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Martín-Faivre L, Prince L, Cornu C, Villeret B, Sanchez-Guzman D, Rouzet F, Sallenave JM, Garcia-Verdugo I. Pulmonary delivery of silver nanoparticles prevents influenza infection by recruiting and activating lymphoid cells. Biomaterials 2025; 312:122721. [PMID: 39106817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a potential antiviral agent due to their ability to disrupt the viral particle or alter the virus metabolism inside the host cell. In vitro, AgNPs exhibit antiviral activity against the most common human respiratory viruses. However, their capacity to modulate immune responses during respiratory viral infections has yet to be explored. This study demonstrates that administering AgNPs directly into the lungs prior to infection can reduce viral loads and therefore virus-induced cytokines in mice infected with influenza virus or murine pneumonia virus. The prophylactic effect was diminished in mice with depleted lymphoid cells. We showed that AgNPs-treatment resulted in the recruitment and activation of lymphocytes in the lungs, particularly natural killer (NK) cells. Mechanistically, AgNPs enhanced the ability of alveolar macrophages to promote both NK cell migration and IFN-γ production. By contrast, following infection, in mice treated with AgNPs, NK cells exhibited decreased activation, indicating that these nanoparticles can regulate the potentially deleterious activation of these cells. Overall, the data suggest that AgNPs may possess prophylactic antiviral properties by recruiting and controlling the activation of lymphoid cells through interaction with alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Martín-Faivre
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Prince
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Cornu
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Guzman
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - François Rouzet
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité and Inserm U1148, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Garcia-Verdugo
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France.
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2
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Vajdi M, Karimi A, Hassanizadeh S, Farhangi MA, Bagherniya M, Askari G, Roufogalis BD, Davies NM, Sahebkar A. Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:307-327. [PMID: 38498260 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2019 and resulted in significant morbidity and mortality continues to be a significant global health challenge, characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunction.. Developing therapies for preventing or treating COVID-19 remains an important goal for pharmacology and drug development research. Polyphenols are effective against various viral infections and can be extracted and isolated from plants without losing their therapeutic potential. Researchers have developed methods for separating and isolating polyphenols from complex matrices. Polyphenols are effective in treating common viral infections, including COVID-19, and can also boost immunity. Polyphenolic-based antiviral medications can mitigate SARS-CoV-2 enzymes vital to virus replication and infection. Individual polyphenolic triterpenoids, flavonoids, anthraquinonoids, and tannins may also inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 protease. Polyphenol pharmacophore structures identified to date can explain their action and lead to the design of novel anti-COVID-19 compounds. Polyphenol-containing mixtures offer the advantages of a well-recognized safety profile with few known severe side effects. However, studies to date are limited, and further animal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed in future studies. The purpose of this study was to review and present the latest findings on the therapeutic impact of plant-derived polyphenols on COVID-19 infection and its complications. Exploring alternative approaches to traditional therapies could aid in developing novel drugs and remedies against coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shirin Hassanizadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Basil D Roufogalis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Li Y, Zhao Q, Ma S, Tang S, Lu G, Lin G, Gong F. SARS-CoV-2 infection is detrimental to pregnancy outcomes after embryo transfer in IVF/ICSI: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med 2024; 22:124. [PMID: 38500129 PMCID: PMC10949839 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore whether SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the pregnancy outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques (ART). METHODS A prospective cohort study recruited patients for embryo transfer from December 01, 2022, to December 31, 2022. All patients were closely followed up for SARS-CoV-2 infection after embryo transfer. The SARS-CoV-2 "diagnosed group" was defined as RNA or antigen-positive. The SARS-CoV-2 "suspected infection group" was defined as having apparent SARS-CoV-2 symptoms without an RNA or antigen test, while the "uninfected group" was defined as having a negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen test and no SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. RESULTS A total of 1330 patients participated in the study, 687 of whom were in the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed group, 219 in the suspected infection group, and 424 in the uninfected group. There was no significant difference in basic characteristics among the three groups. The clinical pregnancy rate was 68% in the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed group, 63% in the uninfected group, and 51% in the suspected infection group (P < 0.001). The ongoing pregnancy rate was 58% in the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed group, 53% in the uninfected group, and 45% in the suspected infection group (P < 0.001). Upon analyzing the factors influencing clinical pregnancy, it was found that suspected infection (odds ratio [OR] 0.618, 95% CI 0.444-0.862, P = 0.005) and the short time (≤ 22 days) between embryo transfer and SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.92-8.24, P < 0.001) were not conducive to clinical pregnancy. In addition, the concurrent presence of fever and dizziness/headache SARS-CoV-2 symptoms (OR 0.715, 95% CI 0.526-0.972, P = 0.032) decreased the clinical pregnancy rate. However, vaccination administered 2-3 times (OR 1.804, 95% CI 1.332-2.444, P < 0.001) was associated with an improvement in clinical pregnancy rate. CONCLUSIONS This prospective cohort study shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection in a short period of time after embryo transfer is not conducive to clinical pregnancy. Reproductive physicians should advise patients to avoid SARS-CoV-2 infection shortly after embryo transfer. Meanwhile, women should be encouraged to vaccinate at least 2-3 times before embryo transfer or pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, No. 567 Tongzipo West Road, Yuelu District, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, No. 567 Tongzipo West Road, Yuelu District, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Shujuan Ma
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, No. 567 Tongzipo West Road, Yuelu District, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, No. 567 Tongzipo West Road, Yuelu District, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, No. 567 Tongzipo West Road, Yuelu District, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, No. 567 Tongzipo West Road, Yuelu District, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Fei Gong
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, No. 567 Tongzipo West Road, Yuelu District, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Petrov S, Taskov H, Murdjeva M. Guardians of immunity: NK cell-mediated defense in COVID-19 and post-COVID scenarios. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2024; 66:12-18. [PMID: 38426460 DOI: 10.3897/folmed.66.e113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has left a lasting impact on global health, challenging communities, healthcare systems, and researchers worldwide. As we navigate this unprecedented crisis, this paper embarks on a multifaceted exploration of the pivotal role played by natural killer (NK) cells in the context of COVID-19. A significant portion of this paper is devoted to dissecting the nuanced role that NK cells assume in the context of COVID-19. From the initial acute infection to post-recovery immunity, NK cells emerge as critical players. We scrutinize the activation and dysregulation of NK cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection, shedding light on their potential contribution to disease severity. Moreover, we explore the fascinating landscape of post-COVID immunity, where NK cells are known to interact with adaptive immune responses, providing a foundation for long-term protection. In light of their central role, we investigate therapeutic strategies targeting NK cells in COVID-19 management, presenting an overview of current research efforts and their promise in mitigating disease progression. Lastly, we draw attention to research gaps, emphasizing the need for further investigation into NK cell dynamics during COVID-19. These gaps represent opportunities for advancing our understanding of NK cell biology and, by extension, enhancing our strategies for combating this global health crisis. This comprehensive exploration not only highlights the intricate interplay between NK cells and the COVID-19 pandemic but also underscores the importance of these innate immune warriors in shaping both the acute response and long-term immunity, ultimately contributing to the broader discourse surrounding the pandemic's pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches.
