1
|
Matsuura T, Nakamura S, Yamamoto T, Toji T, Itino T. The long proboscis of the aphid Stomaphis yanonis (Aphididae Lachninae) is advantageous for avoiding predation by tending ants. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2024; 111:35. [PMID: 38916816 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Whether in ant-aphid mutualism the ants exert evolutionary selection pressure on aphid morphology has not yet been fully tested. Here, we tested whether the long proboscises of Stomaphis yanonis (Aphididae Lachninae) aphids confer an advantage in preventing predation by the tending ants. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that aphids with a shorter proboscis would excrete less honeydew, making them more likely to be preyed upon by ants. Our results showed that aphid individuals with a shorter proboscis took up less phloem sap and excreted less honeydew than individuals with a longer proboscis. In addition, among aphids with a similar body size, those with a shorter proboscis were more susceptible to predation by ants than those with a longer proboscis. These results suggest that predation by tending ants, by exerting selection pressure on aphid proboscis morphology, has caused the aphids to evolve longer proboscises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Matsuura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai city naka ward, 1-1 Gakuen town, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Toji
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Itino
- Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Lu Y. Effects of Seven Plant Essential Oils on the Growth, Development and Feeding Behavior of the Wingless Aphis gossypii Glover. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:916. [PMID: 38611446 PMCID: PMC11013612 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover damages plants such as cotton directly by feeding on leaves and indirectly by transmitting viruses and excreting honeydew, which interferes with photosynthesis. The control of A. gossypii is still dominated by the frequent use of insecticides, which leads to a gradual increase in pesticide resistance in A. gossypii. Research is therefore needed on non-pesticide controls. In this study, seven plant essential oils (EOs) of Ocimum sanctum L., Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum gratissimum L., Mentha piperita L., Mentha arvensis L., Tagetes erecta L., and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. were examined as potential controls for A. gossypii. We used life tables and electrical penetration graphs (EPG) to explore the effects of these EOs on the growth, development, and feeding behavior of A. gossypii, followed by a study of effects of the EOs on honeydew secretion by A. gossypii as a measure of their antifeedant activity. We found that the EOs of O. sanctum, M. piperita, M. arvensis and T. erecta significantly extended the pre-adult developmental period. Also, adult longevity, number of oviposition days, and total fecundity of A. gossypii treated with the EOs of M. arvensis or T. erecta were all significantly reduced. Aphids treated with the EOs of O. sanctum, M. piperita, or L. angustifolia showed significant reductions in their net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and finite rate of increase (λ), and significant increases in mean generation time (T). In terms of their effects on the feeding behavior of A. gossypii, all seven EOs significantly reduced the total duration of phloem feeding (E2 waves), the number of phloem-feeding bouts, and the proportion of time spent in secretion of saliva into phloem sieve elements (E1 waves) and phloem feeding (E2). The total duration and number of E1 waves (saliva secretion) were significantly reduced by the EOs of O. sanctum, O. gratissimum, and M. arvensis. For C waves (probing in non-vascular tissues), the total duration spent in this behavior was significantly increased by the EOs of O. gratissimum, M. piperita, and L. angustifolia, but the number of such probing events was increased only by L. angustifolia EO. The EOs of O. basilicum, M. arvensis, and T. erecta significantly increased the total duration of ingestion of xylem sap (G waves), while the total time of mechanical difficulty in stylet penetration (F waves) was increased by M. arvensis. The total duration and number of the non-probing events (Np waves) were significantly increased by EOs of O. sanctum and O. basilicum. After treatment with all seven of these EOs, the area covered by honeydew was significantly reduced compared with the control. Studies have analyzed that EOs of O. sanctum, M. piperita, and T. erecta were most effective, followed by the EOs of M. arvensis and L. angustifolia, and finally the EOs of O. basilicum and O. gratissimum. In the present study, the EOs of O. sanctum, M. piperita, and T. erecta were found to have potential for the development as antifeedants of A. gossypii, and these data provide a basis for future research on non-pesticide chemical control of A. gossypii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhang Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Haibin Yuan
- Department of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Broussard L, Abadie C, Lalande J, Limami AM, Lothier J, Tcherkez G. Phloem Sap Composition: What Have We Learnt from Metabolomics? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086917. [PMID: 37108078 PMCID: PMC10139104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phloem sap transport is essential for plant nutrition and development since it mediates redistribution of nutrients, metabolites and signaling molecules. However, its biochemical composition is not so well-known because phloem sap sampling is difficult and does not always allow extensive chemical analysis. In the past years, efforts have been devoted to metabolomics analyses of phloem sap using either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Phloem sap metabolomics is of importance to understand how metabolites can be exchanged between plant organs and how metabolite allocation may impact plant growth and development. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of phloem sap metabolome and physiological information obtained therefrom. Although metabolomics analyses of phloem sap are still not numerous, they show that metabolites present in sap are not just sugars and amino acids but that many more metabolic pathways are represented. They further suggest that metabolite exchange between source and sink organs is a general phenomenon, offering opportunities for metabolic cycles at the whole-plant scale. Such cycles reflect metabolic interdependence of plant organs and shoot-root coordination of plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Broussard
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Cyril Abadie
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Julie Lalande
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anis M Limami
