1
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Sokol OO, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Karpova OV, Matveeva IN, Gryn SA, Popova VM, Ivanov IV, Fedorov YN, Litenkova IY. Protective Activity of Inactivated Rabies Vaccine Using Flagellin-Based Adjuvant. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:574-582. [PMID: 38648774 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease with high lethality. Most human deaths are associated with the bites received from dogs and cats. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing rabies disease in both animals and humans. In this study, the ability of an adjuvant based on recombinant Salmonella typhimurium flagellin to increase protective activity of the inactivated rabies vaccine in mice was evaluated. A series of inactivated dry culture vaccine for dogs and cats "Rabikan" (strain Shchelkovo-51) with addition of an adjuvant at various dilutions were used. The control preparation was a similar series of inactivated dry culture vaccine without an adjuvant. Protective activity of the vaccine preparations was evaluated by the NIH potency test, which is the most widely used and internationally recommended method for testing effectiveness of the inactivated rabies vaccines. The value of specific activity of the tested rabies vaccine when co-administered with the adjuvant was significantly higher (48.69 IU/ml) than that of the vaccine without the adjuvant (3.75 IU/ml). Thus, recombinant flagellin could be considered as an effective adjuvant in the composition of future vaccine preparations against rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Sokol
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | | | - Olga V Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Irina N Matveeva
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
- Shchelkovo Biocombinat Federal State Enterprise, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Gryn
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Vera M Popova
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Igor V Ivanov
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Yuri N Fedorov
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
| | - Irina Y Litenkova
- Shchelkovo Biocombinat Federal State Enterprise, Biocombinat, Moscow Region, 141142, Russia
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2
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Shi J, Shen A, Cheng Y, Zhang C, Yang X. 30-Year Development of Inactivated Virus Vaccine in China. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2721. [PMID: 38140062 PMCID: PMC10748258 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivated vaccines are vaccines made from inactivated pathogens, typically achieved by using chemical or physical methods to destroy the virus's ability to replicate. This type of vaccine can induce the immune system to produce an immune response against specific pathogens, thus protecting the body from infection. In China, the manufacturing of inactivated vaccines has a long history and holds significant importance among all the vaccines available in the country. This type of vaccine is widely used in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. China is dedicated to conducting research on new inactivated vaccines, actively promoting the large-scale production of inactivated vaccines, and continuously improving production technology and quality management. These efforts enable China to meet the domestic demand for inactivated vaccines and gain a certain competitive advantage in the international market. In the future, China will continue to devote itself to the research and production of inactivated vaccines, further enhancing the population's health levels and contributing to social development. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the 30-year evolution of inactivated virus vaccines in China, serving as a reference for the development and production of such vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Shi
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China; (J.S.); (A.S.); (Y.C.)
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ailin Shen
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China; (J.S.); (A.S.); (Y.C.)
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China; (J.S.); (A.S.); (Y.C.)
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China; (J.S.); (A.S.); (Y.C.)
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China; (J.S.); (A.S.); (Y.C.)
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- China National Biotech Group Company Limited, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Laotee S, Duangkaew M, Jivapetthai A, Tharakhet K, Kaewpang P, Prompetchara E, Phumiamorn S, Sapsutthipas S, Trisiriwanich S, Somsaard T, Roytrakul S, Duangkhae P, Ongpipattanakul B, Limpikirati P, Pornputtapong N, Arunmanee W. CHO-produced RBD-Fc subunit vaccines with alternative adjuvants generate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288486. [PMID: 37450510 PMCID: PMC10348575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines feature critical advantages over other vaccine platforms such as stability, price, and minimal adverse effects. To maximize immunological protection of subunit vaccines, adjuvants are considered as main components that are formulated within the subunit vaccine. They can modulate adverse effects and enhance immune outcomes. However, the most suitable formulation providing the best immunological outcomes and safety are still under investigation. In this report, we combined recombinant RBD with human IgG1 Fc to create an RBD dimer. This fusion protein was expressed in CHO and formulated with alternative adjuvants with different immune activation including Montanide ISA51, Poly (I:C), and MPLA/Quil-A® as potential vaccine candidate formulations. Using the murine model, a potent induction of anti-RBD IgG antibodies in immunized mice sera were observed. IgG subclass analyses (IgG1/IgG2a) illustrated that all adjuvanted formulations could stimulate both Th1 and Th2-type immune responses in particular Poly (I:C) and MPLA/Quil-A®, eliciting greater balance. In addition, Montanide ISA51-formulated RBD-Fc vaccination provided a promising level of neutralizing antibodies against live wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in vitro followed by Poly (I:C) and MPLA/Quil-A®, respectively. Also, mice sera from adjuvanted formulations could strongly inhibit RBD:ACE2 interaction. This study offers immunogenicity profiles, forecasted safety based on Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) caused by Th1-skewed immunity, and neutralizing antibody analysis of candidates of RBD-Fc-based subunit vaccine formulations to obtain an alternative subunit vaccine formulation against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedthawut Laotee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Methawee Duangkaew
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Araya Jivapetthai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittipan Tharakhet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papatsara Kaewpang
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Phumiamorn
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sapsutthipas
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sakalin Trisiriwanich
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Somsaard
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Parichat Duangkhae
- Viral Vaccine Unit, Biologics Research Group, Research and Development Institute, The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsri Ongpipattanakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patanachai Limpikirati
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pornputtapong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanatchaporn Arunmanee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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He X, Chen X, Wang H, Du G, Sun X. Recent advances in respiratory immunization: A focus on COVID-19 vaccines. J Control Release 2023; 355:655-674. [PMID: 36787821 PMCID: PMC9937028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast majority of currently authorized human vaccinations are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, exploring novel routes of immunization has been a prominent area of study in recent years. This is particularly relevant in the face of pandemic diseases, such as COVID-19, where respiratory immunization offers distinct advantages, such as inducing systemic and mucosal responses to prevent viral infections in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and also leading to higher patient compliance. However, the development of respiratory vaccines confronts challenges due to the physiological barriers of the respiratory tract, with most of these vaccines still in the research and development stage. In this review, we detail the structure of the respiratory tract and the mechanisms of mucosal immunity, as well as the obstacles to respiratory vaccination. We also examine the considerations necessary in constructing a COVID-19 respiratory vaccine, including the dosage form of the vaccines, potential excipients and mucosal adjuvants, and delivery systems and devices for respiratory vaccines. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 respiratory vaccines currently under clinical investigation. We hope this review can provide valuable insights and inspiration for the future development of respiratory vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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5
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Deigin V, Premyslova M, Ksenofontova O, Yatskin O, Volpina O. Evaluation of Neuroprotective and Adjuvant Activities of Diketopiperazine‐Based Peptidomimetics. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Deigin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
- Immunotech Developments Inc. 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite 2025 Mississauga Ontario L5 K 1B3 Canada
| | - Marina Premyslova
- Immunotech Developments Inc. 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite 2025 Mississauga Ontario L5 K 1B3 Canada
| | - Olga Ksenofontova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Oleg Yatskin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Olga Volpina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
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6
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Taghioff SM, Slavin BR, Mehra S, Holton T, Singh D. The impact of influenza vaccination on surgical outcomes in COVID-19 positive patients: An analysis of 43,580 patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281990. [PMID: 36897891 PMCID: PMC10004617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple recent studies suggest a possible protective effect of the influenza vaccine against severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This effect has yet to be evaluated in surgical patients. This study utilizes a continuously updated federated electronic medical record (EMR) network (TriNetX, Cambridge, MA) to analyze the influence of the influenza vaccine against post-operative complications in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. METHODS The de-identified records of 73,341,020 patients globally were retrospectively screened. Two balanced cohorts totaling 43,580 surgical patients were assessed from January 2020-January 2021. Cohort One received the influenza vaccine six months-two weeks prior to SARS-CoV-2-positive diagnosis, while Cohort Two did not. Post-operative complications within 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of undergoing surgery were analyzed using common procedural terminology(CPT) codes. Outcomes were propensity score matched for characteristics including age, race, gender, diabetes, obesity, and smoking. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-positive patients receiving the influenza vaccine experienced significantly decreased risks of sepsis, deep vein thrombosis, dehiscence, acute myocardial infarction, surgical site infections, and death across multiple time points(p<0.05, Bonferroni Correction p = 0.0011). Number needed to vaccinate (NNV) was calculated for all significant and nominally significant findings. CONCLUSION Our analysis examines the potential protective effect of influenza vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-positive surgical patients. Limitations include this study's retrospective nature and reliance on accuracy of medical coding. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Taghioff
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Luminis Health-Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Slavin
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shefali Mehra
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tripp Holton
- Department of Surgery, Luminis Health-Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Devinder Singh
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A comparison between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV2: an update on current COVID-19 vaccines. Daru 2022; 30:379-406. [PMID: 36050585 PMCID: PMC9436716 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, many health care systems have been heavily engaged in treating and preventing the disease, and the year 2020 may be called as “historic COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough”. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies have initiated investigations on developing an efficient and safe vaccine against the virus. From Moderna and Pfizer in the United States to PastocoVac in Pasteur Institute of Iran and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, different candidates have been introduced to the market. COVID-19 vaccine research has been facilitated based on genome and structural information, bioinformatics predictions, epitope mapping, and data obtained from the previous developments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) vaccine candidates. SARS-CoV genome sequence is highly homologous to the one in COVID-19 and both viruses use the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Moreover, the immune system responds to these viruses, partially in the same way. Considering the on-going COVID-19 pandemic and previous attempts to manufacture SARS-CoV vaccines, this paper is going to discuss clinical cases as well as vaccine challenges, including those related to infrastructures, transportation, possible adverse reactions, utilized delivery systems (e.g., nanotechnology and electroporation) and probable vaccine-induced mutations.
