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Corredor D, Segobin S, Hinault T, Eustache F, Dayan J, Guillery-Girard B, Naveau M. The multiscale topological organization of the functional brain network in adolescent PTSD. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae246. [PMID: 38864573 PMCID: PMC11167567 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The experience of an extremely aversive event can produce enduring deleterious behavioral, and neural consequences, among which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a representative example. Although adolescence is a period of great exposure to potentially traumatic events, the effects of trauma during adolescence remain understudied in clinical neuroscience. In this exploratory work, we aim to study the whole-cortex functional organization of 14 adolescents with PTSD using a data-driven method tailored to our population of interest. To do so, we built on the network neuroscience framework and specifically on multilayer (multisubject) community analysis to study the functional connectivity of the brain. We show, across different topological scales (the number of communities composing the cortex), a hyper-colocalization between regions belonging to occipital and pericentral regions and hypo-colocalization in middle temporal, posterior-anterior medial, and frontal cortices in the adolescent PTSD group compared to a nontrauma exposed group of adolescents. These preliminary results raise the question of an altered large-scale cortical organization in adolescent PTSD, opening an interesting line of research for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Corredor
- Centre Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, Caen 14000, France
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Centre Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, Caen 14000, France
| | - Thomas Hinault
- Centre Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, Caen 14000, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Centre Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, Caen 14000, France
| | - Jacques Dayan
- Centre Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, Caen 14000, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Université Rennes 1, Rennes 35700, France
| | - Bérengère Guillery-Girard
- Centre Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, Caen 14000, France
| | - Mikaël Naveau
- UNICAEN, CNRS, INSERM, CEA, UAR3408 CYCERON, Normandie Université, Caen 14000, France
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Guo J, Guo S, Huang N, Fu M, Zhang B, Wang Y, Ma S, Wang X, Riem MME. Parental and Adolescents' Anxiety during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Rural China: The role of Parent-child Communication. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:657-669. [PMID: 38938941 PMCID: PMC11199451 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Purpose It has been suggested that the intergenerational transmission of anxiety may be an important contributor to the high prevalence of anxiety in adolescents. The objectives of this study are to examine whether and how parental anxiety is related to adolescent's anxiety and to explore the associations of parental anxiety and parent-child communication with adolescents' anxiety across different grades. Methods The current survey was conducted online from February 8th to February 27th, 2020.The questionnaires were distributed and retrieved through a web-based platform. A total of 6196 Chinese rural adolescents from grade seven to twelve (age ranging from 11 to 18 years old) were included. Results In this study, parental anxiety was significantly associated with higher adolescent anxiety (β = 0.14, p < 0.001) and this association was statically strongest at grade twelve. Besides, children with problematic parent-child communication related to COVID-19 reported elevated anxiety (β = 0.05, p < 0.01). In contrast, effective parent-child communication about COVID-19 mitigated the level of anxiety transmitted from parent to child (β = -0.04, p < 0.05). Conclusions During the COVID-19 epidemic, parents' anxiety was related to adolescents' anxiety. In addition, parent-child communication plays a moderating role in the above relationship. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing more psycho-education programs that specifically target parents' emotion regulation and effective communication abilities to ameliorate the psychopathological symptoms of parents and their children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-023-00609-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Sijia Guo
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mingqi Fu
- School of Public Management, Central South University, Changsha, 410082 PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology and ICCTR Biostatistics and Research Design Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Public Administration, Beijing City University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Shuang Ma
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Madelon M. E. Riem
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Duffy KA, Sammel MD, Johnson RL, Morrison KE, Bale TL, Epperson CN. Sex differences in stress-induced cortisol response among infants of mothers exposed to childhood adversity. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01350-7. [PMID: 38821195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase risk for mental illness in women and their children, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may play a role. The impact of ACEs on the HPA axis may be strongest when ACEs occur prepubertally and in those exposed to abuse ACEs. METHODS To test this, we measured salivary cortisol in 96 mother-infant dyads while mothers were separated from their infant experiencing a laboratory stressor. Mothers completed the ACE questionnaire, ACEs occurring prepubertally (pACEs) were measured, and mother-infant dyads were grouped based on maternal pACE history: no pACEs, 1+ pACEs with abuse, or 1+ pACEs but no abuse. RESULTS Mothers with 1+ pACEs exhibited decreases in cortisol (relative to pre-infant stressor), which differed significantly from the cortisol increase mothers with no pACEs experienced, regardless of abuse presence (p=.001) or absence (p=.002). These 1+ pACE groups did not differ from one another (p=.929). Significant sex differences in infant cortisol were observed in infants of mothers with 1+ pACEs (regardless of abuse) but not in infants of mothers with no pACEs. When mothers had 1+ pACEs, males showed decreases in cortisol in response to a stressor whereas females demonstrated increases, and males and females differed significantly when their mothers had 1+ pACEs with (p=0.025) and without (p=0.032) abuse. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of maternal exposure to childhood abuse, in response to a stressor, prepubertal ACEs were associated with lower cortisol response in mothers and sex differences in six-month-old infants, with males showing a lower cortisol response than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrina A Duffy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz, Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary D Sammel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz, Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel L Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz, Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz, Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Gupta T, Eckstrand KL, Forbes EE. Annual Research Review: Puberty and the development of anhedonia - considering childhood adversity and inflammation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:459-480. [PMID: 38391011 PMCID: PMC10939801 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Anhedonia, or diminished pleasure and motivation, is a symptom of severe mental illness (e.g., depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) that emerges during adolescence. Anhedonia is a pernicious symptom that is related to social impairments, treatment resistance, and suicide. As the mechanisms of anhedonia are postulated to include the frontostriatal circuitry and the dopamine neuromodulatory system, the development and plasticity of these systems during the vulnerable period of adolescence, as well as their sensitivity to pubertal hormones, suggest that pubertal maturation could play a role in the development of anhedonia. This review takes a developmental perspective, considering the possibility that anhedonia emerges in the context of pubertal maturation and adolescent development, with childhood adversity and chronic inflammation influencing neural reward systems to accelerate anhedonia's progression. Here, we review the relevant extant literature on the components of this model and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gupta
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | - Erika E. Forbes
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Pittsburgh PA USA
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Zarchev M, Grootendorst-van Mil NH, Bouter DC, Hoogendijk WJG, Mulder CL, Kamperman AM. Childhood adversity and psychopathology: the dimensions of timing, type and chronicity in a population-based sample of high-risk adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2024; 18:37. [PMID: 38500125 PMCID: PMC10949567 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-024-00727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on childhood adversity and psychopathology has begun investigating the dimension of timing, however the results have been contradictory depending on the study population, outcome and how adverse life events (ALEs) were operationalized. Additionally, studies so far typically focus only on a narrow range of psychiatric diagnoses or symptoms. The current cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between timing, type and chronicity of ALEs and adolescent mental health problems. METHODS Adolescents from a population-based cohort oversampled on emotional and behavioral problems (mean age 14.8; range 12-17, N = 861) were included in the current analysis. Primary caregivers were interviewed on what ALEs adolescents experienced. ALEs were defined in two ways: (1) broad operationalization, including school difficulties, parental divorce, and family sickness; and (2) physically threatening abuse only, including physical and sexual violence. After looking at lifetime ALEs, we turned to chronicity, timing and sex differences. We focused on overall psychiatric symptoms as well as specific domains of emotional and behavioral problems, assessed using the Youth Self Report (YSR) and psychotic experiences assessed using the Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16). A series of linear models adjusted for sociodemographic and parental factors were used. RESULTS Lifetime ALEs were associated with all types of psychopathology, with relatively bigger effect sizes for broad than for physical ALEs. The latter associations were found to be more robust to unmeasured confounding. The 9-12 age period of experiencing both broad and physical ALE's was most saliently associated with any psychopathology. Girls were more at risk after experiencing any ALEs, especially if the adversity was chronic or ALEs took place after the age of 12. CONCLUSIONS Broad as well as physical ALEs are associated with psychopathology, especially ALEs experienced during the 9-12 age period. Physical ALEs may be more useful in investigating specific etiological factors than broad ALEs. Sex differences may not emerge in lifetime measures of ALEs, but can be important for chronic and later childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Zarchev
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nina H Grootendorst-van Mil
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Diandra C Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Witte J G Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis L Mulder