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Translocation of Loline Alkaloids in Epichloë-Infected Cereal and Pasture Grasses: What the Insects Tell Us. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010096. [PMID: 36675917 PMCID: PMC9865534 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are major pests of cereal and pasture grasses throughout the world, vectoring disease and reducing plant production. There are few control options other than insecticides. Epichloë endophytes that produce loline alkaloids in their hosts provide a possible mechanism of control, with both meadow fescue and tall fescue naturally infected with loline-producing endophytes showing a resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi. We screened Elymus spp. naturally infected with endophytes that produced loline alkaloids at concentrations known to affect aphids on fescue but found no effect on these insects infesting Elymus. A synthetic loline-producing endophyte association with rye also had no effect on the aphids. After hypothesizing that the lolines were being translocated in the xylem in Elymus and rye rather than the phloem, we tested the rye and meadow fescue infected with loline-producing endophytes against a xylem feeding spittlebug. The endophyte in rye inhibited the feeding of the insect and reduced its survival, whereas the endophyte-infected meadow fescue had no effect on the spittlebug but reduced the number of aphids. Lolines applied to the potting medium of endophyte-free and endophyte-infected rye, ryegrass, and tall fescue resulted in a decrease in the aphid populations on the endophyte-free pasture grasses relative to the untreated controls but had no effect on aphid numbers on the rye. We tentatively conclude that lolines, produced in both natural and synthetic association with Elymus and rye, are partitioned in the xylem rather than the phloem, where they are inaccessible to aphids.
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng P, Li R, Chen ZH, Wang Y. Stomata at the crossroad of molecular interaction between biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1031891. [PMID: 36311113 PMCID: PMC9614343 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1031891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global food production is threatened by harsh environmental conditions along with biotic stresses, requiring massive new research into integrated stress resistance in plants. Stomata play a pivotal role in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses, but their orchestrated interactions at the molecular, physiological, and biochemical levels were less investigated. Here, we reviewed the influence of drought, pathogen, and insect herbivory on stomata to provide a comprehensive overview in the context of stomatal regulation. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms of stomatal response triggered by these stresses. To further investigate the effect of stomata-herbivore interaction at a transcriptional level, integrated transcriptome studies from different plant species attacked by different pests revealed evidence of the crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress. Comprehensive understanding of the involvement of stomata in some plant-herbivore interactions may be an essential step towards herbivores' manipulation of plants, which provides insights for the development of integrated pest management strategies. Moreover, we proposed that stomata can function as important modulators of plant response to stress combination, representing an exciting frontier of plant science with a broad and precise view of plant biotic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengshuai Peng
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodríguez BD, Kloth KJ, Albrectsen BR. Effects of condensed tannins on behavior and performance of a specialist aphid on aspen. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9229. [PMID: 36016819 PMCID: PMC9396707 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in plant defences against herbivores and pathogens are often highly polymorphic. This is a putative sign that balancing selection may have operated reciprocally on the hosts and their herbivores. Spatial and temporal variations (for example, in soil nutrients and the plants' ontogenetic development) may also modulate resistance traits, and thus selection pressures, but have been largely overlooked in theories of plant defences. Important elements of defences in Populus tremula (hereafter aspen) are phenolic compounds, including condensed tannins (CTs). Concentrations of CTs vary considerably with both variations in external factors and time, but they are also believed to provide genotype-dependent resistance, mainly against chewing herbivores and pathogens. However, evidence of their contributions to resistance is sparse. Detailed studies of co-evolved plant-herbivore associations could provide valuable insights into these contributions. Therefore, we examined correlations between CT levels in aspen leaves and both the feeding behavior and reproduction of the specialist aspen leaf aphid (Chaitophorus tremulae) in varied conditions. We found that xylem sap intake and probing difficulties were higher on genotypes with high-CT concentrations. However, aphids engaged in more nonprobing activities on low-CT genotypes, indicating that CTs were not the only defence traits involved. Thus, high-CT genotypes were not necessarily more resistant than low-CT genotypes, but aphid reproduction was generally negatively correlated with local CT accumulation. Genotype-specific resistance ranking also depended on the experimental conditions. These results support the hypothesis that growth conditions may affect selection pressures mediated by aphids in accordance with balancing selection theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Díez Rodríguez
- Department of Plant Ecology and GeobotanyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeåSweden
| | - Karen J. Kloth
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Extraction of cucumber phloem sap based on the capillary-air pressure principle. Biotechniques 2022; 72:233-243. [PMID: 35410484 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the substances in phloem sap can effectively reflect the nutritional status of cucumber plants during their growth. Because of the limitations of the time-consuming and complex operations of existing phloem sap extraction methods, the authors proposed a new extraction method based on the capillary-air pressure principle and designed a new sap sampling device. To examine the feasibility of the new sampling device, sap sampled from the same plant with the new method and the common EDTA method was analyzed by gas-phase mass spectrometry. The data showed that the number of substances in the sap sampled using capillary-air pressure was higher than that observed using the EDTA method. The concentration of substances sampled using capillary-air pressure was much higher than that observed using EDTA.