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Müller L, Di Benedetto S. Immunosenescence and Cytomegalovirus: Exploring Their Connection in the Context of Aging, Health, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:753. [PMID: 38255826 PMCID: PMC10815036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging induces numerous physiological alterations, with immunosenescence emerging as a pivotal factor. This phenomenon has attracted both researchers and clinicians, prompting profound questions about its implications for health and disease. Among the contributing factors, one intriguing actor in this complex interplay is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpesvirus family. Latent CMV infection exerts a profound influence on the aging immune system, potentially contributing to age-related diseases. This review delves into the intricate relationship between immunosenescence and CMV, revealing how chronic viral infection impacts the aging immune landscape. We explore the mechanisms through which CMV can impact both the composition and functionality of immune cell populations and induce shifts in inflammatory profiles with aging. Moreover, we examine the potential role of CMV in pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, COVID-19, and Long COVID. This review underlines the importance of understanding the complex interplay between immunosenescence and CMV. It offers insights into the pathophysiology of aging and age-associated diseases, as well as COVID-19 outcomes among the elderly. By unraveling the connections between immunosenescence and CMV, we gain a deeper understanding of aging's remarkable journey and the profound role that viral infections play in transforming the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Coinciding Pandemics of Obesity and COVID-19: Worse than Bad. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1460:919-954. [PMID: 39287877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes have long-lasting impacts, which influence the epigenome and are maintained during cell division. Thus, human genome changes have required a very long timescale to become a major contributor to the current obesity pandemic. Whereas bidirectional effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and obesity pandemics have given the opportunity to explore, how the viral microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) use the human's transcriptional machinery that regulate gene expression at a posttranscriptional level. Obesity and its related comorbidity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and new-onset diabetes due to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are additional risk factors, which increase the severity of COVID-19 and its related mortality. The higher mortality rate of these patients is dependent on severe cytokine storm, which is the sum of the additional cytokine production by concomitant comorbidities and own cytokine synthesis of COVID-19. Patients with obesity facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cell via increasing the host's cell receptor expression and modifying the host cell proteases. After entering the host cells, the SARS-CoV-2 genome directly functions as a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and encodes a set of nonstructural proteins via processing by the own proteases, main protease (Mpro), and papain-like protease (PLpro) to initiate viral genome replication and transcription. Following viral invasion, SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces insulin secretion via either inducing β-cell apoptosis or reducing intensity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and leads to new-onset diabetes. Since both T2D and severity of COVID-19 are associated with the increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, high glucose levels in T2D aggravate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Elevated neopterin (NPT) value due to persistent interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated monocyte-macrophage activation is an indicator of hyperactivated pro-inflammatory phenotype M1 macrophages. Thus, NPT could be a reliable biomarker for the simultaneously occurring COVID-19-, obesity- and T2D-induced cytokine storm. While host miRNAs attack viral RNAs, viral miRNAs target host transcripts. Eventually, the expression rate and type of miRNAs also are different in COVID-19 patients with different viral loads. It is concluded that specific miRNA signatures in macrophage activation phase may provide an opportunity to become aware of the severity of COVID-19 in patients with obesity and obesity-related T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Gumusdere Campus, Gumusdere, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
- Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Müller L, Di Benedetto S. From aging to long COVID: exploring the convergence of immunosenescence, inflammaging, and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1298004. [PMID: 37942323 PMCID: PMC10628127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1298004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of aging is accompanied by a dynamic restructuring of the immune response, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence. This mini-review navigates through the complex landscape of age-associated immune changes, chronic inflammation, age-related autoimmune tendencies, and their potential links with immunopathology of Long COVID. Immunosenescence serves as an introductory departure point, elucidating alterations in immune cell profiles and their functional dynamics, changes in T-cell receptor signaling, cytokine network dysregulation, and compromised regulatory T-cell function. Subsequent scrutiny of chronic inflammation, or "inflammaging," highlights its roles in age-related autoimmune susceptibilities and its potential as a mediator of the immune perturbations observed in Long COVID patients. The introduction of epigenetic facets further amplifies the potential interconnections. In this compact review, we consider the dynamic interactions between immunosenescence, inflammation, and autoimmunity. We aim to explore the multifaceted relationships that link these processes and shed light on the underlying mechanisms that drive their interconnectedness. With a focus on understanding the immunological changes in the context of aging, we seek to provide insights into how immunosenescence and inflammation contribute to the emergence and progression of autoimmune disorders in the elderly and may serve as potential mediator for Long COVID disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Razizadeh MH, Zafarani A, Taghavi-Farahabadi M, Khorramdelazad H, Minaeian S, Mahmoudi M. Natural killer cells and their exosomes in viral infections and related therapeutic approaches: where are we? Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:261. [PMID: 37749597 PMCID: PMC10519079 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the host immune system to fight against infections. Natural killer cells are the innate immunity lymphocytes responsible for fighting against virus-infected and cancerous cells. They have various mechanisms to suppress viral infections. On the other hand, viruses have evolved to utilize different ways to evade NK cell-mediated responses. Viruses can balance the response by regulating the cytokine release pattern and changing the proportion of activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of NK cells. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that are involved in intercellular communication. Most cell populations can release these nano-sized vesicles, and it was shown that these vesicles produce identical outcomes to the originating cell from which they are released. In recent years, the role of NK cell-derived exosomes in various diseases including viral infections has been highlighted, drawing attention to utilizing the therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. In this article, the role of NK cells in various viral infections and the mechanisms used by viruses to evade these important immune system cells are initially examined. Subsequently, the role of NK cell exosomes in controlling various viral infections is discussed. Finally, the current position of these cells in the treatment of viral infections and the therapeutic potential of their exosomes are reviewed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zafarani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taghavi-Farahabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Le Chevalier F, Authié P, Chardenoux S, Bourgine M, Vesin B, Cussigh D, Sassier Y, Fert I, Noirat A, Nemirov K, Anna F, Bérard M, Guinet F, Hardy D, Charneau P, Lemonnier F, Langa-Vives F, Majlessi L. Mice humanized for MHC and hACE2 with high permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 omicron replication. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105142. [PMID: 37080384 PMCID: PMC10113602 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the major receptor enabling host cell invasion by SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with Spike. The murine ACE2 does not interact efficiently with SARS-CoV-2 Spike and therefore the laboratory mouse strains are not permissive to SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we generated new hACE2 transgenic mice, which harbor the hACE2 gene under the human keratin 18 promoter, in "HHD-DR1" background. HHD-DR1 mice are fully devoid of murine Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of class-I and -II and express only MHC molecules from Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) HLA 02.01, DRA01.01, DRB1.01.01 alleles, widely expressed in human populations. We selected three transgenic strains, with various hACE2 mRNA expression levels and distinctive profiles of lung and/or brain permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 replication. These new hACE2 transgenic strains display high permissiveness to the replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants, while the previously available B6.K18-ACE22Prlmn/JAX mice have been reported to be poorly susceptible to infection with Omicron. As a first application, one of these MHC- and ACE2-humanized strains was successfully used to show the efficacy of a lentiviral-based COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Le Chevalier
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Authié
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Sébastien Chardenoux
- Mouse Genetics Engineering, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Vesin
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Cussigh
- Mouse Genetics Engineering, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Yohann Sassier
- Mouse Genetics Engineering, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Ingrid Fert
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Amandine Noirat
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Kirill Nemirov
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - François Anna
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Marion Bérard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, DT, Animalerie Centrale, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Françoise Guinet
- Lymphocytes and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Immunology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - David Hardy
- Histopathology Platform, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - François Lemonnier
- Unit, Institut Cochin - INSERM U1016 - CNRS UMR8104 - Paris F-75014, France.
| | - Francina Langa-Vives
- Mouse Genetics Engineering, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virology Department, 75724 Paris, France.
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10
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Nasiri K, Mohammadzadehsaliani S, Kheradjoo H, Shabestari AM, Eshaghizadeh P, Pakmehr A, Alsaffar MF, Al-Naqeeb BZT, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. Spotlight on the impact of viral infections on Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) with a focus on COVID-19 effects. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:103. [PMID: 37158893 PMCID: PMC10165295 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known for their significant capability to reconstitute and preserve a functional hematopoietic system in long-term periods after transplantation into conditioned hosts. HSCs are thus crucial cellular targets for the continual repair of inherited hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic disorders. In addition, HSCs can undergo various fates, such as apoptosis, quiescence, migration, differentiation, and self-renewal. Viruses continuously pose a remarkable health risk and request an appropriate, balanced reaction from our immune system, which as well as affects the bone marrow (BM). Therefore, disruption of the hematopoietic system due to viral infection is essential. In addition, patients for whom the risk-to-benefit ratio of HSC transplantation (HSCT) is acceptable have seen an increase in the use of HSCT in recent years. Hematopoietic suppression, BM failure, and HSC exhaustion are all linked to chronic viral infections. Virus infections continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HSCT recipients, despite recent advancements in the field. Furthermore, whereas COVID-19 manifests initially as an infection of the respiratory tract, it is now understood to be a systemic illness that significantly impacts the hematological system. Patients with advanced COVID-19 often have thrombocytopenia and blood hypercoagulability. In the era of COVID-19, Hematological manifestations of COVID-19 (i.e., thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia), the immune response, and HSCT may all be affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various ways. Therefore, it is important to determine whether exposure to viral infections may affect HSCs used for HSCT, as this, in turn, may affect engraftment efficiency. In this article, we reviewed the features of HSCs, and the effects of viral infections on HSCs and HSCT, such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, etc. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Nasiri
- Department of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Parisa Eshaghizadeh
- Department of Dental Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azin Pakmehr
- Medical Doctor, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marwa Fadhil Alsaffar
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department / AL-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Babil, Iraq
| | | | - Saman Yasamineh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Gonzalez-Garcia P, Fiorillo Moreno O, Zarate Peñata E, Calderon-Villalba A, Pacheco Lugo L, Acosta Hoyos A, Villarreal Camacho JL, Navarro Quiroz R, Pacheco Londoño L, Aroca Martinez G, Moares N, Gabucio A, Fernandez-Ponce C, Garcia-Cozar F, Navarro Quiroz E. From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098290. [PMID: 37175995 PMCID: PMC10179575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers various events from molecular to tissue level, which in turn is given by the intrinsic characteristics of each patient. Given the molecular diversity characteristic of each cellular phenotype, the possible cytopathic, tissue and clinical effects are difficult to predict, which determines the heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on various cell types, focusing on the development of COVID-19, which in turn may lead, in some patients, to a persistence of symptoms after recovery from the disease, a condition known as long COVID. We describe the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions, including alterations in protein expression, intracellular signaling pathways, and immune responses. In particular, the article highlights the potential impact of these cytopathies on cellular function and clinical outcomes, such as immune dysregulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and organ damage. The article concludes by discussing future directions for research and implications for the management and treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ornella Fiorillo Moreno
- Clínica Iberoamerica, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Eloina Zarate Peñata
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | | | - Lisandro Pacheco Lugo
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Antonio Acosta Hoyos
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | | | - Roberto Navarro Quiroz
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo Aroca Martinez
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Noelia Moares
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Gabucio
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Cozar
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Elkin Navarro Quiroz
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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12