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Almadhoon HW, Hamdallah A, Elsayed SM, Hagrass AI, Hasan MT, Fayoud AM, Al-Kafarna M, Elbahnasawy M, Alqatati F, Ragab KM, Zaazouee MS, Hasabo EA. The effect of influenza vaccine in reducing the severity of clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14266. [PMID: 35995930 PMCID: PMC9395333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that vaccination against influenza may reduce the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. This study looked at the link between influenza vaccination and the severity of COVID-19 infection. We searched five databases until August 2021. We included studies that reported the relationship between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes. We pooled the data as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), the data pooled using fixed and random effects models according to the heterogeneity of results. Sixteen observational studies with 191,496 COVID-19 patients were included. In terms of mechanical ventilation, our analysis showed a significant favor for the influenza vaccinated group over the non-vaccinated group (RR = 0.72, 95% CI [0.54, 0.96], P = 0.03). However, the analysis indicated no statistically significant differences between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups in the term of mortality rate (RR = 1.20, 95% CI [0.71, 2.04], P = 0.50), hospital admissions (RR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.84, 1.29], P = 0.75), intensive care admissions (RR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.44, 1.62], P = 0.60). There were no significant differences between those who had received the influenza vaccine and those who had not in COVID-19 clinical outcomes, except for mechanical ventilation which showed a significantly lower risk in the influenza vaccinated group compared to the non-vaccinated one. However, future research is encouraged as our data have limitations, and the influenza vaccine is regularly updated. Also, this does not exclude the importance of the influenza vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Waleed Almadhoon
- Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University - Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aboalmagd Hamdallah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah Makram Elsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman Ibrahim Hagrass
- Faculty of Medicine for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Tarek Hasan
- Faculty of Medicine for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Mamdouh Fayoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Kafarna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University - Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Elbahnasawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadel Alqatati
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled Mohamed Ragab
- Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sayed Zaazouee
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elfatih A Hasabo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. .,International Medical Research Association (IMedRA), Cairo, Egypt.
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9
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Vaccines platforms and COVID-19: what you need to know. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2022; 8:20. [PMID: 35965345 PMCID: PMC9537331 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-022-00176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is the third zoonotic coronavirus since the beginning of the 21 first century, and it has taken more than 6 million human lives because of the lack of immunity causing global economic losses. Consequently, developing a vaccine against the virus represents the fastest way to finish the threat and regain some "normality." OBJECTIVE Here, we provide information about the main features of the most important vaccine platforms, some of them already approved, to clear common doubts fostered by widespread misinformation and to reassure the public of the safety of the vaccination process and the different alternatives presented. METHODS Articles published in open access databases until January 2022 were identified using the search terms "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "Coronavirus," "COVID-19 Vaccines," "Pandemic," COVID-19, and LMICs or their combinations. DISCUSSION Traditional first-generation vaccine platforms, such as whole virus vaccines (live attenuated and inactivated virus vaccines), as well as second-generation vaccines, like protein-based vaccines (subunit and viral vector vaccines), and third-generation vaccines, such as nanoparticle and genetic vaccines (mRNA vaccines), are described. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 sequence information obtained in a record time provided the basis for the fast development of a COVID-19 vaccine. The adaptability characteristic of the new generation of vaccines is changing our capability to react to emerging threats to future pandemics. Nevertheless, the slow and unfair distribution of vaccines to low- and middle-income countries and the spread of misinformation are a menace to global health since the unvaccinated will increase the chances for resurgences and the surge of new variants that can escape the current vaccines.
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Dowling DJ, Levy O. A Precision Adjuvant Approach to Enhance Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines Optimized for Immunologically Distinct Vulnerable Populations. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S30-S36. [PMID: 35512145 PMCID: PMC9129145 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused significant mortality, especially among older adults whose distinct immune system reflects immunosenescence. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have received emergency use authorization and/or licensure from the US Food and Drug Administration and throughout the world. However, their deployment has heighted significant limitations, such by age-dependent immunogenicity, requirements for multiple vaccine doses, refrigeration infrastructure that is not universally available, as well as waning immunity. Thus, there was, and continues to be a need for continued innovation during the pandemic given the desire for dose-sparing, formulations stable at more readily achievable temperatures, need for robust immunogenicity in vulnerable populations, and development of safe and effective pediatric vaccines. In this context, optimal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines may ultimately rely on inclusion of adjuvants as they can potentially enhance protection of vulnerable populations and provide dose-sparing effects enabling single shot protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Satir A, Ersoy A, Demirci H, Ozturk M. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and COVID-19 in kidney transplant patients. Transpl Immunol 2022; 75:101693. [PMID: 35963562 PMCID: PMC9365519 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the effect of recent influenza and pneumococcal vaccines' administration on the development of COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients during the pandemic. Methods The effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines on the clinical course of the disease in COVID-positive (COVID group, n: 105) and COVID-negative (control group, n: 127) recipients has been examined. The control group included patients with negative rRT-PCR test results. At the time of the study, no patient was vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine. The patients' influenza and/or pneumococcal vaccination rates in 2019 and 2020 were determined. In 2019 and 2020, 32 and 33 people in the COVID-positive group and 61 and 54 people in the COVID-negative group had received influenza and/or pneumococcal vaccines, respectively. The median study follow-up times of the COVID-negative and COVID-positive groups were 13.04 and 8.31 months, respectively. Results Compared with the COVID-negative group, the patients in the COVID-positive group were younger and had a longer post-transplant time. In addition, the rate of transplantation from a living donor and the rate of COVID positivity in family members were also higher. The influenza vaccination rates in the COVID negative group were significantly higher than the COVID-positive group in 2020 (23.8% vs 37%, p = 0.031). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of COVID-19 in family members and lack of pneumococcal vaccination in 2020 increased the risk of being positive for COVID-19. There was no significant difference in the hospitalization rates, the need for dialysis and intensive care, the hospital stay, and the graft dysfunction in the COVID-positive patients with and without influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Conclusion The observations made throughout this study suggest that influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in transplant patients may reduce the risk of COVID-19 disease and provide additional benefits during the pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Satir
- Department of Urology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Ersoy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Demirci
- Department of Family Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Murat Ozturk
- Department of Urology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
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12
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Dai J, Wang Y, Wang H, Gao Z, Wang Y, Fang M, Shi S, Zhang P, Wang H, Su Y, Yang M. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Innate Immune Responses and the Potential Application Value of Toll-Like Receptor Immunomodulators in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:948770. [PMID: 35832809 PMCID: PMC9271922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.948770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to activate innate immune response to clear the invading virus. However, dysregulated immune responses may elicit the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the enhancement of immune-mediated pathology. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and TLR-induced immune responses is very important for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 components by TLRs and the downstream signaling pathways that are activated, as well as the dual role of TLRs in regulating antiviral effects and excessive inflammatory responses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, this article describes recent progress in the development of TLR immunomodulators including the agonists and antagonists, as vaccine adjuvants or agents used to treat hyperinflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingli Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Yingying Su,
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Ming Yang,
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13
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Intranasal immunization with a proteosome-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-based vaccine is immunogenic and efficacious in mice and hamsters. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9772. [PMID: 35697917 PMCID: PMC9191540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the emergence of novel variants, the development of novel vaccine formulations with enhanced immunogenicity profiles could help reduce disease burden in the future. Intranasally delivered vaccines offer a new modality to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections through the induction of protective immune responses at the mucosal surface where viral entry occurs. Herein, we evaluated a novel protein subunit vaccine formulation containing a resistin-trimerized prefusion Spike antigen (SmT1v3) and a proteosome-based mucosal adjuvant (BDX301) formulated to enable intranasal immunization. In mice, the formulation induced robust antigen-specific IgG and IgA titers, in the blood and lungs, respectively. In addition, the formulations were highly efficacious in a hamster challenge model, reducing viral load and body weight loss. In both models, the serum antibodies had strong neutralizing activity, preventing the cellular binding of the viral Spike protein based on the ancestral reference strain, the Beta (B.1.351) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants of concern. As such, this intranasal vaccine formulation warrants further development as a novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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14