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Antes Mental Health Care, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Albrandswaardsedijk 74, 3172 AA, Poortugaal, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid M Kamperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Tao Y, Zou X, Tang Q, Hou W, Wang S, Ma Z, Liu G, Liu X. Mapping network connection and direction between anxiety and depression symptoms across the early, middle, and late adolescents: Insights from a large Chinese sample. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 169:174-183. [PMID: 38039692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are two mental disorders prevailing among adolescents. However, issues regarding the trajectory of depression and anxiety are still controversial on both the disease and symptom dimensions. The novel method of network analysis was used to provide insight into the symptom dimension. 20,544 adolescents (female = 10,743, 52.3%) aged between 14 and 24 years (age mean ± sd = 16.9 ± 2.94) were divided into three subgroups according to age so that the course of depression and anxiety could be traced. Network analysis and the Bayesian network model were used in the current study. The results indicated that uncontrollable worry - excessive worry was the most significant edge for all adolescents, whereas concentration - motor had the highest edge weights for early adolescents, and anhedonia - energy was the most critical pairwise symptom for middle and late adolescents. Irritability can bridge anxiety and depression in the early and middle stages of adolescence, while suicide plays a bridging role in the early and late stages of adolescence. Restlessness and guilt can bridge anxiety and depression in middle- and late-stage adolescents, and feeling afraid plays a unique role in middle-stage adolescents. Except for sad mood, which can trigger middle adolescents' anxiety and depression, the other three subgroups were mainly triggered by nervousness. In addition, all results in our current study were shown to be stable and accurate. In treatment, targeting central and triggering symptoms at different stages of adolescence may be critical to alleviating the comorbidity of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Tao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zou
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qihui Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wenxin Hou
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Shujian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Zijuan Ma
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Dowaidar M. Gene-environment interactions that influence CVD, lipid traits, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension appear to be able to influence gene therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101213. [PMID: 37703607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Most mind boggling diseases are accepted to be impacted by both genetic and environmental elements. As of late, there has been a flood in the improvement of different methodologies, concentrate on plans, and measurable and logical techniques to examine gene-environment cooperations (G × Es) in enormous scope studies including human populaces. The many-sided exchange between genetic elements and environmental openings has long charmed the consideration of clinicians and researchers looking to grasp the complicated starting points of diseases. While single variables can add to disease, the blend of genetic variations and environmental openings frequently decides disease risk. The fundamental point of this paper is to talk about the Gene-Environment Associations That Impact CVD, Lipid Characteristics, Obesity, Diabetes, and Hypertension Have all the earmarks of being Ready to Impact Gene Therapy. This survey paper investigates the meaning of gene-environment collaborations (G × E) in disease advancement. The intricacy of genetic and environmental communications in disease causation is explained, underlining the multifactorial idea of many circumstances. The job of gene-environment cooperations in cardiovascular disease, lipid digestion, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension is investigated. This audit fixates on Gene by Environment (G × E) collaborations, investigating their importance in disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Dowaidar
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health & Biosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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Crum KI, Aloi J, Blair KS, Bashford-Largo J, Bajaj S, Zhang R, Hwang S, Schwartz A, Elowsky J, Filbey FM, Dobbertin M, Blair RJ. Latent profiles of substance use, early life stress, and attention/externalizing problems and their association with neural correlates of reinforcement learning in adolescents. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7358-7367. [PMID: 37144406 PMCID: PMC10625649 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent substance use, externalizing and attention problems, and early life stress (ELS) commonly co-occur. These psychopathologies show overlapping neural dysfunction in the form of reduced recruitment of reward processing neuro-circuitries. However, it is unclear to what extent these psychopathologies show common v. different neural dysfunctions as a function of symptom profiles, as no studies have directly compared neural dysfunctions associated with each of these psychopathologies to each other. METHODS In study 1, a latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted in a sample of 266 adolescents (aged 13-18, 41.7% female, 58.3% male) from a residential youth care facility and the surrounding community to investigate substance use, externalizing and attention problems, and ELS psychopathologies and their co-presentation. In study 2, we examined a subsample of 174 participants who completed the Passive Avoidance learning task during functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine differential and/or common reward processing neuro-circuitry dysfunctions associated with symptom profiles based on these co-presentations. RESULTS In study 1, LPA identified profiles of substance use plus rule-breaking behaviors, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and ELS. In study 2, the substance use/rule-breaking profile was associated with reduced recruitment of reward processing and attentional neuro-circuitries during the Passive Avoidance task (p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that there is reduced responsivity of striato-cortical regions when receiving outcomes on an instrumental learning task within a profile of adolescents with substance use and rule-breaking behaviors. Mitigating reward processing dysfunction specifically may represent a potential intervention target for substance-use psychopathologies accompanied by rule-breaking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I Crum
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Neuroimaging, Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joseph Aloi
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Karina S Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Johannah Bashford-Largo
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Sahil Bajaj
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Ru Zhang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Soonjo Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amanda Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Jaimie Elowsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Dobbertin
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - R James Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
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Sequeira S, Carmel T, Tervo-Clemmens B, Edmiston EK. Future Directions in the Mental Health of Transgender Youth: Towards a Social-Affective Developmental Model of Health Disparity. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023; 52:866-876. [PMID: 37910433 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2023.2272972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mental health disparities in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth are well-documented. These disparities are often studied in the context of minority stress theory, and most of this research focuses on experiences of trauma and discrimination TGD youth experience after coming out. However, TGD youth may be targets of violence and victimization due to perceived gender nonconformity before coming out. In this Future Directions, we integrate research on attachment, developmental trauma, and effects of racism and homophobia on mental health to propose a social-affective developmental framework for TGD youth. We provide a clinical vignette to highlight limitations in current approaches to mental health assessment in TGD youth and to illustrate how using a social-affective developmental framework can improve clinical assessment and treatment approaches and deepen our understanding of mental health disparities in TGD people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamar Carmel
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Richmond
| | | | - E Kale Edmiston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine
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Stadtler H, Neigh GN. Sex Differences in the Neurobiology of Stress. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:427-446. [PMID: 37500242 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the existing knowledge and data that explain the physiologic impacts of stress, especially pertaining to neurobiology, and how these impacts differ by sex. Furthermore, this review explains the benefits of interventions aimed at preventing or mitigating the adverse effects of stress, because of both the significant toll of stress on the body and the disproportionate impact of these changes experienced by women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stadtler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1101 East Marshall Street Box 980709, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1101 East Marshall Street Box 980709, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Laricchiuta D, Panuccio A, Picerni E, Biondo D, Genovesi B, Petrosini L. The body keeps the score: The neurobiological profile of traumatized adolescents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105033. [PMID: 36610696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Trauma-related disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions that affect people who have directly or indirectly witnessed adversities. Experiencing multiple types of traumas appears to be common during childhood, and even more so during adolescence. Dramatic brain/body transformations occurring during adolescence may provide a highly responsive substrate to external stimuli and lead to trauma-related vulnerability conditions, such as internalizing (anxiety, depression, anhedonia, withdrawal) and externalizing (aggression, delinquency, conduct disorders) problems. Analyzing relations among neuronal, endocrine, immune, and biochemical signatures of trauma and internalizing and externalizing behaviors, including the role of personality traits in shaping these conducts, this review highlights that the marked effects of traumatic experience on the brain/body involve changes at nearly every level of analysis, from brain structure, function and connectivity to endocrine and immune systems, from gene expression (including in the gut) to the development of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Panuccio
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Picerni
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Petrosini