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Suehiro Y, Tsuge M, Kurihara M, Uchida T, Fujino H, Ono A, Yamauchi M, Naswa Makokha G, Nakahara T, Murakami E, Abe-Chayama H, Kawaoka T, Miki D, Imamura M, Aikata H, Nelson Hayes C, Fujita T, Chayama K. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Upregulates TRAIL-R3 Expression in Hepatocytes Resulting in Escape From Both Cell Apoptosis and Suppression of HBV Replication by TRAIL. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:686-695. [PMID: 35226068 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) evades host immunity by regulating intracellular signals. To clarify this immune tolerance mechanism, we performed gene expression analysis using HBV-infected humanized mouse livers. METHODS Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 3 (TRAIL-R3) was significantly upregulated in livers of HBV-infected human hepatocyte transplanted mice by cDNA microarray and next-generation sequencing. We analyzed the significance of TRAIL-R3 upregulation in HBV infection using human hepatocyte transplanted mice and HepG2 cell lines. RESULTS TRAIL-R3 induction by HBV infection was verified by in vitro and in vivo HBV replication models, and induction was inhibited by antiviral nucleot(s)ide analogue treatment. TRAIL-R3 transcription was regulated by the TRAIL-R3 promoter at -969 to -479 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site, and by hepatitis B x (HBx) via activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signal. TRAIL not only induced cell apoptosis but also inhibited HBV replication. TRAIL-R3 upregulation could inhibit both TRAIL-dependent apoptosis in HBV-infected hepatocytes and TRAIL-mediated suppression of HBV replication. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a mechanism by which HBV persists by escaping host immunity through upregulation of TRAIL-R3. Development of novel drugs to inhibit this escape system might lead to complete HBV elimination from human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Suehiro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mio Kurihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hatsue Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masami Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Grace Naswa Makokha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Collaborative Research Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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13
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Zafarani A, Razizadeh MH, Pashangzadeh S, Amirzargar MR, Taghavi-Farahabadi M, Mahmoudi M. Natural killer cells in COVID-19: from infection, to vaccination and therapy. Future Virol 2023:10.2217/fvl-2022-0040. [PMID: 36936055 PMCID: PMC10013930 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are among the most important innate immunity members, which are the first cells that fight against infected cells. The function of these cells is impaired in patients with COVID-19 and they are not able to prevent the spread of the disease or destroy the infected cells. Few studies have evaluated the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on NK cells, though it has been demonstrated that DNA vaccines and BNT162b2 can affect NK cell response. In the present paper, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the NK cells during infection, the effect of vaccination on NK cells, and the NK cell-based therapies were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zafarani
- 1Department of Hematology & Blood Banking, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Salar Pashangzadeh
- 3Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 4Immunology Today, Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amirzargar
- 1Department of Hematology & Blood Banking, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taghavi-Farahabadi
- 5Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- 6Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
- Author for correspondence: Tel.: +98 936 002 0731;
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14
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Alhajjat AM, Redden CR, Langereis M, Papastefan ST, Ito JA, Ott KC, Turner LE, Kang HK, Shaaban AF. CD4 and IL-2 mediated NK cell responses after COVID-19 infection and mRNA vaccination in adults. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152304. [PMID: 36508885 PMCID: PMC9683520 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is incredibly important in fighting the pandemic. Central to protective immunity is the ability of the immune system to recall previous exposures. Although antibody and T cell immunity have gained considerable attention, the contribution of the NK cell compartment to immune recall and protection from SARS-CoV-2 has not been explored. In this study, we investigate the NK cell responses to stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 in previously exposed and non-exposed individuals. We show that NK cells demonstrate an enhanced CD4+ T cell dependent response when re-exposed to SARS-CoV-2 antigen. The enhanced response is dependent on T cells and correlates with the number of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4 T cells. We find that IL-2 is a critical mediator of NK cell function. These findings suggest that NK cells contribute to the protective responses against SARS-CoV-2 through a cooperation with antigen-specific CD4 T cells and have significant implications on our understanding of protective immunity in SARS-CoV-2.
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15
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Osuna-Espinoza KY, Rosas-Taraco AG. Metabolism of NK cells during viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1064101. [PMID: 36742317 PMCID: PMC9889541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1064101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is essential for the correct function of immune system cells, including Natural Killer cells (NK). These cells depend on energy to carry out their effector functions, especially in the early stages of viral infection. NK cells participate in the innate immune response against viruses and tumors. Their main functions are cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Metabolic changes can impact intracellular signals, molecule production, secretion, and cell activation which is essential as the first line of immune defense. Metabolic variations in different immune cells in response to a tumor or pathogen infection have been described; however, little is known about NK cell metabolism in the context of viral infection. This review summarizes the activation-specific metabolic changes in NK cells, the immunometabolism of NK cells during early, late, and chronic antiviral responses, and the metabolic alterations in NK cells in SARS-CoV2 infection. The modulation points of these metabolic routes are also discussed to explore potential new immunotherapies against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Y Osuna-Espinoza
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Adrián G Rosas-Taraco
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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16
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Chen Y, Qin Y, Fu Y, Gao Z, Deng Y. Integrated Analysis of Bulk RNA-Seq and Single-Cell RNA-Seq Unravels the Influences of SARS-CoV-2 Infections to Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15698. [PMID: 36555339 PMCID: PMC9779348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious and pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and caused a pandemic of respiratory illness termed as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cancer patients are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The treatment of cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is more complicated, and the patients are at risk of poor prognosis compared to other populations. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are prone to rapid development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of which pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is considered a sequelae. Both ARDS and PF are factors that contribute to poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. However, the molecular mechanisms among COVID-19, ARDS and PF in COVID-19 patients with cancer are not well-understood. In this study, the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between COVID-19 patients with and without cancer were identified. Based on the common DEGs, a series of analyses were performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and hub gene extraction, transcription factor (TF)-DEG regulatory network construction, TF-DEG-miRNA coregulatory network construction and drug molecule identification. The candidate drug molecules (e.g., Tamibarotene CTD 00002527) obtained by this study might be helpful for effective therapeutic targets in COVID-19 patients with cancer. In addition, the common DEGs among ARDS, PF and COVID-19 patients with and without cancer are TNFSF10 and IFITM2. These two genes may serve as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with cancer. Changes in the expression levels of TNFSF10 and IFITM2 in CD14+/CD16+ monocytes may affect the immune response of COVID-19 patients. Specifically, changes in the expression level of TNFSF10 in monocytes can be considered as an immune signature in COVID-19 patients with hematologic cancer. Targeting N6-methyladenosine (m6A) pathways (e.g., METTL3/SERPINA1 axis) to restrict SARS-CoV-2 reproduction has therapeutic potential for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yujia Qin
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Zitong Gao
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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17
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Tizazu AM, Mengist HM, Demeke G. Aging, inflammaging and immunosenescence as risk factors of severe COVID-19. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:53. [PMID: 36369012 PMCID: PMC9650172 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is characterized by having a heterogeneous disease course, ranging from asymptomatic and mild symptoms to more severe and critical cases. In most cases the severity of COVID-19 is related to host factors, especially deregulation of the immune response in patients. Even if COVID-19 indiscriminately affects individuals of different age group, ethnicity and economic status; most severe cases and disproportional mortality occur in elderly individuals. This point out that aging is one risk factor for unfavourable clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients. The biology of aging is a complex process; Aging can alter the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs resulting in impaired response to stress. Alongside with other systems, the immune system is also affected with the aging process. Immunosenescence is an age associated change in the immune system that affects the overall response to immunological challenges in the elderly. Similarly, apart from the normal inflammatory process, aging is associated with a low grade, sterile, chronic inflammation which is termed as inflammaging. We hypothesized that inflammaging and immunosenescence could play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and poor recovery from COVID-19 in elderly individuals. This review summarizes the changes in the immune system with age and how these changes play part in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical outcome of COVID-19 which could add to the understanding of age associated targeted immunotherapy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Mehari Tizazu
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Gebreselassie Demeke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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18
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Di Vito C, Calcaterra F, Coianiz N, Terzoli S, Voza A, Mikulak J, Della Bella S, Mavilio D. Natural Killer Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888248. [PMID: 35844604 PMCID: PMC9279859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immunity that play a crucial role in the control of viral infections in the absence of a prior antigen sensitization. Indeed, they display rapid effector functions against target cells with the capability of direct cell killing and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, NK cells are endowed with immune-modulatory functions innate and adaptive immune responses via the secretion of chemokines/cytokines and by undertaking synergic crosstalks with other innate immune cells, including monocyte/macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. Recently, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread globally. Although the specific role of NK cells in COVID-19 pathophysiology still need to be explored, mounting evidence indicates that NK cell tissue distribution and effector functions could be affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and that a prompt NK cell response could determine a good clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of how SARS-CoV-2 infection interferes with NK cell antiviral effectiveness and their crosstalk with other innate immune cells. We also provide a detailed characterization of the specific NK cell subsets in relation to COVID-19 patient severity generated from publicly available single cell RNA sequencing datasets. Finally, we summarize the possible NK cell-based therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the ongoing clinical trials updated at the time of submission of this review. We will also discuss how a deep understanding of NK cell responses could open new possibilities for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Domenico Mavilio, ; Clara Di Vito,
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra) , University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Coianiz
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Terzoli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Voza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Emergency Medicine Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra) , University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra) , University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Domenico Mavilio, ; Clara Di Vito,
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19
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Jiménez D, Torres Arias M. Immunouniverse of SARS-CoV-2. Immunol Med 2022; 45:186-224. [PMID: 35502127 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2066251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global health problem that has caused millions of deaths worldwide. The infection can present with multiple clinical features ranging from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients to patients with severe or critical illness that can even lead to death. Although the immune system plays an important role in pathogen control, SARS-CoV-2 can drive dysregulation of this response and trigger severe immunopathology. Exploring the mechanisms of the immune response involved in host defense against SARS-CoV-2 allows us to understand its immunopathogenesis and possibly detect features that can be used as potential therapies to eliminate the virus. The main objective of this review on SARS-CoV-2 is to highlight the interaction between the virus and the immune response. We explore the function and action of the immune system, the expression of molecules at the site of infection that cause hyperinflammation and hypercoagulation disorders, the factors leading to the development of pneumonia and subsequent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome which is the leading cause of death in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
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20
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Exploring the Utility of NK Cells in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051002. [PMID: 35625739 PMCID: PMC9138257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can manifest as acute respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Extensive data now indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection determine the COVID-19 disease course. A wide range of immunomodulatory agents have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antiviral innate immunity, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and antifibrotic activity are particularly critical for COVID-19 control. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 clearance rate, antibody response, and disease progression in COVID-19 correlate with NK cell status, and NK cell dysfunction is linked with increased SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Thus, NK cells function as the key element in the switch from effective to harmful immune responses in COVID-19. However, dysregulation of NK cells has been observed in COVID-19 patients, exhibiting depletion and dysfunction, which correlate with COVID-19 severity; this dysregulation perhaps contributes to disease progression. Given these findings, NK-cell-based therapies with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, antifibrotic activity, and strong safety profiles for cancers may encourage the rapid application of functional NK cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to eliminate SARS-CoV-2-infected cells at an early stage, facilitate immune–immune cell interactions, and favor inflammatory processes that prevent and/or reverse over-inflammation and inhibit fibrosis progression, thereby helping in the fight against COVID-19. However, our understanding of the role of NK cells in COVID-19 remains incomplete, and further research on the involvement of NK cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is needed. The rationale of NK-cell-based therapies for COVID-19 has to be based on the timing of therapeutic interventions and disease severity, which may be determined by the balance between beneficial antiviral and potential detrimental pathologic actions. NK cells would be more effective early in SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent the progression of COVID-19. Immunomodulation by NK cells towards regulatory functions could be useful as an adjunct therapy to prevent the progression of COVID-19.