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Neil JA, Griffith M, Godfrey DI, Purcell DFJ, Deliyannis G, Jackson D, Rockman S, Subbarao K, Nolan T. Nonhuman primate models for evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1055-1070. [PMID: 35652289 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2071264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy in animal models provide critical data in vaccine development. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. AREAS COVERED A critical synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development with a focus on challenge studies in NHPs is provided. The benefits and drawbacks of the NHP models are discussed. The citations were selected by the authors based on PubMed searches of the literature, summaries from national public health bodies, and press-release information provided by vaccine developers. EXPERT OPINION We identify several aspects of NHP models that limit their usefulness for vaccine-challenge studies and numerous variables that constrain comparisons across vaccine platforms. We propose that studies conducted in NHPs for vaccine development should use a standardized protocol and, where possible, be substituted with smaller animal models. This will ensure continued rapid progression of vaccines to clinical trials without compromising assessments of safety or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryanne Griffith
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo), Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Seqirus, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo), Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Paramita S, Khotimah S, Marwan M, Isnuwardhana R, Fitriany E, Nufus AZSZ. Seroprevalence Surgery of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Based on COVID-19 Vaccine Type in Academy Community, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: The implementation of the vaccine on a large scale has almost reached all provinces in Indonesia. East Kalimantan, one of the provinces affected by COVID-19, has also implemented a vaccine program. Seroprevalence surveys are essential to describe the success of vaccine program based on antibody titre test.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to determine the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titre value based on the type of vaccine received by the academic community in Samarinda, one of the cities most affected by COVID-19 in East Kalimantan.
METHODOLOGY: The study was population-based. The study sampled 100 people from the community. Participants must be in good health, aged 16-60, with a positive COVID-19 test, no comorbid illnesses or other chronic problems, no blood transfusions, and most importantly, have received the least initial dosage of immunization. The data will be analyzed using SPSS 26 and STATA 16. A normality test and Tobit regression test to determine the antibody distribution in each vaccine type.
RESULTS: The results showed that Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine provided a significant (p=0.001) increase in antibody prediction of 1090 U/ml (95% CI: 764-1416), while Pfizer provided a significant (p=0.000) rise of 766 U/ml (95% CI: 307-1226).
CONCLUSION: According to the results of a seroprevalence survey conducted among the academic community in East Kalimantan, receivers of inactivated vaccinations outnumbered those of mRNA and vector-based vaccines. It can be determined that booster immunizations for students and academic staff are required to guard against COVID-19 infection. As boosters, both Moderna's COVID-19 Vaccine and Pfizer's COVID-19 Vaccine are strongly recommended.
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16
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Sun J, Sarfraz M, Khawaja KF, Ozturk I, Raza MA. The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Job Performance in Pakistan. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:1325-1346. [PMID: 35642192 PMCID: PMC9148606 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s365972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to improve employees’ job performance during COVID-19 pandemic circumstances and demonstrates the impact of COVID-19 fear on hospitality employees’ job performance under the mediating role of job insecurity changes and job loss insecurity. Methods The study adopts a quantitative approach, and data were accumulated through a structured questionnaire. In total, 509 valid questionnaires were received from employees working in Pakistan’s hospitality sector. A structural equation model using Smart-PLS software was used to analyze the collected data from the respondents. Results The results have identified that COVID-19 fear has a positive and significant influence on job insecurity changes, job loss insecurity, and a negative and significant relationship with job performance. The mediating relationship of job insecurity changes and job loss insecurity negatively significantly influence job performance. Additionally, results indicate a significant relationship between the moderating effect of the COVID-19 vaccines and job insecurity changes, job loss insecurity, and job performance. Conclusion The study revealed that employees who perceived their jobs to be insecure during the COVID-19 pandemic tried to cope with the situation, feel healthy, and perform well in their job after getting vaccinated. The study’s findings recommend modifying the employees’ working pattern for organizations. This study enhances the existing literature on the COVID-19 crisis in Pakistan’s hospitality industry. In particular, this study is a novel addition to academia that highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the work performance of front desk employees in the hotel and tourism industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Sun
- School of Management, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muddassar Sarfraz
- School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Commerce & Business, Government College University Faisalabad, Layyah Campus, Layyah, Punjab, 31200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: Muddassar Sarfraz, Email
| | - Kausar Fiaz Khawaja
- Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ilknur Ozturk
- Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, 34485, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- Department of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Multan Campus, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
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17
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Pujol A, Gómez LA, Gallegos C, Nicolau J, Sanchís P, González-Freire M, López-González ÁA, Dotres K, Masmiquel L. Thyroid as a target of adjuvant autoimmunity/inflammatory syndrome due to mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination: from Graves' disease to silent thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:875-882. [PMID: 34792795 PMCID: PMC8598936 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As COVID-19 became a pandemic, the urgent need to find an effective treatment vaccine has been a major objective. Vaccines contain adjuvants which are not exempt from adverse effects and can trigger the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). There is very little information about autoimmune endocrine disease and the ASIA after the use of mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination. CASE SERIES We report three cases and also review the literature showing that the thyroid gland can be involved in the ASIA induced by the mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination. We present the first case to date of silent thyroiditis described in the context of SARS-CoV2 vaccination with Pfizer/BioNTech. Also, we discuss the first subacute thyroiditis in the context of SARS-CoV2 vaccination with the Moderna's vaccine. Finally, we provide another case to be added to existing evidence on Graves' disease occurring post-vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. DISCUSSION Adjuvants play an important role in vaccines. Their ability to increase the immunogenicity of the active ingredient is necessary to achieve the desired immune response. Both the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines use mRNA coding for the SARS-CoV2 S protein enhanced by adjuvants. In addition, the cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV2 and thyroid antigens has been reported. This would explain, at least, some of the autoimmune/inflammatory reactions produced during and after SARS-CoV2 infection and vaccination. CONCLUSION The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants involving the thyroid could be an adverse effect of SARS-CoV2 vaccination and could be underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pujol
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Baleares Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - L.-A. Gómez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Baleares Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - C. Gallegos
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
- Microbiology Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - J. Nicolau
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Baleares Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - P. Sanchís
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
- Chemistry Department, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - M. González-Freire
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - Á. A. López-González
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
- ADEMA University School, Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - K. Dotres
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Baleares Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
| | - L. Masmiquel
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Baleares Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Baleares Spain
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18
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Liang Z, Wang X, Yu G, Li M, Shi S, Bao H, Chen C, Fu D, Ma W, Xue C, Sun B. Mechanistic understanding of the aspect ratio-dependent adjuvanticity of engineered aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorods in prophylactic vaccines. NANO TODAY 2022; 43:101445. [PMID: 35261619 PMCID: PMC8896059 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) adjuvants are widely used in human vaccines. However, the interaction mechanisms at the material-bio interface, and further understandings on physicochemical property-dependent modulation of the immune responses still remain uncertain. Herein, a library of AlOOH nanorods with well-defined aspect ratios is designed to explore the mechanisms of adjuvanticity. The aspect ratios of AlOOH nanorods were demonstrated to be intrinsically modulated by the hydroxide supersaturation level during crystal growth, leading to the differences in surface free energy (SFE). As a result, higher aspect ratio AlOOH nanoadjuvants with lower SFE exhibited more hydrophobic surface, resulting in more membrane depolarization, cellular uptake and dendritic cell (DC) activation. By using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) virus-like particles (VLPs) or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) as model antigens, AlOOH nanorods with higher aspect ratio were determined to elicit more potent humoral immune responses, which could be attributed to the enhanced DC activation and the efficient antigen trafficking to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings highlight the critical role of aspect ratio of AlOOH nanorods in modulating adjuvanticity, and further provide a design strategy for engineered nanoadjuvants for prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Shuting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Duo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
