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Han S, Guiberson ER, Li Y, Sonnenburg JL. High-throughput identification of gut microbiome-dependent metabolites. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00980-6. [PMID: 38740909 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A significant hurdle that has limited progress in microbiome science has been identifying and studying the diverse set of metabolites produced by gut microbes. Gut microbial metabolism produces thousands of difficult-to-identify metabolites, which present a challenge to study their roles in host biology. In recent years, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has become one of the core technologies for identifying small metabolites. However, metabolomics expertise, ranging from sample preparation to instrument use and data analysis, is often lacking in academic labs. Most targeted metabolomics methods provide high levels of sensitivity and quantification, while they are limited to a panel of predefined molecules that may not be informative to microbiome-focused studies. Here we have developed a gut microbe-focused and wide-spectrum metabolomic protocol using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis. This protocol enables users to carry out experiments from sample collection to data analysis, only requiring access to a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument, which is often available at local core facilities. By applying this protocol to samples containing human gut microbial metabolites, spanning from culture supernatant to human biospecimens, our approach enables high-confidence identification of >800 metabolites that can serve as candidate mediators of microbe-host interactions. We expect this protocol will lower the barrier to tracking gut bacterial metabolism in vitro and in mammalian hosts, propelling hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies and accelerating our understanding of the gut microbiome at the chemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Emma R Guiberson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Johansen SU, Hansen T, Nordborg A, Meyer R, Goll R, Florholmen J, Jensen E. Plasma tryptophan pathway metabolites quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as biomarkers in neuroendocrine tumor patients. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13372. [PMID: 38361341 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A good and accessible biomarker is of great clinical value in neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients, especially considering its frequently indolent nature and long-term follow-up. Plasma chromogranin A (CgA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are currently used as biomarkers in NET, but their sensitivity and specificity are restricted. 5-HIAA is the main metabolite of serotonin, an important neurotransmitter of the tryptophan pathway. The aim of this study is to estabish a sensitive and accurate method for the quantification of tryptophan pathway metabolites in plasma. We further aimed to evaluate its utility as a clinical tool in NET disease. We obtained plasma samples from NET patients and healthy controls recruited from the University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and eight metabolites of the tryptophan pathway were quantified. We included 130 NET patients (72/130 small intestinal [SI] NET, 35/130 pancreatic NET, 23/130 other origin) and 20 healthy controls. In the SI-NET group, 26/72 patients presented with symptoms of carcinoid syndrome (CS). We found that combining tryptophan metabolites into a serotonin/kynurenine pathway ratio improved diagnostic sensitivity (92.3%) and specificity (100%) in detecting CS patients from healthy controls compared with plasma 5-HIAA alone (sensitivity 84.6%/specificity 100%). Further, a clinical marker based on the combination of plasma serotonin, 5-HIAA, and 5OH-tryptophan, increased diagnostic capacity identifying NET patients with metastasized disease from healthy controls compared with singular plasma 5-HIAA, serotonin, or CgA. In addition, this marker was positive in 61% of curatively operated SI-NET patients compared with only 10% of healthy controls (p < .001). Our results indicate that simultaneous quantification of several tryptophan metabolites in plasma, using LC-MS/MS, may represent a clinically useful diagnostic tool in NET disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Johansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Medical Gastroenterology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - T Hansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - A Nordborg
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R Meyer
- Medical Gastroenterology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - R Goll
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Medical Gastroenterology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J Florholmen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Medical Gastroenterology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - E Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Chung SH, Yoo D, Ahn TB, Lee W, Hong J. Profiling Analysis of Tryptophan Metabolites in the Urine of Patients with Parkinson's Disease Using LC-MS/MS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1495. [PMID: 37895965 PMCID: PMC10610059 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is a representative neurodegenerative disorder and shows characteristic motor impediments, the pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment targets for PD have not yet been clearly identified. Since several tryptophan metabolites produced by gut microbiota could pass the blood-brain barrier and, furthermore, might influence the central nervous system, tryptophan metabolites within the indole, kynurenine, and serotonin metabolic pathways might be the most potent targets for PD development. Furthermore, most metabolites are circulated via the blood, play roles in and/or are metabolized via the host organs, and finally are excreted into the urine. Therefore, profiling the overall tryptophan metabolic pathways in urine samples of patients with PD is important to understanding the pathological mechanisms, finding biomarkers, and discovering therapeutic targets for PD. However, the development of profiling analysis based on tryptophan metabolism pathways in human urine samples is still challenging due to the wide physiological ranges, the varied signal response, and the structural diversity of tryptophan metabolites in complicated urine matrices. In this study, an LC-MS/MS method was developed to profile 21 tryptophan metabolites within the indole, kynurenine, and serotonin metabolic pathways in human urine samples using ion-pairing chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring determination. The developed method was successfully applied to urine samples of PD patients (n = 41) and controls (n = 20). Further, we investigated aberrant metabolites to find biomarkers for PD development and therapeutic targets based on the quantitative results. Unfortunately, most tryptophan metabolites in the urine samples did not present significant differences between control and PD patients, except for indole-3-acetic acid. Nonetheless, indole-3-acetic acid was reported for the first time for its aberrant urinary levels in PD patients and tentatively selected as a potential biomarker for PD. This study provides accurate quantitative results for 21 tryptophan metabolites in biological samples and will be helpful in revealing the pathological mechanisms of PD development, discovering biomarkers for PD, and further providing therapeutic targets for various PD symptoms. In the near future, to further investigate the relationship between gut microbial metabolites and PD, we will employ studies on microbial metabolites using plasma and stool samples from control and PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyeon Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dallah Yoo
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.); (T.-B.A.)
| | - Tae-Beom Ahn
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.); (T.-B.A.)
