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Moscatelli S, Mazzuca S, Guizzo F, Ciaffoni S, Bertolli C, Kosakowska-Berezecka N, Sacino A, Menegatti M. Endorsing Precarious Manhood Beliefs Is Associated With Sexual Harassment Myths Acceptance in Italian Men and Women. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241248453. [PMID: 38651353 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241248453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to expand the understanding of the correlates of sexual harassment myths, a set of beliefs that serve to justify male perpetrators. Data collected among Italian adults (N = 407; 59.5% women) showed that individual levels of precarious manhood beliefs-according to which manhood is a social status that must be proven via public action-were related to greater sexual harassment myths acceptance in male and female respondents. Such associations were mediated by hostile sexism and benevolence toward men. Findings suggest that interventions to reduce tolerance of sexual harassment of women should target cultural views of manhood and counteract rigid models of masculinity and femininity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Mazzuca
- Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Landa SU, González SN, Martínez AP, Leiva MG, Castro JLG. The Boomerang Effect of Suppression of Emotional Expression: Relationship Power, Affectivity and Adolescent and Youth Male-To-Female Dating Violence. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:36-52. [PMID: 37715863 PMCID: PMC10761457 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Scarce research has been performed on the role of power, affectivity, and suppression of emotional expression in the use of dating violence by adolescents and young men. This study aims to analyze a model of the associations between perceived power (control and dominance), affectivity (positive and negative affect), suppression of emotional expression and the frequency of use of male-to female dating violence. Participants in this cross-sectional and correlational study were 786 Spanish students aged between 13 and 25 years (M = 18.80; SD = 2.93) divided in two groups: 13-18 (316 adolescents, M = 15.58; SD = 1.02) and 18-25 (462 young men, M = 20.79; SD = 1.98) with 8 participants not stating their age. Different sequential mediation models confirmed that, only in young men, affectivity (negative and positive affect) and suppression of emotional expression mediate the relationship between power and the use of dating violence. Fostering equal relationships, associating them with positive emotional states, avoiding the frustration derived from low power perception, and providing young men with strategies for appropriately expressing their emotions may help decrease the use of dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ubillos Landa
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Burgos, C/Paseo de los Comendadores, Hospital Militar, 1, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sandra Nieto González
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Burgos, C/Paseo de los Comendadores, Hospital Militar, 1, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Alicia Puente Martínez
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, P.° Francisco Tomás y Valiente, s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marcela Gracia Leiva
- Health Education Foundation. Fundadeps, C. de la Costa Brava, 50, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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Stanaland A, Gaither S, Gassman-Pines A. When Is Masculinity "Fragile"? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:359-377. [PMID: 36597588 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221141176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT Manhood is a precarious social status. Under perceived gender identity threat, men are disproportionately likely to enact certain stereotype-consistent responses such as aggression to maintain their gender status. Yet less is known regarding individual variation in men's threat responsiveness-that is, the psychological conditions under which one's masculine identity is more or less "fragile." We propose a novel model of masculine identity whereby masculine norm expectancy generates discrepancy within the self to the extent that rigid norms are internalized as obligational (actual-ought discrepancy) versus aspirational (actual-ideal discrepancy), which predict extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations to reduce these discrepancies, respectively. Under threat, then, extrinsic motivations predict externalized responses (e.g., aggression), and intrinsic motivations elicit internalized responses (e.g., anxiety, shame, self-harm). We also consider the conditions under which masculinity may be less fragile-for example, in contexts with less rigid expectations and among men who reject expectations-as pathways to mitigate adverse masculinity threat-related outcomes. PUBLIC ABSTRACT In many cultures, men prove their manhood by engaging in behaviors that harm themselves and others (e.g., violence, sexism, homophobia), particularly people from marginalized groups. Yet less is known about why some men are more likely than others to enact these masculinity-proving behaviors. The goal of our model is to specify certain conditions under which masculinities become "fragile" and elicit these responses when under threat. We start by describing the rigid expectations men experience-for example, that they are strong and tough. We propose that these expectations cause men to experience different forms of discrepancy within themselves that produce corresponding motivations to reduce these discrepancies. Under threat, motivations driven by others' expectations elicit outward attempts to restore masculine status (e.g., aggression), whereas motivations driven by self-ideals cause internalized responses (e.g., shame, self-harm). We conclude by discussing how to reduce these discrepancies, such as mitigating the rigidity of and encouraging men's resistance to masculinity expectations.
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DeGue S, Singleton R, Kearns M. A Qualitative Analysis of Beliefs about Masculinity and Gender Socialization among US Mothers and Fathers of School-Age Boys. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2023; 25:152-164. [PMID: 38799185 PMCID: PMC11120519 DOI: 10.1037/men0000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Internalization of culturally dominant masculine gender role norms can have harmful impacts on the physical and emotional health of men and boys. Although parents play an important role in influencing gender-related beliefs in their children, limited research has examined how contemporary parents conceptualize masculinity and their role in gender socialization. The current study conducted 13 focus groups with Black, Latino, and White parents (N = 83) of school-age boys from rural and urban areas in a large southeastern state in the US. Parent beliefs about masculinity existed across a spectrum from "rigid" (representing narrow, culturally dominant masculine norms) to "flexible" (defining a broader set of behaviors and attitudes as masculine). In general, more flexible beliefs were expressed by mothers than fathers, and by White than Black and Latino parents. Most parents reacted positively to messages about potential harms associated with restrictive masculinity norms; however, many saw these issues primarily as parenting challenges (e.g., teaching boys to resist negative peer influences) rather than related to gender socialization. Some unique themes also emerged within racial/ethnic groups, with Black parents noting the impact of racial discrimination on societal expectations for Black men and fathers, and Latino parents describing generational shifts towards more equitable gender role attitudes and parenting practices. These findings highlight the need for more complex and nuanced messages about masculinity norms and their relationship to health and well-being and can help inform the development of interventions to promote healthy masculine gender socialization, increase health equity, and prevent injury and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Megan Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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De la Vega-Taboada E, Rodriguez AL, Barton A, Stephens DP, Cano M, Eaton A, Frazier S, Rodriguez A, Cortecero A. Colombian Adolescents’ Perceptions of Violence and Opportunities for Safe Spaces Across Community Settings. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584231164643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
During adolescence, access to safe environments is critical for healthy development. This study analyzed adolescents’ perceptions of safety in personal and public spaces in the semi-rural community of Santa Ana, Colombia on the Island of Barú (95.8% of inhabitants live in poverty). We used thematic analysis to explore adolescents’ experiences and reflections to identify the factors influencing their perception of safety across different community spaces. Four gender-segregated focus group discussions were held with 40 adolescents (20 male and 20 female) from ages 13 to 17 ( M = 14.4, SD = 1.2). Most of them self-identified as Black (86%). The more recurrent spaces in the adolescents’ conversations were the streets, the school, the local sports field, individual homes, and commercial sound system parties known as “Picos.” Adolescents perceived the school as the safest space, while the “Picos” were the most unsafe. The other spaces were considered mixed, meaning that their perceived safety shifts and depends on the presence of certain factors. These factors were risky behaviors, group affiliation, designated authority roles and the relevance of time. The authors discuss the importance of addressing the factors that inform adolescents’ safety perception, particularly within low resource settings cross-culturally.