Collapse
|
8
|
Leybourne DJ, Valentine TA, Binnie K, Taylor A, Karley AJ, Bos JIB. Drought stress increases the expression of barley defence genes with negative consequences for infesting cereal aphids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2238-2250. [PMID: 35090009 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crops are exposed to myriad abiotic and biotic stressors with negative consequences. Two stressors that are expected to increase under climate change are drought and infestation with herbivorous insects, including important aphid species. Expanding our understanding of the impact drought has on the plant-aphid relationship will become increasingly important under future climate scenarios. Here we use a previously characterized plant-aphid system comprising a susceptible variety of barley, a wild relative of barley with partial aphid resistance, and the bird cherry-oat aphid to examine the drought-plant-aphid relationship. We show that drought has a negative effect on plant physiology and aphid fitness, and provide evidence to suggest that plant resistance influences aphid responses to drought stress. Furthermore, we show that the expression of thionin genes, plant defensive compounds that contribute to aphid resistance, increase in susceptible plants exposed to drought stress but remain at constant levels in the partially resistant plant, suggesting that they play an important role in determining the success of aphid populations. This study highlights the role of plant defensive processes in mediating the interactions between the environment, plants, and herbivorous insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Leybourne
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Tracy A Valentine
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Kirsty Binnie
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Anna Taylor
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Alison J Karley
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Killiny N. Made for Each Other: Vector-Pathogen Interfaces in the Huanglongbing Pathosystem. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:26-43. [PMID: 34096774 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-21-0182-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrus greening, or huanglongbing (HLB), currently is the most destructive disease of citrus. HLB disease is putatively caused by the phloem-restricted α-proteobacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. This bacterium is transmitted primarily by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Most animal pathogens are considered pathogenic to their insect vectors, whereas the relationships between plant pathogens and their insect vectors are variable. Lately, the relationship of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' with its insect vector, D. citri, has been well investigated at the molecular, biochemical, and biological levels in many studies. Herein, the findings concerning this relationship are discussed and molecular features of the acquisition of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' from the plant host and its growth and circulation within D. citri, as well as its transmission to plants, are presented. In addition, the effects of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' on the energy metabolism (respiration, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and adenosine triphosphate production), metabolic pathways, immune system, endosymbionts, and detoxification enzymes of D. citri are discussed together with other impacts such as shorter lifespan, altered feeding behavior, and higher fecundity. Overall, although 'Ca. L. asiaticus' has significant negative effects on its insect vector, it increases its vector fitness, indicating that it develops a mutualistic relationship with its vector. This review will help in understanding the specific interactions between 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its psyllid vector in order to design innovative management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stallmann J, Schweiger R. Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza on Primary Metabolites in Phloem Exudates of Plantago major and Poa annua and on a Generalist Aphid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313086. [PMID: 34884890 PMCID: PMC8658434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), i.e., the interaction of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), often influences plant growth, physiology, and metabolism. Effects of AM on the metabolic composition of plant phloem sap may affect aphids. We investigated the impacts of AM on primary metabolites in phloem exudates of the plant species Plantago major and Poa annua and on the aphid Myzus persicae. Plants were grown without or with a generalist AMF species, leaf phloem exudates were collected, and primary metabolites were measured. Additionally, the performance of M. persicae on control and mycorrhizal plants of both species was assessed. While the plant species differed largely in the relative proportions of primary metabolites in their phloem exudates, metabolic effects of AM were less pronounced. Slightly higher proportions of sucrose and shifts in proportions of some amino acids in mycorrhizal plants indicated changes in phloem upload and resource allocation patterns within the plants. Aphids showed a higher performance on P. annua than on P. major. AM negatively affected the survival of aphids on P. major, whereas positive effects of AM were found on P. annua in a subsequent generation. Next to other factors, the metabolic composition of the phloem exudates may partly explain these findings.