| | - Wonwoong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
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Guo L, Appelman B, Mooij-Kalverda K, Houtkooper RH, van Weeghel M, Vaz FM, Dijkhuis A, Dekker T, Smids BS, Duitman JW, Bugiani M, Brinkman P, Sikkens JJ, Lavell HAA, Wüst RCI, van Vugt M, Lutter R. Prolonged indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 activity and associated cellular stress in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104729. [PMID: 37506544 PMCID: PMC10406961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) encompass fatigue, post-exertional malaise and cognitive problems. The abundant expression of the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2) in fatal/severe COVID-19, led us to determine, in an exploratory observational study, whether IDO2 is expressed and active in PASC, and may correlate with pathophysiology. METHODS Plasma or serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from well-characterized PASC patients and SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without PASC. We assessed tryptophan and its degradation products by UPLC-MS/MS. IDO2 activity, its potential consequences, and the involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in IDO2 expression were determined in PBMC from another PASC cohort by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for IDO2, IDO1, AHR, kynurenine metabolites, autophagy, and apoptosis. These PBMC were also analyzed by metabolomics and for mitochondrial functioning by respirometry. IHC was also performed on autopsy brain material from two PASC patients. FINDINGS IDO2 is expressed and active in PBMC from PASC patients, as well as in brain tissue, long after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is paralleled by autophagy, and in blood cells by reduced mitochondrial functioning, reduced intracellular levels of amino acids and Krebs cycle-related compounds. IDO2 expression and activity is triggered by SARS-CoV-2-infection, but the severity of SARS-CoV-2-induced pathology appears related to the generated specific kynurenine metabolites. Ex vivo, IDO2 expression and autophagy can be halted by an AHR antagonist. INTERPRETATION SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers long-lasting IDO2 expression, which can be halted by an AHR antagonist. The specific kynurenine catabolites may relate to SARS-CoV-2-induced symptoms and pathology. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Guo
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brent Appelman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Mooij-Kalverda
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dijkhuis
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamara Dekker
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara S Smids
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Duitman
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonne J Sikkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H A Ayesha Lavell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michèle van Vugt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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5
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Mrštná K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Švec F. Advances in kynurenine analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2023:117441. [PMID: 37321530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine, the first product of tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway, has become one of the most frequently mentioned biomarkers in recent years. Its levels in the body indicate the state of the human physiology. Human serum and plasma are the main matrixes used to evaluate kynurenine levels and liquid chromatography is the dominant technique for its determination. However, their concentrations in blood do not always correspond to the levels in other matrixes obtained from the affected individuals. It is therefore important to decide when it is appropriate to analyse kynurenine in alternative matrices. However, liquid chromatography may not be the best option for the analysis. This review presents alternatives that can be used and summarizes the features that need to be considered prior to kynurenine determination. Possible approaches to kynurenine analysis in a variety of human matrixes, their challenges, and limitations are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mrštná
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - L Kujovská Krčmová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - F Švec
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Reversed-Phase Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Free Tryptophan in Cold-Pressed Oils. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052395. [PMID: 36903640 PMCID: PMC10005200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A fast and straightforward reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) procedure to determine free tryptophan in vegetable oils was developed. The influence of eight variables affecting the RP-DLLME efficiency has been studied by a multivariate approach. A Plackett-Burman design for screening the most influential variables followed by a central composite response surface methodology led to an optimum RP-DLLME setup for a 1 g oil sample: 9 mL hexane as the diluting solvent, vortex extraction with 0.45 mL of DES (choline chloride-urea) at 40 °C, without addition of salt, and centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 4.0 min. The reconstituted extract was directly injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system working in the diode array mode. At the studied concentration levels, the obtained method detection limits (MDL) was 11 mg/kg, linearity in matrix-matched standards was R2 ≥ 0.997, relative standard deviations (RSD) was 7.8%, and average recovery was 93%. The combined use of the recently developed DES -based RP-DLLME and HPLC provides an innovative, efficient, cost-effective, and more sustainable method for the extraction and quantification of free tryptophan in oily food matrices. The method was employed to analyze cold-pressed oils from nine vegetables (Brazil nut, almond, cashew, hazelnut, peanut, pumpkin, sesame, sunflower, and walnut) for the first time. The results showed that free tryptophan was present in the range of 11-38 mg/100 g. This article is important for its contributions to the field of food analysis, and for its development of a new and efficient method for the determination of free tryptophan in complex matrices, which has the potential to be applied to other analytes and sample types.
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Patel VD, Shamsi SA, Miller A, Liu A. Quantitation of tryptophan and kynurenine in human plasma using 4-vinylphenylboronic acid column by capillary electrochromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:529-539. [PMID: 36718859 PMCID: PMC10129288 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential amino acid catabolized mainly through the kynurenine pathway, and part of it is catabolized in the brain. The abnormal depletion of TRP and production of kynurenine (KYN) by two enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), have been linked to various neurological diseases. The ratio of TRP/KYN in plasma is a valuable measure for IDO/TDO activity and the prognosis of disease conditions. The 4-vinylphenylboronic acid (4-VPBA) was evaluated as a novel stationary phase for OT-CEC-MS/MS. TRP, KYN, and 3-hydroxykynurenine were separated using optimum conditions of 15 mM (NH4 )2 CO3 at pH 8 as a background electrolyte and 25 kV separation voltage on a 90 cm column. The usefulness of the 4-VPBA column for simple, fast, repeatable, and sensitive CEC-ESI-MS/MS application was demonstrated for the quantitation of TRP and KYN in the plasma of healthy human subjects and neuroinflammation subjects. The plasma sample was extracted on a zirconia-based ion-exchange cartridge for simultaneous protein precipitation and phospholipid removal. The method of standard addition, in combination with the internal standards approach, was used to prepare the calibration curve to overcome matrix matching and eliminate procedural errors. The developed quantitation method was validated according to FDA guidelines for sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and extraction recovery. The measured plasma level of TRP and KYN in healthy humans is aligned with the human metabolome database for the same two metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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van Zundert SKM, Griffioen PH, van Rossem L, Willemsen SP, de Rijke YB, van Schaik RHN, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Mirzaian M. Simultaneous quantification of tryptophan metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry during early human pregnancy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:442-451. [PMID: 36458576 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study we describe the development and validation of a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) to quantify five tryptophan (TRP) metabolites within the kynurenine- and serotonin pathway and apply the method to serum samples of women in the first trimester of pregnancy. A secondary aim was to investigate the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the five analytes. METHODS A LC-MS/MS was developed for the analysis of TRP, kynurenine (KYN), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Serum samples (n=374) were analyzed of pregnant women (median gestational age: 8 ± 2 weeks) participating in a subcohort of the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict study). RESULTS The LC-MS/MS method provided satisfactory separation of the five analytes (7 min run). For all analytes R2 was >0.995. Within- and between-run accuracies were 72-97% and 79-104%, and the precisions were all <15% except for the between-run precisions of the low QC-samples of 5-HTP and 5-HT (both 16%). Analyte concentrations were determined in serum samples of pregnant women (median (IQR)); TRP (µmol/L): 57.5 (13.4), KYN (µmol/L): 1.4 (0.4), 5-HTP (nmol/L): 4.1 (1.2), 5-HT (nmol/L): 615 (323.1), and 5-HIAA (nmol/L): 39.9 (17.0). BMI was negatively correlated with TRP, 5-HTP, and 5-HIAA (TRP: r=-0.18, p<0.001; 5-HTP: r=-0.13, p=0.02; natural log of 5-HIAA: r=-0.11, p=0.04), and positively with KYN (r=0.11, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The LC-MS/MS method is able to accurately quantify kynurenine- and serotonin pathway metabolites in pregnant women, providing an opportunity to investigate the role of the TRP metabolism in the (patho)physiology of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie K M van Zundert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter H Griffioen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lenie van Rossem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sten P Willemsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Wang S, Feng R, Chen GJ, Sang YR, Kong L, Yu SX, Tao FB, Liu KY. Simultaneous determination of serum tryptophan metabolites in an older Chinese population. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5512. [PMID: 36101977 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolites exhibit significant biological effects and are strongly associated with age-related disease and mortality. However, reports on quantitatively analyzing these metabolites in older individuals are not available. We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to optimize and validate a method for isotope dilution analysis of TRP metabolites in older individuals. The targeted analytes are TRP, serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, and tryptamine. The serum sample was purified using solid-phase extraction and was separated on a Waters HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The analytes were detected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode under positive ionization. TRP was confirmed and measured after being diluted 100 times. This method exhibited satisfactory linearity (r > 0.99). The intrabatch and interbatch accuracies (85.7-114%) and precisions (<15%) were acceptable. The standard-normalized matrix effects ranged from 51.6 to 145%. This method was successfully applied to a cohort of 1021 older Chinese individuals, and this study may enable further understanding of the metabolic phenotypes associated with TRP in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guan-Jun Chen
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Ru Sang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shui-Xin Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Kai-Yong Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
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10
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Desmons A, Humbert L, Eguether T, Krasniqi P, Rainteau D, Mahdi T, Kapel N, Lamazière A. High performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry quantification of tryptophan metabolites in human serum and stool – application to clinical cohorts in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Easy, fast, and clean fluorescence analysis of tryptophan with clays and graphene/clay mixtures. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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A New Electrochemical Method to Determine Tryptophan in Fruit Juices: Development and Validation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142149. [PMID: 35885391 PMCID: PMC9315539 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid usually found in fruit juices. Its determination is necessary for food companies because of its relation to human health. In this work, a new electrochemical method based on sonogel–carbon electrodes (SNGCEs) was developed and validated using an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method as a reference method for the determination of Trp in fruit juices. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques were applied to investigate the oxidation of Trp on a previously polarized SNGCE surface in a Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer solution at pH 3.6. The operating conditions for electroanalysis were optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD), obtaining an oxidation peak for Trp at 0.749 V. The linear range for this method was from 0.1 to 5 mg/L. The intraday and interday precision, expressed as a relative standard deviation (RSD), were 3.1% and 2.7%, respectively. The average recovery was 99.01%, and the limit of detection and quantitation were 0.33 and 1.09 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, from the quality analytical parameters obtained, it can be concluded that the new electrochemical method can be successfully used for the routine analysis of Trp in fruit juices. As far as we are concerned, this is the first time that a methodology for Trp determination was performed in this kind of real food matrices.