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Valdivia-Salas S, Lombas AS, Jiménez TI, Lucas-Alba A, Villanueva-Blasco VJ. Profiles and Risk Factors for Teen Dating Violence in Spain. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4267-4292. [PMID: 35942946 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221114305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Teen dating violence (TDV) refers to a wide range of partner-directed harmful behaviors among adolescents. Since it was first documented in the 1980s, there is a growing interest in TDV due to its potentially devastating mid- and long-term consequences. Aiming at the early detection of TDV onset with prevention purposes, research has focused on the detection of typologies of perpetrators and/or victims as well as on identifying risk and protective factors for its occurrence. Research with Spanish adolescents, however, is very limited. To fill this gap, we recruited a total of 2,319 adolescents from different regions in Spain, out of which, 1,079 reported having had a romantic partner during the last year. These filled out measures of TDV (perpetration and victimization), school aggression, hostile and benevolent sexism, empathy, assertiveness, psychological inflexibility (general measures), and psychological inflexibility with prejudice thoughts. A cluster analysis revealed that adolescents could be divided into two clusters as a function of their TDV profile: Cluster 1, including close to 76% of the sample (boys and girls), presented low TDV perpetration and victimization; Cluster 2, including 24% of the sample (boys and girls), presented higher TDV perpetration and victimization. Regression analyses revealed that, as compared to those in Cluster 1, adolescents in Cluster 2 were more likely to be older boys who scored high in benevolent sexism, overt and relational school aggression, and personal distress, and low in behavior regulation skills, perspective taking, and practical personal ability. We discuss the implications of these findings for the design of evidence-based TDV prevention campaigns.
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Nickodem KK, Basile KC, Espelage DL, Leemis RW, Ingram KM, Barbero C. Sports Participation, Social Networks, and Sexual Violence Perpetration. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1690-NP1717. [PMID: 35469485 PMCID: PMC9596613 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent sexual violence (SV), which includes non-contact verbal sexual harassment (SH) and forced sexual contact (FSC), is a significant public health problem with long-term impacts on health and well-being. Understanding how sports participation is linked to SV can inform prevention efforts; however, the current literature is unclear about the nature of this association. Using data from 20 high schools, we investigate whether athletes in certain sports are at higher risk of SH and FSC perpetration than either other athletes or sports non-participants, and whether the risk is moderated by gender, dismissiveness of SV, or substance use intentions. We also utilize social network data to explore the role of relationships with peers and trusted adults to attenuate SH and FSC perpetration. Second, we incorporate characteristics of friends to further examine the role and composition of peer groups in the association between sports participation and perpetration of SH and FSC. Findings revealed a bivariate association between sport contact level and SH perpetration, but not FSC, and the association disappeared after adjusting for other covariates. Most prominently, dismissiveness of SV, intentions to use substances, and prior perpetration had the strongest association with perpetration regardless of sport contact level. Results also provided some support for the influence of peers and trusted adults in the sports context. Notably, the percentage of friends who perpetrated FSC and the percentage of friends who play a low-contact sport were positively associated with FSC perpetration, and the percentage of friends who play a high-contact sport was positively associated with SH perpetration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the sports context as an important venue for comprehensive prevention efforts, including a focus on changing norms around adolescent SV and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ruth W. Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Colleen Barbero
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
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Leary RB, MacDonnell Mesler R, Montford WJ, Chernishenko J. This meat or that alternative? How masculinity stress influences food choice when goals are conflicted. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1111681. [PMID: 36960205 PMCID: PMC10028087 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This research integrates literature on masculinity stress-the distress experienced as the result of a perceived discrepancy with male gender norms-with research on goal conflict to examine preferences for plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs). Men experiencing masculinity stress are likely to hold salient a goal of being masculine, which should lead to less preference for PBMAs. However, many of these men simultaneously hold competing goals, such as making ethical food choices, which remain inhibited in favor of the focal masculinity goal. We argue that once men experiencing masculinity stress highlight their masculinity through the selection of a manly product, they satisfy that higher-order goal and are then free to pursue previously inhibited goals, such as making an ethical choice through the selection of PBMAs. Methods We present the results of three studies supporting these expectations. Study 1 tests the link between masculinity stress and meat (alternative) consumption using consumer search behavior collected from Google Trends, showing that masculinity stress is positively (negatively) correlated with searches for red meat (PBMAs). Study 2 shows that men experiencing masculinity stress are more inclined to choose PBMAs, provided they are presented within a masculine product context. Study 3 presents a parallel mediation model, showing that ethical considerations (as opposed to masculine goals) shape the choice of PBMA preference. Results and discussion We conclude with a discussion of theoretical implications for the impression management strategies utilized by men experiencing masculinity stress and practical implications for the growing PBMA industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Bret Leary
- College of Business, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- *Correspondence: R. Bret Leary
| | | | - William J. Montford
- Coggin College of Business, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Mezzalira S, Scandurra C, Mezza F, Miscioscia M, Innamorati M, Bochicchio V. Gender Felt Pressure, Affective Domains, and Mental Health Outcomes among Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Developmental and Clinical Implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010785. [PMID: 36613106 PMCID: PMC9819455 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although capable of mobilizing significant resilience factors to face stigma and discrimination, transgender and gender diverse (TGD) children and adolescents tend to suffer from more adverse mental health outcomes compared to their cisgender counterparts. The minority stressors that this population faces are mainly due to the gender-based pressure to conform to their assigned gender. This systematic review was aimed at assessing the potential mental health issues that affect the TGD population. The literature search was conducted in three databases; namely, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, based on the PRISMA guidelines. The 33 articles included in the systematic review pointed out how TGD children and adolescents experience high levels of anxiety and depression, as well as other emotional and behavioral problems, such as eating disorders and substance use. Resilience factors have been also pointed out, which aid this population in facing these negative mental health outcomes. The literature review highlighted that, on the one hand, TGD individuals appear to exhibit high levels of resilience; nonetheless, health disparities exist for TGD individuals compared with the general population, which are mainly attributable to the societal gender pressure to conform to their assigned gender. Considerations for research and clinical practice are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Mezzalira
- Department of Humanities, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Cristiano Scandurra
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mezza
- SInAPSi Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Miscioscia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of History, Cultural Heritage, Education, and Society, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bochicchio
- Department of Humanities, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Reported Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence among Adolescent Girls: Motivations and IPV Victimization. ADOLESCENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/adolescents2040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration by girls and women have found self-defense is a common motivation. Current items—namely the abbreviated items from the Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS)—used to measure IPV perpetration may be counting these girls/women as perpetrators when they are victims of IPV. The purpose of this study was to assess adolescent girls’ IPV perpetration, including (a) motivations and (b) factors associated with reports of adolescent girls’ perpetration of IPV using standard abbreviated CTS measures. Methods: This study utilized cross-sectional survey data collected from 159 participants in an urban Southern California clinic in 2016–2018. Demographic variables—age, ethnicity, current school enrollment, living situation and born in the U.S.—were analyzed with chi-square or independent t-tests. Frequency analyses were used to quantify motivations for IPV perpetration. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models assessed key variables associated with female adolescents’ IPV perpetration: victimization, drug use, alcohol day, binge drinking, depression, anxiety, and suicide ideation. A final multivariate model further adjusted for IPV victimization. Results: The average age of participants was 17 years old, and the majority of participants were Hispanic. Primary motivations for adolescent girls’ IPV perpetration included self-defense. Adolescent girls who reported IPV perpetration had significantly greater odds of victimization [95% CI = 4.31–32.07], drug use [95% CI = 1.14–6.99], binge drinking [95% CI = 1.08–6.87], and suicide ideation [95% CI = 1.13–10.62]. These findings remained significant in models adjusted for significant demographics. In the final multivariate regression model adjusted for IPV victimization, none of these factors remained significantly related to adolescent girls’ IPV perpetration. Conclusions: Findings establish a connection between victimization, self-defense, and adolescent girls’ IPV perpetration. These findings add to existing literature suggesting that the CTS measures of perpetration may encompass both IPV victimization and perpetration when used with populations of girls and women.
