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Kolehmainen P, Huttunen M, Iakubovskaia A, Maljanen S, Tauriainen S, Yatkin E, Pasternack A, Naves R, Toivonen L, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Lempainen J, Peltola V, Waris M, Kakkola L, Ritvos O, Julkunen I. Coronavirus spike protein-specific antibodies indicate frequent infections and reinfections in infancy and among BNT162b2-vaccinated healthcare workers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8416. [PMID: 37225867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) infections in early childhood and adults has not been well analyzed in longitudinal serological studies. Here we analyzed the changes in HCoV (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2) spike-specific antibody levels in follow-up serum specimens of 140 children at the age of 1, 2, and 3 years, and of 113 healthcare workers vaccinated for Covid-19 with BNT162b2-vaccine. IgG antibody levels against six recombinant HCoV spike subunit 1 (S1) proteins were measured by enzyme immunoassay. We show that by the age of three years the cumulative seropositivity for seasonal HCoVs increased to 38-81% depending on virus type. BNT162b2 vaccinations increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibodies, but no increase in seasonal coronavirus antibodies associated with vaccinations. In healthcare workers (HCWs), during a 1-year follow-up, diagnostic antibody rises were seen in 5, 4 and 14% of the cases against 229E, NL63 and OC43 viruses, respectively, correlating well with the circulating HCoVs. In 6% of the HCWs, a diagnostic antibody rise was seen against S1 of HKU1, however, these rises coincided with anti-OC43 S1 antibody rises. Rabbit and guinea pig immune sera against HCoV S1 proteins indicated immunological cross-reactivity within alpha-CoV (229E and NL63) and beta-CoV (HKU1 and OC43) genera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alina Iakubovskaia
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Emrah Yatkin
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arja Pasternack
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauno Naves
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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2
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Impact of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection on Immunoglobulin-IgG Cross-Reactivity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030552. [PMID: 36992136 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a considerable threat to public health and global economies. SARS-CoV-2 has largely affected a vast world population and was declared a COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, with a substantial surge of SARS-CoV-2 infection affecting all aspects of the virus’ natural course of infection and immunity. The cross-reactivity between the different coronaviruses is still a knowledge gap in the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study aimed to investigate the impact of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viral infections on immunoglobulin-IgG cross-reactivity. Our retrospective cohort study hypothesized the possible reactivation of immunity in individuals with a history of infection to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) when infected with SARS-CoV-2. The total number of participants included was 34; among them, 22 (64.7%) were males, and 12 (35.29%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 40.3 ± 12.9 years. This study compared immunoglobulin (IgG) levels against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV across various groups with various histories of infection. The results showed that a reactive borderline IgG against both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in participants with past infection to both viruses was 40% compared with 37.5% among those with past infection with MERS-CoV alone. Our study results establish that individuals infected with both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV showed higher MERS-CoV IgG levels compared with those of individuals infected previously with MERS-CoV alone and compared with those of individuals in the control. The results further highlight cross-adaptive immunity between MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Our study concludes that individuals with previous infections with both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed significantly higher MERS-CoV IgG levels compared with those of individuals infected only with MERS-CoV and compared with those of individuals in the control, suggesting cross-adaptive immunity between MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
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Sayama Y, Okamoto M, Saito M, Saito-Obata M, Tamaki R, Joboco CD, Lupisan S, Oshitani H. Seroprevalence of four endemic human coronaviruses and, reactivity and neutralization capability against SARS-CoV-2 among children in the Philippines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2310. [PMID: 36759702 PMCID: PMC9909632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV), HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43, are closely related to SARS-CoV-2. These coronaviruses are known to infect humans living in temperate areas, including children under 5 years old; however, the seroprevalence of four HCoVs among children in tropical areas, including the Philippines, remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against four HCoVs and to determine the reactivity and neutralization of these antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among children in the Philippines. A total of 315 serum samples collected from 2015 to 2018, before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, in Biliran island, Philippines, were tested for the presence of antibodies against four HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 using recombinant spike ectodomain proteins by IgG-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactivity to and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 were also investigated. The seroprevalence of the four HCoVs was 63.8% for HCoV-229E, 71.4% for HCoV-NL63, 76.5% for HCoV-HKU1, and 83.5% for HCoV-OC43 by ELISA. Age group analysis indicated that seropositivity to all HCoVs reached 80% by 2-3 years of age. While 69/315 (21.9%) of the samples showed reactive to SARS-CoV-2, almost no neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 was detected using neutralization assay. Reactivity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein obtained by ELISA may not correlate with neutralization capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Saito-Obata
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Raita Tamaki
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Socorro Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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4
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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5
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SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathogenesis, Immune Responses, Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has emerged as the most alarming infection of the present time instigated by the virus SARS-CoV-2. In spite of advanced research technologies, the exact pathophysiology and treatment of the condition still need to be explored. However, SARS-CoV-2 has several structural and functional similarities that resemble SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV which may be beneficial in exploring the possible treatment and diagnostic strategies for SARS-CoV-2. This review discusses the pathogen phenotype, genotype, replication, pathophysiology, elicited immune response and emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their similarities with other similar viruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection is detected by a number of diagnostics techniques, their advantages and limitations are also discussed in detail. The review also focuses on nanotechnology-based easy and fast detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Various pathways which might play a vital role during SARS-CoV-2 infection have been elaborately discussed since immune response plays a major role during viral infections.
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Tauzin A, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Gong SY, Chatterjee D, Gendron-Lepage G, Bourassa C, Goyette G, Racine N, Khrifi Z, Turgeon J, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Kaufmann DE, Cardinal H, Cloutier M, Bazin R, Duerr R, Dieudé M, Hébert MJ, Finzi A. Humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants after mRNA vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients. iScience 2022; 25:104990. [PMID: 36035196 PMCID: PMC9395219 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination has been shown to be safe and effective in the general population, immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) were reported to have impaired immune responses after one or two doses of vaccine. In this study, we examined humoral responses induced after the second and the third dose of mRNA vaccine in different SOTR (kidney, liver, lung, and heart). Compared to a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 naïve immunocompetent health care workers (HCWs), the second dose induced weak humoral responses in SOTRs, except for the liver recipients. The third dose boosted these responses but they did not reach the same level as in HCW. Interestingly, although the neutralizing activity against Delta and Omicron variants remained very low after the third dose, Fc-mediated effector functions in SOTR reached similar levels as in the HCW cohort. Whether these responses will suffice to protect SOTR from severe outcome remains to be determined. Two doses of mRNA vaccine elicit weak humoral responses in transplant recipients A boost increases these responses, but below those of the general population Robust Fc effector functions but weak neutralization is observed after the boost Neutralizing activity is particularly poor against variants of concern
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Normand Racine
- Institut Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Zineb Khrifi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Julie Turgeon
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Héloïse Cardinal
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Marc Cloutier
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mélanie Dieudé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL T6G 2E1, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Corresponding author
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7
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Kolehmainen P, Heroum J, Jalkanen P, Huttunen M, Toivonen L, Marjomäki V, Waris M, Smura T, Kakkola L, Tauriainen S, Peltola V, Julkunen I. Serological Follow-Up Study Indicates High Seasonal Coronavirus Infection and Reinfection Rates in Early Childhood. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0196721. [PMID: 35481830 PMCID: PMC9241850 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01967-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause respiratory infections, especially in children. Currently, the knowledge on early childhood seasonal coronavirus infections and the duration of antibody levels following the first infections is limited. Here we analyzed serological follow-up samples to estimate the rate of primary infection and reinfection(s) caused by seasonal coronaviruses in early childhood. Serum specimens were collected from 140 children at ages of 13, 24, and 36 months (1, 2, and 3 years), and IgG antibody levels against recombinant HCoV nucleoproteins (N) were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Altogether, 84% (118/140) of the children were seropositive for at least one seasonal coronavirus N by the age of 3 years. Cumulative seroprevalences for HCoVs 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 increased by age, and they were 45%, 27%, 70%, and 44%, respectively, at the age of 3 years. Increased antibody levels between yearly samples indicated reinfections by 229E, NL63, and OC43 viruses in 20-48% of previously seropositive children by the age of 3 years. Antibody levels declined 54-73% or 31-77% during the year after seropositivity in children initially seropositive at 1 or 2 years of age, respectively, in case there was no reinfection. The correlation of 229E and NL63, and OC43 and HKU1 EIA results, suggested potential cross-reactivity between the N specific antibodies inside the coronavirus genera. The data shows that seasonal coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibody levels decline relatively rapidly. IMPORTANCE The rapid spread of COVID-19 requires better knowledge on the rate of coronavirus infections and coronavirus specific antibody responses in different population groups. In this work we analyzed changes in seasonal human coronavirus specific antibodies in young children participating in a prospective 3-year serological follow-up study. We show that based on seropositivity and changes in serum coronavirus antibody levels, coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibodies elicited by the infection decline relatively rapidly. These observations provide further information on the characteristics of humoral immune responses of coronavirus infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jemna Heroum
