH/MPL, but a heterologous prime-boost immunization strategy helped to increase it. CONCLUSION Intranasal immunization with a nicotine vaccine candidate can induce systemic and mucosal antibodies that specifically neutralize nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad F Alzhrani
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Solange A Valdes
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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9
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Smith LC, George O. Advances in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: Non-nicotinic approaches in animal models. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108225. [PMID: 32758566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The landscape of worldwide tobacco use is changing, with a decrease in traditional smoking and an exponential rise in electronic cigarette use. No new nicotine cessation pharmacotherapies have come to market in the last 10 years. The current therapies that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for nicotine cessation include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, and the atypical antidepressant bupropion. Nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline both act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bupropion inhibits the dopamine transporter, the norepinephrine transporter, and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to inhibit smoking behavior. Notwithstanding these treatments, rates of successful nicotine cessation in clinical trials remain low. Recent pharmacological approaches to improve nicotine cessation rates in animal models have turned their focus away from activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The present review focuses on such pharmacological approaches, including nicotine vaccines, anti-nicotine antibodies, nicotine-degrading enzymes, cannabinoids, and metformin. Both immunopharmacological and enzymatic approaches rely on restricting and degrading nicotine within the periphery, thus preventing psychoactive effects of nicotine on the central nervous system. In contrast, pharmacologic inhibition of the enzymes which degrade nicotine could affect smoking behavior. Cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists interact with the dopamine reward pathway and show efficacy in reducing nicotine addiction-like behaviors in preclinical studies. Metformin is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of diabetes. It activates specific intracellular kinases that may protect against the lower metabolism, higher oxidation, and inflammation that are associated with nicotine withdrawal. Further studies are needed to investigate non-nicotinic targets to improve the treatment of tobacco use disorder. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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10
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Schijns V, Fernández-Tejada A, Barjaktarović Ž, Bouzalas I, Brimnes J, Chernysh S, Gizurarson S, Gursel I, Jakopin Ž, Lawrenz M, Nativi C, Paul S, Pedersen GK, Rosano C, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Slütter B, Thakur A, Christensen D, Lavelle EC. Modulation of immune responses using adjuvants to facilitate therapeutic vaccination. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:169-190. [PMID: 32594569 PMCID: PMC7497245 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination offers great promise as an intervention for a diversity of infectious and non-infectious conditions. Given that most chronic health conditions are thought to have an immune component, vaccination can at least in principle be proposed as a therapeutic strategy. Understanding the nature of protective immunity is of vital importance, and the progress made in recent years in defining the nature of pathological and protective immunity for a range of diseases has provided an impetus to devise strategies to promote such responses in a targeted manner. However, in many cases, limited progress has been made in clinical adoption of such approaches. This in part results from a lack of safe and effective vaccine adjuvants that can be used to promote protective immunity and/or reduce deleterious immune responses. Although somewhat simplistic, it is possible to divide therapeutic vaccine approaches into those targeting conditions where antibody responses can mediate protection and those where the principal focus is the promotion of effector and memory cellular immunity or the reduction of damaging cellular immune responses as in the case of autoimmune diseases. Clearly, in all cases of antigen-specific immunotherapy, the identification of protective antigens is a vital first step. There are many challenges to developing therapeutic vaccines beyond those associated with prophylactic diseases including the ongoing immune responses in patients, patient heterogeneity, and diversity in the type and stage of disease. If reproducible biomarkers can be defined, these could allow earlier diagnosis and intervention and likely increase therapeutic vaccine efficacy. Current immunomodulatory approaches related to adoptive cell transfers or passive antibody therapy are showing great promise, but these are outside the scope of this review which will focus on the potential for adjuvanted therapeutic active vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Schijns
- Wageningen University, Cell Biology & Immunology and, ERC-The Netherlands, Schaijk, Landerd campus, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Žarko Barjaktarović
- Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ilias Bouzalas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Sergey Chernysh
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Department of Entomology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Lawrenz
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (CH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ane Ruiz-de-Angulo
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain
| | - Bram Slütter
- Div. BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Enhancing the Immune Response of a Nicotine Vaccine with Synthetic Small "Non-Natural" Peptides. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061290. [PMID: 32178357 PMCID: PMC7143940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The addictive nature of nicotine is likely the most significant reason for the continued prevalence of tobacco smoking despite the widespread reports of its negative health effects. Nicotine vaccines are an alternative to the currently available smoking cessation treatments, which have limited efficacy. However, the nicotine hapten is non-immunogenic, and successful vaccine formulations to treat nicotine addiction require both effective adjuvants and delivery systems. The immunomodulatory properties of short, non-natural peptide sequences not found in human systems and their ability to improve vaccine efficacy continue to be reported. The aim of this study was to determine if small “non-natural peptides,” as part of a conjugate nicotine vaccine, could improve immune responses. Four peptides were synthesized via solid phase methodology, purified, and characterized. Ex vivo plasma stability studies using RP-HPLC confirmed that the peptides were not subject to proteolytic degradation. The peptides were formulated into conjugate nicotine vaccine candidates along with a bacterial derived adjuvant vaccine delivery system and chitosan as a stabilizing compound. Formulations were tested in vitro in a dendritic cell line to determine the combination that would elicit the greatest 1L-1β response using ELISAs. Three of the peptides were able to enhance the cytokine response above that induced by the adjuvant delivery system alone. In vivo vaccination studies in BALB/c mice demonstrated that the best immune response, as measured by nicotine-specific antibody levels, was elicited from the conjugate vaccine structure, which included the peptide, as well as the other components. Isotype analyses highlighted that the peptide was able to shift immune response toward being more humorally dominant. Overall, the results have implications for the use of non-natural peptides as adjuvants not only for the development of a nicotine vaccine but also for use with other addictive substances and conventional vaccination targets as well.