Collapse
|
11
|
Horgan FG, de Freitas TFS, Crisol-Martínez E, Mundaca EA, Bernal CC. Nitrogenous Fertilizer Reduces Resistance but Enhances Tolerance to the Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110989. [PMID: 34821791 PMCID: PMC8621593 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a key challenge to rice production in Asia. Outbreaks of planthoppers are associated with excessive fertilizer applications; consequently, we examined planthopper interactions with susceptible, tolerant and resistant varieties of rice under varying levels of soil nitrogen in a greenhouse experiment. We compared planthopper fitness (survival × reproduction) and plant tolerance (functional plant loss index) for 16 varieties at 0, 80 and 150 Kg added nitrogen ha-1. The planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties. Moreover, soil nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness on resistant varieties, but relative resistance was maintained. Functional plant loss was highest among the susceptible varieties, but weight and growth rate reductions per mg of planthopper were often highest in the tolerant varieties. Tolerance was associated with large, fast-growing plants, with at least moderate resistance to the planthopper. Susceptibility was associated with a small size and/or an absence of resistance genes. Our results suggested that early-tillering rice plants can be both resistant and tolerant to the brown planthopper, but cannot be both susceptible and tolerant of planthoppers at high densities. This indicates that at least moderate resistance is required for tolerance against this herbivore. Furthermore, although dwarf varieties had a low tolerance of planthoppers, they could express resistance through functioning resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 Cork, Ireland;
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3349001, Chile;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thais Fernanda S. de Freitas
- Plant Protection Department, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil;
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Manila, Philippines;
| | - Eduardo Crisol-Martínez
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 Cork, Ireland;
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3349001, Chile;
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Manila, Philippines;
- Association of Fruit and Vegetable Growers of Almeria (COEXPHAL), Carretera de Ronda 11, 04004 Almeria, Spain
| | - Enrique A. Mundaca
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3349001, Chile;
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Horgan FG, Peñalver Cruz A, Arida A, Ferrater JB, Bernal CC. Adaptation by the Brown Planthopper to Resistant Rice: A Test of Female-Derived Virulence and the Role of Yeast-like Symbionts. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100908. [PMID: 34680677 PMCID: PMC8539761 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation by planthoppers to feed and develop on resistant rice is a challenge for pest management in Asia. We conducted a series of manipulative experiments with the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) on the resistant rice variety IR62 (BPH3/BPH32 genes) to assess behavioral and bionomic changes in planthoppers exhibiting virulence adaptation. We also examined the potential role of yeast-like symbionts (YLS) in virulence adaptation by assessing progeny fitness (survival × reproduction) following controlled matings between virulent males or females and avirulent males or females, and by manipulating YLS densities in progeny through heat treatment. We found virulence-adapted planthoppers developed faster, grew larger, had adults that survived for longer, had female-biased progeny, and produced more eggs than non-selected planthoppers on the resistant variety. However, feeding capacity-as revealed through honeydew composition-remained inefficient on IR62, even after 20+ generations of exposure to the resistant host. Virulence was derived from both the male and female parents; however, females contributed more than males to progeny virulence. We found that YLS are essential for normal planthopper development and densities are highest in virulent nymphs feeding on the resistant host; however, we found only weak evidence that YLS densities contributed more to virulence. Virulence against IR62 in the brown planthopper, therefore, involves a complex of traits that encompass a series of behavioral, physiological, and genetic mechanisms, some of which are determined only by the female parent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 Country Cork, Ireland
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7-D, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Ainara Peñalver Cruz
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines; (A.P.C.); (A.A.); (J.B.F.); (C.C.B.)
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR), Agrocampus-Ouest, 2 Rue André le Nôtre, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Arriza Arida
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines; (A.P.C.); (A.A.); (J.B.F.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Jedeliza B. Ferrater
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines; (A.P.C.); (A.A.); (J.B.F.); (C.C.B.)