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Dunn HK, Orchowski LM. Gender Equitable Attitudes, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Perceived Peer Approval of Violence as Correlates of High School Boys' Intention to Garner Sexual Consent. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP19688-NP19705. [PMID: 34503363 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211042623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study examines correlates of high school boys' intentions to garner consent in a future sexual encounter (N = 816). Bivariate correlation analyses demonstrated that increased intention to garner sexual consent was negatively correlated with rape myth acceptance and perceived peer acceptance of violence, and positively correlated with gender equitable attitudes. In multivariate linear regression analyses, perceived peer acceptance of violence and gender equitable attitudes remained significant in relation to intentions to garner sexual consent. Specifically, boys who reported a greater likelihood of perceiving their peers as accepting of violence and a lower likelihood of holding gender equitable attitudes also reported a lower likelihood to garner sexual consent. These findings highlight the importance of developing sexual assault prevention programs for high school boys that address the complex relationships between perceived peer norms, harmful gender role expectancies, and risk for sexual aggression. Results from this study also add to the existing literature on sexual consent communication in adolescents.
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Gül S. Men at the focus of gender motivation and triggering factors in violence tendencies in Turkey. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:1613-1621. [PMID: 34796963 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between men's gender motivation and violence tendencies. DESIGN AND METHODS The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 450 male participants. The data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire, Gender Motivation Scale and Violence Tendency Scale. FINDINGS It was found that there was a negative and moderate correlation between feminine norms with intrinsic motivation and violence tendency scores (p < 0.05). A positive and moderate correlation was found between masculine norms with extrinsic motivation and violence tendency scores (p < 0.05). PRACTICE IMPLATICATIONS Effective therapeutic strategy activities involving men with dominant masculine norms as a special group should be given priority to improve gender motivation and violence tendency outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Gül
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
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Does Friend Support Matter? The Association between Gender Role Attitudes and School Bullying among Male Adolescents in China. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9081139. [PMID: 36010030 PMCID: PMC9406991 DOI: 10.3390/children9081139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between gender role attitudes, perceived friend support, and school bullying among male adolescents from 11 schools in two cities in China. A total of 3172 Chinese adolescents between 12 and 20 years of age (48.80% girls and 51.20% boys) completed questionnaires that included measures of bullying, gender role attitudes, and perceived social support. In terms of outcome measures, the Chinese version of the Illinois Bully Scale (IBS), Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were used to assess bullying perpetration, gender role attitudes, and perceived friend support, respectively. Based on masculinity theories and the stress-buffering theory, the study found that male adolescents held more traditional gender role attitudes (t = 30.78, p < 0.001) and reported higher prevalence of bullying behaviors (36.02%) than girls (31.20%). In addition, boys’ bullying behaviors were significantly predicted by gender role attitudes through perceived friend support. That is, male youth with more conservative gender role attitudes reported less perceived friend support (adjusted OR = 1.055; SE = 0.013), which elevated their risks of bullying perpetration (adjusted OR = 2.082; SE = 0.302). These findings have critical implications for bullying intervention and prevention through gender equity education.
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14
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Dunn HK, Pearlman DN, Montgomery MC, Orchowski LM. Predictors of Sexual Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Men: A Prospective Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11161-NP11179. [PMID: 33538217 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521989735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that both peer socialization and underage drinking play a significant role in teen dating violence. However, less is known about the lasting effects of these risk factors on boys' ability to form healthy romantic relationships as they get older. The present study examined whether boys who perceived their peers would respect them more for having sex and those who engaged in past year heavy alcohol use would be more likely to perpetrate sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in young adulthood compared to boys who did not endorse perceived peer approval for sex or report past year heavy drinking. Analyses were conducted using a sample of boys (n = 1,189) from Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). A logistic regression was conducted to assess the relationship between perceived peer approval to have sex and heavy alcohol use at Wave I and sexual IPV at Wave III, after adjusting for demographic factors and other correlates of sexual IPV at Wave I, including age, race/ethnicity, sexual initiation in adolescence, parental attachment, annual family income, and neighborhood poverty. Boys who believed they would gain peer respect by having sex and boys who reported getting drunk in the last 12 months, regardless of how often, were significantly more likely to report sexual IPV in young adulthood compared to boys who did not endorse either of these factors. Targeting boys' perceived peer norms regarding sexual activity and heavy alcohol use may therefore be especially important for preventing sexual IPV later in life.
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Sileo KM, Luttinen R, Muñoz S, Hill TD. Mechanisms Linking Masculine Discrepancy Stress and the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence Among Men in the United States. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221119355. [PMID: 36028978 PMCID: PMC9421240 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221119355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies show that masculine discrepancy stress (i.e., the intrapsychic
strain associated with failing to meet internalized masculine ideals) is
associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, little is known
about the processes underlying this association. There may be other social
psychological constructs at play that explain this relationship further. The
present study uses recently collected data from a national survey of men living
in the United States (n = 711) to formally test whether the
effects of discrepancy stress on three different forms of IPV perpetration are
mediated by anger, self-esteem, and perceived powerlessness. We find that
discrepancy stress is directly associated with higher levels of anger, lower
levels self-esteem, a sense of powerlessness, and a greater odds of perpetrating
any physical IPV and severe physical IPV resulting in injuries, but not sexual
IPV perpetration in our sample of men. Our mediation analyses confirms that
masculine discrepancy stress is indirectly associated with perpetrating all
three forms of IPV through the mechanism of anger. Self-esteem and perceived
powerlessness are not supported as mediators. These findings add to our
understanding of the link between masculinity and violence perpetration and can
inform IPV reduction interventions. Gender transformative interventions that
reduce discrepancy stress among men by shifting men’s adherence to traditional
masculine norms, and that integrate anger management strategies, should be
explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Sileo
- Department of Public Health, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Katelyn M. Sileo, Department of Public
Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX
78249, USA.