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21
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Huot N, Planchais C, Contreras V, Jacquelin B, Petitdemange C, Lazzerini M, Rosenbaum P, Rey F, Reeves RK, Le Grand R, Mouquet H, Müller-Trutwin M. Adaptive MHC-E restricted tissue-resident NK cells are associated with persistent low antigen load in alveolar macrophages after SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1561222. [PMID: 35547853 PMCID: PMC9094104 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1561222/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with potent activity against a wide range of viruses. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, NK cell activity might be of particular importance within lung tissues. Here, we investigated whether NK cells with activity against Spike+ cells are induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection and have a role in modulating viral persistence beyond primary clearance from nasopharyngeal and tracheal tissues. We performed an integrated analysis of NK cells and macrophages in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of COVID-19 convalescent non-human primates in comparison to uninfected control animals. SARS-CoV-2 protein expression was detected for at least 9-18 months post-infection in alveolar macrophages. Convalescent animals segregated into two groups based on cellular phenotypes and viral persistence profiles in BALF. The animals with lower persistent antigen displayed macrophages with a regulatory phenotype and enhanced MHC-E restricted NK cell activity toward cells presenting peptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein leader sequence, while NK cell activity from the other convalescent animals, control animals and healthy humans were strongly inhibited by these Spike peptides. The adaptive NK cell activity was not detected in blood but in tissue-resident NK cells, and cross-reacted against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV Spike-derived peptides.
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22
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Albayrak N, Orte Cano C, Karimi S, Dogahe D, Van Praet A, Godefroid A, Del Marmol V, Grimaldi D, Bondue B, Van Vooren JP, Mascart F, Corbière V. Distinct Expression Patterns of Interleukin-22 Receptor 1 on Blood Hematopoietic Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:769839. [PMID: 35422799 PMCID: PMC9004465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.769839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The new pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by uncontrolled hyper-inflammation in severe cases. As the IL-22/IL-22R1 axis was reported to be involved in inflammation during viral infections, we characterized the expression of IL-22 receptor1, IL-22 and IL-22 binding protein in COVID-19 patients. Blood samples were collected from 19 non-severe and 14 severe patients on the day they presented (D0), at D14, and six months later, and from 6 non-infected controls. The IL-22R1 expression was characterized by flow cytometry. Results were related to HLA-DR expression of myeloid cells, to plasma concentrations of different cytokines and chemokines and NK cells and T lymphocytes functions characterized by their IFN-γ, IL-22, IL-17A, granzyme B and perforin content. The numbers of IL-22R1+ classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes and the proportions of IL-22R1+ plasmacytoid DC (pDC), myeloid DC1 and DC2 (mDC1, mDC2) were higher in patients than controls at D0. The proportions of IL-22R1+ classical and intermediate monocytes, and pDC and mDC2 remained high for six months. High proportions of IL-22R1+ non-classical monocytes and mDC2 displayed HLA-DRhigh expression and were thus activated. Multivariate analysis for all IL-22R1+ myeloid cells discriminated the severity of the disease (AUC=0.9023). However, correlation analysis between IL-22R1+ cell subsets and plasma chemokine concentrations suggested pro-inflammatory effects of some subsets and protective effects of others. The numbers of IL-22R1+ classical monocytes and pDC were positively correlated with pro-inflammatory chemokines MCP-1 and IP-10 in severe infections, whereas IL-22R1+ intermediate monocytes were negatively correlated with IL-6, IFN-α and CRP in non-severe infections. Moreover, in the absence of in vitro stimulation, NK and CD4+ T cells produced IFN-γ and IL-22, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IL-17A. CD4+ T lymphocytes also expressed IL-22R1, the density of its expression defining two different functional subsets. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by an abnormal expression of IL22R1 on blood myeloid cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Our results suggest that the involvement of the IL-22R1/IL-22 axis could be protective at the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 infection but could shift to a detrimental response over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Albayrak
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen Orte Cano
- Department of Dermatology, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sina Karimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Dogahe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Praet
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Godefroid
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Grimaldi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Bondue
- Department of Pneumology, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Van Vooren
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Immunodeficiency Unit, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Wang X, Bai H, Ma J, Qin H, Zeng Q, Hu F, Jiang T, Mao W, Zhao Y, Chen X, Qi X, Li M, Xu J, Hao J, Wang Y, Ding X, Liu Y, Huang T, Fang C, Ge C, Li D, Hu K, Ren X, Zhang B, Zhang B, Shi B, Zhang C. Identification of Distinct Immune Cell Subsets Associated With Asymptomatic Infection, Disease Severity, and Viral Persistence in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812514. [PMID: 35281000 PMCID: PMC8905648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated protective and pathogenic immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain largely elusive. Here we identified 76 distinct cell subsets in the PBMC samples that were associated with various clinical presentations of COVID-19 using scRNA-seq technology coupled with a deep and comprehensive analysis of unique cell surface markers and differentially expressed genes. We revealed that (TRAV1-2+CD8+)MAIT cells and (NCAM1hiCD160+)NK cells significantly enriched in the asymptomatic subjects whereas (LAG3+CD160+CD8+)NKT cells increased in the symptomatic patients. We also observed that (CD68-CSF1R-IL1BhiCD14+)classical monocytes were positively correlated with the disease severity. Moreover, (CD33-HLA-DMA-CD14+)classical monocytes and (CLEC10A-S100A9lo)pDC were associated with the viral persistence. The GO and KEGG analyses identified enriched pathways related to immune responses, inflammation, and apoptosis. These findings may enhance our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and help develop novel strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Bai
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junpeng Ma
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyu Qin
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiqi Zeng
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Weikang Mao
- LC-Bio Technologies, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingcan Hao
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yankui Wang
- Dialysis Center, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanrui Liu
- LC-Bio Technologies, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chao Fang
- LC-Bio Technologies, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Changli Ge
- LC-Bio Technologies, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianwen Ren
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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24
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Coronavirus Porcine Deltacoronavirus Upregulates MHC Class I Expression through RIG-I/IRF1-Mediated NLRC5 Induction. J Virol 2022; 96:e0015822. [PMID: 35311551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II molecules, mainly being responsible for the processing and presentation of intracellular or extracellular antigen, respectively, are critical for antiviral immunity. Here, we reported that porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) with the zoonotic potential and potential spillover from pigs to humans, upregulated the expressions of porcine MHC-I (swine leukocyte antigen class I, SLA-I) molecules and SLA-I antigen presentation associated genes instead of porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in primary porcine enteroids and swine testicular (ST) cells at the late stage of infection, and this finding was verified in vivo. Moreover, the induction of SLA-I molecules by PDCoV infection was mediated through enhancing the expression of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family caspase recruitment domain-containing 5 (NLRC5). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PDCoV infection robustly elevated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) expression, and further initiated the downstream type I interferon beta (IFN-β) production, which led to the upregulation of NLRC5 and SLA-I genes. Likewise, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) elicited by PDCoV infection directly activated the promoter activity of NLRC5, resulting in an increased expression of NLRC5 and SLA-I upregulation. Taken together, our findings advance our understanding of how PDCoV manipulates MHC molecules, and knowledge that could help inform the development of therapies and vaccines against PDCoV. IMPORTANCE MHC-I molecules play a crucial role in antiviral immunity by presenting intracellular antigens to CD8+T lymphocytes and eliminating virus-infected cells by natural killer cells' "missing-self recognition." However, the manipulation of MHC molecules by coronaviruses remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that PDCoV, a zoonotic potential coronavirus efficiently infecting cells from broad species, greatly increased the expressions of porcine MHC-I (SLA-I) molecules and MHC-I antigen presentation associated genes but not porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the upregulation of MHC-I molecules by PDCoV infection required the master transactivator of MHC-I, NLRC5, which was mediated not only by RIG-I-initiated type I IFN signaling pathway but also by IRF1 induced by PDCoV as it could activate NLRC5 promoter activity. These results provide significant insights into the modification of the MHC class I pathway and may provide a potential therapeutic intervention for PDCoV.