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Carmencita C. Bernal
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines; (A.P.C.); (A.A.); (J.B.F.); (C.C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Technologies, from molecular genetics to precision agriculture, are outpacing theory, which is becoming a bottleneck for crop improvement. Here, we outline theoretical insights on the wheat phenotype from the perspective of three evolutionary and ecologically important relations-mother-offspring, plant-insect and plant-plant. The correlation between yield and grain number has been misinterpreted as cause-and-effect; an evolutionary perspective shows a striking similarity between crop and fishes. Both respond to environmental variation through offspring number; seed and egg size are conserved. The offspring of annual plants and semelparous fishes, lacking parental care, are subject to mother-offspring conflict and stabilizing selection. Labile reserve carbohydrates do not fit the current model of wheat yield; they can stabilize grain size, but involve trade-offs with root growth and grain number, and are at best neutral for yield. Shifting the focus from the carbon balance to an ecological role, we suggest that labile carbohydrates may disrupt aphid osmoregulation, and thus contribute to wheat agronomic adaptation. The tight association between high yield and low competitive ability justifies the view of crop yield as a population attribute whereby the behaviour of the plant becomes subordinated within that of the population, with implications for genotyping, phenotyping and plant breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Sadras
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stec K, Kordan B, Gabryś B. Effect of Soy Leaf Flavonoids on Pea Aphid Probing Behavior. INSECTS 2021; 12:756. [PMID: 34442322 PMCID: PMC8396875 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids detected in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) cause various alterations in the metabolism, behavior, and development of insect herbivores. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) poses potential threat to soybeans, but the effect of individual flavonoids on its feeding-associated behavior is relatively unknown. We monitored probing behavior (stylet penetration activities) of A. pisum on its preferred host plant, Pisum sativum L. untreated (control) and treated with 0.1% ethanolic solutions of flavonoids apigenin, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol. We applied the electrical penetration graph (electropenetrography, EPG) technique, which visualizes the movements of aphid stylets within plant tissues. None of the applied flavonoids affected the propensity to probe the plants by A. pisum. However, apigenin enhanced the duration of probes in non-phloem tissues, which caused an increase in the frequency and duration of stylet mechanics derailment and xylem sap ingestion but limited the ingestion of phloem sap. Daidzein caused a delay in reaching phloem vessels and limited sap ingestion. Kaempferol caused a reduction in the frequency and duration of the phloem phase. Genistein did not affect aphid probing behavior. Our findings provide information for selective breeding programs of resistant plant cultivars to A. pisum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stec
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Bożena Kordan
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mustafa T, Horton DR, Cooper WR, Zack RS, Thinakaran J, Karasev AV, Munyaneza JE. Stylet Probing Behavior of Two Bactericera (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) Species on Host and Nonhost Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:919-928. [PMID: 33844012 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding host use by psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) benefits from comparative studies of behavior on host and nonhost plant species. While most psyllid species develop on one or a few closely related plant species, some species are generalized enough to develop on species across plant families. We used electropenetography (EPG) technology to compare probing activities of an oligophagous psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc)) and a host-specialized psyllid (Bactericera maculipennis) on two species of Solanaceae (potato, Solanum tuberosum L. and matrimony vine, Lycium barbarum L.) and two species of Convolvulaceae (field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. and sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas). Bactericera cockerelli develops on all four species, albeit with longer development times on Convolvulaceae. Bactericera maculipennis develops only on Convolvulaceae. Bactericera cockerelli fed readily from phloem of all four species, but the likelihood of entering phloem and duration of time in phloem was reduced on suboptimal hosts (Convolvulaceae) relative to behavior on Solanaceae. We observed instances of cycling between bouts of phloem salivation and ingestion in assays of optimal (Solanaceae) hosts not observed on Convolvulaceae. The Convolvulaceae-specialized B. maculipennis (Crawford) failed to feed from phloem of nonhosts (Solanaceae). Both psyllid species readily ingested from xylem of all plant species, irrespective of host status. Our finding that phloem feeding by B. maculipennis did not occur on potato has implications for understanding epidemiology of phloem-limited psyllid-vectored plant pathogens. Our results also showed that EPG assays detect subtle variation in probing activities that assist in understanding host use by psyllids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mustafa
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - David R Horton
- USDA-ARS-Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - W Rodney Cooper
- USDA-ARS-Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Richard S Zack
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jenita Thinakaran
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Alexander V Karasev
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Joseph E Munyaneza