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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8
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Joudi M, Moradi Binabaj M, Porouhan P, PeyroShabany B, Tabasi M, Fazilat-Panah D, Khajeh M, Mehrabian A, Dehghani M, Welsh JS, Keykhosravi B, Akbari Yazdi A, Ariamanesh M, Ghasemi A, Ferns G, Javadinia SA. A Cohort Study on the Immunogenicity and Safety of the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBIBP-CorV) in Patients With Breast Cancer; Does Trastuzumab Interfere With the Outcome? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:798975. [PMID: 35299966 PMCID: PMC8923352 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.798975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the efficacy and safety of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV) in patients with breast cancer. METHODS In this multi- institutional cohort study, a total of 160 breast cancer patients (mean age of 50.01 ± 11.5 years old) were assessed for the SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG and SARS-CoV2 Anti RBD IgG by ELISA after two doses of 0.5 mL inactivated, COVID-19 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV). All patients were followed up for three months for clinical COVID-19 infection based on either PCR results or imaging findings. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events were used to assess the side effects. RESULTS The presence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG, SARS-CoV2 anti-RBD IgG, or either of these antibodies was 85.7%, 87.4%, and 93.3%. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection after vaccination was 0.7%, 0% and 0% for the first, second and third months of the follow-up period. The most common local and systemic side-effects were injection site pain and fever which were presented in 22.3% and 24.3% of patients, respectively. DISCUSSION The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV) is a tolerable and effective method to prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Joudi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Pejman Porouhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vasei Hospital, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Babak PeyroShabany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tabasi
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Mahtab Khajeh
- Vasei Clinical Research Development Unit, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mehrabian
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Dehghani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mansoureh Dehghani,
| | - James S. Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital and Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Batol Keykhosravi
- Vasei Clinical Research Development Unit, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Azam Akbari Yazdi
- Vasei Clinical Research Development Unit, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mona Ariamanesh
- Department of Pathology, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Gordon Ferns
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Alireza Javadinia
- Vasei Clinical Research Development Unit, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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9
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Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of seropositivity of human seasonal coronaviruses using seroprevalence studies. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34708157 PMCID: PMC8517721 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16701.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The duration of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain, but it is of key clinical and epidemiological importance. Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been circulating for longer and, therefore, may offer insights into the long-term dynamics of reinfection for such viruses. Methods: Combining historical seroprevalence data from five studies covering the four circulating HCoVs with an age-structured reverse catalytic model, we estimated the likely duration of seropositivity following seroconversion. Results: We estimated that antibody persistence lasted between 0.9 (95% Credible interval: 0.6 - 1.6) and 3.8 (95% CrI: 2.0 - 7.4) years. Furthermore, we found the force of infection in older children and adults (those over 8.5 [95% CrI: 7.5 - 9.9] years) to be higher compared with young children in the majority of studies. Conclusions: These estimates of endemic HCoV dynamics could provide an indication of the future long-term infection and reinfection patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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10
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Guo L, Wang Y, Kang L, Hu Y, Wang L, Zhong J, Chen H, Ren L, Gu X, Wang G, Wang C, Dong X, Wu C, Han L, Wang Y, Fan G, Zou X, Li H, Xu J, Jin Q, Cao B, Wang J. Cross-reactive antibody against human coronavirus OC43 spike protein correlates with disease severity in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:664-676. [PMID: 33734013 PMCID: PMC8023607 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1905488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) including HCoV-229E, -OC43, -NL63, and -HKU1 widely spread in global human populations. However, the relevance of humoral response against seasonal HCoVs to COVID-19 pathogenesis is elusive. In this study, we profiled the temporal changes of IgG antibody against spike proteins (S-IgG) of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoVs in 838 plasma samples collected from 344 COVID-19 patients. We tested the antigenic cross-reactivities of S protein between SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoVs and evaluated the correlations between the levels of HCoV-OC43 S-IgG and the disease severity in COVID-19 patients. We found that SARS-CoV-2 S-IgG titres mounted until days 22-28, whereas HCoV-OC43 antibody titres increased until days 15-21 and then plateaued until day 46. However, IgG titres against HCoV-NL63, -229E, and -HKU1 showed no significant increase. A two-way cross-reactivity was identified between SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43. Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were not detectable in healthy controls who were positive for HCoV-OC43 S-IgG. HCoV-OC43 S-IgG titres were significantly higher in patients with severe disease than those in mild patients at days 1-21 post symptom onset (PSO). Higher levels of HCoV-OC43 S-IgG were also observed in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. At days 1-10 PSO, HCoV-OC43 S-IgG titres correlated to disease severity in the age group over 60. Our data indicate that there is a correlation between cross-reactive antibody against HCoV-OC43 spike protein and disease severity in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Kang
- Jin Yin-tan Hospital, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linghang Wang
- Emergency Department of Infectious Diseases of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingchuan Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Geng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Conghui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianlian Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohui Fan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiuyang Xu
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of seropositivity of human seasonal coronaviruses using seroprevalence studies. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34708157 PMCID: PMC8517721 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16701.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The duration of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain, but it is of key clinical and epidemiological importance. Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been circulating for longer and, therefore, may offer insights into the long-term dynamics of reinfection for such viruses. Methods: Combining historical seroprevalence data from five studies covering the four circulating HCoVs with an age-structured reverse catalytic model, we estimated the likely duration of seropositivity following seroconversion. Results: We estimated that antibody persistence lasted between 0.9 (95% Credible interval: 0.6 - 1.6) and 3.8 (95% CrI: 2.0 - 7.4) years. Furthermore, we found the force of infection in older children and adults (those over 8.5 [95% CrI: 7.5 - 9.9] years) to be higher compared with young children in the majority of studies. Conclusions: These estimates of endemic HCoV dynamics could provide an indication of the future long-term infection and reinfection patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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12
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Ozgocer T, Dagli ŞN, Ceylan MR, Disli F, Ucar C, Yildiz S. Analysis of long-term antibody response in COVID-19 patients by symptoms grade, gender, age, BMI, and medication. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1412-1418. [PMID: 34766646 PMCID: PMC8662095 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of the study was to analyze the change in antibody titer at 15-day intervals until 60 days postsymptom onset (PSO). The second aim was to analyze the relationship between antibody titer and symptom grade, gender, age, body mass index (BMI), medications, vitamin supplements, and herbal therapies. Blood samples were collected from 43 patients (5 mild, 21 moderate, 17 severe diseases), 18 women (41.9%), and 25 men (58.1%), on 15, 30, 45, and 60 days PSO after COVID-19 infection. The serum antibody titers were determined by measuring the COVID-19 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Associations between the duration of symptoms, demographic and clinical parameters, medications and vitamins used, and herbal therapies were evaluated by interviewing the participants. Within the first 15 days of illness, 81.4% of the patients were positive. From Day 45 PSO, seropositivity was 89.5%. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were statistically higher in men than women at all times (p < 0.01). Antibody titer was higher in older participants compared to younger participants (p < 0.02). Plaquenil or favipiravir use did not affect antibody response (p > 0.05). Men had a higher fever (p = 0.006), shortness of breath (p = 0.004), and chest pain (p = 0.03) than women. We found powerful antibody response by 60 days PSO, as well as higher antibody response and severity of symptoms in the men gender. Data also showed that SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are higher in individuals with older age, whereas BMI, concomitant chronic disease, and medications had no effect on antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Ozgocer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkiye
| | - Şeyda N Dagli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet R Ceylan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkiye
| | - Faruk Disli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkiye
| | - Cihat Ucar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Adıyaman, Adıyaman, Turkiye
| | - Sedat Yildiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkiye
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13