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25
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Irani S. Immune Responses in SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV Infections: A Comparative Review. Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:45. [PMID: 35529506 PMCID: PMC9069147 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_429_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus, discovered in the 1960s, is able to infect human hosts and causes mild to serious respiratory problems. In the last two decades, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been recognized. It has long been demonstrated that MERS-CoV binds to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and SARS-CoV binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. A "cytokine storm" is the main pathophysiology of aforementioned viruses. Infiltration of neutrophils at the site of the infection is a risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. The new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has infected more people than SARS-Cov and MERS-CoV as it can easily be transmitted from person to person. Epidemiological studies indicate that majority of individuals are asymptomatic; therefore, an effective and an efficient tool is required for rapid testing. Identification of various cytokine and inflammatory factor expression levels can help in outcome prediction. In this study we reviewed immune responses in SARS-CoV, Mers-CoV, and SARS-COV-2 infections and the role of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soussan Irani
- Dental Research Centre, Oral Pathology Department, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Pathology Department of Faculty of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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26
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Ahmadi E, Bagherpour Z, Zarei E, Omidkhoda A. Pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2 on hematological and immunological cells: Alterations in count, morphology, and function. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 231:153782. [PMID: 35121363 PMCID: PMC8800420 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 outbreak, spread rapidly and infected more than 140 million people with more than three million victims worldwide. The SARS-CoV-2 causes destructive changes in the immunological and hematological system of the host. These alterations appear to play a critical role in disease pathology and the emerging of clinical manifestations. In this review, we aimed to discuss the effect of COVID-19 on the count, function and morphology of immune and blood cells and the role of these changes in the pathophysiology of the disease. Knowledge of these changes may help with better management and treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ahmadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Bagherpour
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elmira Zarei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Omidkhoda
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Hovhannisyan A, Madelian V, Avagyan S, Nazaretyan M, Hyussyan A, Sirunyan A, Arakelyan R, Manukyan Z, Yepiskoposyan L, Mayilyan KR, Jordan F. HLA-C*04:01 Affects HLA Class I Heterozygosity and Predicted Affinity to SARS-CoV-2 Peptides, and in Combination With Age and Sex of Armenian Patients Contributes to COVID-19 Severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:769900. [PMID: 35185875 PMCID: PMC8850920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.769900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection has become a global health concern, causing the COVID-19 pandemic. The disease symptoms and outcomes depend on the host immunity, in which the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules play a distinct role. The HLA alleles have an inter-population variability, and understanding their link to the COVID-19 in an ethnically distinct population may contribute to personalized medicine. The present study aimed at detecting associations between common HLA alleles and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in Armenians. In 299 COVID-19 patients (75 asymptomatic, 102 mild/moderate, 122 severe), the association between disease severity and classic HLA-I and II loci was examined. We found that the advanced age, male sex of patients, and sex and age interaction significantly contributed to the severity of the disease. We observed that an age-dependent effect of HLA-B*51:01 carriage [odds ratio (OR)=0.48 (0.28-0.80), Pbonf <0.036] is protective against severe COVID-19. Contrary, the HLA-C*04:01 allele, in a dose-dependent manner, was associated with a significant increase in the disease severity [OR (95% CI) =1.73 (1.20-2.49), Pbonf <0.021] and an advancing age (P<0.013). The link between HLA-C*04:01 and age was secondary to a stronger association between HLA-C*04:01 and disease severity. However, HLA-C*04:01 exerted a sex-dependent differential distribution between clinical subgroups [females: P<0.0012; males: P=0.48]. The comparison of HLA-C*04:01 frequency between subgroups and 2,781 Armenian controls revealed a significant incidence of HLA-C*04:01 deficiency in asymptomatic COVID-19. HLA-C*04:01 homozygous genotype in patients blueprinted a decrease in heterozygosity of HLA-B and HLA class-I loci. In HLA-C*04:01 carriers, these changes translated to the SARS-CoV-2 peptide presentation predicted inefficacy by HLA-C and HLA class-I molecules, simultaneously enhancing the appropriate HLA-B potency. In patients with clinical manifestation, due to the high prevalence of HLA-C*04:01, these effects provided a decrease of the HLA class-I heterozygosity and an ability to recognize SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Based on our observations, we developed a prediction model involving demographic variables and HLA-C*04:01 allele for the identification of potential cases with the risk of hospitalization (the area under the curve (AUC) = 86.2%) or severe COVID-19 (AUC =71%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Hovhannisyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
- Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vergine Madelian
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sevak Avagyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mihran Nazaretyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armine Hyussyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Alina Sirunyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | | | - Karine R. Mayilyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Frieda Jordan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
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28
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Bakkari MA, Moni SS, Sultan MH, Madkhali OA. Monoclonal antibodies and their target specificity against SARS-CoV-2 infections: Perspectives and challenges Short title: Monoclonal antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:64-78. [PMID: 34994337 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220106110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The world continues to be in the midst of a distressing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel virus with multiple antigenic systems. The virus enters via nasopharynx, oral and infects cells by the expression of the spike protein, and enters the lungs using the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor. The spectrum of specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is increasingly challenging as frequent mutations have been reported and their antigen specificity varies accordingly. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will have a more significant advantage in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 virus infectivity. Recently, mAbs have been developed to target specific neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The use of the therapeutic index of mAbs that can elicit neutralization by binding to the viral spike protein and suppress the cytokine network is a classic therapeutic approach for a potential cure. The development of mAbs against B-cell function as well as inhibition of the cytokine network has also been a focus in recent research. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of mAbs as antibody cocktail preparations against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Target specific therapeutic accomplishment with mAbs, a milestone in the modern therapeutic age, can be used to achieve a specific therapeutic strategy to suppress SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of the cytokine network and antibody formation to better understand the development of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Bakkari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Hadi Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Madkhali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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29
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Ghasemzadeh M, Ghasemzadeh A, Hosseini E. Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:86-98. [PMID: 34583856 PMCID: PMC8423992 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) still claims more lives daily around the world due to the lack of a definitive treatment and the rapid tendency of virus to mutate, which even jeopardizes vaccination efficacy. At the forefront battle against SARS-CoV-2, an effective innate response to the infection has a pivotal role in the initial control and treatment of disease. However, SARS-CoV-2 subtly interrupts the equations of immune responses, disrupting the cytolytic antiviral effects of NK cells, while seriously activating infected macrophages and other immune cells to induce an unleashed "cytokine storm", a dangerous and uncontrollable inflammatory response causing life-threatening symptoms in patients. Notably, the NK cell exhaustion with ineffective cytolytic function against the sources of exaggerated cytokine release, acts as an Achilles' heel which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Given this, approaches that improve NK cell cytotoxicity may benefit treatment protocols. As a suggestion, adoptive transfer of NK or CAR-NK cells with proper cytotolytic potentials and the lowest capacity of cytokine-release (for example CD56dim NK cells brightly express activating receptors), to severe COVID-19 patients may provide an effective cure especially in cases suffering from cytokine storms. More intriguingly, the ongoing evidence for persistent clonal expansion of NK memory cells characterized by an activating phenotype in response to viral infections, can benefit the future studies on vaccine development and adoptive NK cell therapy in COVID-19. Whether vaccinated volunteers or recovered patients can also be considered as suitable candidates for cell donation could be the subject of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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30
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Rea IM, Alexander HD. Triple jeopardy in ageing: COVID-19, co-morbidities and inflamm-ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101494. [PMID: 34688926 PMCID: PMC8530779 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 endangers lives, has disrupted normal life, changed the way medicine is practised and is likely to alter our world for the foreseeable future. Almost two years on since the presumptive first diagnosis of COVID-19 in China, more than two hundred and fifty million cases have been confirmed and more than five million people have died globally, with the figures rising daily. One of the most striking aspects of COVID-19 illness is the marked difference in individuals' experiences of the disease. Some, most often younger groups, are asymptomatic, whereas others become severely ill with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia or proceed to fatal organ disease. The highest death rates are in the older and oldest age groups and in people with co-morbidities such as diabetes, heart disease and obesity. Three major questions seem important to consider. What do we understand about changes in the immune system that might contribute to the older person's risk of developing severe COVID-19? What factors contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality in older people with COVID-19? How could immunocompetence in the older and the frailest individuals and populations be supported and enhanced to give protection from serious COVID-19 illness?