| | - Rebecca Luttinen
- Department of Demography, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Suyapa Muñoz
- Department of Public Health, The
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Terrence D. Hill
- Department of Sociology, The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Halim MLD, Sakamoto DJ, Russo LN, Echave KN, Portillo MA, Tawa S. Early Gender Differences in Valuing Strength. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:2169-2182. [PMID: 35347505 PMCID: PMC10167914 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Being strong is a prominent male stereotype that children learn early in life; however, it is unknown as to when children start to value being strong and when gender differences in valuing strength might emerge. In the current study, we interviewed an ethnically diverse sample of 168 3-5 year-olds (88 girls, 80 boys) to address this gap in the literature. Results showed that boys as young as age 3 generally valued strength more than girls: (1) boys, on average, said it was more important to be strong than girls did, and (2) boys were more likely to prefer strength-related occupations than girls. Boys were also more likely to select boys than girls as the gender who cares more about physical strength. Additionally, with age, both girls and boys demonstrated knowledge of the stereotype that boys care about physical strength, with girls also being less likely to associate being a girl with being strong. Overall, the results suggest that valuing physical strength starts in early childhood, and gender differences in valuing strength are evident at the eve of gender identity development. Possible implications for boys' later well-being and health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Ling D Halim
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0901, USA.
| | - Dylan J Sakamoto
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0901, USA
| | - Lyric N Russo
- Department of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kaelyn N Echave
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0901, USA
| | - Miguel A Portillo
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0901, USA
| | - Sachiko Tawa
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0901, USA
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Díaz-Aguado MJ, Martínez-Arias R. Types of Male Adolescent Violence Against Women in Three Contexts: Dating Violence Offline, Dating Violence Online, and Sexual Harassment Online Outside a Relationship. Front Psychol 2022; 13:850897. [PMID: 35356329 PMCID: PMC8959849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.850897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been little investigation of male adolescent violence against women as acknowledged by boys themselves, and even less on such violence in different contexts with comparative studies of behavior between those who perpetrate this violence and the population at large. This study used cluster analysis to establish a male adolescent typology based on boys' self-reporting of violence against women in three contexts. The participants were 3,132 Spanish teenage boys aged 14-18 with experience of relationships with girls. Three discrete, identifiable types were obtained: the first group (69.8%), of non-violent boys; the second group (26%), more involved in sexual harassment online outside a relationship but with a low incidence of dating violence offline; the third group (4.2%), with abuse in the three contexts but less involved in sexual harassment online than the second group. The logistic regression analysis showed that justification of male dominance and violence was the main risk condition for inclusion in the second and third groups, followed by low self-esteem (for the third group) and risky sexual behaviors online (for the second and third groups). The findings based on these results are important for preventing male adolescent dating violence against women in the three male types detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Díaz-Aguado
- Unidad de Psicología Preventiva, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Martínez-Arias
- Unidad de Psicología Preventiva, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Schermerhorn NEC, Vescio TK, Lewis KA. Hegemonic Masculinity Predicts Support for U.S. Political Figures Accused of Sexual Assault. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221077861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In three studies ( N = 886), we hypothesized and found that women’s and men’s endorsement of the culturally idealized form of masculinity, hegemonic masculinity (HM), predicted more positive evaluations of a political figure accused of sexual violence (Supreme Court Justice Kavanaugh) and more negative evaluations of the women who made accusations of sexual assault. HM predicted these evaluations over and above political party, gender, race, education, and sexism (Study 1), rape myth endorsement (Study 2), and the likelihood to sexually harass (Study 3). Implications for the maintenance of the status quo and the prevalence of sexual violence against women in the United States are discussed.
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Siller L, Edwards KM, Banyard V. Violence Typologies Among Youth: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle and High School Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1023-1048. [PMID: 32438882 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research documents high rates of interpersonal violence (e.g., bullying, dating violence, sexual assault) among middle and high school youth, during which time dating and sexual relationships are emerging. Most research to date focuses on one type of violence at a time or examines the co-occurrence of violence within an age group. This study examined interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration (IVVP) within the context of middle and high school with data from 738 middle school students and 1,311 high school students. Results show distinct classes, or groups, of IVVP among middle and high school students. Three classes emerged for the middle school sample and included a normative class (66.8%; n = 493), a victim of bullying class (28.1%; n = 207), and a mixed/poly-victim class (5.2%; n = 38). Five classes emerged for the high school sample and included a normative class (66.7%; n = 975), a victim of bullying class (18.1%; n = 237), a homophobic bully-victim class (11.0%; n = 144), a poly-victim class (3.1%; n = 40), and a sexual assault perpetrator class (1.1%; n = 15). Demographic and adjustment indicators differentiated many of the classes in each age group. The findings illustrate that there are distinct differences between middle and high school student's exposure to and perpetration of violence. Middle school students may be best served by programs that address victimization experiences while high school may be a developmental moment to introduce sexual assault prevention programs.
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20
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Mesler RM, Leary RB, Montford WJ. The impact of masculinity stress on preferences and willingness-to-pay for red meat. Appetite 2021; 171:105729. [PMID: 34619245 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the effects of masculinity stress-distress arising from a perceived discrepancy with male gender norms-on red meat consumption, which has potentially substantial individual, collective, and ecological consequences. Across three studies, we demonstrate a positive indirect effect of masculinity stress on red meat consumption through beliefs that meat consumption can augment masculinity, an effect which is moderated by one's self-assessed traditional masculinity (study 1). We further demonstrate attenuation of the effect of masculinity stress on red meat preference when a red meat product is associated with an out-group (i.e., women; study 2) and show that this effect does not extend to women. In study 3, we show that the effect of masculinity stress on choice of red meat is attenuated following a masculinity affirmation. We finish with a detailed discussion of implications and directions for future research. Taken together, we provide convergent evidence that masculinity stress is associated with red meat preference, and that this preference can be discouraged by leveraging out-group reference information and masculinity affirmation. In so doing, this research provides a series of contributions to the literatures on meat eating and vegetarianism specifically, as well as gender identity maintenance more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon MacDonnell Mesler
- Institute for Consumer and Social Well-Being, Dhillon School of Business, University of Lethbridge (Calgary Campus), 345 6 Ave SE S6032, Calgary, AB, T2G 4V1, Canada.
| | - R Bret Leary
- College of Business, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - William J Montford
- Davis College of Business, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Blvd North, Jacksonville, FL, 32211, USA.