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12
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Fraleigh NL, Oliva R, Lewicky JD, Martel AL, Acevedo R, Dagmar GR, Le HT. Assessing the immunogenicity and toxicity of the AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine using heterologous and homologous vaccination routes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221708. [PMID: 31442285 PMCID: PMC6707630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased risks of cancers and cardiovascular related diseases, tobacco smoking continues to be prevalent in the population due largely in part to the addictive nature of nicotine. Nicotine vaccines are an attractive alternative to the current smoking cessation options but have yet to be successful enough in clinical trials to reach the market due to a lack of neutralizing antibodies and inconsistent results. Using AFPL1 derived from the Cuban meningococcal vaccine as an adjuvant, we have previously published promising results with an intranasally administered nicotine vaccine. In order to examine the immunogenicity and safety of this vaccine in mice we set up a pilot trial administering the vaccine either intranasally, intramuscularly or utilizing both routes simultaneously and evaluated immune responses and clinical symptoms throughout the duration of the vaccination protocol and post-mortem. These data further demonstrate the ability of the AFPL1 nicotine conjugate vaccine to be a safe and potential candidate for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nya L. Fraleigh
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hoang-Thanh Le
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Medicinal Sciences division, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Chemistry & Biochemistry and Biology Departments, Laurentian university, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Zhao Z, Hu Y, Harmon T, Pentel P, Ehrich M, Zhang C. Effect of Adjuvant Release Rate on the Immunogenicity of Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines: A Case Study with a Nanoparticle-Based Nicotine Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2766-2775. [PMID: 31075204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are a critical component for vaccines, especially for a poorly immunogenic antigen, such as nicotine. However, the impact of adjuvant release rate from a vaccine formulation on its immunogenicity has not been well illustrated. In this study, we fabricated a series of hybrid-nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccines to study the impact of adjuvant release rate on their immunological efficacy. It was found that the nanovaccine with a medium or slow adjuvant release rate induced a significantly higher anti-nicotine antibody titer than that with a fast release rate. Furthermore, the medium and slow adjuvant release rates resulted in a significantly lower brain nicotine concentration than the fast release rate after nicotine challenge. All findings suggest that adjuvant release rate affects the immunological efficacy of nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccines, providing a potential strategy to rationally designing vaccine formulations against psychoactive drugs or even other antigens. The hybrid-nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine with an optimized adjuvant release rate can be a promising next-generation immunotherapeutic candidate against nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theresa Harmon
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - Paul Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
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Baruffaldi F, Raleigh MD, King SJ, Roslawski MJ, Birnbaum AK, Hassler C, Carroll FI, Runyon SP, Winston S, Pentel PR, Pravetoni M. Formulation and Characterization of Conjugate Vaccines to Reduce Opioid Use Disorders Suitable for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2364-2375. [PMID: 31018096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on formulating conjugate vaccines targeting oxycodone and heroin for technology transfer, good manufacturing practice (GMP), and clinical evaluation. Lead vaccines used the highly immunogenic carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), which poses formulation problems because of its size. To address this barrier to translation, an oxycodone-based hapten conjugated to GMP-grade subunit KLH (OXY-sKLH) and adsorbed on alum adjuvant was studied with regard to carbodiimide coupling reaction time, buffer composition, purification methods for conjugates, conjugate size, state of aggregation, and protein/alum ratio. Vaccine formulations were screened for post-immunization antibody levels and efficacy in reducing oxycodone distribution to the brain in rats. While larger conjugates were more immunogenic, their size prevented characterization of the haptenation ratio by standard analytical methods and sterilization by filtration. To address this issue, conjugation chemistry and vaccine formulation were optimized for maximal efficacy, and conjugate size was measured by dynamic light scattering prior to adsorption to alum. An analogous heroin vaccine (M-sKLH) was also optimized for conjugation chemistry, formulated in alum, and characterized for potency against heroin in rats. Finally, this study found that the efficacy of OXY-sKLH was preserved when co-administered with M-sKLH, supporting the proof of concept for a bivalent vaccine formulation targeting both heroin and oxycodone. This study suggests methods for addressing the unique formulation and characterization challenges posed by conjugating small molecules to sKLH while preserving vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baruffaldi
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M D Raleigh
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - S J King
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M J Roslawski
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - A K Birnbaum
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - C Hassler
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - F I Carroll
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S P Runyon
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S Winston
- Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting , 4475 Laguna Place #215 , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - P R Pentel
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M Pravetoni
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
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15