- USDA-ARS-Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin YY, Liu WC, Hsu YT, Hsu CH, Hu CC, Saska P, Skuhrovec J, Tuan SJ. Direct and Knock-on Effects of Water Stress on the Nutrient Contents of Triticum aestivum (Poales: Poaceae) and Population Growth of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1496-1508. [PMID: 33885757 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To ascertain the direct effects of water stress upon wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) and how these effects, in turn, influence the population growth of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.), we conducted a physiological analysis of wheat seedlings grown under three different watering regimes and subsequently determined the population parameters of the aphid using the age-stage, two-sex life table. A significantly higher content of free amino acids and soluble sugars were observed in wheat seedlings exposed to drought stress compared to seedlings that were well-watered and those that were grown under waterlogged conditions. Extended phloem salivation and stylet penetration with shorter duration of sustained ingestion from phloem was observed in an electrical penetration graph (EPG) of R. padi on drought-stressed wheat seedlings. This suggested that the aphid's feeding activity, as well as nutrient intake, were impeded. The significantly higher percentage of essential amino acids found in wheat seedlings grown under waterlogged conditions promoted significantly higher fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase in R. padi populations compared to aphids fed on drought-treated or well-watered wheat seedlings. Our findings suggest that wheat seedling responses to water stress involve changes in sap composition that are responsible for altering the aphids' nutrient intake and consequently affect their population growth. From a grower's perspective, extending wheat cultivation in a rice-wheat rotation paddy field during the winter season may not be economically profitable if the fields are chronically waterlogged, since this may potentially lead to a higher infestation of cereal aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ying Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Cheng Liu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Hsu
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Chieh Hu
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pavel Saska
- Crop Research Institute, Group Functional Diversity of Invertebrates and Plants in Agro-Ecosystems, Drnovská, Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Crop Research Institute, Group Functional Diversity of Invertebrates and Plants in Agro-Ecosystems, Drnovská, Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Shu-Jen Tuan
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sadras V, Vázquez C, Garzo E, Moreno A, Medina S, Taylor J, Fereres A. The role of plant labile carbohydrates and nitrogen on wheat-aphid relations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12529. [PMID: 34131178 PMCID: PMC8206072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between plants and herbivores are key drivers of evolution and ecosystem complexity. We investigated the role of plant labile carbohydrates and nitrogen on wheat-aphid relations in a 22 factorial combining [CO2] and nitrogen supply. We measured life history traits (assay 1) and feeding behaviour (assay 2) of bird-cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) forced to feed on single leaf laminae, and reproduction of R. padi in a setting where insects moved freely along the plant (assay 3). Experimental setting impacted aphid traits. Where aphids were constrained to single leaf, high nitrogen reduced their fitness and discouraged phloem feeding. Where aphids could move throughout the plant, high nitrogen enhanced their reproduction. Aphid responses to the interaction between nitrogen and [CO2] varied with experimental setting. The number of R. padi adults varied tenfold with plant growing conditions and correlated negatively with molar concentration of sugars in stem (assay 3). This finding has two implications. First, the common interpretation that high nitrogen favours insect fitness because protein-rich animal bodies have to build from nitrogen-poor plant food needs expanding to account for the conspicuous association between low nitrogen and high concentration of labile carbohydrates in plant, which can cause osmotic stress in aphids. Second, the function of labile carbohydrates buffering grain growth needs expanding to account for the osmotic role of carbohydrates in plant resistance to aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sadras
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, Australia. .,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Carolina Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Medina
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Julian Taylor
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Görg LM, Gross J. Influence of ontogenetic and migration stage on feeding behavior of Cacopsylla picta on 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' infected and non-infected apple plants. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104229. [PMID: 33766541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The summer apple psyllid Cacopsylla picta (Foerster) is the vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', the causal agent of apple proliferation disease (AP). During its phloem-feeding activities it transmits this biotrophic bacterium from infected to healthy apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) causing high economic losses. During its life cycle, C.picta performs two host switches: In summer, the new adult generation (emigrants) hatch on apples before they emigrate to their overwintering host conifers. The following spring, the overwintered adult generation (remigrants) remigrate into apple orchards for mating and oviposition. The preimaginal stages (nymphs) develop on apple. It is known that phytopathogen-induced changes in plant physiology can affect insect-plant-interactions. In 12 h recordings of electrical penetration graphs (EPG) it was assessed whether 'Ca. P. mali' infection of the plant affected probing and feeding behavior of the vector C.picta. Its life stage and the infection status of the host plant (and the interaction between these factors) significantly affected the first occurrence, duration and frequency of probing and feeding phases. On 'Ca. P. mali' infected plants, the phloem salivation phase occurred later than on non-infected plants. Even though all life stages fed both on phloem and xylem, significant differences were found in the frequency and duration of phloem and xylem ingestion phases. Nymphs spent the shortest time non-probing, earlier started the first leaf penetration and longer ingested xylem compared with adults. Further, phloem phases differed between migratory stages; remigrants had higher numbers of phloem ingestion events and spent longer ingesting phloem than emigrants. For emigrants, however, phloem contact was very rarely observed during our recordings. The impact of our findings for understanding the multitrophic interactions between host plant, pathogen and behavior of vector insects are discussed with regard to the epidemiology of AP and pest control strategies of the vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Maria Görg