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19
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Peng H, Fu YX. Innovative adjuvant augments potency of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine. Cell Res 2022; 32:331-332. [PMID: 35260791 PMCID: PMC8902270 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00634-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Peng
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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20
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Kiran S, Parvathy J, Sukumaran T, Varghese J, S L, Kumar SS, Babu A, B. Harikumar K, Ragupathy L. Immunomodulatory properties of D-sorbitol/D-mannitol incorporated linear step-growth Co-polymers. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2052726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kiran
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Limited, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - J. Parvathy
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Limited, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Jeslin Varghese
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Limited, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Lakshmi S
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Limited, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sreesha S. Kumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Anu Babu
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kuzhuvelil B. Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Torres-Estrella CU, Reyes-Montes MDR, Duarte-Escalante E, Sierra Martínez M, Frías-De-León MG, Acosta-Altamirano G. Vaccines Against COVID-19: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030414. [PMID: 35335046 PMCID: PMC8953736 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, various joint efforts have been made to support the creation of vaccines. Different projects have been under development, of which some are in the clinical evaluation stage and others in are in phase III with positive results. The aim of this paper was to describe the current situation of the development and production of vaccines available to the population to facilitate future research and continue developing and proposing ideas for the benefit of the population. So, we carried out a systematic review using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and MEDLINE, including keywords such as “vaccines,” “COVID-19,” and “SARS-CoV-2”. We reviewed the development and production of the anti-COVID vaccine and its different platforms, the background leading to the massive development of these substances, and the most basic immune aspects for a better understanding of their physiological activity and the immune response in those who receive the vaccine. We also analyzed immunization effects in populations with any medical or physiological conditions (such as immunosuppression, people with comorbidities, and pregnancy), as well as the response to immunization with heterologous vaccines and the hybrid immunity (the combination of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 with immunity generated by the vaccine). Likewise, we address the current situation in Mexico and its role in managing the vaccination process against SARS-CoV-2 at the national and international levels. There are still many clinical and molecular aspects to be described, such as the duration of active immunity and the development of immunological memory, to mention some of the most important ones. However, due to the short time since the global vaccination roll-out and that it has been progressive (not counting children and people with medical conditions), it is premature to say whether a second vaccination schedule will be necessary for the near future. Thus, it is essential to continue with health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos U. Torres-Estrella
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Ciudad de México PC 07340, Mexico
| | - María del Rocío Reyes-Montes
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México PC 04510, Mexico; (M.d.R.R.-M.); (E.D.-E.)
| | - Esperanza Duarte-Escalante
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México PC 04510, Mexico; (M.d.R.R.-M.); (E.D.-E.)
| | - Mónica Sierra Martínez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
| | - María Guadalupe Frías-De-León
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
| | - Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Ciudad de México PC 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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22
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Diallo A, Pichelin M, Wargny M, Gourdy P, Bonnet J, Hadjadj S, Cariou B, Sultan A, Galtier F. Influenza vaccination and prognosis for COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with diabetes: Results from the CORONADO study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:343-347. [PMID: 34658131 PMCID: PMC8652659 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alhassane Diallo
- INSERM, CIC 1411, CHU of Montpellier, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Matthieu Pichelin
- lʼinstitut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU NantesNantesFrance
| | - Matthieu Wargny
- lʼinstitut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU NantesNantesFrance
- CHU de Nantes, INSERM CIC 1413, Pôle Hospitalo‐Universitaire 11: Santé Publique, Clinique des donnéesNantesFrance
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Département dʼEndocrinologieDiabétologie et Nutrition, CHU ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR1048 Inserm/UPS, Université de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Bonnet
- Epidemiology and Public Health, IDESP UMR UA11 INSERM, Univ Montpellier, CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- lʼinstitut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU NantesNantesFrance
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- lʼinstitut du thorax, Inserm, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU NantesNantesFrance
| | - Ariane Sultan
- University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Montpellier France, University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS UMR, CHRU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Florence Galtier
- Clinical Investigation Center 1411, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- INSERM, F‐CRIN, Innovative Clinical Research Network in Vaccinology (I‐REIVAC)ParisFrance
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23
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Mistry P, Barmania F, Mellet J, Peta K, Strydom A, Viljoen IM, James W, Gordon S, Pepper MS. SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809244. [PMID: 35046961 PMCID: PMC8761766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Herd or community immunity has been proposed as a strategy to protect the vulnerable, and can be established through immunity from past infection or vaccination. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the development of a reservoir of resilient memory cells is under investigation. Vaccines have been developed at an unprecedented rate and 7 408 870 760 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants are more transmissible with a reduced sensitivity to immune mechanisms. This is due to the presence of amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, which confer a selective advantage. The emergence of variants therefore poses a risk for vaccine effectiveness and long-term immunity, and it is crucial therefore to determine the effectiveness of vaccines against currently circulating variants. Here we review both SARS-CoV-2-induced host immune activation and vaccine-induced immune responses, highlighting the responses of immune memory cells that are key indicators of host immunity. We further discuss how variants emerge and the currently circulating variants of concern (VOC), with particular focus on implications for vaccine effectiveness. Finally, we describe new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches that will be important as we navigate through the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Mistry
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fatima Barmania
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juanita Mellet
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kimberly Peta
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adéle Strydom
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ignatius M. Viljoen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - William James
- James and Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Pepper
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Magedans YVS, Phillips MA. Soapbark Triterpenes: Quillaja brasiliensis Cell Culture Sapogenin and Free Sterol Analysis by GCMS. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2469:119-128. [PMID: 35508834 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2185-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene saponins of the genus Quillaja (Quillajaceae) are known for their immunoadjuvant, hypocholesterolemic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Plant cell cultures are useful for the study of saponin metabolism and industrial production of these bioactive compounds. While structurally related phytosterols are primary metabolites essential to growth and development, saponins are responsive to pathogen and abiotic stress, fulfilling roles in plant specialized metabolism. For cell culture production of saponins, phytosterols may be considered a competing pathway which relies on a common pool of cytosolic isoprenoid precursors.Understanding the metabolic allocation of resources between these two related pathways is key to maximizing saponin production in in vitro production systems. Sterols and saponins naturally occur in multiple conjugated forms, which complicate separation and quantification. The acid hydrolysis of conjugated sterols and saponins to their free forms is a useful technique to simplify their analysis by gas chromatography. Here we provide the workflow for the quantification of free sterols and sapogenins in cell cultures of Quillaja brasiliensis .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yve V S Magedans
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
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25
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Lin HT, Chen CC, Chiao DJ, Chang TY, Chen XA, Young JJ, Kuo SC. Nanoparticular CpG-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein elicits broadly neutralizing and Th1-biased immunoreactivity in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1885-1897. [PMID: 34774590 PMCID: PMC8580573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The spike (S) protein is a leading vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The S1 domain of S protein, which contains a critical receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen, potentially induces protective immunoreactivities against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we presented preclinical evaluations of a novel insect cell-derived SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 (rS1) protein as a potent COVID-19 vaccine candidate. The native antigenicity of rS1 was characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody targeting the RBD antigen. To improve its immunogenicity, rS1-adjuvanted with fucoidan/trimethylchitosan nanoparticles (FUC-TMC NPs) and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) were investigated using a mouse model. The S1-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers, FluoroSpot assay, pseudovirus- and prototype SARS-CoV-2-based neutralization assays were assessed. The results showed that the rS1/CpG/ FUC-TMC NPs (rS1/CpG/NPs) formulation induced a broad-spectrum IgG response with potent, long-lasting, and cross-protective neutralizing activity against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern, along with a Th1-biased cellular response. Thus, the rS1/CpG/NPs formulation presents a promising vaccination approach against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Tsu Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Cheung Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC,Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Der-Jiang Chiao