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Malhi N, Oliffe JL, Bungay V, Kelly MT. Male Perpetration of Adolescent Dating Violence: A Scoping Review. Am J Mens Health 2021; 14:1557988320963600. [PMID: 33045903 PMCID: PMC7557791 DOI: 10.1177/1557988320963600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Male violence against females most often occurs within intimate relationships, and when that occurs during youth, it is termed adolescent dating violence (ADV). A scoping review focused on male perpetration of ADV was conducted to synthesize existing evidence and offer insights about what influences male adolescents to perpetrate ADV. The current scoping review explored the findings drawn from 16 research studies conducted in the United States, Spain, South Africa, and Italy, to distil modifiable factors related to male perpetration of ADV. Three themes were extrapolated from the 16 studies: (a) entitlement; (b) adverse childhood experiences (ACE); and (c) ineffective conflict management. Entitlement as a theme was characterized by attitudes and beliefs aligning to violence, hierarchical and marginalizing masculine norms, traditional gender roles, and male superiority, which in various configurations influenced the perpetration of ADV. ACE as a theme highlighted how male adolescents who had experienced, observed, and/or initiated abuse were at increased risk of perpetrating ADV. Male adolescents with ineffective conflict management (theme 3), including alcohol use and/or emotional dysregulation, were also at higher risk of perpetrating ADV. Tailored prevention efforts are often delinked from issues of male entitlement, ACE, and ineffective conflict management; therefore, we make suggestions for trauma-informed care to guide primary care providers (PCPs) in the assessment and management of ADV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Malhi
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John L Oliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Nursing, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicky Bungay
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mary T Kelly
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Rey Anacona CA, Martínez Gómez JA, Herrero Olaizola JB, Rodríguez Díaz FJ. Psychometric Properties of the Checklist of Experiences of Psychological Abuse to the Couple in Adolescents and Young Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP7117-NP7136. [PMID: 30654692 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518823294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Ibero-America, interest in the evaluation and prevention of violence in young couples has been increasing. However, there are not enough Spanish-speaking standardized questionnaires. The psychometric analyses of the Checklist of Experiences of Psychological Abuse to the Couple (CEPA) are presented as a subset of the Checklist of Experiences of Abuse to the Couple. Overall, 1,505 adolescents participated; 828 were women, and 677 were men, aged 14 to 21 years old. A confirmatory factor analysis with the Structural Equation Modeling Software version 6.2 (EQS) was performed to consider different factor models that were consistent with theoretical and empirical aspects about violence in young couples. A structure was obtained with one factor of higher order, "Psychological Aggression" (14 items), and the following three primary factors: (a) "Coercion" (four items), (b) "Humiliation" (five items), and (c) "Control" (five items); Cronbach's alpha ranged from .71 to .83. The overall scale and the three subscales correlated significantly with each other and with negative personality traits associated with gender. The results indicate that the scale has adequate psychometric properties for use in clinical practice and research.
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23
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Martin-Storey A, Pollitt AM, Baams L. Profiles and Predictors of Dating Violence Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:1155-1161. [PMID: 33077336 PMCID: PMC7612810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual and gender minority adolescents report higher levels of dating violence compared with their heterosexual and cisgender peers. The objectives of the present study were to (1) identify latent profiles of dating violence; (2) examine if sexual and gender minority adolescents were particularly vulnerable to certain profiles of dating violence; and (3) explore how experiences of peer victimization, discrimination, and parental maltreatment explained this greater vulnerability. METHODS High school students in Grades 9 and 11 from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 87,532; mean age = 15.29 years, SD = 1.23) were asked about their sexual and gender identities, their gender nonconformity, their experiences of verbal, physical, and sexual dating violence victimization and perpetration, as well their experiences of childhood maltreatment, peer victimization, and gender-based and sexual minority status-based discrimination. RESULTS Multinomial logistic regression analysis in a three-step latent class analysis procedure suggested five profiles of dating violence victimization and perpetration across the entire sample. Sexual and gender minority adolescents were generally more likely to be in classes high in dating violence victimization, perpetration, or both, compared with their heterosexual and cisgender peers. Gender nonconformity was also associated with greater risk for being in high dating violence classes. These differences, however, were generally nonsignificant when the social stressors of childhood maltreatment, peer victimization, and experiences of discrimination were accounted for. CONCLUSIONS Although findings suggested greater vulnerability for dating violence among sexual and gender minority adolescents, they underscore the importance of how minority stressors generally accounted for this greater vulnerability for dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda M Pollitt
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura Baams
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Gower K, Baldwin-White A. Healthy Romantic Relationships: Attitudes and Perceptions of College Students. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2021; 36:272-291. [PMID: 33361445 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-20-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault (SA) is a serious issue affecting college students in romantic relationships. Having strong understandings of what constitutes healthy romantic relationships (HRR) can protect students by allowing them to better recognize SA and other problematic behaviors in relationships. However, little research has explored how students conceptualize HRR. Utilizing qualitative thematic analysis, this study analyzed data from individual and focus-group interviews from a sample of 45 students at a southwestern university in the United States. Findings indicated that students understood HRR to be characterized by direct communication, respect, and mutual satisfaction. However, their experiences showed that these ideals were not always achieved. This discrepancy may be explained by the influence of social norms, particularly around sexual behavior and gender role expectations. Implications and recommendations for social workers/counseling professionals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Gower
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
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25
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Valdivia-Salas S, Jiménez TI, Lombas AS, López-Crespo G. School Violence towards Peers and Teen Dating Violence: The Mediating Role of Personal Distress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E310. [PMID: 33406621 PMCID: PMC7795813 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
School violence towards peers and teen dating violence are two of the most relevant behaviour problems in adolescents. Although the relationship between the two types of violence is well established in the literature, few studies have focused on mediators that could explain this empirical relationship. We departed from the evidence that relates anger, emotional distress and impaired empathy to teen dating violence and juvenile sexual offending, to explore the role of personal distress, i.e., a self-focused, aversive affective reaction to another's emotion associated with the desire to alleviate one's own, but not the other's distress; as a possible mechanism linking school violence towards peers and teen dating violence in a sample of Spanish adolescents. We also explored the prevalence of emotional and physical teen dating violence, both occasional and frequent, and the differences between boys and girls. A total of 1055 adolescents (49.2% boys and 50.8% girls) aged between 11 and 17 years (M = 14.06, SD = 1.34) who had had at least one romantic relationship within the last year, completed measures of school violence towards peers, teen dating violence, and personal distress. Statistical analyses revealed that occasional and frequent teen dating violence (both physical and emotional) was more frequent in girls than in boys, and that personal distress functioned as a partial mediator, with an overall model fit higher for boys than girls: in boys, partial mediation occurred for both physical and emotional teen dating violence; in girls, partial mediation occurred only for physical violence. The interpretation of the results is tentative given the novel nature of the study, and points to the evidence of the emotional costs of school violence and the importance of emotion and behavior regulation to undermine the social costs of personal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa I. Jiménez
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 44002 Teruel, Spain; (S.V.-S.); (A.S.L.); (G.L.-C.)