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13
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Gáspár R, Halmi D, Demján V, Berkecz R, Pipicz M, Csont T. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Potential Clinical Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 12:768560. [PMID: 35211110 PMCID: PMC8861075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Several risk factors including unhealthy lifestyle, genetic background, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, age, etc. contribute to the development of coronary atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary artery disease. Inflammation plays an important role in coronary artery disease development and progression. Pro-inflammatory signals promote the degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway resulting in the formation of several immunomodulatory metabolites. An unbalanced kynurenic pathway has been implicated in the pathomechanisms of various diseases including CAD. Significant improvements in detection methods in the last decades may allow simultaneous measurement of multiple metabolites of the kynurenine pathway and such a thorough analysis of the kynurenine pathway may be a valuable tool for risk stratification and determination of CAD prognosis. Nevertheless, imbalance in the activities of different branches of the kynurenine pathway may require careful interpretation. In this review, we aim to summarize clinical evidence supporting a possible use of kynurenine pathway metabolites as clinical biomarkers in various manifestations of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Gáspár
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Halmi
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Virág Demján
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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14
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Dinu A, Apetrei C. A Review of Sensors and Biosensors Modified with Conducting Polymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Used in Electrochemical Detection of Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1218. [PMID: 35163145 PMCID: PMC8835779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the studies on developing sensors and biosensors-with an obvious interdisciplinary character-have drawn the attention of many researchers specializing in various fundamental, but also complex domains such as chemistry, biochemistry, physics, biophysics, biology, bio-pharma-medicine, and bioengineering. Along these lines, the present paper is structured into three parts, and is aimed at synthesizing the most relevant studies on the construction and functioning of versatile devices, of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, respectively. The first part presents examples of the most representative scientific research focusing on the role and the importance of the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan amino acids, selected depending on their chemical structure and their impact on the central nervous system. The second part is dedicated to presenting and exemplifying conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers used as sensitive materials in achieving electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The last part of the review analyzes the sensors and biosensors developed so far to detect amino acids with the aid of conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers from the point of view of the performances obtained, with emphasis on the detection methods, on the electrochemical reactions that take place upon detection, and on the electroanalytical performances. The present study was carried out with a view to highlighting, for the benefit of specialists in medicine and pharmacy, the possibility of achieving and purchasing efficient devices that might be used in the quality control of medicines, as well as in studying and monitoring diseases associated with these amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantin Apetrei
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, RO-800008 Galati, Romania;
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15
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Fukushima T, Umino M, Sakamoto T, Onozato M. A review of chromatographic methods for bioactive tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, and others, in biological fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5308. [PMID: 34978092 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
sKynurenine (KYN) is synthesized from an essential amino acid, tryptophan by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase via N-formyl- KYN in vivo. Subsequently, KYN acts as a precursor of some neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, and an important enzyme co-factor, nicotine adenine dinucleotide. These metabolites of tryptophan are a part of the "kynurenine pathway." In addition, KYN functions as an endogenous ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which acts as a transcription factor. The levels of tryptophan metabolites are important for the assessment of the stage of neurological disorders, and hence, have garnered significant interest for clinical diagnosis. In this review, the detection of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, and other tryptophan metabolites performed via chromatographic methods such as HPLC using UV absorbance, fluorescence, and chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maho Umino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Cuny H, Kristianto E, Hodson MP, Dunwoodie SL. Simultaneous quantification of 26 NAD-related metabolites in plasma, blood, and liver tissue using UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Biochem 2021; 633:114409. [PMID: 34648806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a key metabolic intermediate found in all cells and involved in numerous cellular functions. Perturbances in the NAD metabolome are linked to various diseases such as diabetes and schizophrenia, and to congenital malformations and recurrent miscarriage. Mouse models are central to the investigation of these and other NAD-related conditions because mice can be readily genetically modified and treated with diets with altered concentrations of NAD precursors. Simultaneous quantification of as many metabolites of the NAD metabolome as possible is required to understand which pathways are affected in these disease conditions and what are the functional consequences. Here, we report the development of a fit-for-purpose method to simultaneously quantify 26 NAD-related metabolites and creatinine in mouse plasma, whole blood, and liver tissue using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The included metabolites represent dietary precursors, intermediates, enzymatic cofactors, and excretion products. Sample preparation was optimized for each matrix and included 21 isotope-labeled internal standards. The method reached adequate precision and accuracy for the intended context of use of exploratory pathway-related biomarker discovery in mouse models. The method was tested by determining metabolite concentrations in mice fed a special diet with defined precursor content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Cuny
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| | - Esther Kristianto
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Innovation Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Innovation Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia; Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
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17
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Liang X, Cheng J, Sun J, Yang M, Luo X, Yang H, Wu J, Wang Z, Yue X, Zheng Y. Reduction of immunoreactivity and improvement of the nutritional qualities in cow milk products by enzymatic hydrolysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Liang X, Qian G, Sun J, Yang M, Shi X, Yang H, Wu J, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Yue X. Evaluation of antigenicity and nutritional properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed cow milk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18623. [PMID: 34545177 PMCID: PMC8452708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While enzymatic hydrolysis is an effective method for lowering the antigenicity of cow milk (CM), research regarding the antigenicity and nutritional traits of CM hydrolysate is limited. Here, we evaluated the protein content, amino acid composition, sensory traits, color, flow behavior, and antigenicity of CM following enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis increased the degree of hydrolysis, destroyed allergenic proteins, including casein, β-lactoglobulin, and ɑ-lactalbumin, and significantly increased the content of free amino acids and nutritional quality. In particular, the antigenicity of CM was significantly reduced from 44.05 to 86.55% (P < 0.5). Simultaneously, the taste, color, and flow behavior of CM were altered, the sweetness and richness intensity decreased significantly (P < 0.5), and astringency and bitterness were produced. A slightly darker and more yellow color was observed in CM hydrolysate. In addition, apparent viscosity decreased and shear stress significantly increased with increasing shear rate intensity. The results will provide a solid theoretical foundation for the development of high-quality hypoallergenic dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanlin Qian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongzhou Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 100866, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Development of a Novel Sensor Based on Polypyrrole Doped with Potassium Hexacyanoferrate (II) for Detection of L-Tryptophan in Pharmaceutics. INVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions6030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development of a new sensor with applicability in the determination and quantification of yjr essential amino acid (AA) L-tryptophan (L-TRP) from pharmaceutical products. The proposed sensor is based on a carbon screen-printed electrode (SPCE) modified with the conductor polymer polypyrrole (PPy) doped with potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) (FeCN). For the modification of the SPCE with the PPy doped with FeCN, the chronoamperometry (CA) method was used. For the study of the electrochemical behavior and the sensitive properties of the sensor when detecting L-TRP, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) method was used. This developed electrode has shown a high sensibility, a low detection limit (LOD) of up to 1.05 × 10−7 M, a quantification limit (LOQ) equal to 3.51 × 10−7 M and a wide linearity range between 3.3 × 10−7 M and 1.06 × 10−5 M. The analytical performances of the device were studied for the detection of AA L-TRP from pharmaceutical products, obtaining excellent results. The validation of the electroanalytical method was performed by using the standard method with good results.
