1
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Kul SM, Chailapakul O, Sagdic O, Ozer T. A smartphone-based sensor for detection of iron and potassium in food and beverage samples. Food Chem 2024; 456:139971. [PMID: 38876060 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
A novel approach for simultaneous detection of iron and potassium via a smartphone-based potentiometric method is proposed in this study. The screen printed electrodes were modified with carbon black nanomaterial and ion selective membrane including zinc (II) phtalocyanine as the ionophore. The developed Fe3+-selective electrode and K+-selective electrode exhibited detection limits of 1.0 × 10-6 M and 1.0 × 10-5 M for Fe3+ and K+ ions, respectively. The electrodes were used to simultaneously detect Fe3+ and K+ ions in apple juice, skim milk, soybean and coconut water samples with recovery values between 90%-100.5%, and validated against inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Due to the advantageous characteristics of the sensors and the portability of Near Field Communication potentiometer supported with a smartphone application, the proposed method offers sensitive and selective detection of iron and potassium ions in food and beverage samples at the point of need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Mihriban Kul
- Yildiz Technical University, Food Engineering Department, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Osman Sagdic
- Yildiz Technical University, Food Engineering Department, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Tugba Ozer
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey; Yildiz Technical University, Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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2
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Bansal Y, Codeluppi SA, Banasr M. Astroglial Dysfunctions in Mood Disorders and Rodent Stress Models: Consequences on Behavior and Potential as Treatment Target. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6357. [PMID: 38928062 PMCID: PMC11204179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte dysfunctions have been consistently observed in patients affected with depression and other psychiatric illnesses. Although over the years our understanding of these changes, their origin, and their consequences on behavior and neuronal function has deepened, many aspects of the role of astroglial dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the known astroglial dysfunctions associated with MDD and PTSD, highlight the impact of chronic stress on specific astroglial functions, and how astroglial dysfunctions are implicated in the expression of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, focusing on behavioral consequences of astroglial manipulation on emotion-related and fear-learning behaviors. We also offer a glance at potential astroglial functions that can be targeted for potential antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Bansal
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sierra A. Codeluppi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C8, Canada
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2J 4A6, Canada
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3
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Varghese SM, Patel S, Nandan A, Jose A, Ghosh S, Sah RK, Menon B, K V A, Chakravarty S. Unraveling the Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Depression: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5. [PMID: 38730081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychological disorder characterized by persistent dysphoria, psychomotor retardation, insomnia, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and a remarkable decrease in overall well-being. Despite the prevalence of accessible antidepressant therapies, many individuals do not achieve substantial improvement. Understanding the multifactorial pathophysiology and the heterogeneous nature of the disorder could lead the way toward better outcomes. Recent findings have elucidated the substantial impact of compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity on the manifestation of depression. BBB functions as an indispensable defense mechanism, tightly overseeing the transport of molecules from the periphery to preserve the integrity of the brain parenchyma. The dysfunction of the BBB has been implicated in a multitude of neurological disorders, and its disruption and consequent brain alterations could potentially serve as important factors in the pathogenesis and progression of depression. In this review, we extensively examine the pathophysiological relevance of the BBB and delve into the specific modifications of its components that underlie the complexities of depression. A particular focus has been placed on examining the effects of peripheral inflammation on the BBB in depression and elucidating the intricate interactions between the gut, BBB, and brain. Furthermore, this review encompasses significant updates on the assessment of BBB integrity and permeability, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic. Finally, we outline the therapeutic relevance and strategies based on BBB in depression, including COVID-19-associated BBB disruption and neuropsychiatric implications. Understanding the comprehensive pathogenic cascade of depression is crucial for shaping the trajectory of future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamili Mariya Varghese
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Shashikant Patel
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amritasree Nandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Anju Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ranjay Kumar Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Bindu Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Athira K V
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India.
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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4
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Weng Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lin X, Guo Z, Hu H, Shao W, Yu G, Zheng F, Cai P, Li H, Wu S. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of cellular heterogeneity and pathogenic mechanisms in paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease with depression. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116169. [PMID: 38447518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, and approximately one third of patients with PD are estimated to have depression. Paraquat (PQ) exposure is an important environmental risk factor for PD. In this study, we established a mouse model of PQ-induced PD with depression to comprehensively investigate cellular heterogeneity and the mechanisms underlying the progression of depression in the context of PD. We utilized single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to acquire the transcriptomic atlas of individual cells from model mice and characterize the gene expression profiles in each differentially expressed cell type. We identified a specific glutamatergic neuron cluster responsible for the development of heterogeneous depression-associated changes and established a comprehensive gene expression atlas. Furthermore, functional enrichment and cell trajectory analyses revealed that the mechanisms underlying the progression of PD with depression were associated with specific glutamatergic neurons. Together, our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering the cellular heterogeneity of PD with depression. The suggested connection between intrinsic transcriptional states of neurons and the progression of depression can provide insight into potential biomarkers and specific targets for anti-depression treatment in patients with PD. SYNOPSIS: Our results obtained using model mice confirm the core effects of PQ exposure on glutamatergic neurons and their potential role in the development of PD with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Weng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yinhan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xinpei Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Wenya Shao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Guangxia Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Siying Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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5
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Farinha-Ferreira M, Magalhães DM, Neuparth-Sottomayor M, Rafael H, Miranda-Lourenço C, Sebastião AM. Unmoving and uninflamed: Characterizing neuroinflammatory dysfunction in the Wistar-Kyoto rat model of depression. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38430009 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Reductionistic research on depressive disorders has been hampered by the limitations of animal models. Recently, it has been hypothesized that neuroinflammation is a key player in depressive disorders. The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat is an often-used animal model of depression, but no information so far exists on its neuroinflammatory profile. As such, we compared male young adult WKY rats to Wistar (WS) controls, with regard to both behavioral performance and brain levels of key neuroinflammatory markers. We first assessed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in a battery consisting of the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), the Novelty Suppressed Feeding (NSFT), Open Field (OFT), Social Interaction (SIT), Forced Swim (FST), Sucrose Preference (SPT), and Splash tests (ST). We found that WKY rats displayed increased NSFT feeding latency, decreased OFT center zone permanence, decreased EPM open arm permanence, decreased SIT interaction time, and increased immobility in the FST. However, WKY rats also evidenced marked hypolocomotion, which is likely to confound performance in such tests. Interestingly, WKY rats performed similarly, or even above, to WS levels in the SPT and ST, in which altered locomotion is not a significant confound. In a separate cohort, we assessed prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and amygdala levels of markers of astrocytic (GFAP, S100A10) and microglial (Iba1, CD86, Ym1) activation status, as well as of three key proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). There were no significant differences between strains in any of these markers, in any of the regions assessed. Overall, results highlight that behavioral data obtained with WKY rats as a model of depression must be carefully interpreted, considering the marked locomotor activity deficits displayed. Furthermore, our data suggest that, despite WKY rats replicating many depression-associated neurobiological alterations, as shown by others, this is not the case for neuroinflammation-related alterations, thus representing a novel limitation of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Farinha-Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela M Magalhães
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Neuparth-Sottomayor
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rafael
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Miranda-Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Chamaa F, Magistretti PJ, Fiumelli H. Astrocyte-derived lactate in stress disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106417. [PMID: 38296112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress disorders are psychiatric disorders arising following stressful or traumatic events. They could deleteriously affect an individual's health because they often co-occur with mental illnesses. Considerable attention has been focused on neurons when considering the neurobiology of stress disorders. However, like other mental health conditions, recent studies have highlighted the importance of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. In addition to their structural and homeostatic support role, astrocytes actively serve several functions in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, protecting neurons from toxic compounds, and providing metabolic support for neurons. The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle model sets forth the importance of astrocytes in providing lactate for the metabolic supply of neurons under intense activity. Lactate also plays a role as a signaling molecule and has been recently studied regarding its antidepressant activity. This review discusses the involvement of astrocytes and brain energy metabolism in stress and further reflects on the importance of lactate as an energy supply in the brain and its emerging antidepressant role in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chamaa
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hubert Fiumelli
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Deckers C, Karbalaei R, Miles NA, Harder EV, Witt E, Harris EP, Reissner K, Wimmer ME, Bangasser DA. Early resource scarcity causes cortical astrocyte enlargement and sex-specific changes in the orbitofrontal cortex transcriptome in adult rats. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 29:100607. [PMID: 38304302 PMCID: PMC10831308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte morphology affects function, including the regulation of glutamatergic signaling. This morphology changes dynamically in response to the environment. However, how early life manipulations alter adult cortical astrocyte morphology is underexplored. Our lab uses brief postnatal resource scarcity, the limited bedding and nesting (LBN) manipulation, in rats. We previously found that LBN augments maternal behaviors and promotes later resilience to adult addiction-related behaviors, reducing impulsivity, risky decision-making, and morphine self-administration. These behaviors rely on glutamatergic transmission in the medial orbitofrontal (mOFC) and medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortex. Here we tested whether LBN changed astrocyte morphology in the mOFC and mPFC of adult rats using a novel viral approach that, unlike traditional markers, fully labels astrocytes. Prior exposure to LBN causes an increase in the surface area and volume of astrocytes in the mOFC and mPFC of adult males and females relative to control-raised rats. We next used bulk RNA sequencing of OFC tissue to assess transcriptional changes that could increase astrocyte size in LBN rats. LBN caused mainly sex-specific changes in differentially expressed genes. Pathway analysis revealed that OFC glutamatergic signaling is altered by LBN in males and females, but the gene changes in that pathway differed across sex. This may represent a convergent sex difference where glutamatergic signaling, which affects astrocyte morphology, is altered by LBN via sex-specific mechanisms. Collectively, these studies highlight that astrocytes may be an important cell type that mediates the effect of early resource scarcity on adult brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deckers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Reza Karbalaei
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nylah A. Miles
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Eden V. Harder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Witt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erin P. Harris
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Kathryn Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mathieu E. Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Debra A. Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
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8
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Cui L, Li S, Wang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Yu W, Wang Y, Tang Y, Xia M, Li B. Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:30. [PMID: 38331979 PMCID: PMC10853571 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological treatments for MDD are complex and unclear, and additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDD still are needed. The currently widely accepted theories of MDD pathogenesis include the neurotransmitter and receptor hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypothesis, cytokine hypothesis, neuroplasticity hypothesis and systemic influence hypothesis, but these hypothesis cannot completely explain the pathological mechanism of MDD. Even it is still hard to adopt only one hypothesis to completely reveal the pathogenesis of MDD, thus in recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the roles of multiple organ interactions in the pathogenesis MDD and identifying novel therapeutic approaches and multitarget modulatory strategies, further revealing the disease features of MDD. Furthermore, some newly discovered potential pharmacological targets and newly studied antidepressants have attracted widespread attention, some reagents have even been approved for clinical treatment and some novel therapeutic methods such as phototherapy and acupuncture have been discovered to have effective improvement for the depressive symptoms. In this work, we comprehensively summarize the latest research on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MDD, preventive approaches and therapeutic medicines, as well as the related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cui
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Siman Wang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiafang Wu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiyang Yu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China.