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Malhi GS, Das P, Outhred T, Bell E, Gessler D, Bryant R, Mannie Z. Significant age by childhood trauma interactions on grey matter volumes: A whole brain VBM analysis. Bipolar Disord 2023; 25:209-220. [PMID: 36628450 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is deleterious to long term brain development. The changes are variable, and depend on gender, age and the nature of the trauma. In this exploratory analysis, we investigated the effects of exposure to emotional trauma on grey matter (GM) volumes in adolescent females. METHODS We explored GM volumes in non-clinical females aged 12-17 years who had been exposed to either higher (HET; N = 75) or minimal (MET; N = 127) emotional trauma. High-resolution T1-weighted structural images were analysed with an optimised FSL-VBM protocol. The General Linear Model was run on HET versus MET with continuous age as an interaction. Mean GM volumes were extracted from significant corrected age interaction statistical maps and scrutinised with SPSS®. RESULTS We observed greater HET*age than MET*age interactions (corrected p-value = 0.0002), in 4 separate bilateral cortical regions associated with mood disorders. Scrutiny of these regions showed significant GM volume enlargements in the early adolescent HET group (p = 0.017) and reductions in the late adolescent HET group (p < 0.0001). Notably, there were no differences in middle adolescence (p > 0.05). LIMITATIONS Causality cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional study and the onset of trauma cannot be determined using retrospective measures. CONCLUSIONS Whilst GM volumes diminish from early adolescence onwards, our results show that HET impacts this brain development, perhaps first via unstable adaptative mechanisms, followed by maladaptive processes in late adolescence. This suggests that compromises of emotional and cognitive self-regulation in mood disorders may underpin the structural abnormalities observed across multiple brain regions in these teenage girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,CADE Clinic and Mood-T, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Visiting Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pritha Das
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,CADE Clinic and Mood-T, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Outhred
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,CADE Clinic and Mood-T, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erica Bell
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,CADE Clinic and Mood-T, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle Gessler
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,CADE Clinic and Mood-T, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zola Mannie
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,CADE Clinic and Mood-T, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Health and Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Dark HE, Harnett NG, Hurst DR, Wheelock MD, Wood KH, Goodman AM, Mrug S, Elliott MN, Emery ST, Schuster MA, Knight DC. Sex-related differences in violence exposure, neural reactivity to threat, and mental health. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2221-2229. [PMID: 36030316 PMCID: PMC9630543 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and amygdala play an important role in emotional health. However, adverse life events (e.g., violence exposure) affect the function of these brain regions, which may lead to disorders such as depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety disproportionately affect women compared to men, and this disparity may reflect sex differences in the neural processes that underlie emotion expression and regulation. The present study investigated sex differences in the relationship between violence exposure and the neural processes that underlie emotion regulation. In the present study, 200 participants completed a Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure in which cued and non-cued threats (i.e., unconditioned stimuli) were presented during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Violence exposure was previously assessed at four separate time points when participants were 11-19 years of age. Significant threat type (cued versus non-cued) × sex and sex × violence exposure interactions were observed. Specifically, women and men differed in amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus reactivity to cued versus non-cued threat. Further, dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) reactivity to threat varied positively with violence exposure among women, but not men. Similarly, threat-elicited skin conductance responses varied positively with violence exposure among women. Finally, women reported greater depression and anxiety symptoms than men. These findings suggest that sex differences in threat-related brain and psychophysiological activity may have implications for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Dark
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle R Hurst
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Muriah D Wheelock
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kimberly H Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Samford University, Homewood, AL, USA
| | - Adam M Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Susan Tortolero Emery
- Texas Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Schuster
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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14
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Zhang J, Sami S, Meiser-Stedman R. Acute stress and PTSD among trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Computational prediction and interpretation. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 92:102642. [PMID: 36356479 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth receiving medical care for injury are at risk of PTSD. Therefore, accurate prediction of chronic PTSD at an early stage is needed. Machine learning (ML) offers a promising approach to precise prediction and interpretation. AIMS The study proposes a clinically useful predictive model for PTSD 6-12 months after injury, analyzing the relationship among predictors, and between predictors and outcomes. METHODS A ML approach was utilized to train models based on 1167 children and adolescents of nine perspective studies. Demographics, trauma characteristics and acute traumatic stress (ASD) symptoms were used as initial predictors. PTSD diagnosis at six months was derived using DSM-IV PTSD diagnostic criteria. Models were validated on external datasets. Shapley value and partial dependency plot (PDP) were applied to interpret the final model. RESULTS A random forest model with 13 predictors (age, ethnicity, trauma type, intrusive memories, nightmares, reliving, distress, dissociation, cognitive avoidance, sleep, irritability, hypervigilance and startle) yielded F-scores of.973,0.902 and.961 with training and two external datasets. Shapley values were calculated for individual and grouped predictors. A cumulative effect for intrusion symptoms was observed. PDP showed a non-linear relationship between age and PTSD, and between ASD symptom severity and PTSD. A 43 % difference in the risk between non-minority and minority ethnic groups was detected. CONCLUSIONS A ML model demonstrated excellent classification performance and good potential for clinical utility, using a few easily obtainable variables. Model interpretation gave a comprehensive quantitative analysis on the operations among predictors, in particular ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK.
| | - Saber Sami
- Dementia Research, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
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15
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Ivanova D, Li X, Liu Y, McIntyre C, Fernandes C, Lass G, Kong L, O’Byrne KT. Role of Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala Urocortin-3 in Pubertal Timing in Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:893029. [PMID: 35655799 PMCID: PMC9152449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.893029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder impedes pubertal development and disrupts pulsatile LH secretion in humans and rodents. The posterodorsal sub-nucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD) is an upstream modulator of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator, pubertal timing, as well as emotional processing and anxiety. Psychosocial stress exposure alters neuronal activity within the MePD increasing the expression of Urocortin3 (Ucn3) and its receptor corticotropin-releasing factor type-2 receptor (CRFR2) while enhancing the inhibitory output from the MePD to key hypothalamic reproductive centres. We test the hypothesis that psychosocial stress, processed by the MePD, is relayed to the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator to delay puberty in female mice. We exposed C57Bl6/J female mice to the predator odor, 2,4,5-Trimethylthiazole (TMT), during pubertal transition and examined the effect on pubertal timing, pre-pubertal LH pulses and anxiety-like behaviour. Subsequently, we virally infected Ucn3-cre-tdTomato female mice with stimulatory DREADDs targeting MePD Ucn3 neurons and determined the effect on pubertal timing and pre-pubertal LH pulse frequency. Exposure to TMT during pubertal development delayed puberty, suppressed pre-pubertal LH pulsatility and enhanced anxiety-like behaviour, while activation of MePD Ucn3 neurons reduced LH pulse frequency and delayed puberty. Early psychosocial stress exposure decreases GnRH pulse generator frequency delaying puberty while inducing anxiety-behaviour in female mice, an effect potentially involving Ucn3 neurons in the MePD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - XiaoFeng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caitlin McIntyre
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geffen Lass
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lingsi Kong
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin T. O’Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Morrison KE, Stenson AF, Marx-Rattner R, Carter S, Michopoulos V, Gillespie CF, Powers A, Huang W, Kane MA, Jovanovic T, Bale TL. Developmental Timing of Trauma in Women Predicts Unique Extracellular Vesicle Proteome Signatures. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:273-282. [PMID: 34715991 PMCID: PMC9219961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traumatic events is a risk factor for negative physical and mental health outcomes. However, the underlying biological mechanisms that perpetuate these lasting effects are not known. METHODS We investigated the impact and timing of sexual trauma, a specific type of interpersonal violence, experienced during key developmental windows of childhood, adolescence, or adulthood on adult health outcomes and associated biomarkers, including circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA levels and extracellular vesicles (EVs), in a predominantly Black cohort of women (N = 101). RESULTS Significant changes in both biomarkers examined, circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA levels and EV proteome, were specific to developmental timing of sexual trauma. Specifically, we identified a large number of keratin-related proteins from EVs unique to the adolescent sexual trauma group. Remarkably, the majority of these keratin proteins belong to a 17q21 gene cluster, which suggests a potential local epigenetic regulatory mechanism altered by adolescent trauma to impact keratinocyte EV secretion or its protein cargo. These results, along with changes in fear-potentiated startle and skin conductance detected in these women, suggest that sexual violence experienced during the specific developmental window of adolescence may involve unique programming of the skin, the body's largest stress organ. CONCLUSIONS Together, these descriptive studies provide novel insight into distinct biological processes altered by trauma experienced during specific developmental windows. Future studies will be required to mechanistically link these biological processes to health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anaïs F Stenson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ruth Marx-Rattner