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20
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Kato D, Kamata T, Sumimoto M. Electrochemical Detection of Tryptophan Metabolites via Kynurenine Pathway by Using Nanocarbon Films. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Kato
- Health and Medical Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kamata
- Health and Medical Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
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21
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Ghazi A, Le Corre D, Pilati C, Taieb J, Aparicio T, Didelot A, Dedhar S, Mulot C, Le Malicot K, Djouadi F, de Reynies A, Launay JM, Laurent-Puig P, Mouillet-Richard S. Prognostic value of the PrP C-ILK-IDO1 axis in the mesenchymal colorectal cancer subtype. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1940674. [PMID: 34249475 PMCID: PMC8244775 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1940674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CMS4 mesenchymal subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to treatment. The cellular prion protein PrPC is overexpressed in CMS4 tumors and controls the expression of a panel of CMS4-specific genes in CRC cell lines. Here, we sought to investigate PrPC downstream pathways that may underlie its role in CMS4 CRC. By combining gene set enrichment analyses and gain and loss of function approaches in CRC cell lines, we identify the integrin-linked kinase ILK as a proximal effector of PrPC that mediates its control on the CMS4 phenotype. We further leveraged three independent large CRC cohorts to assess correlations in gene expression pattern with patient outcomes and found that ILK is overexpressed in CMS4 mesenchymal tumors and confers a poor prognosis, especially when combined with high expression of the PrPC encoding gene PRNP. Of note, we discovered that the PrPC-ILK signaling axis controls the expression and activity of the tryptophan metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase IDO1, a key player in immune tolerance. In addition, we monitored alterations in the levels of tryptophan and its metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in the plasma of metastatic CRC patients (n = 325) and we highlight their prognostic value in combination with plasma PrPC levels. Thus, the PrPC-ILK-IDO1 axis plays a key role in the mesenchymal subtype of CRC. PrPC and IDO1-targeted strategies may represent new avenues for patient stratification and treatment in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ghazi
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Le Corre
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camilla Pilati
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology and GI Oncology, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Aparicio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Didelot
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Claire Mulot
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karine Le Malicot
- Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive, Epicad Inserm, Université de Bourgogne et and Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fatima Djouadi
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reynies
- Programme carte d'identité des tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP Service de Biochimie, INSERM U942 Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.,Pharma Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Biology, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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22
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Sadok I, Jędruchniewicz K, Rawicz-Pruszyński K, Staniszewska M. UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Quantification of Relevant Substrates and Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway Present in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid from Gastric Cancer Patients-Method Development and Validation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6972. [PMID: 34203517 PMCID: PMC8269001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites and enzymes involved in the kynurenine pathway (KP) are highly promising targets for cancer treatment, including gastrointestinal tract diseases. Thus, accurate quantification of these compounds in body fluids becomes increasingly important. The aim of this study was the development and validation of the UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS methods for targeted quantification of biologically important KP substrates (tryptophan and nicotinamide) and metabolites(kynurenines) in samples of serum and peritoneal fluid from gastric cancer patients. The serum samples were simply pretreated with trichloroacetic acid to precipitate proteins. The peritoneal fluid was purified by solid-phase extraction before analysis. Validation was carried out for both matrices independently. Analysis of the samples from gastric cancer patients showed different accumulations of tryptophan and its metabolites in different biofluids of the same patient. The protocols will be used for the evaluation of tryptophan and kynurenines in blood and peritoneal fluid to determine correlation with the clinicopathological status of gastric cancer or the disease's prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; (I.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Jędruchniewicz
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; (I.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Karol Rawicz-Pruszyński
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 13, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Staniszewska
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; (I.S.); (K.J.)