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tein-Yao Chang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xin-An Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jenn-Jong Young
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC,Corresponding authors at: Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, PO Box 90048-700, Sanhsia District, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Cheng Kuo
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC,Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC,Corresponding authors at: Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, PO Box 90048-700, Sanhsia District, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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Tran TNM, May BP, Ung TT, Nguyen MK, Nguyen TTT, Dinh VL, Doan CC, Tran TV, Khong H, Nguyen TTT, Hua HQH, Nguyen VA, Ha TP, Phan DL, Nguyen TA, Bui TN, Tu TM, Nguyen TT, Le TTH, Dong TL, Huynh TH, Ho PH, Le NTT, Truong CT, Pham HP, Luong CY, Y NL, Cao MN, Nguyen DK, Le TT, Vuong DC, Nguyen LKH, Do MS. Preclinical Immune Response and Safety Evaluation of the Protein Subunit Vaccine Nanocovax for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766112. [PMID: 34938290 PMCID: PMC8685539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health concern. The development of vaccines with high immunogenicity and safety is crucial for controlling the global COVID-19 pandemic and preventing further illness and fatalities. Here, we report the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, Nanocovax, based on recombinant protein production of the extracellular (soluble) portion of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that Nanocovax induced high levels of S protein-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies in three animal models: BALB/c mouse, Syrian hamster, and a non-human primate (Macaca leonina). In addition, a viral challenge study using the hamster model showed that Nanocovax protected the upper respiratory tract from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nanocovax did not induce any adverse effects in mice (Mus musculus var. albino) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). These preclinical results indicate that Nanocovax is safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nhu Mai Tran
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bruce Pearson May
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Khoi Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Van Long Dinh
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Chung Doan
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - The Vinh Tran
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hiep Khong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Truc Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Quoc Huy Hua
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Viet Anh Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tan Phat Ha
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dang Luu Phan
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truong An Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngoc Bui
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tieu My Tu
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Theo Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Hang Le
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lan Dong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trong Hieu Huynh
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phien Huong Ho
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Thao Le
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cong Thao Truong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Phi Pham
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cong Y. Luong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nie Lim Y
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Ngoc Cao
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Cuong Vuong
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Khanh Hang Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Si Do
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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27
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Roßmann L, Bagola K, Stephen T, Gerards AL, Walber B, Ullrich A, Schülke S, Kamp C, Spreitzer I, Hasan M, David-Watine B, Shorte SL, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Distinct single-component adjuvants steer human DC-mediated T-cell polarization via Toll-like receptor signaling toward a potent antiviral immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103651118. [PMID: 34561306 PMCID: PMC8488681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of efficient and safe vaccine development. Vaccine adjuvants are essential to boost and tailor the immune response to the corresponding pathogen. To allow for an educated selection, we assessed the effect of different adjuvants on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and their ability to polarize innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to commonly used adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists induced robust phenotypic and functional DC maturation. In a DC-lymphocyte coculture system, we investigated the ensuing immune reactions. While monophosphoryl lipid A synthetic, a TLR4 ligand, induced checkpoint inhibitors indicative for immune exhaustion, the TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod (R848) induced prominent type-1 interferon and interleukin 6 responses and robust CTL, B-cell, and NK-cell proliferation, which is particularly suited for antiviral immune responses. The recently licensed COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b and mRNA-1273, are both based on single-stranded RNA. Indeed, we could confirm that the cytokine profile induced by lipid-complexed RNA was almost identical to the pattern induced by R848. Although this awaits further investigation, our results suggest that their efficacy involves the highly efficient antiviral response pattern stimulated by the RNAs' TLR7/8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roßmann
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Tharshana Stephen
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lisa Gerards
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Bianca Walber
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Anja Ullrich
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christel Kamp
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ingo Spreitzer
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Assessment of adjuvantation strategy of lipid squalene nanoparticles for enhancing the immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit protein against COVID-19. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121024. [PMID: 34416331 PMCID: PMC8372419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is regarded as the most effective intervention for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The objective of this study is to provide comprehensive information on lipid squalene nanoparticle (SQ@NP)-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccines regarding modulating immune response and enhancing vaccine efficacy. After being adjuvanted with SQ@NP, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) subunit protein was intramuscularly (i.m.) administered to mice. Serum samples investigated by ELISA and virus neutralizing assay showed that a single-dose SQ@NP-adjuvanted S-protein vaccine can induce antigen-specific IgG and protective antibodies comparable with those induced by two doses of nonadjuvanted protein vaccine. When the mice received a boosting vaccine injection, anamnestic response was observed in the groups of adjuvanted vaccine. Furthermore, the secretion of cytokines in splenocytes, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-10, was significantly enhanced after adjuvantation of S-protein vaccine with SQ@NP; however, this was not the case for the vaccine adjuvanted with conventional aluminum mineral salts. Histological examination of injection sites showed that the SQ@NP-adjuvanted vaccine was considerably well tolerated following i.m. injection in mice. These results pave the way for the performance tuning of optimal vaccine formulations against COVID-19.
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29
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Li L, Honda-Okubo Y, Huang Y, Jang H, Carlock MA, Baldwin J, Piplani S, Bebin-Blackwell AG, Forgacs D, Sakamoto K, Stella A, Turville S, Chataway T, Colella A, Triccas J, Ross TM, Petrovsky N. Immunisation of ferrets and mice with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein formulated with Advax-SM adjuvant protects against COVID-19 infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:5940-5953. [PMID: 34420786 PMCID: PMC8328570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a key requirement to overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. Recombinant proteins represent the most reliable and safe vaccine approach but generally require a suitable adjuvant for robust and durable immunity. We used the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence and in silico structural modelling to design a recombinant spike protein vaccine (Covax-19™). A synthetic gene encoding the spike extracellular domain (ECD) was inserted into a baculovirus backbone to express the protein in insect cell cultures. The spike ECD was formulated with Advax-SM adjuvant and first tested for immunogenicity in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Covax-19 vaccine induced high spike protein binding antibody levels that neutralised the original lineage B.1.319 virus from which the vaccine spike protein was derived, as well as the variant B.1.1.7 lineage virus. Covax-19 vaccine also induced a high frequency of spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + memory T-cells with a dominant Th1 phenotype associated with the ability to kill spike-labelled target cells in vivo. Ferrets immunised with Covax-19 vaccine intramuscularly twice 2 weeks apart made spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG and were protected against an intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 virus given two weeks after the last immunisation. Notably, ferrets that received the two higher doses of Covax-19 vaccine had no detectable virus in their lungs or in nasal washes at day 3 post-challenge, suggesting that in addition to lung protection, Covax-19 vaccine may have the potential to reduce virus transmission. This data supports advancement of Covax-19 vaccine into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy Baldwin
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | | | - David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Stella
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Chataway
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Colella
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Jamie Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences and Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia.