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Dai LX, Yang J, Liu JM, Huang S, Wang BN, Li H, Yang J, Zhao ZY, Cao K, Li MY. Adenovirus-Mediated CRM197 Sensitizes Human Glioma Cells to Gemcitabine by the Mitochondrial Pathway. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 34:171-180. [PMID: 30585767 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutation of the diphtheria toxin. The protein of CRM197 was used successfully for the therapy of various tumors in the recent studies. In this study, the recombinant adenoviruses containing the CRM197gene(AdCRM197) were used to enhance the cellar toxicity of gemcitabine in human glioma U87, U251, and H4 cells. PROCEDURES MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to test the apoptosis of the U87, U251 and H4 cells with the combined treatment of AdCRM197 plus gemcitabine. Western blotting analyses were carried out to detect the cell apoptosis of the mitochondrial pathway. And the xenograft nude mice were used to observe the enhanced antitumor effect of AdCRM197 in vivo. RESULTS AdCRM197 sensitizes human glioma cells to gemcitabine in vitro by the mitochondrial pathway. Tumor volume was inhibited and survival time was prolonged in the U251 or U87 xenografted nude mice with gemcitabine plus AdCRM197. The enhanced antitumor effect of AdCRM197 was also detected by the immunohistochemical analyses and TUNEL staining. CONCLUSION The authors found that AdCRM197 sensitized the human glioma to gemcitabine not only in vitro but also in vivo. They provide the first evidence that adenovirus-mediated CRM197 may be a potential chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of cancer. The diphtheria toxin is of great toxicity that even one molecule of diphtheria toxin is enough to kill one cell. However, because of the high toxicity, the diphtheria toxin would kill the packing cells when it is being packaged into the recombinant viruses. Therefore, the diphtheria toxin is hard to be used in the gene therapy for virus vectors. The cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutation of the diphtheria toxin. Unlike DTA, CRM197 exhibit a weak toxicity. The week toxicity of CRM197 is a good feature for the virus packaging. In the present study, we used a recombinant adenovirus which carried a CRM197 gene (AdCRM197) to enhance the cellar toxicity of gemcitabine in human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-Xia Dai
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- 3 Department of Infectious Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan, China
| | - Jian-Min Liu
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Sizhou Huang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Bao-Ning Wang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- 5 West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- 6 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Zhao
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Cao
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Li
- 1 Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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16
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Myagkova MA, Morozova VS. Vaccines for substance abuse treatment: new approaches in the immunotherapy of addictions. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Baruffaldi F, Kelcher AH, Laudenbach M, Gradinati V, Limkar A, Roslawski M, Birnbaum A, Lees A, Hassler C, Runyon S, Pravetoni M. Preclinical Efficacy and Characterization of Candidate Vaccines for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders Using Clinically Viable Carrier Proteins. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4947-4962. [PMID: 30240216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines may offer a new treatment strategy for opioid use disorders and opioid-related overdoses. To speed translation, this study evaluates opioid conjugate vaccines containing components suitable for pharmaceutical manufacturing and compares analytical assays for conjugate characterization. Three oxycodone-based haptens (OXY) containing either PEGylated or tetraglycine [(Gly)4] linkers were conjugated to a keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) carrier protein via carbodiimide (EDAC) or maleimide chemistry. The EDAC-conjugated OXY(Gly)4-KLH was most effective in reducing oxycodone distribution to the brain in mice. Vaccine efficacy was T cell-dependent. The lead OXY hapten was conjugated to the KLH, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria cross-reactive material (CRM), as well as the E. coli-expressed CRM (EcoCRM) and nontoxic tetanus toxin heavy chain fragment C (rTTHc) carrier proteins. All vaccines induced early hapten-specific B cell expansion and showed equivalent efficacy against oxycodone in mice. However, some hapten-protein conjugates were easier to characterize for molecular weight and size. Finally, heroin vaccines formulated with either EcoCRM or KLH were equally effective in reducing heroin-induced antinociception and distribution to the brain of heroin and its metabolites in mice. This study identifies vaccine candidates and vaccine components for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Baruffaldi
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States
| | - April Huseby Kelcher
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States
| | - Megan Laudenbach
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States
| | - Valeria Gradinati
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Socrates Program , Universitá degli Studi di Milano , Milan 20122 , Italy
| | - Ajinkya Limkar
- University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | | | - Angela Birnbaum
- University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Andrew Lees
- Fina Biosolutions, LLC , Rockville , Maryland 20850 , United States
| | - Carla Hassler
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Immunology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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18
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Moulahoum H, Zihnioglu F, Timur S, Coskunol H. Novel technologies in detection, treatment and prevention of substance use disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:22-31. [PMID: 30648574 PMCID: PMC9298618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a widely recognized problem, which affects various levels of communities and influenced the world socioeconomically. Its source is deeply embedded in the global population. In order to fight against such an adversary, governments have spared no efforts in implementing substance abuse treatment centers and funding research to develop treatments and prevention procedures. In this review, we will discuss the use of immunological-based treatments and detection kit technologies. We will be detailing the steps followed to produce performant antibodies (antigens, carriers, and adjuvants) focusing on cocaine and methamphetamine as examples. Furthermore, part of this review is dedicated to substance use detection. Owing to novel technologies such as bio-functional polymeric surfaces and biosensors manufacturing, detection has become a more convenient method with the fast and on-site developed devices. Commercially available devices are able to test substance use disorders in urine, saliva, hair, and sweat. This improvement has had a tremendous impact on the prevention of driving under influence and other illicit behaviors. Lastly, substance abuse became a major issue involving the cooperation of experts on all levels to devise better treatment programs and prevent abuse-based accidents, injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Addiction Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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19