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sierra Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles F Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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17
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Eder-Moreau E, Zhu X, Fisch CT, Bergman M, Neria Y, Helpman L. Neurobiological Alterations in Females With PTSD: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:862476. [PMID: 35770056 PMCID: PMC9234306 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.862476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most females experience at least one traumatic event in their lives, but not all develop PTSD. Despite considerable research, our understanding of the key factors that constitute risk for PTSD among females is limited. Previous research has largely focused on sex differences, neglecting within group comparisons, thereby obviating differences between females who do and do not develop PTSD following exposure to trauma. In this systematic review, we conducted a search for the extent of existing research utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine neurobiological differences among females of all ages, with and without PTSD. Only studies of females who met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD were included. Fifty-six studies were selected and reviewed. We synthesized here findings from structural MRI (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC MRI) studies, comparing females with and without PTSD. A range of biopsychosocial constructs that may leave females vulnerable to PTSD were discussed. First, the ways timing and type of exposure to trauma may impact PTSD risk were discussed. Second, the key role that cognitive and behavioral mechanisms may play in PTSD was described, including rumination, and deficient fear extinction. Third, the role of specific symptom patterns and common comorbidities in female-specific PTSD was described, as well as sex-specific implications on treatment and parenting outcomes. We concluded by identifying areas for future research, to address the need to better understand developmental aspects of brain alterations, the differential impact of trauma types and timing, the putative role of neuroendocrine system in neurobiology of PTSD among females, and the impact of social and cultural factors on neurobiology in females with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Eder-Moreau
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xi Zhu
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chana T Fisch
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maja Bergman
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuval Neria
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Liat Helpman
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Psychiatric Research Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Daly KA, Marshall AD. Trauma during Early Adolescence and Boys' Social Behavior: A Focus on Teen Dating Violence. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:471-482. [PMID: 34824664 PMCID: PMC8586378 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although early adolescence is increasingly recognized as commencing a sensitive period for social development, little research exists on the impact of trauma exposure during this juncture. We hypothesized that trauma experienced during early adolescence would be particularly disruptive to the acquisition of social skills necessary for healthy future relationships. Among 1500 boys from the National Comorbidity Study Adolescent Supplement, we examined trauma exposure across developmental periods on interpersonal outcomes in late adolescence. Most (62.3%) participants reported prior exposure to at least one potentially traumatic event, and rates of such exposures generally increased linearly over time with a relative spike in exposure occurring at age 15. Trauma exposure during early adolescence, but not other developmental periods, uniquely predicted boys' perpetration of physical teen dating violence (TDV; OR = 2.2) and broader social problems (B = 2.061, SE = .091) in late adolescence. In contrast, and consistent with existing literature, trauma exposure early in development and during mid-adolescence predicted late adolescence conduct disorder diagnoses. At least in the context of early adolescent exposure, the link between trauma and TDV perpetration may be conceptualized within a broader framework of social competence rather than oft-purported antisociality. Early adolescence may present opportunities for targeted prevention of TDV and broader social problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Daly
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA USA
| | - Amy D. Marshall
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA USA
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19
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Taylor BK, Eastman JA, Frenzel MR, Embury CM, Wang YP, Stephen JM, Calhoun VD, Badura-Brack AS, Wilson TW. Subclinical Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Influence Cortical Thinning During Adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:1288-1299. [PMID: 33383162 PMCID: PMC8236497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescence is a sensitive period for the development and emergence of anxiety and mood disorders. Research suggests that symptoms ranging from subclinical to clinical levels are associated with pathological developmental changes in the neocortex. However, much of this research has been cross-sectional, limiting the field's ability to identify the neurodevelopmental impacts of these symptoms. The present study examined how early reported symptoms predict baseline cortical thickness and surface area, and trajectories of change in these measures during adolescence. METHOD A total of 205 typically developing individuals 9 to 15 years of age (103 male and 102 female participants) completed 3T structural magnetic resonance imaging annually for 3 years. From these, we extracted mean cortical thickness and total surface area for each year. Youth self-reported their anxiety, depressive, and posttraumatic stress symptoms during their first visit. We used latent growth curve modeling to determine how these symptoms along with sex interactions predicted baseline thickness and surface area, and rates of change in these measures over the 3-year period. RESULTS Higher anxiety was associated with lower baseline thickness and slowed cortical thinning over time. Conversely, greater posttraumatic stress predicted higher baseline thickness and accelerated thinning over time. Sex interactions suggested that the effects were dampened among female compared to male participants. Depressive symptoms were not related to cortical thickness or surface area. CONCLUSION Female adolescents may express more regionally specific effects of symptoms sets on cortical thickness, although this requires further investigation. Cortical thickness in male adolescents appears to be preferentially susceptible to anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms, exhibiting global changes across multiple years.
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20
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Stenson AF, Michopoulos V, Stevens JS, Powers A, Jovanovic T. Sex-Specific Associations Between Trauma Exposure, Pubertal Timing, and Anxiety in Black Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:636199. [PMID: 34239425 PMCID: PMC8258149 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.636199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has linked early life stress (ELS), such as trauma exposure, with early puberty. Early puberty has also been identified as a risk factor for poor mental health outcomes. However, these two paths have primarily been examined independently. In addition, more studies have examined these associations in girls than boys, and findings for boys remain mixed. We hypothesized that early puberty (relative to peers) would be positively associated with both prior trauma exposure and concurrent anxiety symptoms. We anticipated that these associations might differ by sex. We tested these hypotheses within a cross-sectional sample of 133 8- to 13-year-old Black girls and boys with trauma exposure. The association between trauma and accelerated pubertal timing was sex-specific: it was positive for girls and negative for boys. We stratified subsequent analyses by sex. Regression analyses indicated that early puberty relative to peers predicted more anxiety symptoms for girls but not boys, after accounting for trauma exposure. A statistical mediation analysis indicated that, for girls, the positive association between trauma exposure and anxiety was partially mediated by pubertal timing. These results indicate that trauma exposure may have sex-specific effects on pubertal timing and anxiety risk in Black children. We also found that, for girls, trauma may increase risk for adverse outcomes by prompting earlier puberty, which is linked to higher anxiety. These findings are consistent with cascading effects of trauma across development, and highlight the need for further study of sex-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs F. Stenson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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21
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Abstract
AIMS The long-term physical health effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are well characterised, but the psychological effects remain unclear. Therefore, we sought to determine whether measures of exposure severity, as indirect measures of psychological trauma arising from exposure to the atomic bombings, are associated with suicide mortality among atomic bomb survivors. METHODS The Life Span Study is a prospective cohort study of 93 741 Japanese atomic bomb survivors who were located within 10 km of the hypocentre in Hiroshima or Nagasaki at the time of the bombings in 1945, and 26 579 residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were not in either city at the time of the bombings, matched to survivors on city, sex and age. Measures of exposure severity included: proximity to the hypocentre, type of shielding between the survivor and the blast and self-reported occurrence of acute radiation and thermal injuries. Date of death was obtained from the Japanese National Family Registry system. Cause of death was obtained from death certificates. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox regression models overall and stratified by sex and age. RESULTS During the 60-year follow-up period (1950-2009), 1150 suicide deaths were recorded among 120 231 participants (23.6 per 100 000 person-years): 510 among 70 092 women (17.2 per 100 000 person-years) and 640 among 50 139 men (33.6 per 100 000 person-years). Overall, there was no association of proximity, type of shielding or the occurrence of acute injuries with suicide mortality. Among those <25 years of age at the time of the bombings, increased suicide risk was observed for survivors outside v. shielded inside any structure (HR: 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.48; interaction p = 0.054) and for those who reported flash burns (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.73; interaction p = 0.025). Sex-stratified analyses indicated that these associations were limited to men. Among women, closer proximity to the hypocentre was associated with a non-significant increase in suicide risk, with a positive association between proximity and suicide risk observed among women <15 years of age (HR: 1.09 per km; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.18; interaction p = 0.067). CONCLUSIONS Proximity to the hypocentre, shielding and acute injury presence do not generally appear to influence suicide mortality among atomic bomb survivors. However, heterogeneity may exist by age and sex, with younger survivors potentially more sensitive to psychological trauma. Coupled with other studies, our results suggest the importance of long-term monitoring of mental health among young populations exposed to catastrophic events or mass trauma.