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Dating Matters and the Future of Teen Dating Violence Prevention. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2020; 22:187-192. [DOI: 10.1007/s11121-020-01169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Paat YF, Markham C, Peskin M. Co-occurrence of Dating Violence Victimization Subtypes: Assessing the Influence of Family Factors, Dating Attitudes, Risky Behaviors, and the Moderating Effect of Gender Among School-Aged Teens. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2020; 35:467-502. [PMID: 32788333 PMCID: PMC10080731 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-18-00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a nationally representative sample of school-aged teens (n = 795), this study examined covariates associated with three subtypes of dating violence victimization (physical violence, emotional abuse, and imposed isolation). We asked the research questions: What were the family factors, dating attitudes, and risky behaviors associated with three subtypes of dating violence victimization across two time points? Second, were these relationships moderated by gender? Overall, we found widespread co-occurrence of victimization. Contrary to our predictions, not all earlier experiences with dating violence victimization worsened or persisted overtime. Regarding family factors, we did not find substantial statistically significant effects on victimization, with the exception that greater openness with parents was associated with increased occurrence of emotional abuse at Wave 1. In terms of dating attitudes, we found that when respondents condoned violence against a girlfriend, they were more likely to experience physical violence victimization at both waves. Respondents who believed that it is okay to use violence to control a boyfriend's behavior were more likely to report emotional abuse at Wave 1. Similarly, respondents who believed that it is okay to date more than one person, as well as those who condoned sexual intercourse outside of a romantic relationship, were more susceptible to emotional abuse. Regarding risky behaviors, we found that the respondents' victimization experience did not increase with a greater sexual partner acquisition; rather, it exerted the opposite effect on their experience with physical violence victimization. These risky behaviors, however, were only statistically significant at Wave 1. Finally, the moderating effect of gender is noted in the study. Implications from the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yok-Fong Paat
- Department of Social Work, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas
| | - Christine Markham
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa Peskin
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Taquette SR, Moraes CL, Borges L, Furtado S. Teen-dating violence: conception of adolescents in a Brazilian metropolis. J Inj Violence Res 2020. [PMCID: PMC7487130 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.vo112i2.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Teen-dating violence (TDV) can lead to health problems for those involved, especially females, including homicides and is predictive of intimate partner violence in adulthood. Methods: To analyze the adolescents' perception of definitions, justifications and consequences of TDV, a qualitative study through 13 focus groups with 132 high school students from public and private schools of Rio de Janeiro city, including 70 girls and 62 boys was conducted. We followed a guide with questions about interpersonal violence and participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on socio-demographic data. The data analysis included reading and comprehension of the textual data; coding of the reports according to the emerged categories; identification of the meanings attributed by the subjects to the questions raised; comparative dialogue with literature; and elaboration of interpretative synthesis. Results: Most adolescents affirmed that TDV is not justifiable. However, in practice, they found it acceptable in certain situations. The narratives of the boys were based on the role of the perpetrator and the girls on that of the victim. Violence occurs when the man feels his power challenged and is influenced by situations of violence experienced in his own family as victims or witnesses. The TDV consequences are for the women and include, in addition to physical and psychological damage, relational problems in other spheres such as family, friends and school. The experience of violence was more common among public school students. Conclusions: The adolescents’ narratives reflect the gender patterns of society in which violence results from inequality of power. The data of this study offer subsidies to policies on TDV prevention and its consequences. They can contribute to training primary care professionals to identify on clinical consultations signs and symptoms of violence and to develop interventions to reduce the health problems of victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella R. Taquette
- a Medical Sciences College, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
,
Corresponding Author at:
Stella R. Taquette: MD, PhD, Full Professor of State University of Rio de Janeiro – UERJ. 444 Professor Manoel de Abreu Avenue, 2º floor – Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro - State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zip Code: 20550-170. Phone & Fax number: + 55 21 2868-8349, E-mail(Taquette SR.). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-3025
| | - Claudia Leite Moraes
- b Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Borges
- a Medical Sciences College, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Simoni Furtado
- c Nursing School, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Sourinejad H, Noroozi M, Taleghani F, Kheirabadi GR. The process of risky sexual behaviors formation in women drug users: a protocol for a grounded theory study. Reprod Health 2020; 17:80. [PMID: 32487219 PMCID: PMC7268307 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-020-00936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug use is an important underlying factor in risky sexual behaviors. Risky sexual behaviors can lead to STIs and HIV/AIDS, especially in women. For better understanding of the relationship between drug use and risky sexual behaviors in women, it is necessary to identify the process of the formation of these behaviors that is a multidimensional process influenced by multiple socio-cultural factors. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the process of risky sexual behaviors formation in women drug users. Methods This is a grounded theory qualitative study with Corbin and Strauss approach. The participants of the study are women drug users with risky sexual behaviors who, using purposeful sampling method, will be selected from the Counseling and Harm Reduction centers for vulnerable women, the Drug Rehabilitation centers affiliated to the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Therapeutic Community Rehabilitation centers, Drop in Centers affiliated to the Welfare Organization, Medium-term Residential centers (women’s camps), and Women’s Empowerment centers in Isfahan, Iran. Sampling will continue using snowball method and the strategy of maximum variation in terms of the age, occupation, education, duration of the drug use, and type of the drug. During the sampling process, theoretical sampling will gradually replace purposeful sampling, so that sampling will proceed based on the emergence of the theory and for understanding of the concept and, then, the next participants will be selected. Sampling will continue until data saturation is reached. Data will be collected using individual semi-structured in-depth interviews, observation, field notes, and memo writing. Data will be coded as they are collected, and the analysis will be performed at three levels of open, axial, and selective coding and based on the constant comparative analysis. The four criteria of credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability will be used to ensure the trustworthiness of the data. Discussion The findings of the present study are expected to provide a better understanding of the process of risky sexual behaviors formation in women drug users. The findings may also lead to the identification of the barriers and factors contributing to the formation of such behaviors and, finally, will promote the reproductive and sexual health of these women. This study can also provide the guide and the ground for designing and conducting further studies in the related areas through using various qualitative and quantitative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Sourinejad
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Noroozi
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fariba Taleghani
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Kheirabadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Rogers AA, Ha T, Byon J, Thomas C. Masculine gender-role adherence indicates conflict resolution patterns in heterosexual adolescent couples: A dyadic, observational study. J Adolesc 2020; 79:112-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Preventing adolescent dating violence: An outcomes protocol for evaluating a gender-transformative healthy relationships promotion program. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 16:100484. [PMID: 31872155 PMCID: PMC6915751 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent dating violence (ADV) is a pressing public health problem in North America. Strategies to prevent perpetration are needed, and a substantial body of research demonstrates the importance of applying a gender lens to target root causes of adolescent dating violence as part of effective prevention. To date, however, there has been limited research on how to specifically engage boys in adolescent dating violence prevention. In this short communication, we describe the protocol for a longitudinal, quasi-experimental outcome evaluation of a program called WiseGuyz. WiseGuyz is a community-facilitated, gender-transformative healthy relationships program for mid-adolescent male-identified youth that aims to reduce male-perpetrated dating violence and improve mental and sexual health, by allowing participants to critically examine and deconstruct male gender role expectations. The primary goal of this evaluation is to explore the impact of WiseGuyz on adolescent dating violence outcomes at one-year follow-up among participants, as compared to a risk- and demographically-matched comparison group. Knowledge generated and shared from this project will provide evidence on if and for whom WiseGuyz works, with important implications for adolescent health and well-being.