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maeve Rea
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, United Kingdom; Meadowlands Ambulatory Care Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - H Denis Alexander
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, United Kingdom
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31
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Casado JL, Moraga E, Vizcarra P, Velasco H, Martín-Hondarza A, Haemmerle J, Gómez S, Quereda C, Vallejo A. Expansion of CD56 dimCD16 neg NK Cell Subset and Increased Inhibitory KIRs in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010046. [PMID: 35062250 PMCID: PMC8780522 DOI: 10.3390/v14010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection induces elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, which are mainly produced by the innate response to the virus. The role of NK cells, which are potent producers of IFN-γ and cytotoxicity, has not been sufficiently studied in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We confirmed a different distribution of NK cell subsets in hospitalized COVID-19 patients despite their NK cell deficiency. The impairment of this innate defense is mainly focused on the cytotoxic capacity of the CD56dim NK cells. On the one hand, we found an expansion of the CD56dimCD16neg NK subset, lower cytotoxic capacities, and high frequencies of inhibitory 2DL1 and 2DL1/S1 KIR receptors in COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, the depletion of CD56dimCD16dim/bright NK cell subsets, high cytotoxic capacities, and high frequencies of inhibitory 2DL1 KIR receptors were found in COVID-19 patients. In contrast, no differences in the distribution of CD56bright NK cell subsets were found in this study. These alterations in the distribution and phenotype of NK cells might enhance the impairment of this crucial innate line of defense during COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Elisa Moraga
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
| | - Héctor Velasco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Martín-Hondarza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Haemmerle
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sandra Gómez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
| | - Carmen Quereda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
| | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (P.V.); (H.V.); (A.M.-H.); (S.G.); (C.Q.)
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.C.); (A.V.)
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Ku M, Authié P, Bourgine M, Anna F, Noirat A, Moncoq F, Vesin B, Nevo F, Lopez J, Souque P, Blanc C, Fert I, Chardenoux S, Lafosse L, Cussigh D, Hardy D, Nemirov K, Guinet F, Langa Vives F, Majlessi L, Charneau P. Brain cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants by a lentiviral vaccine in new transgenic mice. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14459. [PMID: 34647691 PMCID: PMC8646827 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines already in use or in clinical development may have reduced efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, although the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 is well established, the vaccine strategies currently developed have not taken into account protection of the central nervous system. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse strain expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and displaying unprecedented brain permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 replication, in addition to high permissiveness levels in the lung. Using this stringent transgenic model, we demonstrated that a non-integrative lentiviral vector, encoding for the spike glycoprotein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2, used in intramuscular prime and intranasal boost elicits sterilizing protection of lung and brain against both the ancestral virus, and the Gamma (P.1) variant of concern, which carries multiple vaccine escape mutations. Beyond induction of strong neutralizing antibodies, the mechanism underlying this broad protection spectrum involves a robust protective T-cell immunity, unaffected by the recent mutations accumulated in the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Wen Ku
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Pierre Authié
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - François Anna
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Amandine Noirat
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Fanny Moncoq
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Benjamin Vesin
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Fabien Nevo
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Jodie Lopez
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Philippe Souque
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Catherine Blanc
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Ingrid Fert
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Sébastien Chardenoux
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - llta Lafosse
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Delphine Cussigh
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - David Hardy
- Experimental Neuropatholgy UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Kirill Nemirov
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Françoise Guinet
- Lymphocytes and Immunity UnitImmunology DepartmentInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Francina Langa Vives
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
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How Immunosenescence and Inflammaging May Contribute to Hyperinflammatory Syndrome in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212539. [PMID: 34830421 PMCID: PMC8618618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by the dynamic remodeling of the immune system designated “immunosenescence,” and is associated with altered hematopoiesis, thymic involution, and lifelong immune stimulation by multitudinous chronic stressors, including the cytomegalovirus (CMV). Such alterations may contribute to a lowered proportion of naïve T-cells and to reduced diversity of the T-cell repertoire. In the peripheral circulation, a shift occurs towards accumulations of T and B-cell populations with memory phenotypes, and to accumulation of putatively senescent and exhausted immune cells. The aging-related accumulations of functionally exhausted memory T lymphocytes, commonly secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, together with mediators and factors of the innate immune system, are considered to contribute to the low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) often observed in elderly people. These senescent immune cells not only secrete inflammatory mediators, but are also able to negatively modulate their environments. In this review, we give a short summary of the ways that immunosenescence, inflammaging, and CMV infection may cause insufficient immune responses, contribute to the establishment of the hyperinflammatory syndrome and impact the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in elderly people.
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Blanco-Rodríguez R, Du X, Hernández-Vargas E. Computational simulations to dissect the cell immune response dynamics for severe and critical cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 211:106412. [PMID: 34610492 PMCID: PMC8451481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a global pandemic leading to high death tolls worldwide day by day. Clinical evidence suggests that COVID-19 patients can be classified as non-severe, severe, and critical cases. In particular, studies have highlighted the relationship between lymphopenia and the severity of the illness, where CD8+ T cells have the lowest levels in critical cases. However, a quantitative understanding of the immune responses in COVID-19 patients is still missing. OBJECTIVES In this work, we aim to elucidate the key parameters that define the course of the disease deviating from severe to critical cases. The dynamics of different immune cells are taken into account in mechanistic models to elucidate those that contribute to the worsening of the disease. METHODS Several mathematical models based on ordinary differential equations are proposed to represent data sets of different immune response cells dynamics such as CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and also CD4+ T cells in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Parameter fitting is performed using the differential evolution algorithm. Non-parametric bootstrap approach is introduced to abstract the stochastic environment of the infection. RESULTS The mathematical model that represents the data more appropriately is considering CD8+ T cell dynamics. This model had a good fit to reported experimental data, and in accordance with values found in the literature. The NK cells and CD4+ T cells did not contribute enough to explain the dynamics of the immune responses. CONCLUSIONS Our computational results highlight that a low viral clearance rate by CD8+ T cells could lead to the severity of the disease. This deregulated clearance suggests that it is necessary immunomodulatory strategies during the course of the infection to avoid critical states in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Blanco-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro, 76230, México
| | - Xin Du
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Power Station Automation Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Esteban Hernández-Vargas
- Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro, 76230, México; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
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Del Bello A, Kamar N, Vergez F, Faguer S, Marion O, Beq A, Lathrache Y, Abravanel F, Izopet J, Treiner E. Adaptive lymphocyte profile analysis discriminates mild and severe forms of COVID-19 after solid organ transplantation. Kidney Int 2021; 100:915-927. [PMID: 34126110 PMCID: PMC8193964 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients are at high risk for the development of severe forms of COVID-19. However, the role of immunosuppression in the morbidity and mortality of the immune phenotype during COVID-19 in transplant recipients remains unknown. In this retrospective study, we compared peripheral blood T and B cell functional and surface markers, as well as serum antibody development during 29 cases of mild (World Health Organization 9-point Ordinal Scale (WOS) of 3-4) and 22 cases of severe COVID-19 (WOS 5-8) in solid organ transplant (72% kidney transplant) recipients hospitalized in our center. Patients who developed severe forms of COVID-19 presented significantly lower CD3+ (median 344/mm3 (inter quartile range 197; 564) vs. 643/mm3 (397; 1251)) and CD8+ T cell counts (124/mm3 (76; 229) vs. 240/mm3 (119; 435)). However, activated CD4+ T cells were significantly more frequent in severe forms (2.9% (1.37; 5.72) vs. 1.4% (0.68; 2.35)), counterbalanced by a significantly higher proportion of Tregs (3.9% (2.35; 5.87) vs. 2.7% (1.9; 3.45)). A marked decrease in the proportion of NK cells was noted only in severe forms. In the B cell compartment, transitional B cells were significantly lower in severe forms (1.2% (0.7; 4.2) vs. 3.6% (2.1; 6.2)). Nonetheless, a majority of transplant recipients developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (77% and 83% in mild and severe forms, respectively). Thus, our data revealed immunological differences between mild and severe forms of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients, similar to previous reports in the immunocompetent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Del Bello
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organes, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, Inserm UMR 1043 - CNRS 5282, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organes, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, Inserm UMR 1043 - CNRS 5282, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Francois Vergez
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR 1037 - INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stanislas Faguer
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organes, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaire, Inserm UMR 1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Marion
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organes, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, Inserm UMR 1043 - CNRS 5282, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Beq
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organes, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yasmine Lathrache
- Laboratory of Immunology, Biology Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, Inserm UMR 1043 - CNRS 5282, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Virology, Biology Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, Inserm UMR 1043 - CNRS 5282, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Virology, Biology Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Treiner