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30
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He X, Ding L, Cao K, Peng H, Gu C, Li Y, Li D, Dong L, Hong X, Wang X, Fu M, Qiu C, Zhu C, Zhang Z, Song S, Wang C, Jiang Z, Xie Y, Qi Z, Zhao C, Zhao P, Zhang X, Xu J. A human cell-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and protects mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1555-1573. [PMID: 34304724 PMCID: PMC8366622 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1957400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To curb the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), multiple platforms have been employed toward a safe and highly effective vaccine. Here, we develop a novel cell-based vaccine candidate, namely K562-S, by utilizing human cell K562 as a cellular carrier to display Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 on the membrane. Analogous to the traditional inactivated vaccine, K562-S cells can be propagated to a large scale by culturing and completely lose their viability after exposure to X-ray irradiation or formalin. We in turn demonstrated high immunogenicity of formalin-inactivated K562-S vaccine in both mouse and non-human primates and its protective efficacy in mice. In mice, immunization with inactivated K562-S vaccines can elicit potent neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses persisting longer than 5 months. We consequently showed in a hACE2 mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that a two-shot vaccination with adjuvanted K562-S rendered greater than 3 log reduction in viral lung load and concomitant ameliorated lung pathology. Of importance, the administration of the same regimen in non-human primates was able to induce a neutralizing antibody titer averaging three-fold higher relative to human convalescent serum. These results together support the promise of K562-based, S-protein-expressing vaccines as a novel vaccination approach against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, with a powerful capacity to carry external genes for cell-based vectors, this platform could rapidly generate two- and multiple-valent vaccines by incorporating SARS-CoV-2 mutants, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchuan He
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangli Cao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutang Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duoduo Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Dong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujing Hong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilan Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuisong Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences & Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences & Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Taghioff SM, Slavin BR, Holton T, Singh D. Examining the potential benefits of the influenza vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A retrospective cohort analysis of 74,754 patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255541. [PMID: 34343191 PMCID: PMC8330918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, several single center studies have suggested a protective effect of the influenza vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study utilizes a continuously updated Electronic Medical Record (EMR) network to assess the possible benefits of influenza vaccination mitigating critical adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients from 56 healthcare organizations (HCOs). METHODS The de-identified records of 73,346,583 patients were retrospectively screened. Two cohorts of 37,377 patients, having either received or not received influenza vaccination six months-two weeks prior to SARS-CoV-2 positive diagnosis, were created using Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) and logical observation identifiers names and codes (LOINC) codes. Adverse outcomes within 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis were compared between cohorts. Outcomes were assessed with stringent propensity score matching including age, race, ethnicity, gender, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, heart disease, and lifestyle habits such as smoking. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-positive patients who received the influenza vaccine experienced decreased sepsis (p<0.01, Risk Ratio: 1.361-1.450, 95% CI:1.123-1.699, NNT:286) and stroke (p<0.02, RR: 1.451-1.580, 95% CI:1.075-2.034, NNT:625) across all time points. ICU admissions were lower in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients receiving the influenza vaccine at 30, 90, and 120 days (p<0.03, RR: 1.174-1.200, 95% CI:1.003-1.385, NNT:435), while approaching significance at 60 days (p = 0.0509, RR: 1.156, 95% CI:0.999-1.338). Patients who received the influenza vaccine experienced fewer DVTs 60-120 days after positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis (p<0.02, RR:1.41-1.530, 95% CI:1.082-2.076, NNT:1000) and experienced fewer emergency department (ED) visits 90-120 days post SARS-CoV-2-positive diagnosis (p<0.01, RR:1.204-1.580, 95% CI: 1.050-1.476, NNT:176). CONCLUSION Our analysis outlines the potential protective effect of influenza vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients against adverse outcomes within 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of a positive diagnosis. Significant findings favoring influenza vaccination mitigating the risks of sepsis, stroke, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), emergency department (ED) & Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions suggest a potential protective effect that could benefit populations without readily available access to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Thus further investigation with future prospective studies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Taghioff
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Slavin
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tripp Holton
- Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Devinder Singh
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Tahir AI, Ramadhan DS, Taha AA, Abdullah RY, Karim SK, Ahmed AK, Ahmed SF. Public fear of COVID-19 vaccines in Iraqi Kurdistan region: a cross-sectional study. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8313242 DOI: 10.1186/s43045-021-00126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccines remain one of the most effective methods to control infectious diseases; however, COVID-19 vaccines are challenging and novel. Vaccine support is still substantial in general, although vaccination fear has increased dramatically in recent decades. This is the first study aimed to determine the fear of the COVID-19 vaccination and the role of factors and reasons associated with fear in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Results A total of 1188 participants responded to the questionnaire about their fears of the COVID-19 vaccine. The majority of participants had a medium level of fear (56.7%). Fear was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with major demographic characteristics, social media use (51.8%), and losing family members, while other variables (previous seasonal influenza vaccine, previous infection, chronic medical diseases) show no relationship. Fear of side effects such as blood clotting was reported by the majority (45.03%) and indicated positive relation (p < 0.016). On the other hand, a high proportion, 39.9% and 34.01%, were afraid of AstraZeneca and Pfizer (p < 0.001), respectively; however, only about 4.63% had fear of Sinopharm. Conclusions The fear of COVID-19 vaccination was widespread in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. In this way, fear was related to significant variables. To reduce the fear of vaccines and increase public acceptance, authorities and the Ministry of Health should initiate a public awareness campaign. As a result, the public health crisis will significantly improve.
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Lobiuc A, Dimian M, Gheorghita R, Sturdza OAC, Covasa M. Introduction and Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in North-East of Romania During the First COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:654417. [PMID: 34305826 PMCID: PMC8292954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.654417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Romania officially declared its first Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) case on February 26, 2020. The first and largest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Romania was recorded in Suceava, North-East region of the country, and originated at the Suceava regional county hospital. Following sheltering-in-place measures, infection rates decreased, only to rise again after relaxation of measures. This study describes the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Suceava and other parts of Romania and analyses the mutations and their association with clinical manifestation of the disease during the period of COVID-19 outbreak. Sixty-two samples were sequenced via high-throughput platform and screened for variants. For selected mutations, putative biological significance was assessed, and their effects on disease severity. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on Romanian genomes (n = 112) and on sequences originating from Europe, United Kingdom, Africa, Asia, South, and North America (n = 876). The results indicated multiple introduction events for SARS-CoV-2 in Suceava, mainly from Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Russia although some sequences were also related to those from the Czechia, Belgium, and France. Most Suceava genomes contained mutations common to European lineages, such as A20268G, however, approximately 10% of samples were missing such mutations, indicating a possible different arrival route. While overall genome regions ORF1ab, S, and ORF7 were subject to most mutations, several recurring mutations such as A105V were identified, and these were mainly present in severe forms of the disease. Non-synonymous mutations, such as T987N (Thr987Asn in NSP3a domain), associated with changes in a protein responsible for decreasing viral tethering in human host were also present. Patients with diabetes and hypertension exhibited higher risk ratios (RR) of acquiring severe forms of the disease and these were mainly related to A105V mutation. This study identified the arrival routes of SARS-CoV-2 in Romania and revealed potential associations between the SARS-CoV-2 genomic organization circulating in the country and the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Lobiuc
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Dimian
- Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Roxana Gheorghita
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Olga Adriana Caliman Sturdza
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Regional County Emergency Hospital, Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