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Grady G, Hinshaw‐Fuselier S, Friar N. Expanding perspectives: A social inequities lens on intimate partner violence, reproductive justice, and infant mental health. Infant Ment Health J 2019; 40:624-639. [PMID: 31314924 PMCID: PMC6972627 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) poses a threat to the attainment of reproductive justice. Women who experience IPV are limited in their ability to parent their children in a secure and nurturing environment, which can have negative effects on the mother and child immediately and long-term, potentially distressing reproductive well-being across generations. Societal inequities faced by women, particularly women of color, within education, economic, and legal systems are associated with risk factors for IPV. This article will use national- and state-level data with case examples and the lens of reproductive justice to consider the impact of and potential solutions to historical and institutional inequities related to IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Grady
- Louisiana Department of HealthOffice of Public HealthBureau of Family HealthNew OrleansLouisiana
| | | | - Norah Friar
- Louisiana Department of HealthOffice of Public HealthBureau of Family HealthNew OrleansLouisiana
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Taquette SR, Monteiro DLM. Causes and consequences of adolescent dating violence: a systematic review. J Inj Violence Res 2019; 11:137-147. [PMID: 31263089 PMCID: PMC6646825 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v11i2.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adolescent dating violence (ADV) is highly prevalent and can have serious health consequences, including homicides, and be a predictor of intimate partner violence in adulthood. This review aims to systematize the knowledge produced in recent empirical investigations in health that focus on the causes and consequences of ADV to subsidize new research and prevention programs. Methods: Review of studies published in PubMed over the last five years through MeSH Database: “Intimate Partner Violence” AND “Adolescent” NOT “prevention and control” NOT “Adult”. Results: We analyzed 35 papers, of which 71.4% were developed in the USA. Some studies have shown prevalence greater than 50% in both genders, both as victims and perpetrators, with more serious consequences for females. Three main thematic cores were identified in the studies: ADV-related vulnerabilities, circularity of violence and ADV-associated health problems. Data indicate that ADV is deep-seated in the patriarchal culture and is more frequent in connection with racism, heterosexism and poverty. It occurs in a circular way and is linked to other forms of violence in different contexts (family, school, community and social media). It is associated with health problems such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, alcohol and drugs abuse and unprotected sex. Conclusions: The knowledge produced in the studies reviewed reveals the urgency and importance of implementing early preventive actions in schools, involving families and the community. These should focus on the deconstruction of current cultural gender patterns, based on their historical origin, in order to support emancipatory and liberating pedagogical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella R Taquette
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Yanez-Peñúñuri LY, Hidalgo-Rasmussen CA, Chávez-Flores YV. Systematic review of dating violence questionnaires in Ibero-America and evaluation of their measurement properties. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:2249-2262. [PMID: 31269183 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018246.19612017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a victim or perpetrator of dating violence has been associated with poor mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review and to evaluate the quality of the measurement properties of dating violence questionnaires, created or adapted in Ibero-America from 1981 to 2017, for a population aged 12 to 29 years and published in Spanish, English, Portuguese or French. The search was conducted in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, SciELO and included manual searches. Two independent researchers conducted both the systematic review and the evaluation of measurement properties. Of 5,812 articles identified, 22 studies involving 16 different questionnaires of dating violence were included. In general, the questionnaires showed evidence of internal consistency, content validity and construct validity, although no study presented evidence of criterion validity, reproducibility, sensitivity, or floor and ceiling effects. Among the cross-cultural adaptations, 42% of them included translation, back translation, committee of experts in translation and piloting. Two questionnaires created, CMN and VADRI/Spain-Mexico and two adaptations of the same questionnaire CTS/Brazil-Mexico received the highest scores .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Alejandro Hidalgo-Rasmussen
- Centro de Investigación en Riesgos y Calidad de Vida, Departamento de Promoción, Preservación y Desarrollo de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara.Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha. Av. Juárez 976, col Americana. 44160 Cd. Guzmán Jalisco México. carlos.hidalgo@ academicos.udg.mx
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Abstract
Gender role norms have been widely studied in the offline partner violence context. Different studies have indicated that internalizing these norms was associated with dating violence. However, very few research works have analyzed this relation in forms of aggression against partners and former partners using information and communication technologies (ICT). The objective of the present study was to examine the co-occurrence of cyber dating abuse by analyzing the extent to which victimization and perpetration overlap, and by analyzing the differences according to conformity to the masculine gender norms between men who are perpetrators or victims of cyber dating abuse. The participants were 614 male university students, and 26.5% of the sample reported having been a victim and perpetrator of cyber dating abuse. Nonetheless, the regression analyses did not reveal any statistically significant association between conformity to masculine gender norms and practicing either perpetration or victimization by cyber dating abuse.
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Yang X, Lau JTF, Wang Z, Lau MCM. Potential roles of masculine role discrepancy, discrepancy stress, and self-esteem in affecting addictive use of social networking sites among Chinese men: A random population-based study. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:676-685. [PMID: 30264600 PMCID: PMC6426366 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Masculine role discrepancy (i.e., men perceiving themselves not living up to the ideal manhood and being less masculine than the typical "man") and related discrepancy stress were associated with some risk behaviors. No study has looked at their relationships with addictive use of social networking sites (SNSs), an emerging potential public health concern. The study constructed a moderated mediation model to test whether masculine role discrepancy would be positively associated with discrepancy stress, which would, in turn, be positively associated with addictive use of SNS, and whether self-esteem would buffer (moderate) the association between masculine role discrepancy and discrepancy stress. METHODS A random population-based cross-sectional telephone survey interviewed 2,000 Hong Kong male adults in the general population. RESULTS Currently unmarried and non-cohabiting, younger, and better educated participants reported higher addictive use of SNS scores than others. Adjusted for these variables, masculine role discrepancy and discrepancy stress were positively associated, and self-esteem was negatively associated with addictive use of SNS scores. Path analysis indicated that masculine role discrepancy was associated with addictive use of SNS through discrepancy stress (mediation); self-esteem buffered (moderated) the association between masculine role discrepancy and discrepancy stress; self-esteem was not significantly associated with addictive use of SNS in this model with good fit. DISCUSSION The findings support the general strain theory's postulation that strain is associated with stress, which is in turn associated with addictive use of SNS sites. Implications, potential interventions, and future studies are discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Joseph T. F. Lau
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China,Corresponding author: Joseph T. F. Lau, PhD; Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 505, 5/F, Hong Kong SAR, China; Phone: +852 2637 6606; Fax: +852 2645 3098; E-mail:
| | - Zixin Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mason C. M. Lau
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Freeman R. Guest Editor’s Introduction. Violence Against Women 2018; 24:1115-1131. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801218781924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Krugu JK, Mevissen FEF, Flore KA, Ruiter RAC. Girls cannot be trusted: young men's perspectives on contraceptive decision making and sexual relationships in Bolgatanga, Ghana. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2018; 23:139-146. [PMID: 29671351 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1458225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is extensive research on African girls sexual experiences, but much less is known about boys thoughts and actions. There is a need to understand the male perspective in order to develop sexuality education programmes that address the high rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS For this qualitative, phenomenological study we spoke to 20 boys from Bolgatanga, Ghana and explored their sexual decision making, using semi-structured interviews designed to highlight psychosocial and environmental factors. Content analysis was used to construct categories and later the themes. RESULTS Boys often had negative perceptions about sexual relationships. They believed that girls could not be trusted and mostly embarked on sexual relationships for material gain. The boys reported engaging in multiple sexual partnerships to secure their masculine status; however, they expected girls to be 'faithful'. We found that accurate knowledge of safe sex was lacking, boys were under peer pressure to conform to beliefs about masculinity and communication about sex mainly took place within peer groups. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to emphasise condom use in established relationships. There should also be more discussion of issues surrounding fidelity and gender equality, as part of sexuality programmes aimed at boys in Ghana and in similar cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Krugu
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,b Youth Harvest Foundation , Bolgatanga , Ghana
| | - Fraujke E F Mevissen
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Flore