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22
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Cisler JM, Herringa RJ. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Developing Adolescent Brain. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:144-151. [PMID: 32709416 PMCID: PMC7725977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents is common and debilitating. In contrast to adult PTSD, relatively little is known about the neurobiology of adolescent PTSD, nor about how current treatments may alter adolescent neurodevelopment to allow recovery from PTSD. Improving our understanding of biological mechanisms of adolescent PTSD, taken in the context of neurodevelopment, is crucial for developing novel and personalized treatment approaches. In this review, we highlight prevailing constructs of PTSD and current findings on these domains in adolescent PTSD. Notably, little data exist in adolescent PTSD for prominent adult PTSD constructs, including threat learning and attentional threat bias. Most work to date has examined general threat processing, emotion regulation, and their neural substrates. These studies suggest that adolescent PTSD, while phenomenologically similar to adult PTSD, shows unique neurodevelopmental substrates that may impair recovery but could also be targeted in the context of adolescent neuroplasticity to improve outcomes. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggest abnormal frontolimbic development compared with typically developing youths, a pattern that may differ from resilient youths. Whether current treatments such as trauma-focused psychotherapy engage these targets and restore healthy neurodevelopment remains an open question. We end our review by highlighting emerging areas and knowledge gaps that could be addressed to better characterize the biology underlying adolescent PTSD. Emerging studies in computational modeling of decision making, caregiver-related transmission of traumatic stress, and other areas may offer new targets that could harness adolescent neurobehavioral plasticity to improve resilience and recovery for some of our most vulnerable youths.
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Tarazi-Sahab L, El Husseini M, Moro MR. Case Report: When Does Puberty Become Traumatic? Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:480852. [PMID: 33603683 PMCID: PMC7884329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.480852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty provokes physiological upheaval that can be psychologically traumatic and destabilizing for the child. Before the transformations of puberty, the body is a protective vessel that acts as a stable reference for the child. A child's emotional security is derived from a sense of predictability and well-being. However, the nascent sexuality and burgeoning libido experienced during puberty can trigger unsettling changes in the psycho-affective and psycho-dynamic equilibrium of the child as he or she transforms into an adolescent. This article presents puberty as a transformative experience with traumatic impact that needs to be considered in therapy conducted with adolescents. At best, pubescent trauma can cause superficial issues in a child's adaptive abilities; at worse, it can lead to pathological symptoms. This article presents a qualitative study derived from a clinical case of an adolescent girl who expresses her pubescent suffering through social withdrawal and mutism. The study determines several symptomatic and traumatic indicators caused by the sudden physiological transformations of puberty, such as perceived breaches in a child's sense of safety and the child's ability to predict. The study also explores the feelings of helplessness, vulnerability, and aloneness that pubescent adolescents endure, which are then exacerbated by the sensed inability to turn to parents for help or peers for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Tarazi-Sahab
- Laboratory of Psychology, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM U.1178 Santé Mentale et Santé Publique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mayssa El Husseini
- MCU Picardie University, Amiens, France.,CHSSC EA 4289, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Rose Moro
- INSERM U.1178 Santé Mentale et Santé Publique, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Descartes University, Paris, France.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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24
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Abstract
A now substantial body of science implicates a dynamic interplay between genetic and environmental variation in the development of individual differences in behavior and health. Such outcomes are affected by molecular, often epigenetic, processes involving gene-environment (G-E) interplay that can influence gene expression. Early environments with exposures to poverty, chronic adversities, and acutely stressful events have been linked to maladaptive development and compromised health and behavior. Genetic differences can impart either enhanced or blunted susceptibility to the effects of such pathogenic environments. However, largely missing from present discourse regarding G-E interplay is the role of time, a "third factor" guiding the emergence of complex developmental endpoints across different scales of time. Trajectories of development increasingly appear best accounted for by a complex, dynamic interchange among the highly linked elements of genes, contexts, and time at multiple scales, including neurobiological (minutes to milliseconds), genomic (hours to minutes), developmental (years and months), and evolutionary (centuries and millennia) time. This special issue of PNAS thus explores time and timing among G-E transactions: The importance of timing and timescales in plasticity and critical periods of brain development; epigenetics and the molecular underpinnings of biologically embedded experience; the encoding of experience across time and biological levels of organization; and gene-regulatory networks in behavior and development and their linkages to neuronal networks. Taken together, the collection of papers offers perspectives on how G-E interplay operates contingently within and against a backdrop of time and timescales.