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23
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Beloborodova NV, Chernevskaya EA, Getsina ML. Indolic Structure Metabolites as Potential Biomarkers of Non-infectious Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:238-249. [PMID: 33092503 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201022121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interest in indolic structure metabolites, including a number of products of microbial biotransformation of the aromatic amino acid tryptophan, is increasingly growing. The review prepared by a team of authors is based on in-depthscrutiny of data available in PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka, Clinical Trials, and Cochrane Library, eventually narrowing the search to a set of keywords such as tryptophan metabolites; plasma metabolomics profiling; metabolomics fingerprinting; gas-, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; serotonin; melatonin; tryptamine; indoxyl sulfate; indole-3-acetic acid; indole-3-propionic acid; 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid; gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. It provides a summary that outlines the pattern of changes in the level of indolic structure metabolites in a number of diseases and deals with the data from the field of human microbiota metabolites. In modern experimental studies, including the use of gnotobiological (germ-free) animals, it has been convincingly proved that the formation of tryptophan metabolites such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, tryptamine, and indoxyl sulfate is associated with gut bacteria. Attention to some concentration changes of indolic compounds is due to the fact that pronounced deviations and a significant decrease of these metabolites in the blood were found in a number of serious cardiovascular, brain or gastrointestinal diseases. The literature-based analysis allowed the authors to conclude that a constant (normal) level of the main metabolites of the indolic structure in the human body is maintained by a few strict anaerobic bacteria from the gut of a healthy body belonging to the species of Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Eubacteria, etc. The authors focus on several metabolites of the indolic structure that can be called clinically significant in certain diseases, such as schizophrenia, depression, atherosclerosis, colorectal cancer, etc. Determining the level of indole metabolites in the blood can be used to diagnose and monitor the effectiveness of a comprehensive treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Beloborodova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Petrovka 25, bild 2, Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Chernevskaya
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Petrovka 25, bild 2, Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation
| | - Maria L Getsina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Petrovka 25, bild 2, Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation
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24
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Falabrègue M, Boschat AC, Jouffroy R, Derquennes M, Djemai H, Sanquer S, Barouki R, Coumoul X, Toussaint JF, Hermine O, Noirez P, Côté F. Lack of Skeletal Muscle Serotonin Impairs Physical Performance. Int J Tryptophan Res 2021; 14:11786469211003109. [PMID: 33814916 PMCID: PMC7989111 DOI: 10.1177/11786469211003109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin have been associated with the onset of depression. While traditional treatments include antidepressants, physical exercise has emerged as an alternative for patients with depressive disorders. Yet there remains the fundamental question of how exercise is sensed by the brain. The existence of a muscle–brain endocrine loop has been proposed: according to this scenario, exercise modulates metabolization of tryptophan into kynurenine within skeletal muscle, which in turn affects the brain, enhancing resistance to depression. But the breakdown of tryptophan into kynurenine during exercise may also alter serotonin synthesis and help limit depression. In this study, we investigated whether peripheral serotonin might play a role in muscle–brain communication permitting adaptation for endurance training. We first quantified tryptophan metabolites in the blood of 4 trained athletes before and after a long-distance trail race and correlated changes in tryptophan metabolism with physical performance. In parallel, to assess exercise capacity and endurance in trained control and peripheral serotonin–deficient mice, we used a treadmill incremental test. Peripheral serotonin–deficient mice exhibited a significant drop in physical performance despite endurance training. Brain levels of tryptophan metabolites were similar in wild-type and peripheral serotonin–deficient animals, and no products of muscle-induced tryptophan metabolism were found in the plasma or brains of peripheral serotonin–deficient mice. But mass spectrometric analyses revealed a significant decrease in levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the main serotonin metabolite, in both the soleus and plantaris muscles, demonstrating that metabolization of tryptophan into serotonin in muscles is essential for adaptation to endurance training. In light of these findings, the breakdown of tryptophan into peripheral but not brain serotonin appears to be the rate-limiting step for muscle adaptation to endurance training. The data suggest that there is a peripheral mechanism responsible for the positive effects of exercise, and that muscles are secretory organs with autocrine-paracrine roles in which serotonin has a local effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Falabrègue
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (EA 7329), Paris, France.,GR-Ex, Université de Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163-ERL8254, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claire Boschat
- Université de Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163-ERL8254, Paris, France.,Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Romain Jouffroy
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (EA 7329), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France
| | - Marieke Derquennes
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (EA 7329), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France
| | - Haidar Djemai
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (EA 7329), Paris, France.,GR-Ex, Université de Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France.,National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université de Paris, France
| | - Sylvia Sanquer
- Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université de Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université de Paris, France.,Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université de Paris, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Université de Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université de Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (EA 7329), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France.,National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- GR-Ex, Université de Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163-ERL8254, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, Hôpital Necker AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Noirez
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (EA 7329), Paris, France.,GR-Ex, Université de Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France.,National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université de Paris, France.,Department of Exercise Science, UQAM, Canada.,Performance and Metabolism in Mice Research Facility, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Francine Côté
- GR-Ex, Université de Paris, France.,Université de Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163-ERL8254, Paris, France
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25
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Dheepthi GunaVathana S, Wilson J, Prashanthi R, Cyrac Peter A. CuO nanoflakes anchored polythiophene nanocomposite: Voltammetric detection of L-Tryptophan. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Novel chiral voltammetric sensor for tryptophan enantiomers based on 3-neomenthylindene as recognition element. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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WITHDRAWN: Enzymatic hydrolysis effects on immunoreactivity and nutritional quality of natural cow milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Maffei ME. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E181. [PMID: 33375373 PMCID: PMC7796270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo E Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
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29
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Fanciulli G, Ruggeri RM, Grossrubatscher E, Calzo FL, Wood TD, Faggiano A, Isidori A, Colao A. Serotonin pathway in carcinoid syndrome: Clinical, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:599-612. [PMID: 32152781 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoid syndrome represents the most common functional syndrome that affects patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms. Its clinical presentation is really heterogeneous, ranging from mild and often misdiagnosed symptoms to severe manifestations, that significantly worsen the patient's quality of life, such as difficult-to-control diarrhoea and fibrotic complications. Serotonin pathway alteration plays a central role in the pathophysiology of carcinoid syndrome, accounting for most clinical manifestations and providing diagnostic tools. Serotonin pathway is complex, resulting in production of biologically active molecules such as serotonin and melatonin, as well as of different intermediate molecules and final metabolites. These activities require site- and tissue-specific catalytic enzymes. Variable expression and activities of these enzymes result in different clinical pictures, according to primary site of origin of the tumour. At the same time, the biochemical diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome could be difficult even in case of typical symptoms. Therefore, the accuracy of the diagnostic methods of assessment should be improved, also attenuating the impact of confounding factors and maybe considering new serotonin precursors or metabolites as diagnostic markers. Finally, the prognostic role of serotonin markers has been only evaluated for its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid but, due to heterogeneous and biased study designs, no definitive conclusions have been achieved. The most recent progress is represented by the new therapeutic agent telotristat, an inhibitor of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, which blocks the conversion of tryptophan in 5-hydroxy-tryptophan. The present review investigates the clinical significance of serotonin pathway in carcinoid syndrome, considering its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanciulli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari - Endocrine Unit, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosaria M Ruggeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Lo Calzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Troy D Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrea Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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LC-QTOF/MS determination of tryptophan and kynurenine in infant formulas. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113619. [PMID: 32942102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable and sensitive liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for the determination of tryptophan and its metabolite kynurenine in milk formulas for neonates and infants was developed and validated. Two extraction techniques based on EMR Lipid QuEChERS and liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether to extract lipids and methanol to precipitate the protein were tested and compared. Four different infant formula products were randomly selected and evaluated for the effect of co-extracted matrix components on the quantitative analysis results. The influence of matrix components on analytical signals was normalized by the use of stable isotope-labeled standards and matrix-matched calibration. The developed method was found to be sensitive and effective for both analytes in all the examined infant formulas with satisfactory linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9995), recovery in the range of 75.7% ± 4.5 - 99.0% ± 1.1, and intra- and inter-day precision with the coefficient of variation below 6.3% and 17.9%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for both compounds differed significantly between the examined formulas. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be in the range of 2.18-9.85 μg/g and 6.61-29.84 μg/g for the determination of tryptophan and in the range of 0.21-2.71 μg/g and 0.63-8.23 μg/g for the determination of kynurenine, respectively. The method was proved to be suitable for the determination of tryptophan and kynurenine in infant formulas, and it can be used to study the link between tryptophan metabolism via kynurenine pathway and metabolic disorders in infants.