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, Inserm UMR 1043 - CNRS 5282, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Immunology, Biology Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652252. [PMID: 34630377 PMCID: PMC8494786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic affecting almost 204 million people and causing more than 4.3 million deaths as of August 11 2021. This pandemic has placed a substantial burden on the global healthcare system and the global economy. Availability of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are crucially needed to prevent development of severe disease leading to major complications both acutely and chronically. The success in fighting this virus results from three main achievements: (a) Direct killing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (b) Development of a specific vaccine, and (c) Enhancement of the host's immune system. A fundamental necessity to win the battle against the virus involves a better understanding of the host's innate and adaptive immune response to the virus. Although the role of the adaptive immune response is directly involved in the generation of a vaccine, the role of innate immunity on RNA viruses in general, and coronaviruses in particular, is mostly unknown. In this review, we will consider the structure of RNA viruses, mainly coronaviruses, and their capacity to affect the lungs and the cardiovascular system. We will also consider the effects of the pattern recognition protein (PRP) trident composed by (a) Surfactant proteins A and D, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement component 1q (C1q), (b) C-reactive protein, and (c) Innate and adaptive IgM antibodies, upon clearance of viral particles and apoptotic cells in lungs and atherosclerotic lesions. We emphasize on the role of pattern recognition protein immune therapies as a combination treatment to prevent development of severe respiratory syndrome and to reduce pulmonary and cardiovascular complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and summarize the need of a combined therapeutic approach that takes into account all aspects of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease to allow mankind to beat this pandemic killer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghassan S Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
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Chakrabarty K, Shetty R, Argulwar S, Das D, Ghosh A. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease modeling and prospective immune therapy for coronavirus disease 2019. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:235-248. [PMID: 34656419 PMCID: PMC8437760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic poses a never before seen challenge to human health and the economy. Considering its clinical impact, with no streamlined therapeutic strategies in sight, it is crucial to understand the infection process of SARS-CoV-2. Our limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection impedes the development of alternative therapeutics to address the pandemic. This aspect can be addressed by modeling SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human context to facilitate drug screening and discovery. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived lung epithelial cells and organoids recapitulating the features and functionality of the alveolar cell types can serve as an in vitro human model and screening platform for SARS-CoV-2. Recent studies suggest an immune system asynchrony leading to compromised function and a decreased proportion of specific immune cell types in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Replenishing these specific immune cells may serve as useful treatment modality against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here the authors review protocols for deriving lung epithelial cells, alveolar organoids and specific immune cell types, such as T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, from iPSCs with the aim to aid investigators in making relevant in vitro models of SARS-CoV-2 along with the possibility derive immune cell types to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Shubham Argulwar
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Debashish Das
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
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38
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Krupa A, Kowalska I. The Kynurenine Pathway-New Linkage between Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmune Endocrinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9879. [PMID: 34576041 PMCID: PMC8469440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is highly regulated in the immune system, where it promotes immunosuppression in response to infection or inflammation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the main enzyme of KP, has a broad spectrum of activity on immune cells regulation, controlling the balance between stimulation and suppression of the immune system at sites of local inflammation, relevant to a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Various autoimmune diseases, among them endocrinopathies, have been identified to date, but despite significant progress in their diagnosis and treatment, they are still associated with significant complications, morbidity, and mortality. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the onset and development of autoimmune disease remain poorly clarified so far. In breaking of tolerance, the cells of the innate immunity provide a decisive microenvironment that regulates immune cells' differentiation, leading to activation of adaptive immunity. The current review provided a comprehensive presentation of the known role of IDO1 and KP activation in the regulation of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Significant attention has been paid to the immunoregulatory role of IDO1 in the most prevalent, organ-specific autoimmune endocrinopathies-type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krupa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Saulle I, Vicentini C, Clerici M, Biasin M. Antigen presentation in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of class I HLA and ERAP polymorphisms. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:551-560. [PMID: 34116863 PMCID: PMC8108382 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the highly polymorphic nature of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules, it is not surprising that they function as key regulators of the host immune response to almost all invading pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Several correlations have already been established between the expression of a specific HLA allele/haplotype and susceptibility/progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection and new ones are continuously emerging. Protective and harmful HLA variants have been described in both mild and severe forms of the disease, but considering the huge amount of existing variants, the data gathered in such a brief span of time are to some extent confusing and contradictory. The aim of this mini-review is to provide a snap-shot of the main findings so far collected on the HLA-SARS-CoV-2 interaction, so as to partially untangle this intricate yarn. As key factors in the generation of antigenic peptides to be presented by HLA molecules, ERAP1 and ERAP2 role in SARS-CoV-2 infection will be revised as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences- L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences- L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy; SM Nascente Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Don C Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences- L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
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Gupta A, Gupta GS. Status of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement system in COVID-19 patients and therapeutic applications of antiviral plant MBLs. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2917-2942. [PMID: 33745077 PMCID: PMC7981598 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a virus called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." In the majority of patients, infection with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or may cause only mild symptoms. However, in some patients, there can also be immunological problems, such as macrophage activation syndrome (CSS) that results in cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Comprehension of host-microbe communications is the critical aspect in the advancement of new therapeutics against infectious illnesses. Endogenous animal lectins, a class of proteins, may perceive non-self glycans found on microorganisms. Serum mannose-binding lectin (sMBL), as a part of the innate immune framework, recognizes a wide range of microbial microorganisms and activates complement cascade via an antibody-independent pathway. Although the molecular basis for the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not generally understood, scientific literature indicates that COVID-19 is correlated with unregulated activation of the complement in terms of disease severity. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), inflammation, and immune paralysis contribute to unregulated complement activation. Pre-existing genetic defects in MBL and their association with complement play a major role in immune response dysregulation caused by SARS-CoV-2. In order to generate anti-complement-based therapies in Covid-19, an understanding of sMBL in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and complement is therefore essential. This review highlights the role of endogenous sMBL and complement activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their therapeutic management by various agents, mainly plant lectins, since antiviral mannose-binding plant lectins (pMBLs) offer potential applications in the prevention and control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gupta
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - G S Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Minadakis G, Muñoz-Pomer Fuentes A, Tsouloupas G, Papatheodorou I, Spyrou GM. PathExNET: A tool for extracting pathway expression networks from gene expression statistics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4336-4344. [PMID: 34429851 PMCID: PMC8363825 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental issue related to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms, is the way in which common pathways act across different biological experiments related to complex diseases. Using network-based approaches, this work aims to provide a numeric characterization of pathways across different biological experiments, in the prospect to create unique footprints that may characterise a specific disease under study at a pathway network level. In this line we propose PathExNET, a web service that allows the creation of pathway-to-pathway expression networks that hold the over- and under expression information obtained from differential gene expression analyses. The unique numeric characterization of pathway expression status related to a specific biological experiment (or disease), as well as the creation of diverse combination of pathway networks generated by PathExNET, is expected to provide a concrete contribution towards the individualization of disease, and further lead to a more precise personalised medicine and management of treatment. PathExNET is available at: https://bioinformatics.cing.ac.cy/PathExNET and at https://pathexnet.cing-big.hpcf.cyi.ac.cy/.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Minadakis
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - George Tsouloupas
- HPC Facility, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Papatheodorou
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Hinxton, UK
| | - George M. Spyrou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Maguire G, Rahman L, Afzaal J, Cummings M, Maldonado JC. COVID-19, ferrosenescence and neurodegeneration, a mini-review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110230. [PMID: 33373681 PMCID: PMC7832711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbation of cognitive, motor and nonmotor symptoms have been described in critically ill COVID-19 patients, indicating that, like prior pandemics, neurodegenerative sequelae may mark the aftermath of this viral infection. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, was associated with hyperferritinemia and unfavorable prognosis in older individuals, suggesting virus-induced ferrosenescence. We have previously defined ferrosenescence as an iron-associated disruption of both the human genome and its repair mechanisms, leading to premature cellular senescence and neurodegeneration. As viruses replicate more efficiently in iron-rich senescent cells, they may have developed the ability to induce this phenotype in host tissues, predisposing to both immune dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders. In this mini-review, we summarize what is known about the SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular senescence and iron dysmetabolism. We also take a closer look at immunotherapy with natural killer cells, angiotensin II receptor blockers ("sartans"), iron chelators and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors ("gliptins") as adjunct treatments for both COVID-19 and its neurodegenerative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America.
| | | | - Gerald Maguire
- University of California, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Leah Rahman
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
| | - Jafri Afzaal
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
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Masselli E, Vitale M. NK cells on the ViP stage of COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2021; 69:103458. [PMID: 34186492 PMCID: PMC8233478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Masselli
- Dept. of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Parma University Hospital (AOU-PR), Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Dept. of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Parma University Hospital (AOU-PR), Parma, Italy.