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Coercition sexuelle à l’adolescence : de la sexualité non consentie à la sexualité sous contrainte. SEXOLOGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reidy DE, Kernsmith PD, Malone CA, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Smith-Darden JP. Feminine Discrepancy Stress and Psychosocial Maladjustment Among Adolescent Girls. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:176-186. [PMID: 28608020 PMCID: PMC5857956 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Discrepancy stress, stress about being perceived to not conform to one's gender role (i.e., gender role discrepancy), has demonstrated effects on risky sexual and violent behaviors. However, evidence of these effects has been limited to men and boys, neglecting the impact gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress may have on girls. In addition, no study to date, has assessed the mental health correlates of gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress. In the current study, we sought to elucidate the relationship between perceived feminine discrepancy and feminine discrepancy stress and psychosocial maladjustment while controlling for trauma symptoms stemming from the potential repercussions of feminine discrepancy. Maladjustment was measured by creating a second-order latent factor derived from four first-order latent constructs: sexual behavior, substance use, mood disorder symptoms, and hopelessness. Data are drawn from a cross-sectional sample of female students in middle and high school (N = 643) who completed self-report questionnaires. Using structural equation modeling, we found girls reporting feminine discrepancy (i.e., less feminine than the average girl) were more likely to report feminine discrepancy stress and trauma symptomatology. Controlling for feminine discrepancy and trauma symptoms, the relationship between discrepancy stress and maladjustment was positive and significant. Additionally, girls reporting feminine discrepancy scored higher on trauma symptomatology, and trauma demonstrated a strong direct effect on psychosocial maladjustment. These data suggest that developing trauma focused prevention strategies that incorporate social norms around gender socialization may have an impact on multiple behavioral and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | | | - Carolyn A Malone
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alana M Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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De Meyer S, Kågesten A, Mmari K, McEachran J, Chilet-Rosell E, Kabiru CW, Maina B, Jerves EM, Currie C, Michielsen K. "Boys Should Have the Courage to Ask a Girl Out": Gender Norms in Early Adolescent Romantic Relationships. J Adolesc Health 2017; 61:S42-S47. [PMID: 28915992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to explore how gender norms emerge in romantic relationships among early adolescents (EAs) living in five poor urban areas. METHODS Data were collected as part of the Global Early Adolescent Study. The current research analyzed data from interviews with 30 EAs (aged 11-13 years) living in five poor urban sites: Baltimore, Cuenca, Edinburgh, Ghent, and Nairobi. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in English using Atlas.ti, focusing on how EAs experience and perceive gender norms in romantic relationships. RESULTS Across the five sites, only a few respondents described having been in love, the majority of whom were boys. Findings indicate that stereotypical gender norms about romantic relationships prevail across these cultural settings, depicting boys as romantically/sexually active and dominant, and girls as innocent with less (romantic) agency. In spite of the similarities, Nairobi was unique in that respondents referred to how sexual behavior and violence can occur within EA relationships. In all countries, heterosexuality was perceived to be the norm. Nevertheless, there were examples of EAs accepting homosexuality and expressing supportive attitudes toward equality between the sexes. CONCLUSIONS While EAs across five different cultural settings seem to endorse stereotypical gender norms in romantic relationships, a few stories also illustrate more gender-equal attitudes. As stereotypical gender norms have a demonstrated negative effect on adolescent sexual and reproductive health and well-being, additional research is needed to understand which factors-at the interpersonal and structural level-contribute to the construction of these norms among EAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Meyer
- International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Department of Uro-Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anna Kågesten
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin Mmari
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juliet McEachran
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, University of St Andrews Medical and Biological Sciences Building North Haugh St Andrews, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Elisa Chilet-Rosell
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Loja Campus Universitario, Cuenca, Ecuador; Department of Public Health, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline W Kabiru
- Population Dynamics and Reproductive Health Program, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya; John C Caldwell Population, Health and Development Visiting Fellow, the National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health (NCEPH) and School of Demography, Australian National University, The Australian National University Acton, Canberra, Australia
| | - Beatrice Maina
- Population Dynamics and Reproductive Health Program, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elena M Jerves
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cuenca, Loja Campus Universitario, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Candace Currie
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, University of St Andrews Medical and Biological Sciences Building North Haugh St Andrews, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kristien Michielsen
- International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Department of Uro-Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Sutarso T, Tang TLP, Anerin DR, McCartt IWS, Gibson CB. Sexual temptation: substance abuse, no sex, safe sex, risky sex, and STDs. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2016; 30:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0101/ijamh-2016-0101.xml. [PMID: 28009539 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background University students' substance abuse and risky sex contribute to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Purpose We develop and empirically test a formative theoretical model of sexual temptation involving substance abuse (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana), safe sexual behavior (use of condom/barrier for oral and vaginal intercourse), risky sexual behavior (unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners), and STDs: gonorrhea, HIV, and genital herpes. We simultaneously explore these constructs, controlling membership in social groups (fraternity/sorority, varsity athlete, and club sports) and perceived norm of substance abuse. Methods A total of 687 American university students completed the National College Health Assessment (NCHA). We use structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the goodness of fit between our formative theoretical model and actual data. Results Results reveal the following discoveries: membership in campus social groups is positively associated with STDs, whereas perceived norm of peer substance abuse is negatively related to STDs. Under the influence of substance abuse, we test three outcomes of sexual temptation as related to STDs. Those who have no sex do not contract STDs. For those who fall into temptation and have sex, substance abuse is more strongly related to risky sex which leads to STDs than safe sex which does not. Those engaging in risky sex have significantly higher cognitive impairment than those practicing safe sex. Conclusions Substance abuse contributes to STDs through risky sex only. Those having risky sex suffer higher cognitive impairment than those practicing safe sex. We provide novel implications to policy makers, practitioners, and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toto Sutarso
- Information Technology Division, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Thomas Li-Ping Tang
- Department of Management, Jennings A. Jones College of Business, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Phone: 615 898-2005, Fax: 615 898-5308
| | - Denny R Anerin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Intan W S McCartt
- Internal Audit Department, Virginia Community College System, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Courtney B Gibson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
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Reidy DE, Berke DS, Gentile B, Zeichner A. Masculine discrepancy stress, substance use, assault and injury in a survey of US men. Inj Prev 2016; 22:370-4. [PMID: 26303670 PMCID: PMC5881164 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To understand and ultimately prevent injury and behavioural health outcomes associated with masculinity, we assessed the influence of masculine discrepancy stress (stress that occurs when men perceive themselves as falling short of the traditional gender norms) on the propensity to engage in stereotypically masculine behaviours (eg, substance use, risk taking and violence) as a means of demonstrating masculinity. Six-hundred men from the USA were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) online data collection site to complete surveys assessing self-perceptions of gender role discrepancy and consequent discrepancy stress, substance use/abuse, driving while intoxicated (DWI) and violent assaults. Negative binomial regression analyses indicated significant interactive effects wherein men high on gender role discrepancy and attendant discrepancy stress reported significantly more assaults with a weapon (B=1.01; SE=0.63; IRR=2.74; p=0.05) and assaults causing injury (B=1.01; SE=0.51; IRR=2.74; p<0.05). There was no association of discrepancy stress to substance abuse, but there was a protective effect of gender role discrepancy for DWI among men low on discrepancy stress (B=-1.19, SE=0.48; IRR=0.30; p=0.01). These findings suggest that gender role discrepancy and associated discrepancy stress, in particular, represent important injury risk factors and that prevention of discrepancy stress may prevent acts of violence with the greatest consequences and costs to the victim, offender and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence, Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Danielle S Berke
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brittany Gentile
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amos Zeichner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Berke DS, Zeichner A. Man's Heaviest Burden: A Review of Contemporary Paradigms and New Directions for Understanding and Preventing Masculine Aggression. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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