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China.
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9
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Ali DN, Ali HM, Lopez MR, Kang S, Choi DS. Astrocytic GABAergic Regulation in Alcohol Use and Major Depressive Disorders. Cells 2024; 13:318. [PMID: 38391931 PMCID: PMC10887002 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Most GABAergic neurons synthesize GABA from glutamate and release it in the synaptic cleft in the CNS. However, astrocytes can also synthesize and release GABA, activating GABA receptors in the neighboring neurons in physiological and pathological conditions. As the primary homeostatic glial cells in the brain, astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating GABA homeostasis and synaptic neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that astrocytic GABA dysregulation is implicated in psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), the most prevalent co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Several current medications and emerging pharmacological agents targeting GABA levels are in clinical trials for treating AUD and MDD. This review offers a concise summary of the role of astrocytic GABA regulation in AUD and MDD. We also provide an overview of the current understanding and areas of debate regarding the mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate GABA in the CNS and their potential significance in the molecular basis of AUD and MDD, paving the way toward future research directions and potential therapeutic target areas within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina N. Ali
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.N.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.R.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Hossam M. Ali
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.N.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.R.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Matthew R. Lopez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.N.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.R.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.N.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.R.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.N.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.R.L.); (S.K.)
- Neuroscience Program, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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You Z, Wang C, Lan X, Li W, Shang D, Zhang F, Ye Y, Liu H, Zhou Y, Ning Y. The contribution of polyamine pathway to determinations of diagnosis for treatment-resistant depression: A metabolomic analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110849. [PMID: 37659714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Approximately one-third of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients do not respond to standard antidepressants and develop treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We aimed to reveal metabolic differences and discover promising potential biomarkers in TRD. METHODS Our study recruited 108 participants including healthy controls (n = 40) and patients with TRD (n = 35) and first-episode drug-naive MDD (DN-MDD) (n = 33). Plasma samples were presented to ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Then, a machine-learning algorithm was conducted to facilitate the selection of potential biomarkers. RESULTS TRD appeared to be a distinct metabolic disorder from DN-MDD and healthy controls (HCs). Compared to HCs, 199 and 176 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in TRD and DN-MDD, respectively. Of all the metabolites that were identified, spermine, spermidine, and carnosine were considered the most promising biomarkers for diagnosing TRD and DN-MDD patients, with the resulting area under the ROC curve of 0.99, 0.99, and 0.93, respectively. Metabolic pathway analysis yielded compelling evidence of marked changes or imbalances in both polyamine metabolism and energy metabolism, which could potentially represent the primary altered pathways associated with MDD. Additionally, L-glutamine, Beta-alanine, and spermine were correlated with HAMD score. CONCLUSIONS A more disordered metabolism structure is found in TRD than in DN-MDD and HCs. Future investigations should prioritize the comprehensive analysis of potential roles played by these differential metabolites and disturbances in polyamine pathways in the pathophysiology of TRD and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui You
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Shang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxiang Ye
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Zhou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuping Ning
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Réus GZ, Manosso LM, Quevedo J, Carvalho AF. Major depressive disorder as a neuro-immune disorder: Origin, mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105425. [PMID: 37852343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding advances in understanding the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), no single mechanism can explain all facets of this disorder. An expanding body of evidence indicates a putative role for the inflammatory response. Several meta-analyses showed an increase in systemic peripheral inflammatory markers in individuals with MDD. Numerous conditions and circumstances in the modern world may promote chronic systemic inflammation through mechanisms, including alterations in the gut microbiota. Peripheral cytokines may reach the brain and contribute to neuroinflammation through cellular, humoral, and neural pathways. On the other hand, antidepressant drugs may decrease peripheral levels of inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional strategies that reduce inflammation also could improve depressive symptoms. The present study provides a critical review of recent advances in the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of glial cells and the main drivers of changes associated with neuroinflammation. Finally, we highlight possible novel neurotherapeutic targets for MDD that could exert antidepressant effects by modulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Luana M Manosso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Codeluppi SA, Xu M, Bansal Y, Lepack AE, Duric V, Chow M, Muir J, Bagot RC, Licznerski P, Wilber SL, Sanacora G, Sibille E, Duman RS, Pittenger C, Banasr M. Prefrontal cortex astroglia modulate anhedonia-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4632-4641. [PMID: 37696873 PMCID: PMC10914619 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of astroglia expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are consistently found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of patients with depression and in rodent chronic stress models. Here, we examine the consequences of PFC GFAP+ cell depletion and cell activity enhancement on depressive-like behaviors in rodents. Using viral expression of diphtheria toxin receptor in PFC GFAP+ cells, which allows experimental depletion of these cells following diphtheria toxin administration, we demonstrated that PFC GFAP+ cell depletion induced anhedonia-like behavior within 2 days and lasting up to 8 days, but no anxiety-like deficits. Conversely, activating PFC GFAP+ cell activity for 3 weeks using designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) reversed chronic restraint stress-induced anhedonia-like deficits, but not anxiety-like deficits. Our results highlight a critical role of cortical astroglia in the development of anhedonia and further support the idea of targeting astroglia for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Codeluppi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Y Bansal
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A E Lepack
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - V Duric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - M Chow
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Muir
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - R C Bagot
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Licznerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S L Wilber
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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13
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Neuroprotective astroglial response to neural damage and its relevance to affective disorders. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2023; 3:328-345. [PMID: 37920189 PMCID: PMC10622120 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2023.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes not only support neuronal function with essential roles in synaptic neurotransmission, action potential propagation, metabolic support, or neuroplastic and developmental adaptations. They also respond to damage or dysfunction in surrounding neurons and oligodendrocytes by releasing neurotrophic factors and other molecules that increase the survival of the supported cells or contribute to mechanisms of structural and molecular restoration. The neuroprotective responsiveness of astrocytes is based on their ability to sense signals of degeneration, metabolic jeopardy and structural damage, and on their aptitude to locally deliver specific molecules to remedy threats to the molecular and structural features of their cellular partners. To the extent that neuronal and other glial cell disturbances are known to occur in affective disorders, astrocyte responsiveness to those disturbances may help to better understand the roles astrocytes play in affective disorders. The astrocytic sensing apparatus supporting those responses involves receptors for neurotransmitters, purines, cell adhesion molecules and growth factors. Astrocytes also share with the immune system the capacity of responding to cytokines released upon neuronal damage. In addition, in responses to specific signals astrocytes release unique factors such as clusterin or humanin that have been shown to exert potent neuroprotective effects. Astrocytes integrate the signals above to further deliver structural lipids, removing toxic metabolites, stabilizing the osmotic environment, normalizing neurotransmitters, providing anti-oxidant protection, facilitating synaptogenesis and acting as barriers to contain varied deleterious signals, some of which have been described in brain regions relevant to affective disorders and related animal models. Since various of the injurious signals that activate astrocytes have been implicated in different aspects of the etiopathology of affective disorders, particularly in relation to the diagnosis of depression, potentiating the corresponding astrocyte neuroprotective responses may provide additional opportunities to improve or complement available pharmacological and behavioral therapies for affective disorders.