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Obando-Pereda G. Can molecular mimicry explain the cytokine storm of SARS-CoV-2?: An in silico approach. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5350-5357. [PMID: 33913542 PMCID: PMC8242519 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PARP14 and PARP9 play a key role in macrophage immune regulation. SARS‐CoV‐2 is an emerging viral disease that triggers hyper‐inflammation known as a cytokine storm. In this study, using in silico tools, we hypothesize about the immunological phenomena of molecular mimicry between SARS‐CoV‐2 Nsp3 and the human PARP14 and PARP9. The results showed an epitope of SARS‐CoV‐2 Nsp3 protein that contains consensus sequences for both human PARP14 and PARP9 that are antigens for MHC Classes 1 and 2, which can potentially induce an immune response against human PARP14 and PARP9; while its depletion causes a hyper‐inflammatory state in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients. Molecular mimicry could produce an inflammatory state in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients. Human PARP14 and PARP9 are the proteins involves in this phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Obando-Pereda
- Proteomics, Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
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Sahoo D, Katkar GD, Khandelwal S, Behroozikhah M, Claire A, Castillo V, Tindle C, Fuller M, Taheri S, Rogers TF, Beutler N, Ramirez SI, Rawlings SA, Pretorius V, Smith DM, Burton DR, Alexander LEC, Duran J, Crotty S, Dan JM, Das S, Ghosh P. AI-guided discovery of the invariant host response to viral pandemics. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103390. [PMID: 34127431 PMCID: PMC8193764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) continues to challenge the limits of our knowledge and our healthcare system. Here we sought to define the host immune response, a.k.a, the "cytokine storm" that has been implicated in fatal COVID-19 using an AI-based approach. METHOD Over 45,000 transcriptomic datasets of viral pandemics were analyzed to extract a 166-gene signature using ACE2 as a 'seed' gene; ACE2 was rationalized because it encodes the receptor that facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) into host cells. An AI-based approach was used to explore the utility of the signature in navigating the uncharted territory of Covid-19, setting therapeutic goals, and finding therapeutic solutions. FINDINGS The 166-gene signature was surprisingly conserved across all viral pandemics, including COVID-19, and a subset of 20-genes classified disease severity, inspiring the nomenclatures ViP and severe-ViP signatures, respectively. The ViP signatures pinpointed a paradoxical phenomenon wherein lung epithelial and myeloid cells mount an IL15 cytokine storm, and epithelial and NK cell senescence and apoptosis determine severity/fatality. Precise therapeutic goals could be formulated; these goals were met in high-dose SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamsters using either neutralizing antibodies that abrogate SARS-CoV-2•ACE2 engagement or a directly acting antiviral agent, EIDD-2801. IL15/IL15RA were elevated in the lungs of patients with fatal disease, and plasma levels of the cytokine prognosticated disease severity. INTERPRETATION The ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for titrating the immune response in viral pandemics and may serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Institutes for Health (NIH) [grants CA151673 and GM138385 (to DS) and AI141630 (to P.G), DK107585-05S1 (SD) and AI155696 (to P.G, D.S and S.D), U19-AI142742 (to S. C, CCHI Cooperative Centers for Human Immunology)]; Research Grants Program Office (RGPO) from the University of California Office of the President (UCOP) (R00RG2628 & R00RG2642 to P.G, D.S and S.D); the UC San Diego Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center (to P.G, D.S and S.D); LJI Institutional Funds (to S.C); the VA San Diego Healthcare System Institutional funds (to L.C.A). GDK was supported through The American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY The host immune response in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0730, Leichtag Building 132, La Jolla, CA 92093-0831, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA.
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Soni Khandelwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0730, Leichtag Building 132, La Jolla, CA 92093-0831, USA
| | - Mahdi Behroozikhah
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Amanraj Claire
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - MacKenzie Fuller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Sahar Taheri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason Duran
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla 92037
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA; Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA.
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De Sanctis JB, García AH, Moreno D, Hajduch M. Coronavirus infection: An immunologists' perspective. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13043. [PMID: 33783027 PMCID: PMC8250184 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Alexis Hipólito García
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Chair of General Pathology and PathophysiologyFaculty of MedicineCentral University of VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
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Sahoo D, Katkar GD, Khandelwal S, Behroozikhah M, Claire A, Castillo V, Tindle C, Fuller M, Taheri S, Rogers TF, Beutler N, Ramirez SI, Rawlings SA, Pretorius V, Smith DM, Burton DR, Alexander LEC, Duran J, Crotty S, Dan JM, Das S, Ghosh P. AI-guided discovery of the invariant host response to viral pandemics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 32995790 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.21.305698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We sought to define the host immune response, a.k.a, the "cytokine storm" that has been implicated in fatal COVID-19 using an AI-based approach. Over 45,000 transcriptomic datasets of viral pandemics were analyzed to extract a 166-gene signature using ACE2 as a 'seed' gene; ACE2 was rationalized because it encodes the receptor that facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) into host cells. Surprisingly, this 166-gene signature was conserved in all vi ral p andemics, including COVID-19, and a subset of 20-genes classified disease severity, inspiring the nomenclatures ViP and severe-ViP signatures, respectively. The ViP signatures pinpointed a paradoxical phenomenon wherein lung epithelial and myeloid cells mount an IL15 cytokine storm, and epithelial and NK cell senescence and apoptosis determines severity/fatality. Precise therapeutic goals were formulated and subsequently validated in high-dose SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamsters using neutralizing antibodies that abrogate SARS-CoV-2•ACE2 engagement or a directly acting antiviral agent, EIDD-2801. IL15/IL15RA were elevated in the lungs of patients with fatal disease, and plasma levels of the cytokine tracked with disease severity. Thus, the ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for titrating the immune response in viral pandemics and may serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs. One Sentence Summary The host immune response in COVID-19. PANEL RESEARCH IN CONTEXT Evidence before this study: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired many groups to find innovative methodologies that can help us understand the host immune response to the virus; unchecked proportions of such immune response have been implicated in fatality. We searched GEO and ArrayExpress that provided many publicly available gene expression data that objectively measure the host immune response in diverse conditions. However, challenges remain in identifying a set of host response events that are common to every condition. There are no studies that provide a reproducible assessment of prognosticators of disease severity, the host response, and therapeutic goals. Consequently, therapeutic trials for COVID-19 have seen many more 'misses' than 'hits'. This work used multiple (> 45,000) gene expression datasets from GEO and ArrayExpress and analyzed them using an unbiased computational approach that relies upon fundamentals of gene expression patterns and mathematical precision when assessing them.Added value of this study: This work identifies a signature that is surprisingly conserved in all viral pandemics, including Covid-19, inspiring the nomenclature ViP-signature. A subset of 20-genes classified disease severity in respiratory pandemics. The ViP signatures pinpointed the nature and source of the 'cytokine storm' mounted by the host. They also helped formulate precise therapeutic goals and rationalized the repurposing of FDA-approved drugs.Implications of all the available evidence: The ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for assessing the immune response in viral pandemics when creating pre-clinical models; they serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs.
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Amruta N, Chastain WH, Paz M, Solch RJ, Murray-Brown IC, Befeler JB, Gressett TE, Longo MT, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Bix G. SARS-CoV-2 mediated neuroinflammation and the impact of COVID-19 in neurological disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 58:1-15. [PMID: 33674185 PMCID: PMC7894219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that severely affects the respiratory system, is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, and is projected to result in the deaths of 2 million people worldwide. Recent reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2 also affects the central nervous system along with other organs. COVID-19-associated complications are observed in older people with underlying neurological conditions like stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Hence, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and its inflammation-mediated infection. This review also focuses on COVID-19 associated neurological complications in individuals with those complications as well as other groups of people. Finally, we also briefly discuss the current therapies available to treat patients, as well as ongoing available treatments and vaccines for effective cures with a special focus on the therapeutic potential of a small 5 amino acid peptide (PHSCN), ATN-161, that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to both integrin α5β1 and α5β1/hACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanappa Amruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Wesley H Chastain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Meshi Paz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Rebecca J Solch
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Isabel C Murray-Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jaime B Befeler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Timothy E Gressett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Michele T Longo
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA; Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Donahue RN, Marté JL, Goswami M, Toney NJ, Tsai YT, Gulley JL, Schlom J. Interrogation of the cellular immunome of cancer patients with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002087. [PMID: 33707314 PMCID: PMC7956734 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While vaccines directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein will have varying degrees of effectiveness in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, the severity of infection will be determined by multiple host factors including the ability of immune cells to lyse virus-infected cells. This review will discuss the complexity of both adaptive and innate immunomes and how a flow-based assay can detect up to 158 distinct cell subsets in the periphery. This assay has been employed to show the effect of age on differences in specific immune cell subsets, and the differences in the immunome between healthy donors and age-matched cancer patients. Also reviewed are the numerous soluble factors, in addition to cytokines, that may vary in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infections and may also be employed to help define the effectiveness of a given vaccine or other antiviral agents. Various steroids have been employed in the management of autoimmune adverse events in cancer patients receiving immunotherapeutics and may be employed in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The influence of steroids on multiple immune cells subsets will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Marté
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meghali Goswami
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole J Toney
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yo-Ting Tsai
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Tso FY, Lidenge SJ, Poppe LK, Peña PB, Privatt SR, Bennett SJ, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Belshan M, Siedlik JA, Raine MA, Ochoa JB, Garcia-Diaz J, Nossaman B, Buckner L, Roberts WM, Dean MJ, Ochoa AC, West JT, Wood C. Presence of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 plasma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247640. [PMID: 33661923 PMCID: PMC7932539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutralizing-antibody (nAb) is the major focus of most ongoing COVID-19 vaccine trials. However, nAb response against SARS-CoV-2, when present, decays rapidly. Given the myriad roles of antibodies in immune responses, it is possible that antibodies could also mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 via effector mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which we sought to explore here. Methods Plasma of 3 uninfected controls and 20 subjects exposed to, or recovering from, SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected from U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in the plasma samples. SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing capability of these plasmas was assessed with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus. ADCC activity was assessed with a calcein release assay. Results SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies were detected in all COVID-19 subjects studied. All but three COVID-19 subjects contained nAb at high potency (>80% neutralization). Plasma from 19/20 of COVID-19 subjects also demonstrated strong ADCC activity against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, including two individuals without nAb against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion Both neutralizing and non-neutralizing COVID-19 plasmas can mediate ADCC. Our findings argue that evaluation of potential vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 should include investigation of the magnitude and durability of ADCC, in addition to nAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lisa K. Poppe
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Phoebe B. Peña
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Sara R. Privatt
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Sydney J. Bennett
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - John R. Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Michael Belshan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Morgan A. Raine
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Juan B. Ochoa
- Department of Surgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Julia Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Bobby Nossaman
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Lyndsey Buckner
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - W. Mark Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Dean
- Louisiana State University Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Augusto C. Ochoa
- Louisiana State University Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics LSU Health, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - John T. West
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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