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Nesbitt DJ, Jin DP, Hogan JW, Yang J, Chen H, Chan PA, Simon MJ, Vargas M, King E, Huard RC, Bandy U, Hillyer CD, Luchsinger LL. Low Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Rhode Island blood donors during may 2020 as determined using multiple serological assay formats. BMC Infect Dis 2021. [PMID: 34433423 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.20.20157743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemic projections and public health policies addressing Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 have been implemented without data reporting on the seroconversion of the population since scalable antibody testing has only recently become available. METHODS We measured the percentage of severe acute respiratory syndrome- Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) seropositive individuals from 2008 blood donors drawn in the state of Rhode Island (RI). We utilized multiple antibody testing platforms, including lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and high throughput serological assays (HTSAs). To estimate seroprevalence, we utilized the Bayesian statistical method to adjust for sensitivity and specificity of the commercial tests used. RESULTS We report than an estimated seropositive rate of RI blood donors of approximately 0.6% existed in April-May of 2020. Daily new case rates peaked in RI in late April 2020. We found HTSAs and LFAs were positively correlated with ELISA assays to detect antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 in blood donors. CONCLUSIONS These data imply that seroconversion, and thus infection, is likely not widespread within this population. We conclude that IgG LFAs and HTSAs are suitable to conduct seroprevalence assays in random populations. More studies will be needed using validated serological tests to improve the precision and report the kinetic progression of seroprevalence estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Nesbitt
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Jin
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph W Hogan
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenny Yang
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haidee Chen
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip A Chan
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Ewa King
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Richard C Huard
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Utpala Bandy
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Larry L Luchsinger
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Nesbitt DJ, Jin DP, Hogan JW, Yang J, Chen H, Chan PA, Simon MJ, Vargas M, King E, Huard RC, Bandy U, Hillyer CD, Luchsinger LL. Low Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Rhode Island blood donors during may 2020 as determined using multiple serological assay formats. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:871. [PMID: 34433423 PMCID: PMC8386143 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemic projections and public health policies addressing Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 have been implemented without data reporting on the seroconversion of the population since scalable antibody testing has only recently become available. METHODS We measured the percentage of severe acute respiratory syndrome- Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) seropositive individuals from 2008 blood donors drawn in the state of Rhode Island (RI). We utilized multiple antibody testing platforms, including lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and high throughput serological assays (HTSAs). To estimate seroprevalence, we utilized the Bayesian statistical method to adjust for sensitivity and specificity of the commercial tests used. RESULTS We report than an estimated seropositive rate of RI blood donors of approximately 0.6% existed in April-May of 2020. Daily new case rates peaked in RI in late April 2020. We found HTSAs and LFAs were positively correlated with ELISA assays to detect antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 in blood donors. CONCLUSIONS These data imply that seroconversion, and thus infection, is likely not widespread within this population. We conclude that IgG LFAs and HTSAs are suitable to conduct seroprevalence assays in random populations. More studies will be needed using validated serological tests to improve the precision and report the kinetic progression of seroprevalence estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Nesbitt
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Jin
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph W Hogan
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenny Yang
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haidee Chen
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip A Chan
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Ewa King
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Richard C Huard
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Utpala Bandy
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Larry L Luchsinger
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Parray HA, Shukla S, Perween R, Khatri R, Shrivastava T, Singh V, Murugavelu P, Ahmed S, Samal S, Sharma C, Sinha S, Luthra K, Kumar R. Inhalation monoclonal antibody therapy: a new way to treat and manage respiratory infections. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6315-6332. [PMID: 34423407 PMCID: PMC8380517 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The route of administration of a therapeutic agent has a substantial impact on its success. Therapeutic antibodies are usually administered systemically, either directly by intravenous route, or indirectly by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. However, treatment of diseases contained within a specific tissue necessitates a better alternate route of administration for targeting localised infections. Inhalation is a promising non-invasive strategy for antibody delivery to treat respiratory maladies because it provides higher concentrations of antibody in the respiratory airways overcoming the constraints of entry through systemic circulation and uncertainity in the amount reaching the target tissue. The nasal drug delivery route is one of the extensively researched modes of administration, and nasal sprays for molecular drugs are deemed successful and are presently commercially marketed. This review highlights the current state and future prospects of inhaled therapies, with an emphasis on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of respiratory infections, as well as an overview of their importance, practical challenges, and clinical trial outcomes.Key points• Immunologic strategies for preventing mucosal transmission of respiratory pathogens.• Mucosal-mediated immunoprophylaxis could play a major role in COVID-19 prevention.• Applications of monoclonal antibodies in passive immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shivangi Shukla
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Reshma Perween
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Vanshika Singh
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Praveenkumar Murugavelu
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Chandresh Sharma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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16
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Mulabbi EN, Tweyongyere R, Wabwire-Mangen F, Mworozi E, Koehlerb J, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Erima B, Tugume T, Aquino UQ, Byarugaba DK. Seroprevalence of human coronaviruses among patients visiting hospital-based sentinel sites in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:585. [PMID: 34134656 PMCID: PMC8207497 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda. Methods A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340–390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p = 0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1–5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6–10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). An odds ratio of 1.6 (CI 0.863–2.97, p = 0.136) showed that those volunteers below 5 years of age were more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nicholas Mulabbi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Jeff Koehlerb
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Millard
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Denis K Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
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17
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Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of seropositivity of human seasonal coronaviruses using seroprevalence studies. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34708157 PMCID: PMC8517721 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16701.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The duration of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain, but it is of key clinical and epidemiological importance. Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been circulating for longer and, therefore, may offer insights into the long-term dynamics of reinfection for such viruses. Methods: Combining historical seroprevalence data from five studies covering the four circulating HCoVs with an age-structured reverse catalytic model, we estimated the likely duration of seropositivity following seroconversion. Results: We estimated that antibody persistence lasted between 0.9 (95% Credible interval: 0.6 - 1.6) and 3.8 (95% CrI: 2.0 - 7.4) years. Furthermore, we found the force of infection in older children and adults (those over 8.5 [95% CrI: 7.5 - 9.9] years) to be higher compared with young children in the majority of studies. Conclusions: These estimates of endemic HCoV dynamics could provide an indication of the future long-term infection and reinfection patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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18
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Rezvani Ghomi E, Khosravi F, Mohseni-M A, Nourbakhsh N, Haji Mohammad Hoseini M, Singh S, Hedenqvist MS, Ramakrishna S. A collection of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) detection assays, issues, and challenges. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07247. [PMID: 34124407 PMCID: PMC8179727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has rapidly increased the number of infected cases as well as asymptomatic individuals in many, if not all the societies around the world. This issue increases the demand for accurate and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. While accurate and rapid detection is critical for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, the appropriate course of treatment must be chosen to help patients and prevent its further spread. Testing platform accuracy with high sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 is equally important for clinical, regional, and global arenas to mitigate secondary transmission rounds. The objective of this article is to compare the current detection technology and introduce the most accurate and rapid ones that are suitable for pandemic circumstances. Hence, the importance of rapid detection in societies is discussed initially. Following this, the current technology for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 is explained and classified into three different categories: nucleic acid-based, protein-based, and point of care (PoC) detection testing. Then, the current issues for diagnostic procedures in laboratories are discussed. Finally, the role of new technologies in countering COVID-19 is also introduced to assist researchers in the development of accurate and timely detection of coronaviruses. As coronavirus continues to affect human lives in a detrimental manner, the development of rapid and accurate virus detection methods could promote COVID-19 diagnosis accessible to both individuals and the mass population at patient care. In this regard, rRT-PCR and multiplex RT-PCR detection techniques hold promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Rezvani Ghomi
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
| | - Ali Mohseni-M
- Executive Vice President and Chief Food Safety Officer, American Foods Group, LLC, 500 South Washington St., Green Bay, WI, 54301, USA
- Dir. Ag. Group. Qoqnoos – Phoenix Project Incorporated, USA
| | - Nooshin Nourbakhsh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | | | - Sunpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
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19
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Abstract
The diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ramifications on both an individual level and a public health level. The use of appropriate testing mechanisms is paramount to preventing transmission, along with offering treatment to those who are infected and show appropriate symptomatology. The choice of employing a specific test often relies on laboratory capabilities, including the abilities of the medical technologists, the cost of testing platforms, and the individual quirks of each test. This chapter intends to discuss the relevant issues relating to diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2, including specimen types and collection methods, viral detection methods, and serological testing.