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14
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Guerin SP, Melbourne JK, Dang HQ, Shaji CA, Nixon K. Astrocyte Reactivity and Neurodegeneration in the Female Rat Brain Following Alcohol Dependence. Neuroscience 2023; 529:183-199. [PMID: 37598836 PMCID: PMC10810177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that alcohol use disorder (AUD) may manifest itself differently in women compared to men. Women experience AUDs on an accelerated timeline and may have certain regional vulnerabilities. In male rats, neuronal cell death and astrocyte reactivity are noted following induction of alcohol dependence in an animal model of an AUD. However, the regional and temporal patterns of neurodegeneration and astrocyte reactivity have yet to be fully examined in females using this model. Therefore, adult female rats were exposed to a 4-day binge model of alcohol dependence followed by different periods of abstinence. Histological markers for FluoroJade B, a label of degenerating neurons, and vimentin, a marker for reactive astrocytes, were utilized. The expression of these markers in cortical and limbic regions was quantified immediately after their last dose (e.g., T0), or 2, 7, and 14 days later. Significant neuronal cell death was noted in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, similar to previous reports in males, but also in several cortical regions not previously observed. Vimentin immunoreactivity was noted in the same regions as previously reported, in addition to three novel regions. Vimentin immunoreactivity also occurred at earlier and later time points in some cortical and hippocampal regions. These data suggest that both neuronal cell death and astrocyte reactivity could be more widespread in females compared to males. Therefore, this study provides a framework for specific regions and time points which should be examined in future studies of alcohol-induced damage that include female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Guerin
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer K Melbourne
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Huy Q Dang
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Chinchusha Anasooya Shaji
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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15
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Hearn E, Moulana M, Saleem K, Clark A, Holmes M, Wadhwa K, Kelly I, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Reduced length of nodes of Ranvier and altered proteoglycan immunoreactivity in prefrontal white matter in major depressive disorder and chronically stressed rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16419. [PMID: 37775676 PMCID: PMC10541441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in animals feature comparable cellular and molecular disturbances that involve neurons and glial cells in gray and white matter (WM) in prefrontal brain areas. These same areas demonstrate disturbed connectivity with other brain regions in MDD and stress-related disorders. Functional connectivity ultimately depends on signal propagation along WM myelinated axons, and thus on the integrity of nodes of Ranvier (NRs) and their environment. Various glia-derived proteoglycans interact with NR axonal proteins to sustain NR function. It is unclear whether NR length and the content of associated proteoglycans is altered in prefrontal cortex (PFC) WM of human subjects with MDD and in experimentally stressed animals. The length of WM NRs in histological sections from the PFC of 10 controls and 10 MDD subjects, and from the PFC of control and CUS rats was measured. In addition, in WM of the same brain region, five proteoglycans, tenascin-R and NR protein neurofascin were immunostained or their levels measured with western blots. Analysis of covariance and t-tests were used for group comparisons. There was dramatic reduction of NR length in PFC WM in both MDD and CUS rats. Proteoglycan BRAL1 immunostaining was reduced at NRs and in overall WM of MDD subjects, as was versican in overall WM. Phosphacan immunostaining and levels were increased in both in MDD and CUS. Neurofascin immunostaining at NRs and in overall WM was significantly increased in MDD. Reduced length of NRs and increased phosphacan and neurocan in MDD and stressed animals suggest that morphological and proteoglycan changes at NRs in depression may be related to stress exposure and contribute to connectivity alterations. However, differences between MDD and CUS for some NR related markers may point to other mechanisms affecting the structure and function of NRs in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Miguel-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Erik Hearn
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Mohadetheh Moulana
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Khunsa Saleem
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Austin Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Maggie Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Kashish Wadhwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Isabella Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Craig Allen Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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16
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Levchuk LA, Roschina OV, Mikhalitskaya EV, Epimakhova EV, Simutkin GG, Bokhan NA, Ivanova SA. Serum Levels of S100B Protein and Myelin Basic Protein as a Potential Biomarkers of Recurrent Depressive Disorders. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1423. [PMID: 37763190 PMCID: PMC10532562 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, nervous tissue damage proteins in serum are considered promising drug targets and biomarkers of Mood Disorders. In a cross-sectional naturalistic study, the S100B, MBP and GFAP levels in the blood serum were compared between two diagnostic groups (patients with Depressive Episode (DE, n = 28) and patients with Recurrent Depressive Disorder (RDD, n = 21)), and healthy controls (n = 25). The diagnostic value of serum markers was assessed by ROC analysis. In the DE group, we did not find changed levels of S100B, MBP and GFAP compared with controls. In the RDD group, we found decreased S100B level (p = 0.011) and increased MBP level (p = 0.015) in comparison to those in healthy controls. Provided ROC analysis indicates that MBP contributes to the development of a DE (AUC = 0.676; 95%Cl 0.525-0.826; p = 0.028), and S100B and MBP have a significant effect on the development of RDD (AUC = 0.732; 95%Cl 0.560-0.903; p = 0.013 and AUC = 0.712; 95%Cl 0.557-0.867; p = 0.015, correspondingly). The study of serum markers of nervous tissue damage in patients with a current DE indicates signs of disintegration of structural and functional relationships, dysfunction of gliotransmission, and impaired secretion of neurospecific proteins. Modified functions of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are implicated in the pathophysiology of RDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila A. Levchuk
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia; (O.V.R.); (E.V.M.); (E.V.E.); (G.G.S.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Olga V. Roschina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia; (O.V.R.); (E.V.M.); (E.V.E.); (G.G.S.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Mikhalitskaya
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia; (O.V.R.); (E.V.M.); (E.V.E.); (G.G.S.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Elena V. Epimakhova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia; (O.V.R.); (E.V.M.); (E.V.E.); (G.G.S.); (N.A.B.)
| | - German G. Simutkin
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia; (O.V.R.); (E.V.M.); (E.V.E.); (G.G.S.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Nikolay A. Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia; (O.V.R.); (E.V.M.); (E.V.E.); (G.G.S.); (N.A.B.)
- Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy Department, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia; (O.V.R.); (E.V.M.); (E.V.E.); (G.G.S.); (N.A.B.)
- Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy Department, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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17
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Wang S, Liu Y, Wu Z, Jin Y, Zhang T, Yang Z, Liu C. Inhibition of xCT by sulfasalazine alleviates the depression-like behavior of adult male mice subjected to maternal separation stress. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114559. [PMID: 37392785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) can induce emotional disorders. Our previous study reported that MS resulted in depression-like behavior. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of xCT in depression-like behavior in adult mice subjected to MS stress. Pups were divided into the control group, the control + sulfasalazine (SSZ, 75 mg/kg/day, i.p.) group, the MS group, and the MS+SSZ group. After MS, all pups were raised until PD60. Then, the depression-like behavior was detected by the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test, the forced swimming test (FST), and the tail suspension test (TST). The synaptic plasticity was examined by electrophysiological recordings and molecular biotechnology. The data showed that, compared with the control group, the mice in the MS group presented depression-like behavior, impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP), a reduction in the number of astrocytes, and activation of the microglia. Moreover, the expression of xCT was increased in the prefrontal cortex of MS mice, the EAAT2 and the Group Ⅱ metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) were decreased, and the level of pro-inflammatory factors was increased in the prefrontal cortex. After the administration with SSZ, the depression-like behavior and the impairment of LTP were alleviated, the number of astrocytes was increased, and the microglial activation was inhibited. Moreover, the levels of EAAT2 and mGluR2/3 were ameliorated, the over-activation of the microglia was mitigated, and the levels of glutamate and pro-inflammatory factors were decreased. In conclusion, the inhibition of xCT by SSZ could alleviate depression-like behavior partly via modulating the homeostasis of the glutamate system and dampening neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zekang Wu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuwen Jin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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18
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Hu YT, Tan ZL, Hirjak D, Northoff G. Brain-wide changes in excitation-inhibition balance of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of topographic patterns of GABA- and glutamatergic alterations. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3257-3266. [PMID: 37495889 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The excitation-inhibition (E/I) imbalance is an important molecular pathological feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) as altered GABA and glutamate levels have been found in multiple brain regions in patients. Healthy subjects show topographic organization of the E/I balance (EIB) across various brain regions. We here raise the question of whether such EIB topography is altered in MDD. Therefore, we systematically review the gene and protein expressions of inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic signaling-related molecules in postmortem MDD brain studies as proxies for EIB topography. Searches were conducted through PubMed and 45 research articles were finally included. We found: i) brain-wide GABA- and glutamatergic alterations; ii) attenuated GABAergic with enhanced glutamatergic signaling in the cortical-subcortical limbic system; iii) that GABAergic signaling is decreased in regions comprising the default mode network (DMN) while it is increased in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC). These together demonstrate abnormal GABA- and glutamatergic signaling-based EIB topographies in MDD. This enhances our pathophysiological understanding of MDD and carries important therapeutic implications for stimulation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Hu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Lin Tan
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georg Northoff
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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19