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Hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine nanovaccines: Boosting the immunological efficacy by conjugation of potent carrier proteins. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1655-1665. [PMID: 29719216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine nanovaccines (NanoNicVac) were engineered in this work by conjugating potent carrier protein candidates (Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) multimer, KLH subunit, cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197), or tetanus toxoid (TT)) for enhanced immunological efficacy. NanoNicVac with CRM197 or TT were processed by dendritic cells more efficiently than that with KLH multimer or subunit. NanoNicVac carrying CRM197 or TT exhibited a significantly higher immunogenicity against nicotine and a considerably lower immunogenicity against carrier proteins than NanoNicVac carrying KLH multimer or subunit in mice. The in vivo results revealed that NanoNicVac with CRM197 or TT resulted in lower levels of nicotine in the brain of mice after nicotine challenge. All findings suggest that an enhanced immunological efficacy of NanoNicVac can be achieved by using CRM197 or TT instead of KLH or KLH subunit as carrier proteins, making NanoNicVac a promising next-generation immunotherapeutic candidate against nicotine addiction.
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20
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Dai L, Pan Q, Peng Y, Huang S, Liu J, Chen T, Wang X, Chen D, Wang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Ou Y, Yu X, Cao K. p53 Plays a Key Role in the Apoptosis of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells Induced by Adenovirus-Mediated CRM197. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:916-926. [PMID: 29620944 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a mutant form of the diphtheria toxin. Recent studies have found that CRM197 exerts an experimental antitumor effect on several types of tumors. This study applied a novel treatment of adenovirus-mediated CRM197 (AdCRM197) to human ovarian cancer cells. Interestingly, it was found that A2780 cells were sensitive to AdCRM197, but SKOV3 cells were resistant to it. Since SKOV3 cells are p53 deletion cells, while A2780 cells are p53 wild-type cells, it was postulated that p53 might play a key role in AdCRM197-induced apoptosis. This presumption was demonstrated by means of knockdown of p53 of the A2780 cells through lentivirus-mediated RNA interference. This knockdown resulted in the A2780 cells becoming resistant to AdCRM197. To verify this presumption further, the wild-type p53 gene in the SKOV3 cells was replaced with adenovirus-mediated p53 (Adp53). As expected, AdCRM197 plus Adp53 resulted in apoptosis of the SKOV3 cells. The combined treatment of AdCRM197 plus Adp53 also showed a good antitumor effect in the in vivo experiment on nude mice with xenograft tumors. Taking these results together, it is concluded that AdCRM197 induces apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells via the p53 pathway. Moreover, it was found that Adp53 can reverse the resistance of p53-deletion human ovarian cancer cells to AdCRM197. The combination of AdCRM197 and Adp53 may be a potentially effective method for overcoming the resistance of p53-deficient human ovarian cancer to AdCRM197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvxia Dai
- 1 Experiment Teaching Center of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Qu Pan
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjuan Peng
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Sizhou Huang
- 4 Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Chen
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Dengbang Chen
- 1 Experiment Teaching Center of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhu
- 6 School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Yilun Liu
- 7 Center for Scientific Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Ou
- 6 School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- 6 School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Cao
- 2 Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu, China
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Sieser JE, Maloney MT, Chisowa E, Brenek SJ, Monfette S, Salisbury JJ, Do NM, Singer RA. Ir-Catalyzed Borylation as an Efficient Route to a Nicotine Hapten. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice E. Sieser
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark T. Maloney
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Esmort Chisowa
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven J. Brenek
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John J. Salisbury
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nga M. Do
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert A. Singer
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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22
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The exciting potential of modular nanoparticles for rapid development of highly effective vaccines. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Substance use disorder, especially in relation to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl, is a significant public health issue and has intensified in recent years. As a result, substantial interest exists in developing therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused drugs. A promising universal strategy for antagonizing the pharmacology of virtually any drug involves the development of a conjugate vaccine, wherein a hapten structurally similar to the target drug is conjugated to an immunogenic carrier protein. When formulated with adjuvants and immunized, the immunoconjugate should elicit serum IgG antibodies with the ability to sequester the target drug to prevent its entry to the brain, thereby acting as an immunoantagonist. Despite the failures of first-generation conjugate vaccines against cocaine and nicotine in clinical trials, second-generation vaccines have shown dramatically improved performance in preclinical models, thus renewing the potential clinical utility of conjugate vaccines in curbing substance use disorder. This review explores the critical design elements of drug conjugate vaccines such as hapten structure, adjuvant formulation, bioconjugate chemistry, and carrier protein selection. Methods for evaluating these vaccines are discussed, and recent progress in vaccine development for each drug is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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24