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31
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Guenin-Macé L, Morel JD, Doisne JM, Schiavo A, Boulet L, Mayau V, Goncalves P, Duchatelet S, Hovnanian A, Bondet V, Duffy D, Ungeheuer MN, Delage M, Nassif A, Di Santo JP, Demangel C. Dysregulation of tryptophan catabolism at the host-skin microbiota interface in hidradenitis suppurativa. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140598. [PMID: 32970636 PMCID: PMC7605522 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disorder of unknown etiology that manifests as recurrent, painful lesions. Cutaneous dysbiosis and unresolved inflammation are hallmarks of active HS, but their origin and interplay remain unclear. Our metabolomic profiling of HS skin revealed an abnormal induction of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism in dermal fibroblasts, correlating with the release of kynurenine pathway–inducing cytokines by inflammatory cell infiltrates. Notably, overactivation of the kynurenine pathway in lesional skin was associated with local and systemic depletion in tryptophan. Yet the skin microbiota normally degrades host tryptophan into indoles regulating tissue inflammation via engagement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In HS skin lesions, we detected contextual defects in AHR activation coinciding with impaired production of bacteria-derived AHR agonists and decreased incidence of AHR ligand-producing bacteria in the resident flora. Dysregulation of tryptophan catabolism at the skin-microbiota interface thus provides a mechanism linking the immunological and microbiological features of HS lesions. In addition to revealing metabolic alterations in patients with HS, our study suggests that correcting AHR signaling would help restore immune homeostasis in HS skin. Loss of homeostasis of tryptophan metabolism at the host-microbiota interface may contribute to Hidradenitis Suppurativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Guenin-Macé
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Jean-David Morel
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France.,Université Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Doisne
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Angèle Schiavo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Lysiane Boulet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Véronique Mayau
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Goncalves
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Duchatelet
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | | | - Maïa Delage
- Centre Médical, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aude Nassif
- Centre Médical, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
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32
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Lee SH, Mahendran R, Tham SM, Thamboo TP, Chionh BJ, Lim YX, Tsang WC, Wu QH, Chia JY, Tay MHW, Goh BYS, Chen KW, Mallari JZ, Periaswami R, Raman L, Choo SN, Kioh DYQ, Chiong E, Esuvaranathan K, Chan ECY. Tryptophan-kynurenine ratio as a biomarker of bladder cancer. BJU Int 2020; 127:445-453. [PMID: 32794357 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate plasma and urinary kynurenine (KYN)-tryptophan (TRP) ratios in bladder cancer, expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in relation to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) in bladder tumour, and the correlation of KYN-TRP ratio with bladder tumour burden. METHODS Metabotyping of the TRP-KYN metabolic axis was performed via a clinical case-control study. Expression of IDO1 and TDO2 was measured in human biopsied tissues. Correlational experiments between KYN-TRP ratio and bladder tumour were performed using a murine orthotopic prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-secreting MB49 bladder cancer model. RESULTS We established for the first time that plasma TRP level was significantly decreased, while both plasma and urinary KYN-TRP ratios were significantly higher in bladder cancer patients, and expression level of IDO1 but not TDO2 was increased in human bladder tumour. We reported the positive correlation between IDO1 expression, KYN-TRP ratio, normalized PSA to creatinine, and bladder tumour burden in the murine model. CONCLUSION Kynurenine-tryptophan ratio is a promising surveillance biomarker for bladder cancer, but would require further validation before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Han Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Sin Mun Tham
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | | | - Billy Jianhao Chionh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yi Xin Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Woon Chau Tsang
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Qing Hui Wu
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Jun Yang Chia
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Melissa Hui Wen Tay
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Yen Seow Goh
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kelven Weijing Chen
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Jeane Zepeda Mallari
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Revathi Periaswami
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Lata Raman
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shoa Nian Choo
- Department of Urology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Dorinda Yan Qin Kioh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kesavan Esuvaranathan
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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33
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Boulet L, Besson G, Van Noolen L, Faure P, Maillot F, Corne C. Tryptophan metabolism in phenylketonuria: A French adult cohort study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:944-951. [PMID: 32392388 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many similarities between tryptophan (Trp) and phenylalanine (Phe) metabolisms exist. It is possible that a modification of Trp metabolism might be seen in phenylketonuria (PKU). As some of these metabolites have neuroactive properties, they should be consider in neurological impairment seen in this pathology and not totally explained by blood Phe concentrations. One hundred and fifty-one adult PKU patients (mean age 26.8 years) were included for this study. Plasma Trp, kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenic acid (3HK), and kynurenic acid (KA) were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. KYN and 3HK were significantly lower in PKU patients compared to general population (P < .0001), and KA was significantly enhanced is this population (P = .009). Furthermore, 3HK concentration was significantly different between PKU patients underwent controlled low-Phe diet compared to PKU patients without this diet (P = .0016). In PKU patients with diet, taking AA substitute enable higher plasma 3HK concentration than without (P = .0008) but still not reaching general population level (P < .0001). Although further study has to be done, it is clear that Trp metabolism is modified in adult PKU patients. An exploration of complete Trp metabolism, and not only Trp concentration, is needed in PKU population, but also in other inborn error of metabolism treated with hypoprotidic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysiane Boulet
- Laboratoire des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
| | - Gérard Besson
- Service de Neurologie Générale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord, La Tronche, France
| | - Laetitia Van Noolen
- Laboratoire des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
| | - Patrice Faure
- Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
| | - François Maillot
- CHRU de Tours, médecine interne, université de Tours, INSERM 1253, Tours, France
| | - Christelle Corne
- Laboratoire des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
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34
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Yıldız C, Eskiköy Bayraktepe D, Yazan Z. Electrochemical low-level detection of l-tryptophan in human urine samples: use of pencil graphite leads as electrodes for a fast and cost-effective voltammetric method. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Deloule V, Boisset C, Hannani D, Suau A, Le Gouellec A, Chroboczek J, Botté C, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Chirat C, Toussaint B. Prebiotic role of softwood hemicellulose in healthy mice model. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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36
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He Q, Li M, Wang X, Xia Z, Du Y, Li Y, Wei L, Shang J. A simple, efficient and rapid HPLC-UV method for the detection of 5-HT in RIN-14B cell extract and cell culture medium. BMC Chem 2019; 13:76. [PMID: 31384823 PMCID: PMC6661732 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (also known as 5-HT, serotonin) is one of the monoamine neurotransmitters which is distributed widely in plasma and brain of mammals and plays important roles in physiological manipulations. In the present method, we describe the development of a simple, efficient and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detector for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 5-HT in both cell extract and cell culture medium (RIN-14B). The experiments use repeated freeze-thaw cycles followed by centrifugation and direct injection of the supernatant into the chromatography. An analytical C18 column (Agilent Zorbax Extend, 4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm.) was taken for chromatographic separation; the mobile phase was 0.05 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)/acetonitrile (90:10 v/v). Isocratic elution is established at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The time required for this chromatographic run is 8 min. Over the concentration range of 0.1-10 μg/mL, the calibration curve is linear in this method. Other unique characteristics and advantages include high accuracy (92.02-103.28%) and high precision (intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation ≤ 4.69%). This method is applicable for the investigation of drug/condition-response relationships in the function of synthesis and secretion of 5-HT in cultured RIN-14B cells in various in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang He
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eQinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000 0004 1797 8419grid.410726.6University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Maoru Li
- 0000 0000 9776 7793grid.254147.1State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21198 China
- 0000 0000 9776 7793grid.254147.1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198 China
- 0000 0000 9776 7793grid.254147.1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198 China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- 0000 0000 9776 7793grid.254147.1State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21198 China
| | - Zhenjiang Xia
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eQinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000 0004 1797 8419grid.410726.6University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yuzhi Du
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eQinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
| | - Yan Li
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eQinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000 0004 1797 8419grid.410726.6University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Lixin Wei
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eQinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
| | - Jing Shang
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eQinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, 810008 Qinghai China
- 0000 0000 9776 7793grid.254147.1State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21198 China
- 0000 0000 9776 7793grid.254147.1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198 China
- 0000 0000 9776 7793grid.254147.1School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198 China
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KARAKAWA S, NISHIMOTO R, HARADA M, ARASHIDA N, NAKAYAMA A. Simultaneous Analysis of Tryptophan and Its Metabolites in Human Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP), an essential amino acid in mammals, is involved in several physiological processes including neuronal function, immunity, and gut homeostasis. In humans, TRP is metabolized via the kynurenine and serotonin pathways, leading to the generation of biologically active compounds, such as serotonin, melatonin and niacin. In addition to endogenous TRP metabolism, resident gut microbiota also contributes to the production of specific TRP metabolites and indirectly influences host physiology. The variety of physiologic functions regulated by TRP reflects the complex pattern of diseases associated with altered homeostasis. Indeed, an imbalance in the synthesis of TRP metabolites has been associated with pathophysiologic mechanisms occurring in neurologic and psychiatric disorders, in chronic immune activation and in the immune escape of cancer. In this chapter, the role of TRP metabolism in health and disease is presented. Disorders involving the central nervous system, malignancy, inflammatory bowel and cardiovascular disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Comai
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonella Bertazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Brughera
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Crotti
- Institute of Paediatric Research-Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy.