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, Dossenheim D-69221, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, Dossenheim D-69221, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nalam V, Isaacs T, Moh S, Kansman J, Finke D, Albrecht T, Nachappa P. Diurnal feeding as a potential mechanism of osmoregulation in aphids. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:521-532. [PMID: 32240579 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal variation in phloem sap composition has a strong influence on aphid performance. The sugar-rich phloem sap serves as the sole diet for aphids and a suite of physiological mechanisms and behaviors allow them to tolerate the high osmotic stress. Here, we tested the hypothesis that night-time feeding by aphids is a behavior that takes advantage of the low sugar diet in the night to compensate for osmotic stress incurred while feeding on high sugar diet during the day. Using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, we examined the effects of diurnal rhythm on feeding behaviors of bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) on wheat. A strong diurnal rhythm in aphids as indicated by the presence of a cyclical pattern of expression in a core clock gene did not impact aphid feeding and similar feeding behaviors were observed during day and night. The major difference observed between day and night feeding was that aphids spent significantly longer time in phloem salivation during the night compared to the day. In contrast, aphid hydration was reduced at the end of the day-time feeding compared to end of the night-time feeding. Gene expression analysis of R. padi osmoregulatory genes indicated that sugar breakdown and water transport into the aphid gut was reduced at night. These data suggest that while diurnal variation occurs in phloem sap composition, aphids use night-time feeding to overcome the high osmotic stress incurred while feeding on sugar-rich phloem sap during the day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Travis Isaacs
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah Moh
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessica Kansman
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah Finke
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tessa Albrecht
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nalam VJ, Han J, Pitt WJ, Acharya SR, Nachappa P. Location, location, location: Feeding site affects aphid performance by altering access and quality of nutrients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245380. [PMID: 33539358 PMCID: PMC7861455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphid feeding behavior and performance on a given host plant are influenced by the plants' physical and chemical traits, including structural characters such as trichomes and nutritional composition. In this study, we determined the feeding behavior and performance of soybean aphids (Aphis glycines) on the stem, the adaxial (upper), and the abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces during early vegetative growth of soybean plants. Using the electrical penetration graph technique, we found that aphids feeding on the stem took the longest time to begin probing. Once aphids began probing, the sieve elements were more conducive to feeding, as evidenced by less salivation on the stem than either leaf surface. In whole-plant assays, stems harbored higher aphid populations, and aphids had shorter development time on stems than the adaxial and the abaxial leaf surfaces. We compared trichome density and length on the stem, the adaxial, and the abaxial leaf surfaces to investigate whether plant trichomes affected aphid feeding and performance. There were higher density and longer trichomes on stems, which likely resulted in aphids taking a longer time to probe. Still a negative impact on aphid population growth was not observed. Analysis of phloem sap composition revealed that vascular sap-enriched exudates from stems had higher sugars and amino acids than exudates from leaves. In artificial diet feeding assays, the population of aphids reared on a diet supplemented with stem exudates was higher than on a diet supplemented with leaf petiole exudates which is in agreement with results of the whole-plant assays. In summary, our findings suggest that the performance of soybean aphids on a specific plant location is primarily driven by accessibility and the quality of phloem composition rather than structural traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi J. Nalam
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jinlong Han
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William Jacob Pitt
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shailesh Raj Acharya
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jeger MJ. The Epidemiology of Plant Virus Disease: Towards a New Synthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1768. [PMID: 33327457 PMCID: PMC7764944 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology is the science of how disease develops in populations, with applications in human, animal and plant diseases. For plant diseases, epidemiology has developed as a quantitative science with the aims of describing, understanding and predicting epidemics, and intervening to mitigate their consequences in plant populations. Although the central focus of epidemiology is at the population level, it is often necessary to recognise the system hierarchies present by scaling down to the individual plant/cellular level and scaling up to the community/landscape level. This is particularly important for diseases caused by plant viruses, which in most cases are transmitted by arthropod vectors. This leads to range of virus-plant, virus-vector and vector-plant interactions giving a distinctive character to plant virus epidemiology (whilst recognising that some fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens are also vector-borne). These interactions have epidemiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences with implications for agronomic practices, pest and disease management, host resistance deployment, and the health of wild plant communities. Over the last two decades, there have been attempts to bring together these differing standpoints into a new synthesis, although this is more apparent for evolutionary and ecological approaches, perhaps reflecting the greater emphasis on shorter often annual time scales in epidemiological studies. It is argued here that incorporating an epidemiological perspective, specifically quantitative, into this developing synthesis will lead to new directions in plant virus research and disease management. This synthesis can serve to further consolidate and transform epidemiology as a key element in plant virus research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jeger