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Deckers C, Karbalaei R, Miles NA, Harder EV, Witt E, Harris EP, Reissner K, Wimmer ME, Bangasser DA. Early resource scarcity causes cortical astrocyte enlargement and sex-specific changes in the orbitofrontal cortex transcriptome in adult rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.01.547315. [PMID: 37425737 PMCID: PMC10327175 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte morphology affects function, including the regulation of glutamatergic signaling. This morphology changes dynamically in response to the environment. However, how early life manipulations alter adult cortical astrocyte morphology is underexplored. Our lab uses brief postnatal resource scarcity, the limited bedding and nesting (LBN) manipulation, in rats. We previously found that LBN promotes later resilience to adult addiction-related behaviors, reducing impulsivity, risky decision-making, and morphine self-administration. These behaviors rely on glutamatergic transmission in the medial orbitofrontal (mOFC) and medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortex. Here we tested whether LBN changed astrocyte morphology in the mOFC and mPFC of adult rats using a novel viral approach that, unlike traditional markers, fully labels astrocytes. Prior exposure to LBN causes an increase in the surface area and volume of astrocytes in the mOFC and mPFC of adult males and females relative to control-raised rats. We next used bulk RNA sequencing of OFC tissue to assess transcriptional changes that could increase astrocyte size in LBN rats. LBN caused mainly sex-specific changes in differentially expressed genes. However, Park7, which encodes for the protein DJ-1 that alters astrocyte morphology, was increased by LBN across sex. Pathway analysis revealed that OFC glutamatergic signaling is altered by LBN in males and females, but the gene changes in that pathway differed across sex. This may represent a convergent sex difference where glutamatergic signaling, which affects astrocyte morphology, is altered by LBN via sex-specific mechanisms. Collectively, these studies highlight that astrocytes may be an important cell type that mediates the effect of early resource scarcity on adult brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deckers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia
| | - Reza Karbalaei
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia
| | - Nylah A Miles
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia
| | - Eden V Harder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Emily Witt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erin P Harris
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Kathryn Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta
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20
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León BE, Peyton L, Essa H, Wieden T, Marion N, Childers WE, Abou-Gharbia M, Choi DS. A novel monobactam lacking antimicrobial activity, MC-100093, reduces sex-specific ethanol preference and depressive-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2023; 232:109515. [PMID: 37001726 PMCID: PMC10144181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Several β-lactam derivatives upregulate astrocytic glutamate transporter type 1expression and are known to improve measures in models of mood and alcohol use disorders (AUD) through normalizing glutamatergic states. However, long-term, and high doses of β-lactams may cause adverse side effects for treating mood disorders and AUD. Studies suggest that MC-100093, a novel β-lactam lacking antimicrobial activity, rescues GLT1 expression. Thus, we sought to investigate whether MC-100093 improves affective behaviors and reduces voluntary ethanol drinking. We intraperitoneally administered MC-100093 (50 mg/kg) or vehicle once per day to C57BL/6J male and female mice (8-10 weeks old) over 6 days. We employed the open field test and the elevated plus maze to examine the effect of MC-100093 on anxiety-like behaviors. We assayed MC-100093's effects on depressive-like behaviors using the tail suspension and forced swim tests. Next, utilizing a separate cohort of male and female C57BL6 mice, we assessed the effects MC100093 treatment on voluntary ethanol drinking utilizing the 2-bottle choice continuous access drinking paradigm. After screening and selecting high-drinking mice, we systematically administered MC-100093 (50 mg/kg) or vehicle to the high-drinking mice over 6 days. Overall, we found that MC-100093 treatment resulted in sex-specific pharmacological effects with female mice displaying reduced innate depressive-like behaviors during the tail suspension and force swim testing juxtaposed with male treated mice who displayed no changes in tail suspension and a paradoxical increased depressive-like behavior during the forced swim testing. Additionally, we found that MC100093 treatment reduced female preference for 10% EtOH during the 2-bottle choice continuous access drinking with no effects of MC100093 treatment detected in male mice. Overall, this data suggests sex-specific regulation of innate depressive-like behavior and voluntary EtOH drinking by MC100093 treatment. Western blot analysis of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus revealed no changes in male or female GLT1 protein abundance relative to GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Emanuel León
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Regenerative Sciences Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lee Peyton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hesham Essa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tia Wieden
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nicole Marion
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Wayne E Childers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 59905, USA.
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21
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Codeluppi S, Xu M, Bansal Y, Lepack A, Duric V, Chow M, Muir. J, Bagot R, Licznerski P, Wilber S, Sanacora G, Sibille E, Duman R, Pittenger C, Banasr M. Prefrontal Cortex Astroglia Modulate Anhedonia-like Behavior. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3093428. [PMID: 37461693 PMCID: PMC10350119 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3093428/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of astroglia expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are consistently found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of patients with depression and in rodent chronic stress models. Here, we examine the consequences of PFC GFAP+ cell depletion and cell activity enhancement on depressive-like behaviors in rodents. Using viral expression of diphtheria toxin receptor in PFC GFAP+ cells, which allows experimental depletion of these cells following diphtheria toxin administration, we demonstrated that PFC GFAP+ cell depletion induced anhedonia-like behavior within 2 days and lasting up to 8 days, but no anxiety-like deficits. Conversely, activating PFC GFAP+ cell activity for 3 weeks using designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) reversed chronic restraint stress-induced anhedonia-like deficits, but not anxiety-like deficits. Our results highlight a critical role of cortical astroglia in the development of anhedonia and further support the idea of targeting astroglia for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Codeluppi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Y. Bansal
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A.E. Lepack
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - V. Duric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Iowa, USA
| | - M. Chow
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - J. Muir.
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - R.C. Bagot
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P. Licznerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - S.L. Wilber
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - G. Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - E. Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R.S. Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - C. Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - M. Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Datta S, Rashid Z, Naskar S, Chattarji S. Administration of the glutamate-modulating drug, riluzole, after stress prevents its delayed effects on the amygdala in male rats. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad166. [PMID: 37266396 PMCID: PMC10230288 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular glutamate levels are elevated across brain regions immediately after stress. Despite sharing common features in their genesis, the patterns of stress-induced plasticity that eventually take shape are strikingly different between these brain areas. While stress causes structural and functional deficits in the hippocampus, it has the opposite effect on the amygdala. Riluzole, an FDA-approved drug known to modulate glutamate release and facilitate glutamate clearance, prevents stress-induced deficits in the hippocampus. But whether the same drug is also effective in countering the opposite effects of stress in the amygdala remains unexplored. We addressed this question by using a rat model wherein even a single 2-h acute immobilization stress causes a delayed expression of anxiety-like behavior, 10 days later, alongside stronger excitatory synaptic connectivity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). This temporal profile-several days separating the acute stressor and its delayed impact-allowed us to test if these effects can be prevented by administering riluzole in drinking water after acute stress. Poststress riluzole not only prevented the delayed increase in anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze but also blocked the increase in spine density on BLA neurons 10 days later. Further, stress-induced increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded in BLA slices, 10 days later, was also blocked by the same poststress riluzole administration. Together, these findings underscore the importance of therapeutic strategies, aimed at glutamate uptake and modulation, in correcting the delayed behavioral, physiological, and morphological effects of stress on the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saptarnab Naskar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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23
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Astrocyte reactivity in the glia limitans superficialis of the rat medial prefrontal cortex following sciatic nerve injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:185-198. [PMID: 36326875 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The glia limitans superficialis (GLS) on the rodent cortical surface consists of astrocyte bodies intermingled with their cytoplasmic processes. Many studies have observed astrocyte reactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) parenchyma induced by a peripheral nerve injury, while the response of GLS astrocytes is still not fully understood. The aim of our study was to identify the reactivity of rat GLS astrocytes in response to sciatic nerve compression (SNC) over different time periods. The alteration of GLS astrocyte reactivity was monitored using immunofluorescence (IF) intensities of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glutamine synthetase (GS), and NFκBp65. Our results demonstrated that SNC induced GLS astrocyte reactivity seen as increased intensities of GFAP-IF, and longer extensions of cytoplasmic processes into lamina I. First significant increase of GFAP-IF was observed on post-operation day 7 (POD7) after SNC with further increases on POD14 and POD21. In contrast, dynamic alteration of the extension of cytoplasmic processes into lamina I was detected as early as POD1 and continued throughout the monitored survival periods of both sham and SNC operations. The reactivity of GLS astrocytes was not associated with their proliferation. In addition, GLS astrocytes also displayed a significant decrease in GS immunofluorescence (GS-IF) and NFκB immunofluorescence (NFκB-IF) in response to sham and SNC operation compared with naïve control rats. These results suggest that damaged peripheral tissues (following sham operation as well as peripheral nerve lesions) may induce significant changes in GLS astrocyte reactivity. The signaling mechanism from injured peripheral tissue and nerve remains to be elucidated.