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20
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Jin DK, Nesbitt DJ, Yang J, Chen H, Horowitz J, Jones M, Vandergaast R, Carey T, Reiter S, Russell SJ, Kyratsous C, Hooper A, Hamilton J, Ferreira M, Deng S, Straus D, Baras A, Hillyer CD, Luchsinger LL. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a cohort of New York City metro blood donors using multiple SARS-CoV-2 serological assays: Implications for controlling the epidemic and "Reopening". PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250319. [PMID: 33909646 PMCID: PMC8081167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Projections of the stage of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and local, regional and national public health policies to limit coronavirus spread as well as "reopen" cities and states, are best informed by serum neutralizing antibody titers measured by reproducible, high throughput, and statically credible antibody (Ab) assays. To date, a myriad of Ab tests, both available and FDA authorized for emergency, has led to confusion rather than insight per se. The present study reports the results of a rapid, point-in-time 1,000-person cohort study using serial blood donors in the New York City metropolitan area (NYC) using multiple serological tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and high throughput serological assays (HTSAs). These were then tested and associated with assays for neutralizing Ab (NAb). Of the 1,000 NYC blood donor samples in late June and early July 2020, 12.1% and 10.9% were seropositive using the Ortho Total Ig and the Abbott IgG HTSA assays, respectively. These serological assays correlated with neutralization activity specific to SARS-CoV-2. The data reported herein suggest that seroconversion in this population occurred in approximately 1 in 8 blood donors from the beginning of the pandemic in NYC (considered March 1, 2020). These findings deviate with an earlier seroprevalence study in NYC showing 13.7% positivity. Collectively however, these data demonstrate that a low number of individuals have serologic evidence of infection during this "first wave" and suggest that the notion of "herd immunity" at rates of ~60% or higher are not near. Furthermore, the data presented herein show that the nature of the Ab-based immunity is not invariably associated with the development of NAb. While the blood donor population may not mimic precisely the NYC population as a whole, rapid assessment of seroprevalence in this cohort and serial reassessment could aid public health decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Jin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Nesbitt
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jenny Yang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Haidee Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Julie Horowitz
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Marcus Jones
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy Carey
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Samantha Reiter
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Vyriad, Inc., Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Christos Kyratsous
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrea Hooper
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hamilton
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Manuel Ferreira
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Sarah Deng
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Donna Straus
- New York Blood Center Enterprises, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Hillyer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- New York Blood Center Enterprises, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Larry L. Luchsinger
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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21
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Suwannarong K, Janetanakit T, Kanthawee P, Suwannarong K, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, Tun HM, Chanabun S, Amonsin A. Coronavirus seroprevalence among villagers exposed to bats in Thailand. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:464-473. [PMID: 33864357 PMCID: PMC8251071 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A serological survey of human coronavirus antibodies among villagers in 10 provinces of Thailand was conducted during 2016–2018. Serum samples (n = 364) were collected from participants from the villages and tested for coronavirus antibodies using a human coronavirus IgG ELISA kit. Our results showed that 10.44% (38/364; 21 males and 17 females) of the villagers had antibodies against human coronaviruses. The odds ratio for coronavirus positivity in the villagers in the central region who were exposed to bats was 4.75, 95% CI 1.04–21.70, when compared to that in the non‐exposed villagers. The sociodemographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the villagers were also recorded and analysed by using a quantitative structured questionnaire. Our results showed that 62.36% (227/364) of the villagers had been exposed to bats at least once in the past six months. Low monthly family income was statistically significant in increasing the risk for coronavirus seropositivity among the villagers (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.13–7.49). In‐depth interviews among the coronavirus‐positive participants (n = 30) showed that cultural context, local norms and beliefs could influence to bat exposure activities. In conclusion, our results provide baseline information on human coronavirus antibodies and KAP regarding to bat exposure among villagers in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Suwannarong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taveesak Janetanakit
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Center of Excellence for Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence for Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hein M Tun
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sutin Chanabun
- Sirinthorn College of Public Health Khon Kaen, Ministry of Public Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Guevara-Hoyer K, Fuentes-Antrás J, De la Fuente-Muñoz E, Rodríguez de la Peña A, Viñuela M, Cabello-Clotet N, Estrada V, Culebras E, Delgado-Iribarren A, Martínez-Novillo M, Torrejón MJ, Pérez de Diego R, Fernández-Arquero M, Ocaña A, Pérez-Segura P, Sánchez-Ramón S. Serological Tests in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040678. [PMID: 33918840 PMCID: PMC8069538 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for a timely update of health policies and allocation of resources. Particularly, serological testing may allow individuals with low-risk of being contagious of SARS-CoV-2 to return to daily activities. Both private and academic initiatives have sought to develop serological assays to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Herein, we compared five different assays in active healthcare personnel exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in a large center in Madrid, Spain, in a retrospective study. Median time lapse between polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) and serological testing was 11 days (7-21). All tests assessed IgM/IgG titers except for Euroimmun (IgA/IgG) and The Binding-Site (IgA/IgM/IgG). The highest concordance rate was observed between Dia.Pro and Euroimmun (75.76%), while it was lowest between The Binding-Site and Euroimmun (44.55%). The Binding-Site assay showed the highest concordance (85.52%) with PCR results. Considering PCR results as reference, Dia.Pro was the most sensitive test, although The Binding-Site assay exhibited the highest area under the curve (AUC; 0.85). OrientGene and MAGLUMI tests were performed in a smaller cohort with confirmed infection and thus were not adequate to estimate sensitivity and specificity. The Binding-Site assay presented the best joint sensitivity and specificity among all the tests analyzed in our cohort. Likewise, this serological assay presents a greater repertoire of antibodies and antigen-regions tested, which is why each individual's humoral immunity is more accurately reflected. The better the immunity test, the most adequate the health strategy to take in terms of organization of consultations, surgery, and treatments in vulnerable patients. The three antibody classes (IgG/IgM/IgA) were determined jointly, which translates to an economic impact on healthcare. While their role in the protection status remains elusive, serological tests add a valuable tool in the early management of SARS-CoV-2 after known exposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (K.G.-H.); (E.D.l.F.-M.); (A.R.d.l.P.); (M.V.); (M.F.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fuentes-Antrás
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-A.); (A.O.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Eduardo De la Fuente-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (K.G.-H.); (E.D.l.F.-M.); (A.R.d.l.P.); (M.V.); (M.F.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Rodríguez de la Peña
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (K.G.-H.); (E.D.l.F.-M.); (A.R.d.l.P.); (M.V.); (M.F.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Viñuela
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (K.G.-H.); (E.D.l.F.-M.); (A.R.d.l.P.); (M.V.); (M.F.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Cabello-Clotet
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.-C.); (V.E.)
| | - Vicente Estrada
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.-C.); (V.E.)
| | - Esther Culebras
- Department of Microbiology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (A.D.-I.)
| | - Alberto Delgado-Iribarren
- Department of Microbiology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (A.D.-I.)
| | | | - Maria José Torrejón
- Department of Biochemistry, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miguel Fernández-Arquero
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (K.G.-H.); (E.D.l.F.-M.); (A.R.d.l.P.); (M.V.); (M.F.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-A.); (A.O.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Pedro Pérez-Segura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-A.); (A.O.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (K.G.-H.); (E.D.l.F.-M.); (A.R.d.l.P.); (M.V.); (M.F.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-3303000 (ext. 3342); Fax: +34-91-3303879
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23
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Owusu M, Sylverken AA, El-Duah P, Acheampong G, Mutocheluh M, Adu-Sarkodie Y. Sero-epidemiology of human coronaviruses in three rural communities in Ghana. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:244. [PMID: 34104292 PMCID: PMC8164429 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.244.26110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) are responsible for significant proportions of illnesses and deaths annually. Most of ARIs are of viral etiology, with human coronaviruses (HCoVs) playing a key role. This study was conducted prior to the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) to provide evidence about the sero-epidemiology of HCoVs in rural areas of Ghana. METHODS this was a cross-sectional study conducted as part of a large epidemiological study investigating the occurrence of respiratory viruses in 3 rural areas of Ghana; Buoyem, Kwamang and Forikrom. Serum samples were collected and tested for the presence of IgG-antibodies to three HCoVs; HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63 using immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS of 201 subjects enrolled into the study, 97 (48.3%) were positive for all three viruses. The most prevalent virus was HCoV-229E (23%; 95% CI: 17.2 - 29.3), followed by HCoV-OC43 (17%; 95% CI: 12.4 - 23.4), then HCoV-NL63 (8%, 95% CI: 4.6 - 12.6). Subjects in Kwamang had the highest sero-prevalence for HCoV-NL63 (68.8%). human coronaviruses-229E (41.3%) and HCoV-OC43 (45.7%) were much higher in Forikrom compared to the other study areas. There was however no statistical difference between place of origin and HCoVs positivity. Although blood group O+ and B+ were most common among the recruited subjects, there was no significant association (p = 0.163) between blood group and HCoV infection. CONCLUSION this study reports a 48.3% sero-prevalence of HCoVs (OC43, NL63 and 229E) among rural communities in Ghana. The findings provide useful baseline data that could inform further sero-epidemiological studies on SARS-CoV-2 in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Owusu
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Centre for Health Systems Strengthening, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Philip El-Duah
- Institute of Virology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mohammed Mutocheluh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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24
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Dawson ED, Kuck LR, Blair RH, Taylor AW, Toth E, Knight V, Rowlen KL. Multiplexed, microscale, microarray-based serological assay for antibodies against all human-relevant coronaviruses. J Virol Methods 2021; 291:114111. [PMID: 33640374 PMCID: PMC7905383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and precise multiplexed assays for serological analysis during candidate COVID-19 vaccine development would streamline clinical trials. The VaxArray Coronavirus (CoV) SeroAssay quantifies IgG antibody binding to 9 pandemic, potentially pandemic, and endemic human CoV spike antigens in 2 h with automated results analysis. IgG antibodies in serum bind to the CoV spike protein capture antigens printed in a microarray format and are labeled with a fluorescent anti-species IgG secondary label. The assay demonstrated excellent lower limits of quantification ranging from 0.3 to 2.0 ng/mL and linear dynamic ranges of 76 to 911-fold. Average precision of 11 % CV and accuracy (% recovery) of 92.5 % over all capture antigens were achieved over 216 replicates representing 3 days and 3 microarray lots. Clinical performance on 263 human serum samples (132 SARS-CoV-2 negatives and 131 positives based on donor-matched RT-PCR and/or date of collection) produced 98.5 % PPA and 100 % NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Dawson