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van Faassen M, Bouma G, de Hosson LD, Peters MAM, Kats-Ugurlu G, de Vries EGE, Walenkamp AME, Kema IP. Quantitative Profiling of Platelet-Rich Plasma Indole Markers by Direct-Matrix Derivatization Combined with LC-MS/MS in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1388-1396. [PMID: 31551315 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.305359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, several indole markers are measured separately to support diagnosis and follow-up of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We have developed a sensitive mass spectrometry method that simultaneously quantifies all relevant tryptophan-related indoles (tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in platelet-rich plasma. Direct-matrix derivatization was used to make the chemical properties of the indoles uniform and to improve the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the assay. METHODS In situ derivatization was performed directly in platelet-rich plasma with propionic anhydride at an ambient temperature. The derivatized indoles were extracted by online solid-phase extraction and eluted to the analytical column for separation followed by mass spectrometric detection. The method was validated according to international guidelines. Platelet-rich plasma samples from 68 healthy individuals and 40 NET patients were analyzed for tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. RESULTS The method reproducibly quantified relevant indoles in 8.5 min, including online sample cleanup. Intra- and interassay imprecision, evaluated at 3 different concentrations, ranged from 2.0% to 12% and 1.9% to 13%, respectively. The limit of quantification was sufficient to measure endogenous concentrations of all 4 indoles. Healthy individuals and NET patients had different concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, but tryptophan concentrations were the same. CONCLUSIONS Direct-matrix derivatization in combination with LC-MS/MS is a powerful tool for the simultaneous quantification of all tryptophan-related indoles in platelet-rich plasma. Simultaneous profiling of relevant indoles improves the biochemical characterization and follow-up of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Grytsje Bouma
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte D de Hosson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes A M Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gursah Kats-Ugurlu
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;
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40
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Prongmanee W, Alam I, Asanithi P. Hydroxyapatite/Graphene oxide composite for electrochemical detection of L-Tryptophan. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Application of the optimized and validated LC-MS method for simultaneous quantification of tryptophan metabolites in culture medium from cancer cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112805. [PMID: 31415991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan degradation generating a number of immunoregulatory compounds. Some conditions like oxidative stress, inflammatory factors might enhance tryptophan degradation. Process is active in several cells including fibroblasts, cancer cells, and immune cells, therefore it is intensively studied in context of cancer microenvironment. The validated and standardized methodology for kynurenine quantification is crucial for reliable comparison of results obtained in different studies. This paper concerns an approach for simultaneous quantification of four major tryptophan metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) in cell culture supernatants by liquid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometer. During development of the novel method, the principal component analysis was used to select the best mobile phase and to ensure the optimal conditions for simultaneous quantification of metabolites. The analysis involves simple protein precipitation with acidified methanol and 3-nitrotyrosine as an internal standard. The obtained limits of detection and quantification in cell culture medium were in the range of 3.31-10.80 nmol/L and 9.60-19.50 nmol/L, respectively. At the validation step, other method parameters (linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effects) were also evaluated and satisfactory results were obtained for all target compounds. The method was applied to study tryptophan metabolites by determination of kynurenines in cell culture medium from two different human cancer cell lines (MDA-MD-231 and SK-OV-3) in context of exposure to glycation products.
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Perquis L, Ta HY, Ong‐Meang V, Poinso A, Collin F, Poinsot V, Couderc F. Capillary electrophoresis/visible‐LED induced fluorescence of tryptophan: What's new? Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2342-2348. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Perquis
- Laboratoire des IMRCPUniversité de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Hai Yen Ta
- Laboratoire des IMRCPUniversité de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong‐Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCPUniversité de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Alix Poinso
- Laboratoire des IMRCPUniversité de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Fabrice Collin
- Laboratoire des IMRCPUniversité de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Véréna Poinsot
- I2MCUniversité de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCPUniversité de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul Sabatier Toulouse Cedex France
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Plenis A, Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Miękus N, Bączek T. Recent Trends in the Quantification of Biogenic Amines in Biofluids as Biomarkers of Various Disorders: A Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E640. [PMID: 31075927 PMCID: PMC6572256 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs) are bioactive endogenous compounds which play a significant physiological role in many cell processes like cell proliferation and differentiation, signal transduction and membrane stability. Likewise, they are important in the regulation of body temperature, the increase/decrease of blood pressure or intake of nutrition, as well as in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, hormones and alkaloids. Additionally, it was confirmed that these compounds can be considered as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of several neuroendocrine and cardiovascular disorders, including neuroendocrine tumours (NET), schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease. Due to the fact that BAs are chemically unstable, light-sensitive and possess a high tendency for spontaneous oxidation and decomposition at high pH values, their determination is a real challenge. Moreover, their concentrations in biological matrices are extremely low. These issues make the measurement of BA levels in biological matrices problematic and the application of reliable bioanalytical methods for the extraction and determination of these molecules is needed. This article presents an overview of the most recent trends in the quantification of BAs in human samples with a special focus on liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. Thus, new approaches and technical possibilities applied in these methodologies for the assessment of BA profiles in human samples and the priorities for future research are reported and critically discussed. Moreover, the most important applications of LC, GC and CE in pharmacology, psychology, oncology and clinical endocrinology in the area of the analysis of BAs for the diagnosis, follow-up and monitoring of the therapy of various health disorders are presented and critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Natalia Miękus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Atsumi M, Mawatari KI, Morooka A, Yasuda M, Fukuuchi T, Yamaoka N, Kaneko K, Nakagomi K, Oku N. Simultaneous Determination of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Photoirradiation System Using a Mobile Phase Containing 18-crown-6. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919834551. [PMID: 30899151 PMCID: PMC6419243 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919834551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system has been developed for the fluorometric determination of kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA) in human serum using a mobile phase containing 18-crown-6. A retention time of KYNA was adjusted with pH of phosphate buffer in 18-crown-6. KYN and KYNA were separated on a CAPCELLPAK C18 (250 × 4.6 mm i.d.). The mobile phase consisted of 35 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 8.0)/methanol (85/15, v/v) containing 35 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide and 10 mmol/L 18-crown-6. The retention times of KYN and KYNA were 18and 24 minutes, respectively. The calibration graphs of KYN and KYNA were linear over the range 180 to 2900 and 1 to 84 nmol/L by injecting a 50-μL volume of KYN and KYNA, respectively. Pretreatment of serum was achieved by deproteinization only. The mean recoveries of KYN and KYNA from serum were more than 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akari Morooka
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Noriko Yamaoka
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kaneko
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Oku