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24
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Kruyer A, Kalivas PW, Scofield MD. Astrocyte regulation of synaptic signaling in psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:21-36. [PMID: 35577914 PMCID: PMC9700696 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the field of neuroscience has evolved toward recognizing the critical role of astroglia in shaping neuronal synaptic activity and along with the pre- and postsynapse is now considered an equal partner in tripartite synaptic transmission and plasticity. The relative youth of this recognition and a corresponding deficit in reagents and technologies for quantifying and manipulating astroglia relative to neurons continues to hamper advances in understanding tripartite synaptic physiology. Nonetheless, substantial advances have been made and are reviewed herein. We review the role of astroglia in synaptic function and regulation of behavior with an eye on how tripartite synapses figure into brain pathologies underlying behavioral impairments in psychiatric disorders, both from the perspective of measures in postmortem human brains and more subtle influences on tripartite synaptic regulation of behavior in animal models of psychiatric symptoms. Our goal is to provide the reader a well-referenced state-of-the-art understanding of current knowledge and predict what we may discover with deeper investigation of tripartite synapses using reagents and technologies not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kruyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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25
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Astrocytes as Context for the Involvement of Myelin and Nodes of Ranvier in the Pathophysiology of Depression and Stress-Related Disorders. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2023; 8:e230001. [PMID: 36866235 PMCID: PMC9976698 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20230001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, despite some shared features as glial cells supporting neuronal function in gray and white matter, participate and adapt their morphology and neurochemistry in a plethora of distinct regulatory tasks in specific neural environments. In the white matter, a large proportion of the processes branching from the astrocytes' cell bodies establish contacts with oligodendrocytes and the myelin they form, while the tips of many astrocyte branches closely associate with nodes of Ranvier. Stability of myelin has been shown to greatly depend on astrocyte-to-oligodendrocyte communication, while the integrity of action potentials that regenerate at nodes of Ranvier has been shown to depend on extracellular matrix components heavily contributed by astrocytes. Several lines of evidence are starting to show that in human subjects with affective disorders and in animal models of chronic stress there are significant changes in myelin components, white matter astrocytes and nodes of Ranvier that have direct relevance to connectivity alterations in those disorders. Some of these changes involve the expression of connexins supporting astrocyte-to-oligodendrocyte gap junctions, extracellular matrix components produced by astrocytes around nodes of Ranvier, specific types of astrocyte glutamate transporters, and neurotrophic factors secreted by astrocytes that are involved in the development and plasticity of myelin. Future studies should further examine the mechanisms responsible for those changes in white matter astrocytes, their putative contribution to pathological connectivity in affective disorders, and the possibility of leveraging that knowledge to design new therapies for psychiatric disorders.
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26
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Asah S, Alganem K, McCullumsmith RE, O'Donovan SM. A bioinformatic inquiry of the EAAT2 interactome in postmortem and neuropsychiatric datasets. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:38-46. [PMID: 32197935 PMCID: PMC7494586 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression and localization of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 is found in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric (major depression, MDD) and neurological disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS). However, the EAAT2 interactome, the network of proteins that physically or functionally interact with EAAT2 to support its activity, has yet to be characterized in severe mental illness. We compiled a list of "core" EAAT2 interacting proteins. Using Kaleidoscope, an R-shiny application, we data mined publically available postmortem transcriptome datasets to determine whether components of the EAAT2 interactome are differentially expressed in schizophrenia and, using Reactome, identify which interactome-associated biological pathways are altered. Overall, these "look up" studies highlight region-specific, primarily frontal cortex (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex), changes in the EAAT2 interactome and implicate altered metabolism pathways in schizophrenia. Pathway analyses also suggest that perturbation of components of the EAAT2 interactome in animal models of antipsychotic administration impact metabolism. Similar changes in metabolism pathways are seen in ALS, in addition to altered expression of many components of the EAAT2 interactome. However, although EAAT2 expression is altered in a postmortem MDD dataset, few other components of the EAAT2 interactome are changed. Thus, "look up" studies suggest region- and disease-relevant biological pathways related to the EAAT2 interactome that implicate glutamate reuptake perturbations in schizophrenia, while providing a useful tool to exploit "omics" datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Asah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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27
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Zhang X, Wolfinger A, Wu X, Alnafisah R, Imami A, Hamoud AR, Lundh A, Parpura V, McCullumsmith RE, Shukla R, O’Donovan SM. Gene Enrichment Analysis of Astrocyte Subtypes in Psychiatric Disorders and Psychotropic Medication Datasets. Cells 2022; 11:3315. [PMID: 36291180 PMCID: PMC9600295 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have many important functions in the brain, but their roles in psychiatric disorders and their responses to psychotropic medications are still being elucidated. Here, we used gene enrichment analysis to assess the relationships between different astrocyte subtypes, psychiatric diseases, and psychotropic medications (antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers). We also carried out qPCR analyses and "look-up" studies to assess the chronic effects of these drugs on astrocyte marker gene expression. Our bioinformatic analysis identified gene enrichment of different astrocyte subtypes in psychiatric disorders. The highest level of enrichment was found in schizophrenia, supporting a role for astrocytes in this disorder. We also found differential enrichment of astrocyte subtypes associated with specific biological processes, highlighting the complex responses of astrocytes under pathological conditions. Enrichment of protein phosphorylation in astrocytes and disease was confirmed by biochemical analysis. Analysis of LINCS chemical perturbagen gene signatures also found that kinase inhibitors were highly discordant with astrocyte-SCZ associated gene signatures. However, we found that common gene enrichment of different psychotropic medications and astrocyte subtypes was limited. These results were confirmed by "look-up" studies and qPCR analysis, which also reported little effect of psychotropic medications on common astrocyte marker gene expression, suggesting that astrocytes are not a primary target of these medications. Conversely, antipsychotic medication does affect astrocyte gene marker expression in postmortem schizophrenia brain tissue, supporting specific astrocyte responses in different pathological conditions. Overall, this study provides a unique view of astrocyte subtypes and the effect of medications on astrocytes in disease, which will contribute to our understanding of their role in psychiatric disorders and offers insights into targeting astrocytes therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Alyssa Wolfinger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rawan Alnafisah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ali Imami
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Abdul-rizaq Hamoud
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Anna Lundh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Promedica Neurosciences Institute, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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28
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Astroglia in the Vulnerability to and Maintenance of Stress-Mediated Neuropathology and Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:869779. [PMID: 35530179 PMCID: PMC9074831 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.869779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant stress exposure and psychiatric depression are associated with morphological, biochemical, and physiological disturbances of astrocytes in specific brain regions relevant to the pathophysiology of those disorders, suggesting that astrocytes are involved in the mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to or maintenance of stress-related neuropathology and depression. To understand those mechanisms a variety of studies have probed the effect of various modalities of stress exposure on the metabolism, gene expression and plasticity of astrocytes. These studies have uncovered the participation of various cellular pathways, such as those for intracellular calcium regulation, neuroimmune responses, extracellular ionic regulation, gap junctions-based cellular communication, and regulation of neurotransmitter and gliotransmitter release and uptake. More recently epigenetic modifications resulting from exposure to chronic forms of stress or to early life adversity have been suggested to affect not only neuronal mechanisms but also gene expression and physiology of astrocytes and other glial cells. However, much remains to be learned to understand the specific role of those and other modifications in the astroglial contribution to the vulnerability to and maintenance of stress-related disorders and depression, and for leveraging that knowledge to achieve more effective psychiatric therapies.
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29
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Ozer T, Henry CS. Microfluidic-based ion-selective thermoplastic electrode array for point-of-care detection of potassium and sodium ions. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:152. [PMID: 35322308 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic paper-based thermoplastic electrode (TPE) array has been developed for point-of-care detection of Na+ and K+ ions using a custom-made portable potentiometer. TPEs were fabricated using polystyrene as the binder and two different types of graphite to compare the electrode performance. The newly designed TPE array embedded in a polymethyl methacrylate chip consists of two working electrodes modified with carbon black nanomaterial and an ion-selective membrane, and an all-solid-state reference electrode modified with Ag/AgCl ink and poly(butyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) membrane via drop-casting. Ion-selective membrane compositions and conditioning steps were optimized. Under optimized conditions, ion-selective TPEs demonstrated fast response time (4 s) and good stability. The TPE array demonstrated a Nernstian behavior for K+ with a sensitivity of 59.2 ± 0.2 mV decade-1 and near-Nernstian response for Na+ with a sensitivity of 54.0 ± 1.1 mV decade-1 in the range 10-1 - 10-4 M and 1 - 10-3 M, respectively. The detection limits were 1 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-4 M for K+ and Na+, respectively. In addition, a K+ and Na+ selective microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) was applied to artificial serum analysis and found in good agreement with average recoveries of 101.3% and 99.7%, respectively, suggesting that the developed ISE array is suitable for detection of sodium and potassium in complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ozer
- Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, 34220, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Yan J, Zhang F, Le Niu, Wang X, Lu X, Ma C, Zhang C, Song J, Zhang Z. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation mitigates depression-like behaviors in CUMS-induced rats via FGF2/FGFR1/p-ERK signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:94-103. [PMID: 35247488 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widely used and effective biological treatment for depression. Although previous studies have shown that astrocyte function may be modified by rTMS, the specific neurobiological mechanisms underlying its antidepressant action are not clear. Substantial evidence has accumulated indicating that neurotrophin dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis play a role in the development of depression. To evaluate this hypothesis, we applied a chronical unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol to induce depression-like behaviors in rats, followed by the delivery of 10-Hz rTMS for 3 weeks. Behavioral outcome measures consisted of a sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and open field test. Histological analysis focused on apoptosis, expression of GFAP and FGF2, and FGF2 pathway-related proteins. The results showed that after rTMS treatment, the rats' sucrose preference increased, open field performance improved while the immobility time of forced swimming decreased. The behavioral changes seen in rTMS treated rats were accompanied by marked reductions in the number of TUNEL-positive neural cells and the level of expression of BAX and by an increase in Bcl2. Furthermore, the expression of GFAP and FGF2 was increased, along with activation of FGF2 downstream pathway. These results suggest that rTMS treatment can improve depression-like behavior, attenuate neural apoptosis, and reverse reduction of astrocytes in a rat model of depression. We hypothesize that the therapeutic action of rTMS in CUMS-induced rats is linked to the activation of the FGF2/FGFR1/p-ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junni Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Le Niu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Chaoyue Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinggui Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China.