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Zhao Z, Harris B, Hu Y, Harmon T, Pentel PR, Ehrich M, Zhang C. Rational incorporation of molecular adjuvants into a hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine for immunotherapy against nicotine addiction. Biomaterials 2017; 155:165-175. [PMID: 29179132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current clinically-tested nicotine vaccines have yet shown enhanced smoking cessation efficacy due to their low immunogenicity. Achieving a sufficiently high immunogenicity is a necessity for establishing a clinically-viable nicotine vaccine. This study aims to facilitate the immunogenicity of a hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine by rationally incorporating toll-like receptor (TLR)-based adjuvants, including monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), Resiquimod (R848), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG ODN 1826), and their combinations. The nanoparticle-delivered model adjuvant was found to be taken up more efficiently by dendritic cells than the free counterpart. Nanovaccine particles were transported to endosomal compartments upon cellular internalization. The incorporation of single or dual TLR adjuvants not only considerably increased total anti-nicotine IgG titers but also significantly affected IgG subtype distribution in mice. Particularly, the nanovaccines carrying MPLA+R848 or MPLA+ODN 1826 generated a much higher anti-nicotine antibody titer than those carrying none or one adjuvant. Meanwhile, the anti-nicotine antibody elicited by the nanovaccine adjuvanted with MPLA+R848 had a significantly higher affinity than that elicited by the nanovaccine carrying MPLA+ODN 1826. Moreover, the incorporation of all the selected TLR adjuvants (except MPLA) reduced the brain nicotine levels in mice after nicotine challenge. Particularly, the nanovaccine with MPLA+R848 exhibited the best ability to reduce the level of nicotine entering the brain. Collectively, rational incorporation of TLR adjuvants could enhance the immunological efficacy of the hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine, making it a promising next-generation immunotherapeutic candidate for treating nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Brian Harris
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Theresa Harmon
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Paul R Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Marion Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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25
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Bremer PT, Schlosburg JE, Banks ML, Steele FF, Zhou B, Poklis JL, Janda KD. Development of a Clinically Viable Heroin Vaccine. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8601-8611. [PMID: 28574716 PMCID: PMC5612493 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is a highly abused opioid and incurs a significant detriment to society worldwide. In an effort to expand the limited pharmacotherapy options for opioid use disorders, a heroin conjugate vaccine was developed through comprehensive evaluation of hapten structure, carrier protein, adjuvant and dosing. Immunization of mice with an optimized heroin-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate formulated with adjuvants alum and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) generated heroin "immunoantagonism", reducing heroin potency by >15-fold. Moreover, the vaccine effects proved to be durable, persisting for over eight months. The lead vaccine was effective in rhesus monkeys, generating significant and sustained antidrug IgG titers in each subject. Characterization of both mouse and monkey antiheroin antibodies by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed low nanomolar antiserum affinity for the key heroin metabolite, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), with minimal cross reactivity to clinically used opioids. Following a series of heroin challenges over six months in vaccinated monkeys, drug-sequestering antibodies caused marked attenuation of heroin potency (>4-fold) in a schedule-controlled responding (SCR) behavioral assay. Overall, these preclinical results provide an empirical foundation supporting the further evaluation and potential clinical utility of an effective heroin vaccine in treating opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joel E. Schlosburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Floyd. F. Steele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Nanoassembly routes stimulate conflicting antibody quantity and quality for transmission-blocking malaria vaccines. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630474 PMCID: PMC5476561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development efforts have recently focused on enabling strong immune responses to poorly immunogenic antigens, via display on multimerisation scaffolds or virus like particles (VLPs). Typically such studies demonstrate improved antibody titer comparing monomeric and nano-arrayed antigen. There are many such studies and scaffold technologies, but minimal side-by-side evaluation of platforms for both the amount and efficacy of antibodies induced. Here we present direct comparison of three leading platforms displaying the promising malaria transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) target Pfs25. These platforms encompass the three important routes to antigen-scaffold linkage: genetic fusion, chemical cross-linking and plug-and-display SpyTag/SpyCatcher conjugation. We demonstrate that chemically-conjugated Qβ VLPs elicited the highest quantity of antibodies, while SpyCatcher-AP205-VLPs elicited the highest quality anti-Pfs25 antibodies for transmission blocking upon mosquito feeding. These quantative and qualitative features will guide future nanoassembly optimisation, as well as the development of the new generation of malaria vaccines targeting transmission.