- InDevR Inc. 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
| | - Laura R Kuck
- InDevR Inc. 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Rebecca H Blair
- InDevR Inc. 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Amber W Taylor
- InDevR Inc. 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Evan Toth
- InDevR Inc. 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Children's Hospital of Colorado, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathy L Rowlen
- InDevR Inc. 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
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25
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Khan T, Rahman M, Ali FA, Huang SSY, Ata M, Zhang Q, Bastard P, Liu Z, Jouanguy E, Béziat V, Cobat A, Nasrallah GK, Yassine HM, Smatti MK, Saeed A, Vandernoot I, Goffard JC, Smits G, Migeotte I, Haerynck F, Meyts I, Abel L, Casanova JL, Hasan MR, Marr N. Distinct antibody repertoires against endemic human coronaviruses in children and adults. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144499. [PMID: 33497357 PMCID: PMC7934927 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are commonly associated with acute respiratory infection in humans. B cell responses to these “common cold” viruses remain incompletely understood. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of CoV-specific antibody repertoires in 231 children and 1168 adults using phage immunoprecipitation sequencing. Seroprevalence of antibodies against endemic HCoVs ranged between approximately 4% and 27% depending on the species and cohort. We identified at least 136 novel linear B cell epitopes. Antibody repertoires against endemic HCoVs were qualitatively different between children and adults in that anti-HCoV IgG specificities more frequently found among children targeted functionally important and structurally conserved regions of the spike, nucleocapsid, and matrix proteins. Moreover, antibody specificities targeting the highly conserved fusion peptide region and S2′ cleavage site of the spike protein were broadly cross-reactive with peptides of epidemic human and nonhuman coronaviruses. In contrast, an acidic tandem repeat in the N-terminal region of the Nsp3 subdomain of the HCoV-HKU1 polyprotein was the predominant target of antibody responses in adult donors. Our findings shed light on the dominant species-specific and pan-CoV target sites of human antibody responses to coronavirus infection, thereby providing important insights for the development of prophylactic or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manar Ata
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Bastard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amira Saeed
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and Center of Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies Ghent, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Diagnostic and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohammad R Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nico Marr
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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26
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Cervia C, Nilsson J, Zurbuchen Y, Valaperti A, Schreiner J, Wolfensberger A, Raeber ME, Adamo S, Weigang S, Emmenegger M, Hasler S, Bosshard PP, De Cecco E, Bächli E, Rudiger A, Stüssi-Helbling M, Huber LC, Zinkernagel AS, Schaer DJ, Aguzzi A, Kochs G, Held U, Probst-Müller E, Rampini SK, Boyman O. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:545-557.e9. [PMID: 33221383 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.21.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody tests are increasingly being used to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the determinants of these antibody responses remain unclear. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to evaluate systemic and mucosal antibody responses toward SARS-CoV-2 in mild versus severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. METHODS Using immunoassays specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, we determined SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG in sera and mucosal fluids of 2 cohorts, including SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients (n = 64) and PCR-positive and PCR-negtive health care workers (n = 109). RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgA titers in patients with mild COVID-19 were often transiently positive, whereas serum IgG titers remained negative or became positive 12 to 14 days after symptom onset. Conversely, patients with severe COVID-19 showed a highly significant increase of SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgA and IgG titers after symptom onset. Very high titers of SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgA were correlated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Interestingly, some health care workers with negative SARS-CoV-2-specific serum antibody titers showed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in mucosal fluids with virus-neutralizing capacity in some cases. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA titers in nasal fluids were inversely correlated with age. CONCLUSIONS Systemic antibody production against SARS-CoV-2 develops mainly in patients with severe COVID-19, with very high IgA titers seen in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, whereas mild disease may be associated with transient production of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies but may stimulate mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Valaperti
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Schreiner
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Wolfensberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Adamo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Emmenegger
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Hasler
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp P Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bächli
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Uster Hospital, Uster, Switzerland
| | - Alain Rudiger
- Department of Medicine, Limmattal Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Lars C Huber
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, City Hospital Triemli Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J Schaer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Held
- Department of Biostatistics, at Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Silvana K Rampini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Sharifi M, Hasan A, Haghighat S, Taghizadeh A, Attar F, Bloukh SH, Edis Z, Xue M, Khan S, Falahati M. Rapid diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019 in early stages using nanobiosensors: Challenges and opportunities. Talanta 2021; 223:121704. [PMID: 33303154 PMCID: PMC7521920 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world is a tragic and shocking event that demonstrates the unpreparedness of humans to develop quick diagnostic platforms for novel infectious diseases. In fact, statistical reports of diagnostic tools show that their accuracy, specificity and sensitivity in the detection of COVID hampered by some challenges that can be eliminated by using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we aimed to present an overview on the most important ways to diagnose different kinds of viruses followed by the introduction of nanobiosensors. Afterward, some methods of COVID-19 detection such as imaging, laboratory and kit-based diagnostic tests are surveyed. Furthermore, nucleic acids/protein- and immunoglobulin (Ig)-based nanobiosensors for the COVID-19 detection infection are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspective for the development of diagnostic or monitoring technologies in the control of COVID-19 are discussed to persuade the scientists in advancing their technologies beyond imagination. In conclusion, it can be deduced that as rapid COVID-19 detection infection can play a vital role in disease control and treatment, this review may be of great help for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak by providing some necessary information for the development of portable, accurate, selectable and simple nanobiosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Taghizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Food Toxicology, Research Center of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zehra Edis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Cervia C, Nilsson J, Zurbuchen Y, Valaperti A, Schreiner J, Wolfensberger A, Raeber ME, Adamo S, Weigang S, Emmenegger M, Hasler S, Bosshard PP, De Cecco E, Bächli E, Rudiger A, Stüssi-Helbling M, Huber LC, Zinkernagel AS, Schaer DJ, Aguzzi A, Kochs G, Held U, Probst-Müller E, Rampini SK, Boyman O. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:545-557.e9. [PMID: 33221383 PMCID: PMC7677074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody tests are increasingly being used to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the determinants of these antibody responses remain unclear. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to evaluate systemic and mucosal antibody responses toward SARS-CoV-2 in mild versus severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. METHODS Using immunoassays specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, we determined SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG in sera and mucosal fluids of 2 cohorts, including SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients (n = 64) and PCR-positive and PCR-negtive health care workers (n = 109). RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgA titers in patients with mild COVID-19 were often transiently positive, whereas serum IgG titers remained negative or became positive 12 to 14 days after symptom onset. Conversely, patients with severe COVID-19 showed a highly significant increase of SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgA and IgG titers after symptom onset. Very high titers of SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgA were correlated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Interestingly, some health care workers with negative SARS-CoV-2-specific serum antibody titers showed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in mucosal fluids with virus-neutralizing capacity in some cases. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA titers in nasal fluids were inversely correlated with age. CONCLUSIONS Systemic antibody production against SARS-CoV-2 develops mainly in patients with severe COVID-19, with very high IgA titers seen in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, whereas mild disease may be associated with transient production of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies but may stimulate mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Valaperti
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Schreiner
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Wolfensberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Adamo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Emmenegger
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Hasler
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp P Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bächli
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Uster Hospital, Uster, Switzerland
| | - Alain Rudiger
- Department of Medicine, Limmattal Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Lars C Huber
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, City Hospital Triemli Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J Schaer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Held
- Department of Biostatistics, at Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Silvana K Rampini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Butler SE, Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Xu S, Weiner JA, Bobak CA, Mattox DE, Lee J, Wieland-Alter W, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Distinct Features and Functions of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity Among SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Individuals. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618685. [PMID: 33584712 PMCID: PMC7876222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection will play a critical role in the development of vaccines and antibody-based interventions. We report systemic and mucosal antibody responses in convalescent individuals who experienced varying severity of disease. Whereas assessment of neutralization and antibody-mediated effector functions revealed polyfunctional antibody responses in serum, only robust neutralization and phagocytosis were apparent in nasal wash samples. Serum neutralization and effector functions correlated with systemic SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG response magnitude, while mucosal neutralization was associated with nasal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA. Antibody depletion experiments support the mechanistic relevance of these correlations. Associations between nasal IgA responses, virus neutralization at the mucosa, and less severe disease suggest the importance of assessing mucosal immunity in larger natural infection cohorts. Further characterization of antibody responses at the portal of entry may define their ability to contribute to protection from infection or reduced risk of hospitalization, informing public health assessment strategies and vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Andrew R. Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Program in Quantitative and Biology Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Carly A. Bobak
- Program in Quantitative and Biology Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Daniel E. Mattox
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Ruth I. Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Program in Quantitative and Biology Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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30