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Brown SJ, Brown AM, Purves-Tyson TD, Huang XF, Shannon Weickert C, Newell KA. Alterations in the kynurenine pathway and excitatory amino acid transporter-2 in depression with and without psychosis: Evidence of a potential astrocyte pathology. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 147:203-211. [PMID: 35063739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence, largely obtained from peripheral studies, suggests that alterations in the kynurenine pathway contribute to the aetiology of depression and disorders involving psychosis. Stimulation of the kynurenine pathway leads to the formation of neuroactive metabolites, including kynurenic acid (predominantly in astrocytes) and quinolinic acid (predominantly in microglia), which are antagonists and agonists of the glutamate NMDA receptor, respectively. In this study, we measured gene expression via qRT-PCR of the main kynurenine pathway enzymes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in people with major depressive disorder and matched controls. In parallel, we tested for diagnostic differences in gene expression of relevant glial markers. We used total RNA isolated from the ACC from depression subjects with psychosis (n = 12) and without psychosis (n = 12), and non-psychiatric controls (n = 12) provided by the Stanley Medical Research Institute. In the ACC, KYAT1 (KAT I), AADAT (KAT II), and the astrocytic SLC1A2 (EAAT2) mRNAs, were significantly increased in depression, when combining those with and without psychosis. The increased KYAT1 and AADAT mRNA indicates that depression is associated with increased activation of the kynurenic acid arm of the kynurenine pathway in the ACC, suggesting an astrocyte response in depression. Considering EAAT2 and KATs increase astrocytic glutamate uptake and production of the NMDA receptor antagonist kynurenic acid, the observed increases of these markers may relate to changes in glutamatergic signalling in depression. These results suggest dysfunction of the kynurenine pathway in the brain in depression and point to the kynurenine pathway as a possible driver of glutamate dysfunction in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara J Brown
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Amelia M Brown
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Tertia D Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Kelly A Newell
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
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Yeni Y, Cakir Z, Hacimuftuoglu A, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Okkay U, Genc S, Yildirim S, Saglam YS, Calina D, Tsatsakis A, Docea AO. A Selective Histamine H4 Receptor Antagonist, JNJ7777120, Role on Glutamate Transporter Activity in Chronic Depression. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020246. [PMID: 35207733 PMCID: PMC8880293 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate release and reuptake play a key role in the pathophysiology of depression. glutamatergic nerves in the hippocampus region are modulated by histaminergic afferents. Excessive accumulation of glutamate in the synaptic area causes degeneration of neuron cells. The H4 receptor is defined as the main immune system histamine receptor with a pro-inflammatory role. To understand the role of this receptor, the drug JNJ7777120 was used to reveal the chronic depression-glutamate relationship. We have important findings showing that the H4 antagonist increases the glutamate transporters’ instantaneous activity. In our experiment, it has been shown that blocking the H4 receptor leads to increased neuron cell viability and improvement in behavioral ability due to glutamate. Therefore, JNJ can be used to prevent neurotoxicity, inhibit membrane phospholipase activation and free radical formation, and minimize membrane disruption. In line with our findings, results have been obtained that indicate that JNJ will contribute to the effective prevention and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Yeni
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (Y.Y.); (U.O.); (S.G.)
| | - Zeynep Cakir
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.H.); (A.T.); (D.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (Y.Y.); (U.O.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.H.); (A.T.); (D.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.H.); (A.T.); (D.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Ufuk Okkay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (Y.Y.); (U.O.); (S.G.)
| | - Sidika Genc
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (Y.Y.); (U.O.); (S.G.)
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (S.Y.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Yavuz Selim Saglam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey; (S.Y.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.H.); (A.T.); (D.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.H.); (A.T.); (D.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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Machado-Santos AR, Loureiro-Campos E, Patrício P, Araújo B, Alves ND, Mateus-Pinheiro A, Correia JS, Morais M, Bessa JM, Sousa N, Rodrigues AJ, Oliveira JF, Pinto L. Beyond New Neurons in the Adult Hippocampus: Imipramine Acts as a Pro-Astrogliogenic Factor and Rescues Cognitive Impairments Induced by Stress Exposure. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030390. [PMID: 35159199 PMCID: PMC8834148 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent, socially burdensome disease. Different studies have demonstrated the important role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of depression as modulators of neurotransmission and neurovascular coupling. This is evidenced by astrocyte impairments observed in brains of depressed patients and the appearance of depressive-like behaviors upon astrocytic dysfunctions in animal models. However, little is known about the importance of de novo generated astrocytes in the mammalian brain and in particular its possible involvement in the precipitation of depression and in the therapeutic actions of current antidepressants (ADs). Therefore, we studied the modulation of astrocytes and adult astrogliogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of rats exposed to an unpredictable chronic mild stress (uCMS) protocol, untreated and treated for two weeks with antidepressants—fluoxetine and imipramine. Our results show that adult astrogliogenesis in the DG is modulated by stress and imipramine. This study reveals that distinct classes of ADs impact differently in the astrogliogenic process, showing different cellular mechanisms relevant to the recovery from behavioral deficits induced by chronic stress exposure. As such, in addition to those resident, the newborn astrocytes in the hippocampal DG might also be promising therapeutic targets for future therapies in the neuropsychiatric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Machado-Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Loureiro-Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Patrício
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruna Araújo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Dinis Alves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Mateus-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Sofia Correia
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mónica Morais
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João M Bessa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Filipe Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Glial Cell Abnormalities in Major Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review of Postmortem Brain Studies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1665-1692. [PMID: 35013935 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been a large number of reports about glial cell dysfunction being related to major psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). In this review, we provide an overview of postmortem studies analyzing the structural changes of glial cells in these three major psychiatric diseases, including the density, number and size of glial cells, and the expression of related markers. Up to May 1, 2021, 108 articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified by searching PubMed and Web of Science. Although most studies evaluating total glial cells did not show abnormalities in the brains of postmortem patients, astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes seem to have specific patterns of changes in each disease. For example, out of 20 studies that evaluated astrocyte markers in MDD, 11 studies found decreased astrocyte marker expression in MDD patients. Similarly, out of 25 studies evaluating oligodendrocyte markers in SCZ, 15 studies showed decreased expression of oligodendrocyte markers in different brain regions of SCZ patients. In addition, activated microglial cells were observed in patients with SCZ, BD, and MDD, but suicide may be a confounding factor for the observed effects. Although the data from the included studies were heterogeneous and this cannot be fully explained at present, it is likely that there are a variety of contributing factors, including the measured brain regions, methods of measurement, gender, age at time of death, and medications.
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Astroglia in the Vulnerability and Maintenance of Alcohol Use Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:255-279. [PMID: 34888838 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes induced in the morphology and the multiplicity of functional roles played by astrocytes in brain regions critical to the establishment and maintenance of alcohol abuse suggest that they make an important contribution to the vulnerability to alcohol use disorders. The understanding of the relevant mechanisms accounting for that contribution is complicated by the fact that alcohol itself acts directly on astrocytes altering their metabolism, gene expression, and plasticity, so that the ultimate result is a complex interaction of various cellular pathways, including intracellular calcium regulation, neuroimmune responses, and regulation of neurotransmitter and gliotransmitter release and uptake. The recent years have seen a steady increase in the characterization of several of the relevant mechanisms, but much remains to be done for a full understanding of the astrocytes' contribution to the vulnerability to alcohol dependence and abuse and for using that knowledge in designing effective therapies for AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Miguel-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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36
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Astrocytes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Review of Postmortem Evidence. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:153-172. [PMID: 34888835 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) include microglia, oligodendrocytes and the most diverse type, astrocytes. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest critical roles for astrocytes in the pathogenesis of CNS disease. Here, we summarize the extensive morphological heterogeneity and physiological properties of different astrocyte subtypes. We review postmortem studies, discussing astrocyte-related changes found in the brain in subjects diagnosed with the neuropsychiatric disorders schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Finally, we discuss the potential effects of psychotropic medication on these findings. In summary, postmortem studies highlight that the morphology of astrocytes and the expression of functionally important astrocyte markers are altered in the brain in neuropsychiatric disorders and may play a role in the pathophysiology of these serious mental illnesses.