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Zeigler DF, Roque R, Clegg CH. Construction of an enantiopure bivalent nicotine vaccine using synthetic peptides. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178835. [PMID: 28570609 PMCID: PMC5453580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcomes of anti-nicotine vaccines may be improved through enhancements in serum antibody affinity and concentration. Two strategies were explored to improve vaccine efficacy in outbred mice: the use of enantiopure haptens and formulation of a bivalent vaccine. Vaccines incorporating natural (-) nicotine haptens improved relative antibody affinities >10-fold over (+) haptens, stimulated a two-fold boost in nicotine serum binding capacity, and following injection with 3 cigarette equivalents of nicotine, prevented a larger proportion of nicotine (>85%) from reaching the brain. The activity of a bivalent vaccine containing (-) 3’AmNic and (-) 1’SNic haptens was then compared to dose-matched monovalent groups. It was confirmed that antisera generated by these structurally distinct haptens have minimal cross-reactivity and stimulate different B cell populations. Equivalent antibody affinities were detected between the three groups, but the bivalent group showed two-fold higher titers and an additive increase in nicotine serum binding capacity as compared to the monovalent groups. Mice immunized with the bivalent formulation also performed better in a nicotine challenge experiment, and prevented >85% of a nicotine dose equivalent to 12 cigarettes from reaching the brain. Overall, enantiopure conjugate vaccines appear to improve serum antibody affinity, while multivalent formulations increase total antibody concentration. These findings may help improve the performance of future clinical candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Roque
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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28
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The Effect of Physicochemical Modification on the Function of Antibodies Induced by Anti-Nicotine Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020011. [PMID: 28513561 PMCID: PMC5492008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One approach to assisting smoking cessation is via anti-nicotine vaccines, composed of nicotine-like haptens conjugated to a carrier protein plus adjuvant(s). We have previously shown that the carrier, hapten, linker, hapten load, degree of conjugate aggregation, and presence of adducts can each influence the function (nicotine-binding capacity) of the antibody (Ab) induced. Herein, we extend those findings and show that tertiary structure is also critical to the induction of functional immune responses and that this can be influenced by conjugation conditions. We evaluated immunogenicity in mice using six lots of NIC7-CRM, a conjugate of 5-aminoethoxy-nicotine (Hapten 7), and a single point (glycine 52 to glutamic acid) mutant nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin, cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197), which were synthesized under different reaction conditions resulting in conjugates with equivalent molecular characteristics (hapten load, aggregates, adducts), but a different tertiary structure. When tested in mice, better functional responses (reduced nicotine in the brain of immunized animals relative to non-immunized controls) were obtained with conjugates with a more closed structure than those with an open conformation. These studies highlight the need for a better understanding of the physicochemical properties of small molecule conjugate vaccines.
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Vingtdeux V, Zhao H, Chandakkar P, Acker CM, Davies P, Marambaud P. A modification-specific peptide-based immunization approach using CRM197 carrier protein: Development of a selective vaccine against pyroglutamate Aβ peptides. Mol Med 2016; 22:841-849. [PMID: 27900387 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies aimed at reducing cerebral accumulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ immunization has proven to be effective at promoting Aβ clearance in animal models but adverse effects have hampered its clinical evaluation. The first anti-Aβ immunization clinical trial, which assessed a full-length Aβ1-42 vaccine, increased the risk of encephalitis most likely because of autoimmune pro-inflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) response against all forms of Aβ. Immunization against less abundant but potentially more pathologically relevant Aβ products, such as N-terminally-truncated pyroglutamate-3 Aβ (AβpE3), could provide efficacy and improve tolerability in Aβ immunotherapy. Here, we describe a selective vaccine against AβpE3, which uses the diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 as carrier protein for epitope presentation. CRM197 is currently used in licensed vaccines and has demonstrated excellent immunogenicity and safety in humans. In mice, our AβpE3:CRM197 vaccine triggered the production of specific anti-AβpE3 antibodies that did not cross-react with Aβ1-42, non-cyclized AβE3, or N-terminally-truncated pyroglutamate-11 Aβ (AβpE11). AβpE3:CRM197 antiserum strongly labeled AβpE3 in insoluble protein extracts and decorated cortical amyloid plaques in human AD brains. Anti-AβpE3 antibodies were almost exclusively of the IgG1 isotype, suggesting an anti-inflammatory Th2 response bias to the AβpE3:CRM197 vaccine. To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that CRM197 has potential as a safe and suitable vaccine carrier for active and selective immunization against specific protein sequence modifications or conformations, such as AβpE3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Vingtdeux
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Haitian Zhao
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Pallavi Chandakkar
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Christopher M Acker
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Peter Davies
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
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30