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de Assis RR, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Felgner J, Obiero JM, Norris PJ, Stone M, Simmons G, Bagri A, Irsch J, Schreiber M, Buser A, Holbro A, Battegay M, Hosimer P, Noesen C, Adenaiye O, Tai S, Hong F, Milton DK, Davies DH, Contestable P, Corash LM, Busch MP, Felgner PL, Khan S. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent blood using a coronavirus antigen microarray. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6. [PMID: 33397903 PMCID: PMC7782488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current practice for diagnosis of COVID-19, based on SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing of pharyngeal or respiratory specimens in a symptomatic patient at high epidemiologic risk, likely underestimates the true prevalence of infection. Serologic methods can more accurately estimate the disease burden by detecting infections missed by the limited testing performed to date. Here, we describe the validation of a coronavirus antigen microarray containing immunologically significant antigens from SARS-CoV-2, in addition to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, common human coronavirus strains, and other common respiratory viruses. A comparison of antibody profiles detected on the array from control sera collected prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic versus convalescent blood specimens from virologically confirmed COVID-19 cases demonstrates near complete discrimination of these two groups, with improved performance from use of antigen combinations that include both spike protein and nucleoprotein. This array can be used as a diagnostic tool, as an epidemiologic tool to more accurately estimate the disease burden of COVID-19, and as a research tool to correlate antibody responses with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Obiero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Schreiber
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andreas Buser
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Holbro
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Oluwasanmi Adenaiye
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sheldon Tai
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Filbert Hong
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Donald K Milton
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - D Huw Davies
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Saahir Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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31
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Grosso A, Rigoli R, Formentini S, Di Perri G, Scotton P, Dapavo G, Fioretto M, Scarpa G. Suppression of Covid-19 outbreak among healthcare workers at the Treviso Regional Hospital, Italy and lessons for ophthalmologists. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:2901-2909. [PMID: 33319590 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120982520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a strategy to reduce Covid-19 spread among healthcare workers and provide ophthalmologists with recommendations useful for a possible second wave of Covid-19 in Autumn. METHODS Epidemiological surveillance at the Cà Foncello Hospital (Veneto, Italy) since 24 February 2020 to 24 April 2020 when the municipality of Treviso was hit by the Covid-19 outbreak. The number of naso-pharigeal (NP) swabs performed was 7010. RESULTS The number of infected among healthcare workers was 209/ 3924 (5.32%): medical doctors: 28 cases / 498 (5.6%). None among ophthalmologists; specialized nurses: 86/1294 (6.4%) None in the ophthalmic unit; intermediate care technicians: 68/463 (14.7%). The 46% of the positive tested were asymptomatic. We share key suggested actions for the reorganization in ophthalmological services: be part of a global epidemiological local strategy of containment (Testing, Tracing, Treating); protect your department: Keep on screening patients by telephone interview before entering the hospital; promote continuous and appropriate use of PPE both for doctors and for patients; make any effort to obtain a continuous flow of patients in every line of the ophthalmic service; treat appropriately any single patient with vision threatening condition; avoid unnecessary or futile testings and examinations. CONCLUSION The Treviso model shows that it is possible and safe to keep on performing high risk hospital activities like ophthalmology, even in the epicenter of covid outbreak, if adequate actions are performed. We discuss about the value of NP swabs and serological tests as a strategy in case of a second wave of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grosso
- Division of Ophthalmology, Santo Spirito Hospital Casale Monferrato, Alessandria AL, Italy
| | - Roberto Rigoli
- Azienda ULSS n 2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Veneto, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Fioretto
- Division of Ophthalmology, Santo Spirito Hospital Casale Monferrato, Alessandria AL, Italy
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32
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Biswas S, Ghosh P, Chakraborty D, Chatterjee A, Dutta S, Saha MK. COVID-19 Infection: Data Gaps for Diagnostic Laboratory Preparedness and Tasks on Hand. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:158-164. [PMID: 33264056 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) and its spread, with life-threatening outcomes, have caused a pandemic burden worldwide. Studies of emerging diseases under outbreak conditions have focused on the complete spectrum of pathogens, transmissibility, shedding kinetics in relation to infectivity, epidemiological causes, and interventions to control emergence. During the initial stages of an outbreak, laboratory response capacity focuses on expansion of efficient diagnostic tools for rapid case detection, contact tracing, putting epidemiological findings into sources, mode of transmission, and identification of susceptible groups and reservoirs. It is important for public health diagnostic laboratories to have a fundamental knowledge of viral shedding, antibody response kinetics, assay validation, interpretation, and uncertainties of test results. This study reviewed currently published data from available literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection and compared this with data on viral shedding and antibody response kinetics of other human coronaviruses. Also described are current challenges and comments on some biases and significant data gaps that have limited laboratory preparedness to SARS-CoV-2. Consistent documentation of progress and data gaps from standardized reporting of methods utilized, sampling date, details of test results by specimen type, risk assessments, and symptoms can all be used strategically and provide incentives to governments and their partners to prioritize the development, detection, and response to outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Biswas
- Department of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Piyali Ghosh
- Department of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjit Chakraborty
- Department of Epidemiology, and ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- Department of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Malay Kumar Saha
- Department of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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33
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Loeffelholz MJ, Tang YW. Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections - the state of the art. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:747-756. [PMID: 32196430 PMCID: PMC7172701 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The three unprecedented outbreaks of emerging human coronavirus (HCoV) infections at the beginning of the twenty-first century have highlighted the necessity for readily available, accurate and fast diagnostic testing methods. The laboratory diagnostic methods for human coronavirus infections have evolved substantially, with the development of novel assays as well as the availability of updated tests for emerging ones. Newer laboratory methods are fast, highly sensitive and specific, and are gradually replacing the conventional gold standards. This presentation reviews the current laboratory methods available for testing coronaviruses by focusing on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak going on in Wuhan. Viral pneumonias typically do not result in the production of purulent sputum. Thus, a nasopharyngeal swab is usually the collection method used to obtain a specimen for testing. Nasopharyngeal specimens may miss some infections; a deeper specimen may need to be obtained by bronchoscopy. Alternatively, repeated testing can be used because over time, the likelihood of the SARS-CoV-2 being present in the nasopharynx increases. Several integrated, random-access, point-of-care molecular devices are currently under development for fast and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. These assays are simple, fast and safe and can be used in the local hospitals and clinics bearing the burden of identifying and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Cepheid, Danaher Diagnostic
Platform, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Hosseini A, Pandey R, Osman E, Victorious A, Li F, Didar T, Soleymani L. Roadmap to the Bioanalytical Testing of COVID-19: From Sample Collection to Disease Surveillance. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3328-3345. [PMID: 33124797 PMCID: PMC7605339 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a global pandemic with tremendous mortality, morbidity, and economic loss. The current lack of effective vaccines and treatments places tremendous value on widespread screening, early detection, and contact tracing of COVID-19 for controlling its spread and minimizing the resultant health and societal impact. Bioanalytical diagnostic technologies have played a critical role in the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic and will continue to be foundational in the prevention of the subsequent waves of this pandemic along with future infectious disease outbreaks. In this Review, we aim at presenting a roadmap to the bioanalytical testing of COVID-19, with a focus on the performance metrics as well as the limitations of various techniques. The state-of-the-art technologies, mostly limited to centralized laboratories, set the clinical metrics against which the emerging technologies are measured. Technologies for point-of-care and do-it-yourself testing are rapidly emerging, which open the route for testing in the community, at home, and at points-of-entry to widely screen and monitor individuals for enabling normal life despite of an infectious disease pandemic. The combination of different classes of diagnostic technologies (centralized and point-of-care and relying on multiple biomarkers) are needed for effective diagnosis, treatment selection, prognosis, patient monitoring, and epidemiological surveillance in the event of major pandemics such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hosseini
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering Physics,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Enas Osman
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Amanda Victorious
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry,
Brock University, St. Catharines, ON
L2S 3A1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and
Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry,
Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
610065, China
| | - Tohid Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics,
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L8, Canada
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Serological Assays Estimate Highly Variable SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Activity in Recovered COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.02005-20. [PMID: 32917729 PMCID: PMC7685895 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02005-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following infection or vaccination is likely to be critical for the development of sufficient population immunity to drive cessation of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A large number of serologic tests, platforms, and methodologies are being employed to determine seroprevalence in populations to select convalescent plasma samples for therapeutic trials and to guide policies about reopening. The development of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following infection or vaccination is likely to be critical for the development of sufficient population immunity to drive cessation of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A large number of serologic tests, platforms, and methodologies are being employed to determine seroprevalence in populations to select convalescent plasma samples for therapeutic trials and to guide policies about reopening. However, the tests have substantial variations in sensitivity and specificity, and their ability to quantitatively predict levels of NAbs is unknown. We collected 370 unique donors enrolled in the New York Blood Center Convalescent Plasma Program between April and May of 2020. We measured levels of antibodies in convalescent plasma samples using commercially available SARS-CoV-2 detection tests and in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and correlated serological measurements with NAb activity measured using pseudotyped virus particles, which offer the most informative assessment of antiviral activity of patient sera against viral infection. Our data show that a large proportion of convalescent plasma samples have modest antibody levels and that commercially available tests have various degrees of accuracy in predicting NAb activity. We found that the Ortho anti-SARS-CoV-2 total Ig and IgG high-throughput serological assays (HTSAs) and the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay quantify levels of antibodies that strongly correlate with the results of NAb assays and are consistent with gold standard ELISA results. These findings provide immediate clinical relevance to serology results that can be equated to NAb activity and could serve as a valuable roadmap to guide the choice and interpretation of serological tests for SARS-CoV-2.