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Role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain and depression. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105957. [PMID: 34688904 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury usually present with co-morbid affective changes, such as depression. Neuroglia was reported to play an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain both centrally and peripherally. Meanwhile, there have been studies showing that neuroglia participated in the development of depression. However, the specific role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain and depression has not been reviewed comprehensively. Therefore, we summarized the recent findings on the role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain and depression. Based on this review, we found a bridge-like role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain co-morbid with depression. This review may provide therapeutic implications in the treatment of neuropathic pain and offer potential help in the studies of mechanisms in the future.
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38
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Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DE. Glutamine Synthetase in the Cells of the Developing Rat Spinal Cord. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu S, Yin Y, Du L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2571-2591. [PMID: 34637015 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression represents a complex and prevalent psychological disease that is characterized by persistent depressed mood, impaired cognitive function and complicated pathophysiological and neuroendocrine alterations. Despite the multifactorial etiology of depression, one of the most recent factors to be identified as playing a critical role in the development of depression is blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. The occurrence of BBB integrity disruption contributes to the disturbance of brain homeostasis and leads to complications of neurological diseases, such as stroke, chronic neurodegenerative disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders. Recently, BBB associated tight junction disruption has been shown to implicate in the pathophysiology of depression and contribute to increased susceptibility to depression. However, the underlying mechanisms and importance of BBB damage in depression remains largely unknown. This review highlights how BBB disruption regulates the depression process and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in development of depression-induced BBB dysfunction. Moreover, insight on promising therapeutic targets for treatment of depression with associated BBB dysfunctions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuye Yin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longfei Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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40
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Zhang X, Alnafisah RS, Hamoud ARA, Shukla R, Wen Z, McCullumsmith RE, O'Donovan SM. Role of Astrocytes in Major Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2715-2730. [PMID: 33411227 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the primary homeostatic cells of the central nervous system, essential for normal neuronal development and function, metabolism and response to injury and inflammation. Here, we review postmortem studies examining changes in astrocytes in subjects diagnosed with the neuropsychiatric disorders schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BPD). We discuss the astrocyte-related changes described in the brain in these disorders and the potential effects of psychotropic medication on these findings. Finally, we describe emerging tools that can be used to study the role of astrocytes in neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Rawan S Alnafisah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Abdul-Rizaq A Hamoud
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Block Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Codeluppi SA, Chatterjee D, Prevot TD, Bansal Y, Misquitta KA, Sibille E, Banasr M. Chronic Stress Alters Astrocyte Morphology in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:842-853. [PMID: 34346493 PMCID: PMC8538896 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromorphological changes are consistently reported in the prefrontal cortex of patients with stress-related disorders and in rodent stress models, but the effects of stress on astrocyte morphology and the potential link to behavioral deficits are relatively unknown. METHODS To answer these questions, transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) promotor were subjected to 7, 21, or 35 days of chronic restraint stress (CRS). CRS-induced behavioral effects on anhedonia- and anxiety-like behaviors were measured using the sucrose intake and the PhenoTyper tests, respectively. Prefrontal cortex GFP+ or GFAP+ cell morphology was assessed using Sholl analysis, and associations with behavior were determined using correlation analysis. RESULTS CRS-exposed male and female mice displayed anxiety-like behavior at 7, 21, and 35 days and anhedonia-like behavior at 35 days. Analysis of GFAP+ cell morphology revealed significant atrophy of distal processes following 21 and 35 days of CRS. CRS induced similar decreases in intersections at distal radii for GFP+ cells accompanied by increased proximal processes. In males, the number of intersections at the most distal radius step significantly correlated with anhedonia-like behavior (r = 0.622, P < .05) for GFP+ cells and with behavioral emotionality calculated by z-scoring all behavioral measured deficits (r = -0.667, P < .05). Similar but not significant correlations were observed in females. No correlation between GFP+ cell atrophy with anxiety-like behavior was found. CONCLUSION Chronic stress exposure induces a progressive atrophy of cortical astroglial cells, potentially contributing to maladaptive neuroplastic and behavioral changes associated with stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra A Codeluppi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dipashree Chatterjee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Keith A Misquitta
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Correspondence: Mounira Banasr, PhD, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada ()
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Macro- and Microscale Stress-Associated Alterations in Brain Structure: Translational Link With Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:118-127. [PMID: 34001371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a stress-related disorder associated with many cytoarchitectural and neurochemical changes. However, the majority of these changes cannot be reliably detected in the living brain. The examination of animal stress models and postmortem human brain tissue has significantly contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD. Ronald Duman's work in humans and in rodent models was critical to the investigation of the contribution of synaptic deficits to MDD and chronic stress pathology, their role in the development and expression of depressive-like behavior, and reversal by novel drugs. Here, we review evidence from magnetic resonance imaging in humans and animals that suggests that corticolimbic alterations are associated with depression symptomatology. We also discuss evidence of cytoarchitectural alterations affecting neurons, astroglia, and synapses in MDD and highlight how similar changes are described in rodent chronic stress models and are linked to the emotion-related behavioral deficits. Finally, we report on the latest approaches developed to measure the synaptic and astroglial alterations in vivo, using positron emission tomography, and how it can inform on the contribution of MDD-associated cytoarchitectural alterations to the symptomatology and the treatment of stress-related disorders.
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Ketamine Alters Functional Plasticity of Astroglia: An Implication for Antidepressant Effect. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060573. [PMID: 34204579 PMCID: PMC8234122 DOI: 10.3390/life11060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a non-competitive N–methyl–d–aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, exerts a rapid, potent and long-lasting antidepressant effect, although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this action are yet to be clarified. In addition to targeting neuronal NMDARs fundamental for synaptic transmission, ketamine also affects the function of astrocytes, the key homeostatic cells of the central nervous system that contribute to pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Here, I review studies revealing that (sub)anesthetic doses of ketamine elevate intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i) in astrocytes, attenuate stimulus-evoked astrocyte calcium signaling, which regulates exocytotic secretion of gliosignaling molecules, and stabilize the vesicle fusion pore in a narrow configuration, possibly hindering cargo discharge or vesicle recycling. Next, I discuss how ketamine affects astrocyte capacity to control extracellular K+ by reducing vesicular delivery of the inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1) to the plasmalemma that reduces the surface density of Kir4.1. Modified astroglial K+ buffering impacts upon neuronal firing pattern as demonstrated in lateral habenula in a rat model of depression. Finally, I highlight the discovery that ketamine rapidly redistributes cholesterol in the astrocyte plasmalemma, which may alter the flux of cholesterol to neurons. This structural modification may further modulate a host of processes that synergistically contribute to ketamine’s rapid antidepressant action.
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Increased GFAP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with unipolar depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:308. [PMID: 34021122 PMCID: PMC8139962 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes involving altered microglial activity may play a relevant role in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and calcium-binding protein S100B are considered microglial markers. To date, their role has been studied in the serum and tissue material of patients with unipolar depression but not in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine GFAP and S100B levels in the CSF of patients with major depression to better understand their role in affective disorders. In this retrospective study, 102 patients with unipolar depression and 39 mentally healthy controls with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were investigated. GFAP and S100B levels were measured using commercially available ELISA kits. CSF routine parameters were collected during routine clinical care. The mean values of GFAP and S100B were compared using age (and sex) corrected ANOVAs. Matched subgroups were analyzed by using an independent sample t-test. In addition, correlation analyses between GFAP/S100B levels and CSF routine parameters were performed within the patient group. Patients with unipolar depression had significantly higher levels of GFAP than controls (733.22 pg/ml vs. 245.56 pg/ml, p < 0.001). These results remained significant in a sub-analysis in which all controls were compared with patients suffering from depression matched 1:1 by age and sex (632.26 pg/ml vs. 245.56 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Levels of S100B did not differ significantly between patients and controls (1.06 ng/ml vs. 1.17 ng/ml, p = 0.385). GFAP levels correlated positively with albumin quotients (p < 0.050), S100B levels correlated positively with white blood cell counts (p = 0.001), total protein concentrations (p < 0.001), and albumin quotients (p = 0.001) in the CSF. The significance of the study is limited by its retrospective and open design, methodological aspects, and the control group with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. In conclusion, higher GFAP levels in patients with depression may be indicative of altered microglia activity, especially in astrocytes, in patients with unipolar depression. In addition, correlation analyses support the idea that S100B levels could be related to the integrity of the blood-brain/CSF barrier. Further multimodal and longitudinal studies are necessary to validate these findings and clarify the underlying biological processes.