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Hoffman KW, Lee JJ, Corcoran CM, Kimhy D, Kranz TM, Malaspina D. Considering the Microbiome in Stress-Related and Neurodevelopmental Trajectories to Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:629. [PMID: 32719625 PMCID: PMC7350783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity and prenatal stress are consistently associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia, although the exact pathogenic mechanisms linking the exposures with the disease remain elusive. Our previous view of the HPA stress axis as an elegant but simple negative feedback loop, orchestrating adaptation to stressors among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands, needs to be updated. Research in the last two decades shows that important bidirectional signaling between the HPA axis and intestinal mucosa modulates brain function and neurochemistry, including effects on glucocorticoid hormones and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The intestinal microbiome in earliest life, which is seeded by the vaginal microbiome during delivery, programs the development of the HPA axis in a critical developmental window, determining stress sensitivity and HPA function as well as immune system development. The crosstalk between the HPA and the Microbiome Gut Brain Axis (MGBA) is particularly high in the hippocampus, the most consistently disrupted neural region in persons with schizophrenia. Animal models suggest that the MGBA remains influential on behavior and physiology across developmental stages, including the perinatal window, early childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Understanding the role of the microbiome on critical risk related stressors may enhance or transform of understanding of the origins of schizophrenia and offer new approaches to increase resilience against stress effects for preventing and treating schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jakleen J. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), New York, NY, United States
| | - David Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), New York, NY, United States
| | - Thorsten M. Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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26
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Morrison KE, Cole AB, Kane PJ, Meadows VE, Thompson SM, Bale TL. Pubertal adversity alters chromatin dynamics and stress circuitry in the pregnant brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1263-1271. [PMID: 32045935 PMCID: PMC7297802 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Women who have experienced adverse childhood events (ACEs) around puberty are at the greatest risk for neuropsychiatric disorders across the lifespan. This population is exceptionally vulnerable to neuropsychiatric disease presentation during the hormonally dynamic state of pregnancy. We previously established that chronic adversity around puberty in female mice significantly altered their HPA axis function specifically during pregnancy, modeling the effects of pubertal ACEs we also reported in women. We hypothesized that the pregnancy hormone, allopregnanolone, was involved in presentation of the blunted stress response phenotype by its interaction with the molecular programming that had occurred during pubertal adversity experience. Here, in adult mice previously stressed during puberty, allopregnanolone administration was sufficient to reproduce the decreased corticosterone response after acute stress. Examination of neuronal activation and the electrophysiological properties of CRF neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) found no significant changes in synaptic function that corresponded with the blunted HPA axis reactivity. However, at the chromatin level, utilization of ATAC-Seq profiling demonstrated a dramatic remodeling of DNA accessibility in the PVN following pubertal adversity. Altogether, these data establish a potential molecular mechanism whereby adversity during puberty can enact lasting transcriptional control that manifests only during a unique period of the lifespan where dynamic hormonal changes occur. These results highlight a biological process that may impart an increased risk for a highly vulnerable population, whereby pubertal programming of the PVN results in aberrant HPA axis responsiveness when exposed to the hormonal changes unique to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony B Cole
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick J Kane
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Victoria E Meadows
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Thompson
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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27
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Lu Y, Yang D, Niu Y, Zhang H, Du B, Jiang X. Factors associated with the resilience of Tibetan adolescent survivors five years after the 2010 Yushu earthquake. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231736. [PMID: 32324755 PMCID: PMC7179896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience contributes to the recovery of disaster victims. The resilience of Tibetan adolescents after the Yushu earthquake has not been properly studied. This study aimed to examine the current resilience and associated factors in Tibetan adolescent survivors in the hardest-hit area 5 years after the Yushu earthquake. This cross-sectional survey was conducted in the area hit the hardest by the Yushu earthquake. Data were collected from 4681 respondents in October and November 2015. Measurements included the participant characteristics, traumatic earthquake experience, the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC), and the social support appraisals (SS-A) scale. The individual datasets were randomized as 80% for the training set and 20% for the validation set. The mean resilience score of the Tibetan adolescent survivors was 55.0±12.3. Thirteen variables were entered into the regression equation. The three dimensions of social support (from family, from friends, from others than family/friends) were positively associated with resilience (all P<0.05), among which support from others than family/friends was the strongest (r = 0.388, P<0.001). Academic performance, activeness of participation in school activities, harmonious relationship with teachers/classmates, health over the last year, and regular physical exercise were positively associated with resilience (all P<0.05). Being female and being extremely worried about their own lives were negatively associated with resilience (both P<0.05). In conclusion, among Tibetan adolescent survivors to the Yushu earthquake of 2010, support from others than family/friends was the strongest positive factor associated with resilience, while being female and extreme worry about their own lives were negative factors. These results expand our knowledge regarding resilience in Tibetan adolescent disaster survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Niu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaguo Zhang
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingli Du
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Jiang
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Modelling resilience in adolescence and adversity: a novel framework to inform research and practice. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:316. [PMID: 31772187 PMCID: PMC6879584 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent conceptualisations of resilience have advanced the notion that it is a dynamic and multifaceted construct. However, its adaptive components, especially those forged by adversity, have not been fully realised, and its neurobiological and psychosocial underpinnings are yet to be meaningfully integrated. In part, this is because a developmental perspective is often neglected in the formulation of resilience. In this review, we consider the findings of resilience research, with a specific emphasis on the developmental period of adolescence. To bridge the gaps in our current understanding, we propose a model of resilience that is predicated on experiencing adversity. Specifically, our model provides a sophisticated insight into the components of resilience, which, together with intrinsic features, involves facilitation of, and skill acquisition via strengthening processes we term tempering and fortification. The model also points to the potential trajectories of adversity-driven resilience and forms the basis of a framework that allows for individual variance in resilience, and the identification of both neurobiological and psychosocial targets for prevention and therapeutic interventions.
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Murthy S, Kane GA, Katchur NJ, Lara Mejia PS, Obiofuma G, Buschman TJ, McEwen BS, Gould E. Perineuronal Nets, Inhibitory Interneurons, and Anxiety-Related Ventral Hippocampal Neuronal Oscillations Are Altered by Early Life Adversity. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:1011-1020. [PMID: 31027646 PMCID: PMC6590696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, accumulated adverse experiences during childhood increase the risk of anxiety disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In rodents, the ventral hippocampus (vHIP) is associated with anxiety regulation, and lesions in this region alter both anxiety-like behavior and activity levels. Neuronal oscillations in the vHIP of the theta frequency range (4-12 Hz) have been implicated in anxious states and derive in part from the activity of inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus, some of which are enwrapped with perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix structures known to regulate plasticity. We sought to investigate the associations among early life stress-induced anxiety and hyperactivity with vHIP neuronal oscillations, inhibitory interneurons, and PNNs in mice. METHODS We used repeated maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) to model accumulated early life adversity in mouse offspring and studied the underlying cellular and electrophysiological changes in the vHIP that are associated with excessive anxiety and hyperactivity. RESULTS We found increased anxiety-like behavior and activity levels in MSEW adult males, along with increased theta power and enhanced theta-gamma coupling in the vHIP. MSEW mice showed reduced intensity of parvalbumin as well as increased PNN intensity around parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the vHIP. We further observed that MSEW increased orthodenticle homeobox protein 2, a transcription factor promoting PNN development, in the choroid plexus, where it is produced, as well as in parvalbumin-positive interneurons, where it is sequestered. CONCLUSIONS These findings raise the possibility of causal links among parvalbumin-positive interneurons, PNNs, orthodenticle homeobox protein 2, and MSEW-induced anxiety and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Gary A. Kane
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Nicole J. Katchur
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Paula S. Lara Mejia
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Gracious Obiofuma
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Timothy J. Buschman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY 10021
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