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Siriwattananon K, Manopwisedjaroen S, Shanmugaraj B, Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Buranapraditkun S, Tharakhet K, Kaewpang P, Ruxrungtham K, Thitithanyanont A, Phoolcharoen W. Immunogenicity Studies of Plant-Produced SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain-Based Subunit Vaccine Candidate with Different Adjuvant Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070744. [PMID: 34358160 PMCID: PMC8310282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causing serious public health problems and economic burden, the development of effective vaccines is a high priority for controlling the virus spread. Our group has previously demonstrated that the plant-produced receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 fused with Fc of human IgG was capable of eliciting potent neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in animal studies, and the immunogenicity could be improved by the addition of an alum adjuvant. Here, we performed a head-to-head comparison of different commercially available adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide gel (alum), AddaVax (MF59), monophosphoryl lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 (mPLA-SM), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), in mice by combining them with plant-produced RBD-Fc, and the differences in the immunogenicity of RBD-Fc with different adjuvants were evaluated. The specific antibody responses in terms of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a subtypes and neutralizing antibodies, as well as vaccine-specific T-lymphocyte responses, induced by the different tested adjuvants were compared. We observed that all adjuvants tested here induced a high level of total IgG and neutralizing antibodies, but mPLA-SM and poly (I:C) showed the induction of a balanced IgG1 and IgG2a (Th2/Th1) immune response. Further, poly (I:C) significantly increased the frequency of IFN-γ-expressing cells compared with control, whereas no significant difference was observed between the adjuvanted groups. This data revealed the adjuvants' role in enhancing the immune response of RBD-Fc vaccination and the immune profiles elicited by different adjuvants, which could prove helpful for the rational development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc subunit vaccines. However, additional research is essential to further investigate the efficacy and safety of this vaccine formulation before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwimon Manopwisedjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | | | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittipan Tharakhet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Papatsara Kaewpang
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Arunee Thitithanyanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-218-8359; Fax: +662-218-8357
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Belkina TV, Averina OV, Savenkova EV, Danilenko VN. Human Intestinal Microbiome and the Immune System: The Role of Probiotics in Shaping an Immune System Unsusceptible to COVID-19 Infection. BIOLOGY BULLETIN REVIEWS 2021. [PMCID: PMC8365270 DOI: 10.1134/s2079086421040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. V. Belkina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - O. V. Averina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. V. Savenkova
- International Institute for Strategic Development of Sectoral Economics, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia
| | - V. N. Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- International Institute for Strategic Development of Sectoral Economics, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia
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Eusébio D, Neves AR, Costa D, Biswas S, Alves G, Cui Z, Sousa Â. Methods to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2575-2592. [PMID: 34214667 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have emerged as innovative approaches that have great potential to overcome the limitations of current conventional vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are often safer than other vaccines because they carry only antigen genetic information, are more stable and easier to produce, and can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although the results of ongoing clinical trials are very promising, some limitations compromise the immunogenicity of these vaccines. Thus, this review describes different strategies that can be explored to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines, including the optimization of the plasmid vector backbone, the use of different methods for vaccine delivery, the use of alternative administration routes and the inclusion of adjuvants. In combination, these improvements could lead to the successful clinical use of plasmid DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Eusébio
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Ho HM, Huang CY, Cheng YJ, Chen IH, Liu SJ, Huang CH, Huang MH. Squalene nanoemulsion reinforces mucosal and immunological fingerprints following intravaginal delivery. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111799. [PMID: 34098215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the assessment of mucosal adjuvant activity of a squalene-based nanoemulsion (SQ@NE) following intravaginal delivery in mice. After immunization, a high level of recruitment of CD11b/c+ granulocytes and F4/80+ macrophages was observed in the vaginal mucosal tissues of the mice immunized with a model protein ovalbumin (OVA) formulated with SQ@NE, and then downstream regulated the expression of MHC II and costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 on CD11c+ cells harvested from the associated draining lymph node. With respect to cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity, the mice immunized with SQ@NE-formulated OVA elicited a high population of OVA-specific CD8+ cells in the spleen and increased the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-17 from OVA-restimulated splenocytes compared with those immunized with OVA alone. By studying in vivo fluorescence imaging and B-cell immunoassays, we discovered how SQ@NE prolongs the retention of antigen depots at the mucosal membrane of the immune inductive site and allows them to properly drive the production of antibodies. The data demonstrated that SQ@NE prolonged fluorescence-labeled OVA retention at the genital tract and augmented the production of OVA-specific IgG in sera and IgA in vaginal washes. These results indicate that SQ@NE is a promising vaginal adjuvant for the induction of both mucosal and systemic immune responses, a feature that provides implications for the development of a mucosal vaccine against genital infections and sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Ho
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - I-Hua Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107724. [PMID: 33951558 PMCID: PMC8078903 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Vaccination is crucial to limit the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Therefore, besides the development and supply of vaccines, it is essential that sufficient individuals are willing to get vaccinated, but concerning proportions of populations worldwide show vaccine hesitancy. This makes it important to determine factors that are associated with vaccine acceptance. Methods 1779 adults of a non-probability convenience sample in Germany were assessed with an online survey in a cross-sectional survey period from 1st to 11th January 2021 (a few days after the beginning of vaccinations in Germany). Results 64.5% of the sample stated that they absolutely would accept the vaccination, 13.8% would rather accept it, 10.4% were undecided, and 5.2% would rather not and 6.0% absolutely not get vaccinated. COVID-19-related anxiety, and fears of infection and health-related consequences correlated significantly positively with vaccine acceptance (all p < .001). In contrast, social (p = .006) and economic fears (p < .001) showed significant negative associations with vaccination willingness. The broader constructs of unspecific anxiety and depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. Vaccine acceptance differed between users/non-users of social media and official websites to gain information about the pandemic (p < .001). Conclusions COVID-19-related anxiety and health-related fears were associated with higher vaccine acceptance, whereas the fear of social and economic consequences showed the contrary direction. These findings highlight the need to differentiate between several types of fears and anxiety to predict their influence on vaccine acceptance, and provide important information and an essential base for future studies and interventions.
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Ganneru B, Jogdand H, Daram VK, Das D, Molugu NR, Prasad SD, Kannappa SV, Ella KM, Ravikrishnan R, Awasthi A, Jose J, Rao P, Kumar D, Ella R, Abraham P, Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Shete-Aich A, Desphande G, Mohandas S, Basu A, Gupta N, Vadrevu KM. Th1 skewed immune response of whole virion inactivated SARS CoV 2 vaccine and its safety evaluation. iScience 2021; 24:102298. [PMID: 33723528 PMCID: PMC7944858 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the development and evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a whole virion inactivated (WVI) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBV152), adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide gel (Algel), or TLR7/8 agonist chemisorbed Algel. We used a well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 strain and an established Vero cell platform to produce large-scale GMP-grade highly purified inactivated antigen. Product development and manufacturing process were carried out in a BSL-3 facility. Immunogenicity and safety were determined at two antigen concentrations (3μg and 6μg), with two different adjuvants, in mice, rats, and rabbits. Our results show that BBV152 vaccine formulations generated significantly high antigen-binding and neutralizing antibody titers (NAb), at both concentrations, in all three species with excellent safety profiles. The inactivated vaccine formulation contains TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant-induced Th1-biased antibody responses with elevated IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and increased levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ+ CD4+ T lymphocyte response. Our results support further development for phase I/II clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunda Ganneru
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Harsh Jogdand
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Daram
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Dipankar Das
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | | | - Sai D. Prasad
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | | | - Krishna M. Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | | | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Jomy Jose
- RCC Laboratories India Private Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Panduranga Rao
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Gururaj Desphande
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Atanu Basu
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), India, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Virosome-based nanovaccines; a promising bioinspiration and biomimetic approach for preventing viral diseases: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:648-658. [PMID: 33862071 PMCID: PMC8049750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of controlling infectious disease-related morbidity and mortality. However, due to low immunogenicity of viral antigens, nanomedicine as a new opportunity in new generation of vaccine advancement attracted researcher encouragement. Virosome is a lipidic nanomaterial emerging as FDA approved nanocarriers with promising bioinspiration and biomimetic potency against viral infections. Virosome surface modification with critical viral fusion proteins is the cornerstone of vaccine development. Surface antigens at virosomes innovatively interact with targeted receptors on host cells that evoke humoral or cellular immune responses through antibody-producing B cell and internalization by endocytosis-mediated pathways. To date, several nanovaccine based on virosome formulations have been commercialized against widespread and life-threatening infections. Recently, Great efforts were made to fabricate a virosome-based vaccine platform against a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Thus, this review provides a novel overview of the virosome based nanovaccine production, properties, and application on the viral disease, especially its importance in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine discovery.