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45
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Virmani G, D'almeida P, Nandi A, Marathe S. Subfield-specific effects of chronic mild unpredictable stress on hippocampal astrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5730-5746. [PMID: 33866634 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric illness affecting over 20% of the population worldwide. Despite its prevalence, our understanding of its pathophysiology is severely limited, thus hampering the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Recent advances have clearly established astrocytes as major players in the pathophysiology, and plausibly pathogenesis, of major depression. In particular, astrocyte density in the hippocampus is severely diminished in MDD patients and correlates strongly with the disease outcome. Moreover, astrocyte densities from different subfields of the hippocampus show varying trends in terms of their correlation to the disease outcome. Given the central role that hippocampus plays in the pathophysiology of depression and in the action of antidepressant drugs, changes in hippocampal astrocyte density and physiology may have a significant effect on behavioral symptoms of MDD. In this study, we used chronic mild unpredictable stress (CMUS) in mice, which induces a depressive-like state, and examined its effects on astrocytes from different subfields of the hippocampus. We used SOX9 and S100β immunostaining to estimate the number of astrocytes per square millimeter from various hippocampal subfields. Furthermore, using confocal images of fluorescently labeled glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive hippocampal astrocytes, we quantified various morphology-related parameters and performed Sholl analysis. We found that CMUS exerts differential effects on astrocyte cell numbers, ramification, cell radius, surface area, and process width of hippocampal astrocytes from different hippocampal subfields. Taken together, our study reveals that chronic stress does not uniformly affect all hippocampal astrocytes; but exerts its effects differentially on different astrocytic subpopulations within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Virmani
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyal D'almeida
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Arnab Nandi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Swananda Marathe
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Yin YY, Wang YH, Liu WG, Yao JQ, Yuan J, Li ZH, Ran YH, Zhang LM, Li YF. The role of the excitation:inhibition functional balance in the mPFC in the onset of antidepressants. Neuropharmacology 2021; 191:108573. [PMID: 33945826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently available antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), generally require weeks to months to produce a therapeutic response, but the mechanism of action underlying the delayed onset of antidepressant-like action remains to be elucidated. The balance between excitatory glutamatergic pyramidal neurons and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons, i.e., the excitation:inhibition functional (E:I) balance, in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical in regulating several behaviors and might play an important mediating role in the mechanism of rapid antidepressant-like action reported by several studies. In the present study, the multichannel electrophysiological technique was used to record the firing activities of pyramidal neurons and interneurons and investigate the effects of a single dose of fluoxetine and ketamine (both 10 mg/kg, i.p.) on the E:I functional balance in the rat mPFC after 90 min or 24 h, and the forced swimming test (FST) was used to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of fluoxetine and ketamine. The present study also explored the effects of chronic treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.g.) for 7 d or 21 d on the E:I functional balance in the mPFC. The present results suggested that a single dose of ketamine could both significantly increase the firing activities of pyramidal neurons and significantly decrease the firing activities of interneurons in the mPFC and exerted significant antidepressant-like action on the FST after 90 min and 24 h, but fluoxetine had no such effects under the same conditions. However, chronic treatment with fluoxetine for 21 d (but not 7 d) could significantly affect the firing activities of pyramidal neurons and interneurons in the mPFC. Taken together, the present results indicated that rapid regulation of the E:I functional balance in the mPFC might be an important common mechanism of rapid-acting antidepressants and the delayed onset of SSRIs might be partly attributed to their inability to rapidly regulate the E:I functional balance in the mPFC. The present study provided a new entry point to the development of rapid-acting antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Yin
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Hui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jun-Qi Yao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Han Li
- Capital Normal University High School, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ran
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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47
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Levchuk LA, Roshchina OV, Simutkin GG, Bokhan NA, Ivanova SA. Peripheral Markers of Nervous Tissue Damage in Addictive and Affective Disorders. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Nwachukwu KN, Evans WA, Sides TR, Trevisani CP, Davis A, Marshall SA. Chemogenetic manipulation of astrocytic signaling in the basolateral amygdala reduces binge-like alcohol consumption in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1957-1972. [PMID: 33844860 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is a common occurrence in the United States, but a high concentration of alcohol in the blood has been shown to have reinforcing and reciprocal effects on the neuroimmune system in both dependent and non-dependent scenarios. The first part of this study examined alcohol's effects on the astrocytic response in the central amygdala and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in a non-dependent model. C57BL/6J mice were given access to either ethanol, water, or sucrose during a "drinking in the dark" paradigm, and astrocyte number and astrogliosis were measured using immunohistochemistry. Results indicate that non-dependent consumption increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) density but not the number of GFAP+ cells, suggesting that non-dependent ethanol is sufficient to elicit astrocyte activation. The second part of this study examined how astrocytes impacted behaviors and the neurochemistry related to alcohol using the chemogenetic tool, DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs). Transgenic GFAP-hM3Dq mice were administered clozapine N-oxide both peripherally, affecting the entire central nervous system (CNS), or directly into the BLA. In both instances, GFAP-Gq-signaling activation significantly reduced ethanol consumption and correlating blood ethanol concentrations. However, GFAP-Gq-DREADD activation throughout the CNS had more broad effects resulting in decreased locomotor activity and sucrose consumption. More targeted GFAP-Gq-signaling activation in the BLA only impacted ethanol consumption. Finally, a glutamate assay revealed that after GFAP-Gq-signaling activation glutamate concentrations in the amygdala were partially normalized to control levels. Altogether, these studies support the theory that astrocytes represent a viable target for alcohol use disorder therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala N Nwachukwu
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William A Evans
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Tori R Sides
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher P Trevisani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Ambryia Davis
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - S Alex Marshall
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.,Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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49
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O'Leary LA, Mechawar N. Implication of cerebral astrocytes in major depression: A review of fine neuroanatomical evidence in humans. Glia 2021; 69:2077-2099. [PMID: 33734498 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem investigations have implicated astrocytes in many neurological and psychiatric conditions. Multiple brain regions from individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) have lower expression levels of astrocyte markers and lower densities of astrocytes labeled for these markers, suggesting a loss of astrocytes in this mental illness. This paper reviews the general properties of human astrocytes, the methods to study them, and the postmortem evidence for astrocyte pathology in MDD. When comparing astrocyte density and morphometry studies, astrocytes are more abundant and smaller in human subcortical than cortical brain regions, and immunohistochemical labeling for the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (VIM) reveals fewer than 15% of all astrocytes that are present in cortical and subcortical regions, as revealed using other staining techniques. By combining astrocyte densities and morphometry, a model was made to illustrate that domain organization is mostly limited to GFAP-IR astrocytes. Using these markers and others, alterations of astrocyte densities appear more widespread than those for astrocyte morphologies throughout the brain of individuals having died with MDD. This review suggests how reduced astrocyte densities may relate to the association of depressive episodes in MDD with elevated S100 beta (S100B) cerebrospinal fluid serum levels. Finally, a potassium imbalance theory is proposed that integrates the reduced astrocyte densities generated from postmortem studies with a hypothesis for the antidepressant effects of ketamine generated from rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Anuj O'Leary
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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50
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Convergent molecular, cellular, and cortical neuroimaging signatures of major depressive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25138-25149. [PMID: 32958675 PMCID: PMC7547155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating condition with diverse neuroimaging correlates, including cortical thinning in medial prefrontal cortex and altered functional connectivity of cortical association networks. However, the molecular bases of these imaging markers remain ambiguous, despite a need for treatment targets and mechanisms. Here, we advance cross-modal approaches to identify cell types and gene transcripts associated with depression-implicated cortex. Across multiple population-imaging datasets (combined N ≥ 23,723) and ex vivo patient cortical tissue, somatostatin interneurons and astrocytes emerge as replicable cell-level correlates of depression and negative affect. These data identify transcripts, cell types, and molecular processes associated with neuroimaging markers of depression and offer a roadmap for integrating in vivo clinical imaging with genetic and postmortem patient transcriptional data. Major depressive disorder emerges from the complex interactions of biological systems that span genes and molecules through cells, networks, and behavior. Establishing how neurobiological processes coalesce to contribute to depression requires a multiscale approach, encompassing measures of brain structure and function as well as genetic and cell-specific transcriptional data. Here, we examine anatomical (cortical thickness) and functional (functional variability, global brain connectivity) correlates of depression and negative affect across three population-imaging datasets: UK Biobank, Brain Genomics Superstruct Project, and Enhancing NeuroImaging through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA; combined n ≥ 23,723). Integrative analyses incorporate measures of cortical gene expression, postmortem patient transcriptional data, depression genome-wide association study (GWAS), and single-cell gene transcription. Neuroimaging correlates of depression and negative affect were consistent across three independent datasets. Linking ex vivo gene down-regulation with in vivo neuroimaging, we find that transcriptional correlates of depression imaging phenotypes track gene down-regulation in postmortem cortical samples of patients with depression. Integrated analysis of single-cell and Allen Human Brain Atlas expression data reveal somatostatin interneurons and astrocytes to be consistent cell associates of depression, through both in vivo imaging and ex vivo cortical gene dysregulation. Providing converging evidence for these observations, GWAS-derived polygenic risk for depression was enriched for genes expressed in interneurons, but not glia. Underscoring the translational potential of multiscale approaches, the transcriptional correlates of depression-linked brain function and structure were enriched for disorder-relevant molecular pathways. These findings bridge levels to connect specific genes, cell classes, and biological pathways to in vivo imaging correlates of depression.
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