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Pumpens P, Renhofa R, Dishlers A, Kozlovska T, Ose V, Pushko P, Tars K, Grens E, Bachmann MF. The True Story and Advantages of RNA Phage Capsids as Nanotools. Intervirology 2016; 59:74-110. [DOI: 10.1159/000449503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Evans SM, Foltin RW, Hicks MJ, Rosenberg JB, De BP, Janda KD, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG. Efficacy of an adenovirus-based anti-cocaine vaccine to reduce cocaine self-administration and reacqusition using a choice procedure in rhesus macaques. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:76-86. [PMID: 27697554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunopharmacotherapy offers an approach for treating cocaine abuse by specifically targeting the cocaine molecule and preventing its access to the CNS. dAd5GNE is a novel cocaine vaccine that attenuates the stimulant and the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats. The goal of this study was to extend and validate dAd5GNE vaccine efficacy in non-human primates. Six experimentally naïve adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer 0.1mg/kg/injection intravenous (i.v.) cocaine or receive candy; then 4 monkeys were administered the vaccine and 2 monkeys were administered vehicle intramuscularly, with additional vaccine boosts throughout the study. The reinforcing effects of cocaine were measured during self-administration, extinction, and reacquisition (relapse) phases. Serum antibody titers in the vaccinated monkeys remained high throughout the study. There was no change in the preference for cocaine over candy over a 20-week period in 5 of the 6 monkeys; only one of the 4 (25%) vaccinated monkeys showed a decrease in cocaine choice. All 6 monkeys extinguished responding for cocaine during saline extinction testing; vaccinated monkeys tended to take longer to extinguish responding than control monkeys (17.5 vs. 7.0 sessions). Vaccination substantially retarded reacquisition of cocaine self-administration; control monkeys resumed cocaine self-administration within 6-41 sessions and 1 vaccinated monkey resumed cocaine self-administration in 19 sessions. The other 3 vaccinated monkeys required between 57 and 94 sessions to resume cocaine self-administration even in the context of employing several manipulations to encourage cocaine reacquisition. These data suggest that the dAdGNE vaccine may have therapeutic potential for humans who achieve cocaine abstinence as part of a relapse prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette M Evans
- Department of Psychiatry, Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Richard W Foltin
- Department of Psychiatry, Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Martin J Hicks
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jonathan B Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bishnu P De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Pravetoni M. Biologics to treat substance use disorders: Current status and new directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3005-3019. [PMID: 27441896 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1212785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and genetically modified enzymes) offer a promising class of therapeutics to treat substance use disorders (SUD) involving abuse of opioids and stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. In contrast to small molecule medications targeting brain receptors, biologics for SUD are larger molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but target the drug itself, preventing its distribution to the brain and blunting its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive immunization approaches rely on antibodies (Ab) that bind drugs of abuse in serum and block their distribution to the brain, preventing the rewarding effects of drugs and addiction-related behaviors. Alternatives to vaccines and anti-drug mAb are genetically engineered human or bacterial enzymes that metabolize drugs of abuse, lowering the concentration of free active drug. Pre-clinical and clinical data support development of effective biologics for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pravetoni
- a Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology , Center for Immunology , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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33
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Weeratna RD, Chikh G, Zhang L, Fraser JD, Thorn JM, Merson JR, McCluskie MJ, Champion BR, Davis HL. Immunogenicity of a peptide-based anti-IgE conjugate vaccine in non-human primates. Immun Inflamm Dis 2016; 4:135-147. [PMID: 27957325 PMCID: PMC4879460 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-human immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibody, omalizumab (Xolair®, Genentech, South San Fransisco, CA), is effective in the treatment of poorly controlled moderate to severe allergic asthma and chronic idiopathic urticaria. It acts by specifically binding to the constant domain (Cϵ3) of free human IgE in the blood and interstitial fluid. Although efficacious, use of omalizumab is limited due to restrictions on patient weight and pre-existing IgE levels, and frequent dosing (q2-4 weeks). A vaccine inducing anti-IgE antibodies has the potential for similar clinical benefits with less frequent dosing and relatively lower cost of goods. We developed a vaccine containing two IgE peptide-conjugates targeting the Cϵ3 domain of human IgE. As part of preclinical evaluation of the vaccine to optimize formulation and dose prior to initiating clinical studies, we evaluated the vaccine in non-human primates, and demonstrate the induction of anti-peptide antibodies that can bind to conformationally intact human IgE and are capable, at least in some animals, of substantial lowering circulating IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghania Chikh
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Lu Zhang
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - James R. Merson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - Heather L. Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
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34