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Wang LS, Zhang MD, Tao X, Zhou YF, Liu XM, Pan RL, Liao YH, Chang Q. LC-MS/MS-based quantification of tryptophan metabolites and neurotransmitters in the serum and brain of mice. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1112:24-32. [PMID: 30836315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
l-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolites and related neurotransmitters play crucial roles in physiological functions, and their imbalances are implicated in the pathology of depression, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases. Measurement of Trp metabolites and related neurotransmitters possesses a great potential to elucidate the disease mechanisms and evaluate the outcomes of therapeutic interventions. A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of Trp, l-kynurenine (Kyn), kynurenic acid (Kyna), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE), l-glutamic acid (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in mice serum and the brain tissues in a single chromatographic run. Samples were spiked with the internal standard, mixed with trifluoroacetic acid to precipitate protein and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Restek Ultra Aqueous C18 column in combination with a gradient elution within 8 min. Mass spectrometric detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring with electrospray ionization source in positive mode. The method exhibited good selectivity and correlation coefficient values for the calibration curves of each analyte were >0.99. The limit of detection and quantification ranged from 0.96 to 24.48 nmol/L and 3.42 to 244.82 nmol/L, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision were ≤13.92%. All analytes were stable in prepared samples at room temperature in the autosampler for 24 h. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of biological samples from control and chronic mild stress (CMS) induced depression mice. It was found that Kyn and 3-HK pathways were enhanced by CMS, while the levels of Trp, Kyna, 5-HIAA, Glu, GABA and ACh were significantly reduced. The changes in 5-HT and NE levels were not uniform in the periphery and the brain. This method can therefore be applied to analyze Trp metabolites and related neurotransmitters levels to monitor disease states, study the mechanisms and outcomes of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meng-Di Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Tao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun-Feng Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui-Le Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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46
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Isenberg SL, Carter MD, Miller MA, Noras AI, Mojica MA, Carlson ST, Bulathsinghala CP, Thomas JD, Johnson RC. Quantification of Ricinine and Abrine in Human Plasma by HPLC-MS-MS: Biomarkers of Exposure to Ricin and Abrin. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:630-636. [PMID: 29931062 PMCID: PMC6214751 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin and abrin are toxic ribosome-inactivating proteins found in plants. Exposure to these toxins can be detected using the biomarkers ricinine and abrine, which are present in the same plant sources as the toxins. The concentration of the biomarkers in urine and blood will be dependent upon the purification of abrin or ricin, the route of exposure, and the length of time between exposure and sample collection. Here, we present the first diagnostic assay for the simultaneous quantification of both ricinine and abrine in blood matrices. Furthermore, this is the first-ever method for the detection of abrine in blood products. Samples were processed by isotope-dilution, solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation and quantification by HPLC-MS-MS. This analytical method detects abrine from 5.00 to 500 ng/mL and ricinine from 0.300 to 300 ng/mL with coefficients of determination of 0.996 ± 0.003 and 0.998 ± 0.002 (n = 22), respectively. Quality control material accuracy was determined to have <10% relative error, and precision was within 19% relative standard deviation. The assay's time-to-first result is three hours including sample preparation. Furthermore, the method was applied for the quantification of ricinine in the blood of a patient who had intentionally ingested castor beans to demonstrate the test was fit-for-purpose. This assay was designed to support the diagnosis of ricin and abrin exposures in public health investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Isenberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Melissa D. Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael A. Miller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M, Christus Spohn Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Corpus Christi, TX
| | - Aleksandra I. Noras
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mike A. Mojica
- Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sean T. Carlson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M, Christus Spohn Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Corpus Christi, TX
| | | | - Jerry D. Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Burla B, Arita M, Arita M, Bendt AK, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Dennis EA, Ekroos K, Han X, Ikeda K, Liebisch G, Lin MK, Loh TP, Meikle PJ, Orešič M, Quehenberger O, Shevchenko A, Torta F, Wakelam MJO, Wheelock CE, Wenk MR. MS-based lipidomics of human blood plasma: a community-initiated position paper to develop accepted guidelines. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2001-2017. [PMID: 30115755 PMCID: PMC6168311 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s087163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood is a self-regenerating lipid-rich biological fluid that is routinely collected in hospital settings. The inventory of lipid molecules found in blood plasma (plasma lipidome) offers insights into individual metabolism and physiology in health and disease. Disturbances in the plasma lipidome also occur in conditions that are not directly linked to lipid metabolism; therefore, plasma lipidomics based on MS is an emerging tool in an array of clinical diagnostics and disease management. However, challenges exist in the translation of such lipidomic data to clinical applications. These relate to the reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of lipid quantitation, study design, sample handling, and data sharing. This position paper emerged from a workshop that initiated a community-led process to elaborate and define a set of generally accepted guidelines for quantitative MS-based lipidomics of blood plasma or serum, with harmonization of data acquired on different instrumentation platforms across independent laboratories as an ultimate goal. We hope that other fields may benefit from and follow such a precedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Burla
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anne K Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd., Esbo, Finland
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine-Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michelle K Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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48
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Du TT, Cui T, Qiu HM, Wang NR, Huang D, Jiang XH. Simultaneous determination of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and two monoamines in rat plasma by HPLC-ECD/DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:8-14. [PMID: 29843007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method with a diode array and an electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD/DAD) was developed to determine the levels of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in rat plasma. The prepared samples were separated on a BDS column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 mm) with column oven temperature of 25 °C. The mobile phase consisted of 5% acetonitrile and a buffer solution, which contained 25 mmol/L sodium acetate and 0.01 mmol/L EDTA, adjusting pH to 4.5 with acetic acid, and it was pumped at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min. KYN and KYA were measured by a variable wavelength detector at wavelengths 360 nm and 333 nm respectively, TRP and vanillic acid (as IS) both were measured at 280 nm. Determination of 5-HT and 5-HIAA was accomplished at the electrochemical working potential of 700 mV. Total run time was 14 min. Several parameters of the developed method were validated including linearity, accuracy precision, and stability. The results showed the established method had good LOD and separation for all of the five compounds and IS in the biological matrix. The method is simple, fast, economical and accurate. The analytical method and the results could provide a reference for the clinical and scientific research of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Du
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ting Cui
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Hong-Mei Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | | | - Dan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin-Hui Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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49
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Szeitz A, Bandiera SM. Analysis and measurement of serotonin. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Stelvio M. Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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