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36
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Yatsyshina SB, Mamoshina MV, Shipulina OY, Podkolzin AT, Akimkin VG. [Analysis of human coronaviruses circulation]. Vopr Virusol 2020; 65:267-276. [PMID: 33533210 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which emerged at the end of 2019 and caused a worldwide pandemic, triggered numerous questions about the epidemiology of the novel COVID-19 disease and about wellknown coronavirus infections, which used to be given little attention due to their mild symptoms. THE PURPOSE The routine screening-based multiyear retrospective observational study of prevalence and circulation patterns of epidemic-prone human coronaviruses in Moscow. MATERIAL AND METHODS The real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect RNA of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in nasal and throat swabs from 16,511 patients with an acute respiratory infection (ARI), aged 1 month to 95 years (children accounted for 58.3%) from January 2016 to March 2020, and swabs from 505 relatively healthy children in 2008, 2010 and 2011. Results. HCoVs were yearly found in 2.6-6.1% of the examined patients; the detection frequency was statistically higher in adults than in children, regardless of sex. At the height of the disease incidence in December 2019, HCoVs were detected in 13.7% of the examined, demonstrating a two-fold increase as compared to the multi-year average for that month. The statistical frequency of HCoV detection in ARI pediatric patients under 6 years was significantly higher than in their healthy peers (3.7 vs 0.7%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION HCoVs circulate annually, demonstrating a winter-spring seasonal activity pattern in the Moscow Region and reaching peak levels in December. Over the years of observation, the HCoV epidemic activity reached maximum levels in December 2019-February 2020 and decreased in March to the multi-year average. Amid a growing number of SARS-CoV-2 cases imported to Moscow in March 2020, the HCoV detection frequency dropped sharply, which can be explained by the competition between different coronaviruses and by the specificity of HCoV detection with the diagnostic test kit used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Yatsyshina
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - M V Mamoshina
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - O Yu Shipulina
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - A T Podkolzin
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
| | - V G Akimkin
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare
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Peña López BO, Rincón Orozco B, Castillo León JJ. SARS-CoV-2: generalidades bioquímicas y métodos de diagnóstico. NOVA 2020. [DOI: 10.22490/24629448.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
El 31 de diciembre de 2019 la comisión municipal de salud de Wuhan (provincia de Hubei, China) informa sobre un inusitado brote de casos de neumonía en la ciudad. Posteriormente se determina que se trata de un nuevo coronavirus designado inicialmente como 2019-nCoV y posteriormente, SARS-CoV-2. El SARS-CoV-2 infecta y se replica en los neumocitos y macrófagos del sistema respiratorio específicamente en el parénquima pulmonar en donde reside el receptor celular ACE-2. Esta revisión describe aspectos relacionados con la transmisión, prevención, generalidades bioquímicas del SARS-CoV-2 y métodos diagnósticos del COVID-19. Inicialmente se describe la forma de transmisión del virus y algunas recomendaciones generales para su prevención. Posteriormente, se hace una descripción detallada de los aspectos bioquímicos del SARS-CoV-2, su ciclo infeccioso y la estructura de la proteína S, la cual está involucrada con el proceso de ingreso del virus a la célula. Finalmente, se describen los métodos y pruebas de laboratorio para el diagnóstico del COVID-19.
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38
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Chan JFW, To KKW, Yuen KY. A Case Series of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019: What Have We Learned? Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:1552-1553. [PMID: 32318718 PMCID: PMC7188164 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Hitchings MDT, Yang B, Katzelnick LC, Rattigan SM, Borgert BA, Moreno CA, Solomon BD, Trimmer-Smith L, Etienne V, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Lessler J, Salje H, Burke DS, Wesolowski A, Cummings DAT. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4704. [PMID: 32943637 PMCID: PMC7499300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana T Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan M Rattigan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brooke A Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke Trimmer-Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veronique Etienne
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Donald S Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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40
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Luchsinger LL, Ransegnola B, Jin D, Muecksch F, Weisblum Y, Bao W, George PJ, Rodriguez M, Tricoche N, Schmidt F, Gao C, Jawahar S, Pal M, Schnall E, Zhang H, Strauss D, Yazdanbakhsh K, Hillyer CD, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T. Serological Assays Estimate Highly Variable SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Activity in Recovered COVID19 Patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32577675 PMCID: PMC7302251 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.08.20124792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of neutralizing antibodies (nAb) against SARS-CoV-2, following infection or vaccination, is likely to be critical for the development of sufficient population immunity to drive cessation of the COVID19 pandemic. A large number of serologic tests, platforms and methodologies are being employed to determine seroprevalence in populations to select convalescent plasmas for therapeutic trials, and to guide policies about reopening. However, tests have substantial variability in sensitivity and specificity, and their ability to quantitatively predict levels of nAb is unknown. We collected 370 unique donors enrolled in the New York Blood Center Convalescent Plasma Program between April and May of 2020. We measured levels of antibodies in convalescent plasma using commercially available SARS-CoV- 2 detection tests and in-house ELISA assays and correlated serological measurements with nAb activity measured using pseudotyped virus particles, which offer the most informative assessment of antiviral activity of patient sera against viral infection. Our data show that a large proportion of convalescent plasma samples have modest antibody levels and that commercially available tests have varying degrees of accuracy in predicting nAb activity. We found the Ortho Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Ig and IgG high throughput serological assays (HTSAs), as well as the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, quantify levels of antibodies that strongly correlate with nAb assays and are consistent with gold-standard ELISA assay results. These findings provide immediate clinical relevance to serology results that can be equated to nAb activity and could serve as a valuable ‘roadmap’ to guide the choice and interpretation of serological tests for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry L Luchsinger
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brett Ransegnola
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Jin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Weili Bao
- Laboratory of Complement Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Parakkal Jovvian George
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marilis Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nancy Tricoche
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chengjie Gao
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shabnam Jawahar
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mouli Pal
- Laboratory of Complement Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily Schnall
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Donna Strauss
- New York Blood Center Enterprises, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Karina Yazdanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Complement Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher D Hillyer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,New York Blood Center Enterprises, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Wang Y, Lee Y, Yang T, Sun J, Shen C, Cheng C. Current diagnostic tools for coronaviruses-From laboratory diagnosis to POC diagnosis for COVID-19. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10177. [PMID: 32838038 PMCID: PMC7435577 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put tremendous strain on healthcare systems worldwide. It is challenging for clinicians to differentiate COVID-19 from other acute respiratory tract infections via clinical symptoms because those who are infected display a wide range of symptoms. An effective, point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool could mitigate healthcare system strain, protect healthcare professionals, and support quarantine efforts. We believe that a POC tool can be developed that would be rapid, easy to use, and inexpensive. It could be used in the home, in resource-limited areas, and even in clinical settings. In this article, we summarize the current state of COVID-19 diagnostic methods and make a case for an all-in-one, highly sensitive POC assay that integrates antibody detection, protein detection, and serum cytokine detection to diagnose COVID-19 infection. We believe this article will provide insights into the current state of diagnostics for COVID-19, and promote additional research and tool development that could be exceptionally impactful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung‐Chih Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineTri‐Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Tzu Lee
- Department of Emergency MedicineTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ting Yang
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Jun‐Ren Sun
- Institute of Preventive MedicineNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ching‐Fen Shen
- Department of PediatricsNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
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42
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Álvez F. SARS-CoV2 coronavirus: so far polite with children. Debatable immunological and non-immunological evidence. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020; 48:500-506. [PMID: 32771236 PMCID: PMC7332921 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reasons for the relative resistance of children to certain infections such as that caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV2 are not yet fully clear. Deciphering these differences can provide important information about the pathogenesis of the disease. Regarding the SARS-CoV2 virus, children are at the same risk of infection as the general population of all ages, with the most serious cases being found in infants. However, it has been reported that the disease is much less frequent than in adults and that most cases are benign or moderate (even with high viral loads), provided there are no other risk factors or underlying diseases. It is not clear why they have lower morbidity and virtually no mortality. A series of findings, relationships and behavioral patterns between the infectious agent and the child host may account for the lower incidence and a greatly attenuated clinical presentation of the disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Álvez
- Vaccines and Pediatric Infections (GENVIP), Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Unit (UNIV), University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology, Spain.
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43
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Age-Related Differences in Immunological Responses to SARS-CoV-2. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:3251-3258. [PMID: 32861856 PMCID: PMC7450283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a striking age-related disparity in the prevalence and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced coronavirus disease 2019 infections, which might be explained by age-dependent immunological mechanisms. These include age-related physiological differences in immunological responses, cross-neutralizing antibodies, and differences in levels and binding affinity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 target receptor; antibody-dependent enhancement in adults manifesting with an overexuberant systemic inflammation in response to infection; and the increased likelihood of comorbidities in adults and the elderly. Emerging immunological phenomena such as Pediatric Multi-System Inflammatory Disorder Temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children are now being observed, though the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Understanding the mechanisms through which pediatric patients are protected from severe novel coronaviruses infections will provide critical clues to the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and inform future therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. Asymptomatic carriage in children may have major public health implications, which will have an impact on social and health care policies on screening and isolation practices, school reopening, and safe distancing requirements in the community.
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44
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Mortaz E, Tabarsi P, Varahram M, Folkerts G, Adcock IM. The Immune Response and Immunopathology of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2037. [PMID: 32983152 PMCID: PMC7479965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1960s and are named due to their crown-like shape. Sometimes, but not often, a coronavirus can infect both animals and humans. An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2 previously known as 2019-nCoV) was identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as it spread throughout China and subsequently across the globe. As of 14th July 2020, a total of 13.1 million confirmed cases globally and 572,426 deaths had been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the β-coronavirus family and shares extensive genomic identity with bat coronavirus suggesting that bats are the natural host. SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as that for SARS-CoV, the coronavirus associated with the SARS outbreak in 2003. It mainly spreads through the respiratory tract with lymphopenia and cytokine storms occuring in the blood of subjects with severe disease. This suggests the existence of immunological dysregulation as an accompanying event during severe illness caused by this virus. The early recognition of this immunological phenotype could assist prompt recognition of patients who will progress to severe disease. Here we review the data of the immune response during COVID-19 infection. The current review summarizes our understanding of how immune dysregulation and altered cytokine networks contribute to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Respiratory Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Butler SE, Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Xu S, Weiner JA, Lee J, Wieland-Alter WF, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Features and Functions of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity Among SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.05.20168971. [PMID: 32793926 PMCID: PMC7418747 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.05.20168971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection will play a critical role in the development of vaccines and antibody-based interventions. We report systemic and mucosal antibody responses in convalescent individuals who experienced varying disease severity. Robust antibody responses to diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens and evidence of elevated responses to endemic CoV were observed among convalescent donors. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG responses were often negatively correlated, particularly in mucosal samples, suggesting subject-intrinsic biases in isotype switching. Assessment of antibody-mediated effector functions revealed an inverse correlation between systemic and mucosal neutralization activity and site-dependent differences in the isotype of neutralizing antibodies. Serum neutralization correlated with systemic anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM response magnitude, while mucosal neutralization was associated with nasal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA. These findings begin to map how diverse Ab characteristics relate to Ab functions and outcomes of infection, informing public health assessment strategies and vaccine development efforts.