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41
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Bayat M, Asemani Y, Najafi S. Essential considerations during vaccine design against COVID-19 and review of pioneering vaccine candidate platforms. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107679. [PMID: 33930707 PMCID: PMC8049400 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The calamity of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), COVID-19, is still a global human tragedy. To date, no specific antiviral drug or therapy has been able to break the widespread of SARS-CoV2. It has been generally believed that stimulating protective immunity via universal vaccination is the individual strategy to manage this pandemic. Achieving an effective COVID-19 vaccine requires attention to the immunological and non-immunological standpoints mentioned in this article. Here, we try to introduce the considerable immunological aspects, potential antigen targets, appropriate adjuvants as well as key points in the various stages of COVID-19 vaccine development. Also, the principal features of the preclinical and clinical studies of pioneering COVID-19 vaccine candidates were pointed out by reviewing the available information. Finally, we discuss the key challenges in the successful design of the COVID-19 vaccine and address the most fundamental strengths and weaknesses of common vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bayat
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yahya Asemani
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Microarray patches enable the development of skin-targeted vaccines against COVID-19. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:164-186. [PMID: 33539853 PMCID: PMC8060128 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat to global health and the global economy. The ongoing race to develop a safe and efficacious vaccine to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent for COVID-19, highlights the importance of vaccination to combat infectious pathogens. The highly accessible cutaneous microenvironment is an ideal target for vaccination since the skin harbors a high density of antigen-presenting cells and immune accessory cells with broad innate immune functions. Microarray patches (MAPs) are an attractive intracutaneous biocargo delivery system that enables safe, reproducible, and controlled administration of vaccine components (antigens, with or without adjuvants) to defined skin microenvironments. This review describes the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and relevant antigenic targets for vaccination, summarizes key concepts of skin immunobiology in the context of prophylactic immunization, and presents an overview of MAP-mediated cutaneous vaccine delivery. Concluding remarks on MAP-based skin immunization are provided to contribute to the rational development of safe and effective MAP-delivered vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
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Machhi J, Shahjin F, Das S, Patel M, Abdelmoaty MM, Cohen JD, Singh PA, Baldi A, Bajwa N, Kumar R, Vora LK, Patel TA, Oleynikov MD, Soni D, Yeapuri P, Mukadam I, Chakraborty R, Saksena CG, Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Oupicky D, Das S, Donnelly RF, Hettie KS, Chang L, Gendelman HE, Kevadiya BD. Nanocarrier vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:215-239. [PMID: 33428995 PMCID: PMC7794055 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic has seen rapid spread, disease morbidities and death associated with substantive social, economic and societal impacts. Treatments rely on re-purposed antivirals and immune modulatory agents focusing on attenuating the acute respiratory distress syndrome. No curative therapies exist. Vaccines remain the best hope for disease control and the principal global effort to end the pandemic. Herein, we summarize those developments with a focus on the role played by nanocarrier delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA; Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jacob D Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Preet Amol Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Bajwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Lalit K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Tapan A Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences (PDPIAS), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Maxim D Oleynikov
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dhruvkumar Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Insiya Mukadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rajashree Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Caroline G Saksena
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - David Oupicky
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth S Hettie
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, and Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
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44
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Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:1-25. [PMID: 33359141 PMCID: PMC7759095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.
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Pushparajah D, Jimenez S, Wong S, Alattas H, Nafissi N, Slavcev RA. Advances in gene-based vaccine platforms to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:113-141. [PMID: 33422546 PMCID: PMC7789827 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has spread across the globe at an unprecedented rate since its first emergence in Wuhan City, China in December 2019. Scientific communities around the world have been rigorously working to develop a potent vaccine to combat COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), employing conventional and novel vaccine strategies. Gene-based vaccine platforms based on viral vectors, DNA, and RNA, have shown promising results encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in previous studies, supporting their implementation for COVID-19 vaccine development. In fact, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently authorized the emergency use of two RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. We review current gene-based vaccine candidates proceeding through clinical trials, including their antigenic targets, delivery vehicles, and route of administration. Important features of previous gene-based vaccine developments against other infectious diseases are discussed in guiding the design and development of effective vaccines against COVID-19 and future derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Pushparajah
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Salma Jimenez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada; Theraphage, 151 Charles St W Suite # 199, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1H6, Canada
| | - Shirley Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Hibah Alattas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nafissi
- Mediphage Bioceuticals, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, Toronto, ON, M5G 0B7, Canada
| | - Roderick A Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada; Mediphage Bioceuticals, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, Toronto, ON, M5G 0B7, Canada; Theraphage, 151 Charles St W Suite # 199, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1H6, Canada.
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Salian VS, Wright JA, Vedell PT, Nair S, Li C, Kandimalla M, Tang X, Carmona Porquera EM, Kalari KR, Kandimalla KK. COVID-19 Transmission, Current Treatment, and Future Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:754-771. [PMID: 33464914 PMCID: PMC7839412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the stroke of the New Year 2020, COVID-19, a zoonotic disease that would turn into a global pandemic, was identified in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Although unique in its transmission and virulence, COVID-19 is similar to zoonotic diseases, including other SARS variants (e.g., SARS-CoV) and MERS, in exhibiting severe flu-like symptoms and acute respiratory distress. Even at the molecular level, many parallels have been identified between SARS and COVID-19 so much so that the COVID-19 virus has been named SARS-CoV-2. These similarities have provided several opportunities to treat COVID-19 patients using clinical approaches that were proven to be effective against SARS. Importantly, the identification of similarities in how SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 access the host, replicate, and trigger life-threatening pathological conditions have revealed opportunities to repurpose drugs that were proven to be effective against SARS. In this article, we first provided an overview of COVID-19 etiology vis-à-vis other zoonotic diseases, particularly SARS and MERS. Then, we summarized the characteristics of droplets/aerosols emitted by COVID-19 patients and how they aid in the transmission of the virus among people. Moreover, we discussed the molecular mechanisms that enable SARS-CoV-2 to access the host and become more contagious than other betacoronaviruses such as SARS-CoV. Further, we outlined various approaches that are currently being employed to diagnose and symptomatically treat COVID-19 in the clinic. Finally, we reviewed various approaches and technologies employed to develop vaccines against COVID-19 and summarized the attempts to repurpose various classes of drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrishali S. Salian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Jessica A. Wright
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Peter T. Vedell
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of
Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
55905, United States
| | - Sanjana Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Chenxu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Mahathi Kandimalla
- College of Letters and Science,
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
55906, United States
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of
Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
55905, United States
| | - Eva M. Carmona Porquera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of
Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
55905, United States
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
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Bhatta M, Nandi S, Dutta S, Saha MK. Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a systematic review for potential vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:1865774. [PMID: 33545014 PMCID: PMC8920137 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1865774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an international public health emergency in need of effective and safe vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. A systematic review has been done to analyze the availability, development and status of new COVID-19 vaccine candidates as well as the status of vaccines for other diseases that might be effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science and different trial registries were searched for currently available and probable future vaccines. Articles and ongoing clinical trials are included to ascertain the availability and developmental approaches of new vaccines that could limit the present and future outbreaks. Pharmaceutical companies and institutions are at different stages of developing new vaccines, and extensive studies and clinical trials are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Bhatta
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Nandi
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Malay Kumar Saha
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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48
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Peng Y, Tao H, Satyanarayanan SK, Jin K, Su H. A Comprehensive Summary of the Knowledge on COVID-19 Treatment. Aging Dis 2021; 12:155-191. [PMID: 33532135 PMCID: PMC7801274 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the world is challenged by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Epidemiologists and researchers worldwide are invariably trying to understand and combat this precarious new disease. Scrutinizing available drug options and developing potential new drugs are urgent needs to subdue this pandemic. Several intervention strategies are being considered and handled worldwide with limited success, and many drug candidates are yet in the trial phase. Despite these limitations, the development of COVID-19 treatment strategies has been accelerated to improve the clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19, and some countries have efficiently kept it under control. Recently, the use of natural and traditional medicine has also set the trend in coronavirus treatment. This review aimed to discuss the prevailing COVID-19 treatment strategies available globally by examining their efficacy, potential mechanisms, limitations, and challenges in predicting a future potential treatment candidate and bridging them with the effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The findings might enrich the knowledge on traditional alternative medication and its complementary role with Western medicine in managing the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Hongxun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Xu L, Ma Z, Li Y, Pang Z, Xiao S. Antibody dependent enhancement: Unavoidable problems in vaccine development. Adv Immunol 2021; 151:99-133. [PMID: 34656289 PMCID: PMC8438590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In some cases, antibodies can enhance virus entry and replication in cells. This phenomenon is called antibody-dependent infection enhancement (ADE). ADE not only promotes the virus to be recognized by the target cell and enters the target cell, but also affects the signal transmission in the target cell. Early formalin-inactivated virus vaccines such as aluminum adjuvants (RSV and measles) have been shown to induce ADE. Although there is no direct evidence that there is ADE in COVID-19, this potential risk is a huge challenge for prevention and vaccine development. This article focuses on the virus-induced ADE phenomenon and its molecular mechanism. It also summarizes various attempts in vaccine research and development to eliminate the ADE phenomenon, and proposes to avoid ADE in vaccine development from the perspective of antigens and adjuvants.
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50
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Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783
expr 839529059 + 832255227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
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