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Li XF, Adekunbi DA, Alobaid HM, Li S, Pilot M, Lightman SL, O'Byrne KT. Role of the posterodorsal medial amygdala in predator odour stress-induced puberty delay in female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12719. [PMID: 30963653 PMCID: PMC6563483 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Puberty onset is influenced by various factors, including psychosocial stress. The present study investigated cat-odour stress on puberty onset and oestrous cyclicity in rats. Female weanling rats were exposed to either soiled cat litter or fresh unused litter for 10 consecutive days. Following vaginal opening (VO), rats were smeared for 14 days to determine oestrous cyclicity. Anxiety-like behaviour was assessed using standard anxiety tests. Brains were collected to determine corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), CRF receptor 1 (CRF-R1) and CRF receptor 2 (CRF-R2) mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as well as the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) and the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MEA). Cat odour delayed VO and first oestrus, disrupted oestrous cycles and caused anxiogenic responses. Cat odour elicited increased CRF mRNA expression in the PVN but not in the CeA. CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 mRNA levels in the PVN and CeA were unaffected by cat odour; however, CRF-R1 mRNA levels were decreased in the MeA. The role of CRF signalling in the MeA, particularly its posterodorsal subnucleus (MePD), with respect to pubertal timing was directly examined by unilateral intra-MePD administration of CRF (0.2 nmol day-1 for 14 days) via an osmotic mini-pump from postnatal day 24 and was shown to delay VO and first oestrus. These data suggest that CRF signalling in the MePD may be associated with predator odour-induced puberty delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel A. Adekunbi
- Department of Women and Children's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hussah M. Alobaid
- Department of Women and Children's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Zoology DepartmentCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Shengyun Li
- Department of Women and Children's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Michel Pilot
- Department of Women and Children's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and EndocrinologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kevin T. O'Byrne
- Department of Women and Children's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Malhi GS, Das P, Outhred T, Irwin L, Gessler D, Bwabi Z, Bryant R, Mannie Z. The effects of childhood trauma on adolescent hippocampal subfields. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:447-457. [PMID: 30712362 DOI: 10.1177/0004867418824021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mood disorders are more common among girls and typically emerge during adolescence. The precise reasons for this are unknown, but among the many mechanisms implicated are stress-induced hippocampal structural changes during this developmental stage. The hippocampus is a complex structure comprised of subfields that develop differentially and respond variably to stress and childhood adversity, both of which are risk factors for mood disorders. To better understand vulnerability to mood disorders, we investigated a cohort of adolescent girls and determined volumetric changes in their hippocampal subfields to elucidate the potential effects of childhood trauma. METHODS Of the 229 participants, 201 girls (aged 12-17 years) fulfilled our analysis inclusion criteria. Of these, 76 had been exposed to higher emotional trauma (emotional abuse or neglect). The girls underwent high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging scans, and hippocampal subfield volumes were measured using FreeSurfer. We compared hippocampal subfield volumes in those exposed to higher emotional trauma and those exposed to minimal emotional trauma, at three time-points of adolescent development: early (12-13 years), mid (14-15 years) and late (16-17 years). RESULTS Mid-adolescent girls exposed to higher emotional trauma had significantly smaller left CA3 volumes than minimal emotional trauma girls ( p = 0.028). Within the minimal emotional trauma group, mid-adolescents had significantly larger left CA3 volumes than early ( p = 0.034) and late ( p = 0.036) adolescents. Within the higher emotional trauma group, early adolescents had significantly larger left CA3 volumes than late adolescents ( p = 0.036). CONCLUSION In our exploratory study, we observed higher emotional trauma-induced volume changes in the left CA3 hippocampal subfield, which varied depending on age, and may ultimately produce deficits in behavioural, cognitive and emotional processes. We propose that these changes (1) may provide a mechanism through which vulnerability to mood disorders may be increased in adolescent girls, and (2) may signal the best times to implement targeted prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pritha Das
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Outhred
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren Irwin
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danielle Gessler
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,5 Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,6 Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zina Bwabi
- 3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,7 Department of Music and Performing Arts Professions, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Bryant
- 8 Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zola Mannie
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,9 NSW Health and Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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32
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Riem MME, Karreman A. Childhood Adversity and Adult Health: The Role of Developmental Timing and Associations With Accelerated Aging. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:17-25. [PMID: 30153738 PMCID: PMC6343422 DOI: 10.1177/1077559518795058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity has been associated with poor adult health. However, it is unclear whether timing of adversity matters in this association and whether adversity is related to poorer age-related physical health status. A representative sample of the adult Dutch population ( N = 3,586, age M = 54.94, age range = 18-92) completed surveys on health and diagnoses of age-related diseases. Information about weight and fat percentage was collected using weighing scales and childhood experiences were assessed retrospectively. Adversity was associated with higher body mass index and fat percentage, more physical problems, and high cholesterol, and this association was most pronounced in individuals with experiences of adversity during early adolescence. In addition, individuals with adversity more often reported physical problems or a medical diagnosis at a younger age. This study indicates that (1) timing of exposure to adversity matters in the relationship between experienced childhood adversity and health and (2) adversity is associated with a higher prevalence of age-related diseases at earlier ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon M. E. Riem
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Karreman
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Cheung K, Taillieu T, Turner S, Fortier J, Sareen J, MacMillan HL, Boyle MH, Afifi TO. Individual-level factors related to better mental health outcomes following child maltreatment among adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:192-202. [PMID: 29477612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on factors associated with good mental health following child maltreatment is often based on unrepresentative adult samples. To address these limitations, the current study investigated the relationship between individual-level factors and overall mental health status among adolescents with and without a history of maltreatment in a representative sample. The objectives of the present study were to: 1) compute the prevalence of mental health indicators by child maltreatment types, 2) estimate the prevalence of overall good, moderate, and poor mental health by child maltreatment types; and 3) examine the relationship between individual-level factors and overall mental health status of adolescents with and without a history of maltreatment. Data were from the National Comorbidity Survey of Adolescents (NCS-A; n = 10,123; data collection 2001-2004); a large, cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 13-17 years from the United States. All types of child maltreatment were significantly associated with increased odds of having poor mental health (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 3.2 to 9.5). The individual-level factors significantly associated with increased odds of good mental health status included: being physically active in the winter; utilizing positive coping strategies; having positive self-esteem; and internal locus of control (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.7 to 38.2). Interventions targeted to adolescents with a history of child maltreatment may want to test for the efficacy of the factors identified above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristene Cheung
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, P233 Duff Roblin Building, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Tamara Taillieu
- Applied Health Sciences Program, University of Manitoba, S109-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
| | - Sarah Turner
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, PZ-489 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3N4, Canada.
| | - Janique Fortier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, S109-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Psychology, and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, PZ430 PsycHealth Centre, 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3N4, Canada.
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, MIP Building, Suite 201A, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Michael H Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP Suite 201A, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
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Abstract
Although it is well known that different trauma histories can uniquely affect subsequent trauma-related symptoms, this is the first study to evaluate individual posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) in relation to trauma type and timing. This cross-sectional study surveyed a consecutive sample of mental health outpatients (n = 602), using regression to estimate associations between DSM-5 PTSSs and demographics, several trauma types, and age at first trauma in those with trauma (n = 367). Combat and sexual trauma were associated with worse total PTSS severity. Combat was significantly associated with arousal and intrusions (especially physical symptoms), sexual trauma with conscious avoidance and negative cognitions/mood (especially amnesia, an unconscious avoidance symptom), and physical assault with blame. Interpersonal traumas were the most common first traumas experienced, but age at first trauma was not significantly associated with PTSS severity. We discuss potential explanations and implications of these findings.