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Laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 - A review of current methods. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:901-905. [PMID: 32534946 PMCID: PMC7275982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
At present the whole world is facing pandemic of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19); caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease has rapidly spreads across the world from its origin of Wuhan, China and affected millions people worldwide and make them to remain in their homes. The knowledge of available laboratory methods is essential for early and correct diagnosis of COVID-19 to identify new cases as well as monitoring treatment of confirmed cases. In this review we aim to provide the updated information about selection of specimens and availability of various diagnostic methods and their utility with current findings for the laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This will guide the healthcare professionals and government organizations to make strategy for establishing diagnostic facilities for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Fierz W, Walz B. Antibody Dependent Enhancement Due to Original Antigenic Sin and the Development of SARS. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1120. [PMID: 32582200 PMCID: PMC7291596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) is one of the most common causes of respiratory tract infections throughout the world. Two phenomena observed so far in the development of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic deserve further attention. First, the relative absence of clinical signs of infections in children, second, the early appearance of IgG in certain patients. From the point of view of immune system physiology, such an early rise of specific IgG is expected in secondary immune responses when memory to a cross-reactive antigen is present, usually from an earlier infection with a coronavirus. It is actually typical for the immune system to respond, to what it already knows, a phenomenon that has been observed in many infections with closely related viruses and has been termed “original antigenic sin.” The question then arises whether such cross-reactive antibodies are protective or not against the new virus. The worst scenario would be when such cross-reactive memory antibodies to related coronaviruses would not only be non-protective but even enhance infection and the clinical course. Such a phenomenon of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) has already been described in several viral infections. Thus, the development of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 in the course of COVID-19 might not be a simple sign of viral clearance and developing protection against the virus. On the contrary, due to cross-reaction to related coronavirus strains from earlier infections, in certain patients IgG might enhance clinical progression due to ADE. The patient's viral history of coronavirus infection might be crucial to the development of the current infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, it poses a note of caution when treating COVID-19 patients with convalescent sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fierz
- Swiss Association of the Diagnostic Industry (SVDI), Bern, Switzerland
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48
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To KKW, Cheng VCC, Cai JP, Chan KH, Chen LL, Wong LH, Choi CYK, Fong CHY, Ng ACK, Lu L, Luo CT, Situ J, Chung TWH, Wong SC, Kwan GSW, Sridhar S, Chan JFW, Fan CYM, Chuang VWM, Kok KH, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong and in residents evacuated from Hubei province, China: a multicohort study. LANCET MICROBE 2020; 1:e111-e118. [PMID: 33230504 PMCID: PMC7673299 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of subclinical severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown because population seroprevalence data are absent. We aimed to establish the sensitivity and specificity of our enzyme immunoassay and microneutralisation assay, and the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong before and after the pandemic, as well as in Hong Kong residents evacuated from Hubei province, China. Methods We did a multicohort study in a hospital and university in Hong Kong. We evaluated the sensitivity of our enzyme immunoassay and microneutralisation assay with RT-PCR data from patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 and the specificity of our enzyme immunoassay and microneutralisation assay with archived serum samples collected before 2019. We compared the seropositivity of the general population of Hong Kong before and after the pandemic had begun, and determined the seropositivity of Hong Kong residents evacuated from Hubei province, China, in March, 2020. Findings Between Feb 26 and March 18, 2020, we assessed RT-PCR samples from 45 patients who had recovered from COVID-19 to establish the sensitivity of our enzyme immunoassay and microneutralisation assay. To establish the specificity of these assays, we retrieved archived serum. The sensitivity was 91·1% (41 of 45 [95% CI 78·8–97·5]) for the microneutralisation assay, 57·8% (26 of 45 [42·2–72·3]) for anti-nucleoprotein IgG, 66·7% (30 of 45 [51·1–80·0]) for anti-spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, and 73·3% (33 of 45 [58·1–85·4]) for enzyme immunoassay (either positive for anti-nucleoprotein or anti-RBD IgG). The specificity was 100% (152 of 152 [95% CI 97·6–100·0]) for both the enzyme immunoassay and microneutralisation assay. Among the Hong Kong general population, 53 (2·7%) of 1938 were enzyme immunoassay positive, but of those who were positive, all 53 were microneutralisation negative, and no significant increase was seen in the seroprevalence between April 12, 2018, and Feb 13, 2020. Among asymptomatic Hubei returnees, 17 (4%) of 452 were seropositive with the enzyme immunoassay or the microneutralisation assay, with 15 (88%) of 17 seropositive with the microneutralisation assay, and two familial clusters were identified. Interpretation Our serological data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is a new emerging virus. The seropositivity rate in Hubei returnees indicates that RT-PCR-confirmed patients only represent a small proportion of the total number of cases. The low seroprevalence suggests that most of the Hong Kong and Hubei population remain susceptible to COVID-19. Future waves of the outbreak are inevitable without a vaccine or antiviral prophylaxis. The role of age-related cross reactive non-neutralising antibodies in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 warrants further investigation. Funding Richard and Carol Yu, May Tam Mak Mei Yin, Shaw Foundation (Hong Kong), Michael Tong, Marina Lee, and the Government Consultancy Service (see acknowledgments for full list).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Infection Control Team, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong West Cluster, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lok-Hin Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Charlotte Yee-Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Carol Ho-Yan Fong
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anthony Chin-Ki Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cui-Ting Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tom Wai-Hin Chung
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shuk-Ching Wong
- Infection Control Team, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong West Cluster, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Grace See-Wai Kwan
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cecilia Yuen-Man Fan
- Professional Development and Quality Assurance Service, Department of Health, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vivien W M Chuang
- Quality & Safety Division (Infection, Emergency, and Contingency), Hospital Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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49
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Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has had a major impact on clinical microbiology laboratories in the past several months. This commentary covers current issues and challenges for the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the preanalytical stage, collecting the proper respiratory tract specimen at the right time from the right anatomic site is essential for a prompt and accurate molecular diagnosis of COVID-19. Appropriate measures are required to keep laboratory staff safe while producing reliable test results. The COVID-19 outbreak has had a major impact on clinical microbiology laboratories in the past several months. This commentary covers current issues and challenges for the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the preanalytical stage, collecting the proper respiratory tract specimen at the right time from the right anatomic site is essential for a prompt and accurate molecular diagnosis of COVID-19. Appropriate measures are required to keep laboratory staff safe while producing reliable test results. In the analytic stage, real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays remain the molecular test of choice for the etiologic diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection while antibody-based techniques are being introduced as supplemental tools. In the postanalytical stage, testing results should be carefully interpreted using both molecular and serological findings. Finally, random-access, integrated devices available at the point of care with scalable capacities will facilitate the rapid and accurate diagnosis and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections and greatly assist in the control of this outbreak.
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50
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de Assis RR, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Felgner J, Obiero JM, Adenaiye O, Tai S, Hong F, Norris PJ, Stone M, Simmons G, Bagri A, Schreiber M, Buser A, Holbro A, Battegay M, Hosimer P, Noesen C, Milton DK, Davies DH, Contestable P, Corash LM, Busch MP, Felgner PL, Khan S. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in COVID-19 Convalescent Blood using a Coronavirus Antigen Microarray. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511302 PMCID: PMC7217240 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.15.043364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The current practice for diagnosis of COVID-19, based on SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing of pharyngeal or respiratory specimens in a symptomatic patient at high epidemiologic risk, likely underestimates the true prevalence of infection. Serologic methods can more accurately estimate the disease burden by detecting infections missed by the limited testing performed to date. Here, we describe the validation of a coronavirus antigen microarray containing immunologically significant antigens from SARS-CoV-2, in addition to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, common human coronavirus strains, and other common respiratory viruses. A comparison of antibody profiles detected on the array from control sera collected prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic versus convalescent blood specimens from virologically confirmed COVID-19 cases demonstrates near complete discrimination of these two groups, with improved performance from use of antigen combinations that include both spike protein and nucleoprotein. This array can be used as a diagnostic tool, as an epidemiologic tool to more accurately estimate the disease burden of COVID-19, and as a research tool to correlate antibody responses with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Joshua M Obiero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Oluwasanmi Adenaiye
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Sheldon Tai
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Filbert Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Martin Schreiber
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Andreas Buser
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Holbro
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Donald K Milton
- Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | | | - D Huw Davies
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | | | | | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Saahir Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA
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