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McCluskie MJ, Evans DM, Zhang N, Benoit M, McElhiney SP, Unnithan M, DeMarco SC, Clay B, Huber C, Deora A, Thorn JM, Stead DR, Merson JR, Davis HL. The effect of preexisting anti-carrier immunity on subsequent responses to CRM197 or Qb-VLP conjugate vaccines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:184-96. [PMID: 27121368 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2016.1165246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Certain antigens, such as haptens (small molecules), short peptides, and carbohydrates (e.g. bacterial polysaccharides) are non- or poorly immunogenic unless conjugated to a carrier molecule that provides a structural scaffold for antigen presentation as well as T cell help required for B-cell activation and maturation. However, the carriers themselves are immunogenic and resulting carrier-specific immune responses may impact the immunogenicity of other conjugate vaccines using the same carrier that are administered subsequently. OBJECTIVE Herein, using two different carriers (cross-reactive material 197, CRM and Qb-VLP), we examined in mice the impact that preexisting anti-carrier antibodies (Ab) had on subsequent immune responses to conjugates with either the same or a different carrier. METHOD For this purpose, we used two nicotine hapten conjugates (NIC7-CRM or NIC-Qb), two IgE peptide conjugates (Y-CRM or Y-Qb), and a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate (Prevnar 13(®)). RESULTS Prior exposure to CRM or Qb-VLP significantly reduced subsequent responses to the conjugated antigen having the homologous carrier, with the exception of Prevnar 13® where anti-polysaccharide responses were similar to those in animals without preexisting anti-carrier Ab. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data suggest that the relative sizes of the antigen and carrier, as well as the conjugation density for a given conjugate impact the extent of anti-carrier suppression. All animals developed anti-carrier responses with repeat vaccination and the differences in Ab titer between groups with and without preexisting anti-carrier responses became less apparent; however, anti-carrier effects were more durable for Ab function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCluskie
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Dana M Evans
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Ningli Zhang
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Michelle Benoit
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Susan P McElhiney
- b Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Manu Unnithan
- b Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Suzanne C DeMarco
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Bryan Clay
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | | | - Aparna Deora
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jennifer M Thorn
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - David R Stead
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - James R Merson
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Heather L Davis
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
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35
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Evans DM, Thorn JM, Arch-Douglas K, Sperry JB, Thompson B, Davis HL, McCluskie MJ. Support for the revocation of general safety test regulations in biologics license applications. Biologicals 2016; 44:178-81. [PMID: 26996102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration recently removed the requirement for a General Safety Test (GST) for biologics in the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 610.11). The GST, as well as abnormal toxicity (European Pharmacopeia) and innocuity tests (World Health Organization), were designed to test for extraneous toxic contaminants on each product lot intended for human use. Tests require one-week observations for general health and weight following injection of specified volumes of product batches into guinea pigs and mice. At the volumes specified, dose-related toxicity may result when the product is pharmacologically active in rodents. With vaccines, required doses may be > 3 logs higher than intended human dose on a weight-adjusted basis and if an immune modulatory adjuvant is included, systemic immune hyperactivation may cause toxicity. Herein, using the CpG/alum adjuvant combination we evaluated the different test protocols and showed their unsuitability for this adjuvant combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Evans
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Thorn
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Justin B Sperry
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce Thompson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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36
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Anti-IgE Qb-VLP Conjugate Vaccine Self-Adjuvants through Activation of TLR7. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4010003. [PMID: 26805897 PMCID: PMC4810055 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Qb bacteriophage virus-like particles (Qb-VLP) are utilized as carriers to enhance immune responses to weakly or non-immunogenic antigens such as peptides and haptens. Qb-VLPs are formed through the self-assembly of multiple Qb capsid protein monomers, a process which traps a large amount of bacterial RNA in the core of the VLP. Bacterial RNA is known to activate the innate immune system via TLR 7 and 8 found within the endosomes of certain immune cells and has been shown to contribute to the immunogenicity of Qb-VLP vaccines. Herein, we evaluated an anti-IgE vaccine comprised of two IgE peptides (Y and P) conjugated to Qb-VLP (Qb-Y and Qb-P, respectively) for in vitro stimulation of human PBMCs and in vivo immunogenicity in mice. The in vitro secretion of IFN-α from human PBMCs exposed to Qb-Y is consistent with TLR7 activation. Immunization of mice with the IgE peptide Qb-VLP conjugates induced high titers of anti-IgE antibodies in wild-type mice, but significantly lower titers in TLR7 knockout mice, supporting the self-adjuvanting role of the RNA. Inclusion of alum and alum/CpG as adjuvants partially or completely compensated for the lack of TLR7 activation in TLR7-deficient mice. Our study demonstrates the key role that TLR7 plays in the immunogenicity of the IgE peptide Qb-VLP conjugate vaccine.
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