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Dunn EC, Wang Y, Tse J, McLaughlin KA, Fitzmaurice G, Gilman SE, Susser ES. Sensitive periods for the effect of childhood interpersonal violence on psychiatric disorder onset among adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:365-372. [PMID: 29097401 PMCID: PMC5709674 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.208397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough childhood adversity is a strong determinant of psychopathology, it remains unclear whether there are 'sensitive periods' when a first episode of adversity is most harmful.AimsTo examine whether variation in the developmental timing of a first episode of interpersonal violence (up to age 18) associates with risk for psychopathology.MethodUsing cross-sectional data, we examined the association between age at first exposure to four types of interpersonal violence (physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by others, rape, and sexual assault/molestation) and onset of four classes of DSM-IV disorders (distress, fear, behaviour, substance use) (n = 9984). Age at exposure was defined as: early childhood (ages 0-5), middle childhood (ages 6-10) and adolescence (ages 11-18).ResultsExposure to interpersonal violence at any age period about doubled the risk of a psychiatric disorder (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.51-2.52). However, few differences in risk were observed based on the timing of first exposure. After conducting 20 tests of association, only three significant differences in risk were observed based on the timing of exposure; these results suggested an elevated risk of behaviour disorder among youth first exposed to any type of interpersonal violence during adolescence (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.69-3.34), especially being beaten by another person (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.57-3.79), and an elevated risk of substance use disorder among youth beaten by someone during adolescence (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 1.94-3.96).ConclusionsChildren exposed to interpersonal violence had an elevated risk of psychiatric disorder. However, age at first episode of exposure was largely unassociated with psychopathology risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Dunn
- Correspondence: Erin C. Dunn, ScD, MPH, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches Research Building Sixth Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Sullivan TJ, Feinstein BA, Marshall AD, Mustanski B. Trauma exposure, discrimination, and romantic relationship functioning: A longitudinal investigation among LGB young adults. PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER DIVERSITY 2017. [PMID: 29527540 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sexual orientation-related discrimination is common among sexual minority individuals, but its influence on romantic relationship functioning remains unclear. Further, exposure to potentially traumatic events may influence the association between discrimination and relationship functioning, but this has not been tested among sexual minority couples to date. The current study examines breadth of lifetime trauma exposure as a moderator of the associations between recent discrimination and changes in relationship functioning (satisfaction, commitment, and trust) over twelve months among 86 racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority young adults in relationships. For those with low trauma exposure, discrimination was associated with increases in satisfaction and commitment, but not trust. In contrast, for those with high trauma exposure, discrimination was not associated with changes in relationship functioning. Thus, some partnered sexual minority young adults may experience resilience in the face of discrimination, such that discrimination may promote positive relationship functioning. However, this does not appear to extend to those with more extensive trauma exposure histories. With an eye toward informing interventions, these findings call for additional research on individual differences in responses to discrimination, such as support seeking and dyadic coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Brian A Feinstein
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Amy D Marshall
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Cheung K, Taillieu T, Turner S, Fortier J, Sareen J, MacMillan HL, Boyle MH, Afifi TO. Relationship and community factors related to better mental health following child maltreatment among adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 70:377-387. [PMID: 28750346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on factors associated with good mental health following child maltreatment is often based on unrepresentative samples and focuses on individual-level factors. To address these gaps, the present study examined the association between relationship- and community-level factors and overall mental health status among adolescents with and without a history of maltreatment in a representative sample. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey of Adolescents (NCS-A; n=10,148; data collection 2001-2004); a large, cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 13-17 years from the United States. Having supportive parent and family relationships were significantly associated with good mental health (AOR ranging from 2.1 to 7.1). Positive community and school experiences were also significantly associated with good mental health (AOR ranging from 2.0 to 9.8). In most models, support from friends and siblings was not related to better mental health. Factors to be tested for efficacy in interventions targeted to adolescents with a history of child maltreatment include encouraging supportive parent and family relationships, and fostering positive community and school experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristene Cheung
- Department of Psychology, P233 Duff Roblin Building, 190 Dysart Road, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Tamara Taillieu
- Applied Health Sciences Program, University of Manitoba, S109-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
| | - Sarah Turner
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, PZ-489 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3N4, Canada.
| | - Janique Fortier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, S109-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Psychology, and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, PZ430 PsycHealth Centre, 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg Manitoba, R3E 3N4, Canada.
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, MIP Building, Suite 201A, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Michael H Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP Suite 201A, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
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Ross EH, Kearney CA. Posttraumatic symptoms among maltreated youth using classification and regression tree analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:177-187. [PMID: 28482250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual psychological factors have been shown to exacerbate risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth following maltreatment, but the novel contribution of the present study includes a focus on interactive relationships between these factors on specific PTSD symptom clusters. This study identified maltreated youth at highest risk for re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptom clusters via cognitive, affective, and demographic variables. Participants (n=400) included ethnically diverse maltreated youth. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, a form of binary recursive partitioning (BRP), identified subgroups of maltreated youth at highest risk for three core PTSD symptom clusters. Posttraumatic cognitions, anhedonia, negative mood, processing speed, and ethnicity best predicted re-experiencing symptoms. Depersonalization/derealization, verbal comprehension, sexual maltreatment, and age best predicted avoidance symptoms. Negative cognitions about self, IQ, dissociation, working memory, and posttraumatic cognitions best predicted hyperarousal symptoms. Core PTSD symptom clusters may thus be associated with unique collections of risk factors for maltreated youth. Clinical protocols for this population could be recalibrated to be more sensitive to specific profiles that more accurately identify highest risk maltreated youth and better inform evidence-based treatment practices.
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Sex, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:e137-e141. [PMID: 27579696 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to evaluate the role of sex and age in the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional constipation (FC) in Colombian children. We hypothesized that the prevalence of IBS and FC would be higher in female adolescents than in younger female children, with no corresponding difference in boys. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of Colombian children. Subjects completed the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms-Rome III. Subjects were divided into child and adolescent age groups using 2 different cutoffs. Cutoffs were established at 12 and 13 years (CH-1 = 8-12 years, AD-1 = 13-18 years, CH-2 = 8-13 years, AD-2 = 14-18 years). RESULTS A total of 3891 subjects (47.0% F, mean age 12.0 years) participated. One hundred eighty-seven (4.8%) met criteria for IBS. There was no difference in sex composition between CH-1/AD-1 (56.0%, 43.5% F) and CH-2/AD-2 (53.4%, 46.8% F). Prevalence of IBS among girls was higher in CH-1 than that in AD-1 (6.4%, 3.7%, P < 0.05) and overall prevalence was higher in CH-1 than in AD-1 (5.4%, 4.0%, P < 0.05). Four hundred ninety-four (12.7%) children met criteria for FC. There was no difference in sex composition between CH-1/AD-1 (47.6%, 48.7% F) and CH-2/AD-2 (47.7%, 49.0% F). Prevalence of FC among girls was higher in CH-1/CH-2 (14.6%, 14.1%) than in AD-1/AD-2 (10.4%, P < 0.01; 9.9%, P < 0.05). Prevalence of FC overall was higher in CH-1/CH-2 (14.5%, 14.0%) than in AD-1/AD-2 (10.0%, P < 0.0001; 9.3%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We did not find a significant female predominance among Colombian children with IBS or FC. Contrary to our hypothesis, IBS and FC prevalence was generally higher in younger children compared with adolescents regardless of sex.
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Hantsoo L, Epperson CN. Anxiety Disorders Among Women: A Female Lifespan Approach. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2017; 15:162-172. [PMID: 28966563 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20160042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety symptoms may present differently between women and men, and at different points in the female lifespan. The female lifespan includes distinct epochs of hormonal function, including puberty, the premenstruum, in some women pregnancy or postpartum, and the menopausal transition. These stages give rise to important treatment considerations when treating anxiety in women. When making assessments, the clinician should consider reproductive events and hormonal status, as well as sex differences in anxiety presentation. This review is structured to: 1) Define major epochs of the female lifespan, 2) Provide a brief summary of the major anxiety disorders, with a focus on prevalence and presentation in the context of sex differences and at points in the female lifespan, 3) Describe potential biopsychosocial underpinnings of anxiety disorders among women, 4) Provide guidelines for assessment and differential diagnosis, and 5) Describe treatment options with attention to reproductive events such as pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Hantsoo
- Clinical Psychologist & Instructor, Penn Center for Women's Behavioral Wellness, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - C Neill Epperson
- Professor of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Director of the Penn Center for Women's Behavioral Wellness and Penn PROMOTES Research on Sex and Gender in Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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McCormick CM, Green MR, Simone JJ. Translational relevance of rodent models of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and stressors in adolescence. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 6:31-43. [PMID: 28229107 PMCID: PMC5314422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevations in glucocorticoids that result from environmental stressors can have programming effects on brain structure and function when the exposure occurs during sensitive periods that involve heightened neural development. In recent years, adolescence has gained increasing attention as another sensitive period of development, a period in which pubertal transitions may increase the vulnerability to stressors. There are similarities in physical and behavioural development between humans and rats, and rats have been used effectively as an animal model of adolescence and the unique plasticity of this period of ontogeny. This review focuses on benefits and challenges of rats as a model for translational research on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function and stressors in adolescence, highlighting important parallels and contrasts between adolescent rats and humans, and we review the main stress procedures that are used in investigating HPA stress responses and their consequences in adolescence in rats. We conclude that a greater focus on timing of puberty as a factor in research in adolescent rats may increase the translational relevance of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M. McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Green
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jonathan J. Simone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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