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Inability of Spotted Lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula) to Vector a Plant Pathogen between its Preferred Host, Ailanthus altissima, in a Laboratory Setting. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080515. [PMID: 32784902 PMCID: PMC7469210 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The invasive and accidently introduced insect, the spotted lanternfly, is spreading rapidly and becoming abundant in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Though this insect prefers to feed on the also invasive tree-of-heaven, its ability to feed on other native and crop plant species is concerning, and therefore eradication and control efforts are underway. These efforts include targeting the difficult to control tree-of-heaven for removal. Recently, researchers have found that a naturally occurring fungus effectively kills the tree-of-heaven and work towards making this fungus publically available is ongoing. Therefore, we tested whether the spotted lanternfly is capable of spreading the pathogen between symptomatic fungus-inoculated tree-of-heaven seedlings or plant material to healthy tree-of-heaven seedlings in a controlled laboratory setting. In these conditions, we found no evidence that this transmission occurred. This included monitoring the seedlings for symptoms and sampling the seedlings and the insects for the fungus. This lack of transmission may indicate that the spotted lanternfly cannot help spread this fungus to other tree-of-heaven. Abstract With the recent introduction of the non-native spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) to the USA, research and concern regarding this insect is increasing. Though L. delicatula is able to feed on many different plant species, its preference for the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is apparent, especially during its later life stage. Therefore, management focused on A. altissima control to help limit L. delicatula establishment and population growth has become popular. Unfortunately, the control of A. altissima is difficult. Verticillium nonalfalfae, a naturally occurring vascular-wilt pathogen, has recently received attention as a potential biological control agent. Therefore, we studied if L. delicatula fourth instars or adults could vector V. nonalfalfae from infected A. altissima material to healthy A. altissima seedlings in a laboratory setting. We were unable to re-isolate V. nonalfalfae from the 45 A. altissima seedlings or from the 225 L. delicatula utilized in this experiment. We therefore, found no support that L. delicatula could effectively vector this pathogen between A. altissima in laboratory conditions. Since L.delicatula’s ability to vector V. nonalfalfae has implications for the dissemination of both this beneficial biological control and other similar unwanted plant pathogens, future research is needed to confirm these findings in a field setting.
Collapse
|
23
|
Waqas MS, Elabasy ASS, Shoaib AAZ, Cheng X, Zhang Q, Shi Z. Lethal and sublethal effect of heat shock on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102679. [PMID: 32888575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is an important abiotic environmental factor, and is responsible for various kinds of behavioral and physiological changes in living organisms. Induced heat shock is associated with feeding behaviour, reproduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that causes oxidative damage. In this experiment, we examined the lethal and sublethal effects of heat shock on reproduction, feeding behaviour and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) in P. solenopsis. Results showed that males were highly susceptible to heat shock treatments than females, as LTemp50 values were 43.8 °C for males and 45.11 °C for females. Heat shock events non-significantly affected the fecundity in female only treated adults and significantly affected the both sexes heat treated adults, it increased the xylem feeding duration, percentage of xylem feeding adults and reduce the phloem feeding duration and percentage of phloem feeding adults. Similarly it alter the antioxidant enzymes activities, an increase of CAT, SOD and POD activities were noticed in response to highest intensity of heat shock while a reduction of CAT and SOD activity were noticed in response to lowest intensity of heat shock compared to control (30 °C). These results suggest that heat shock may result in loss of body water and induce oxidative stress in P. solenopsis. However, antioxidant enzymes play a significant role in overcoming the oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Waqas
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Asem Saad Saad Elabasy
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Pesticides, Plant Protection Research Institute, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Ali Ahmed Zaky Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Pesticides, Plant Protection Research Institute, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zuhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gallinger J, Gross J. Phloem Metabolites of Prunus Sp. Rather than Infection with Candidatus Phytoplasma Prunorum Influence Feeding Behavior of Cacopsylla pruni Nymphs. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:756-770. [PMID: 31965396 PMCID: PMC7429536 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are specialized small bacteria restricted to the phloem tissue and spread by hemipterans feeding on plant sieve tube elements. As for many other plant pathogens, it is known that phytoplasmas alter the chemistry of their hosts. Most research on phytoplasma-plant interactions focused on the induction of plant volatiles and phytohormones. Little is known about the influence of phytoplasma infections on the nutritional composition of phloem and consequences on vector behavior and development. The plum psyllid Cacopsylla pruni transmits 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum', the causing agent of European Stone Fruit Yellows (ESFY). While several Prunus species are susceptible for psyllid feeding, they show different responses to the pathogen. We studied the possible modulation of plant-insect interactions by bacteria-induced changes in phloem sap chemistry. Therefore, we sampled phloem sap from phytoplasma-infected and non-infected Prunus persica and Prunus insititia plants, which differ in their susceptibility to ESFY and psyllid feeding. Furthermore, the feeding behavior and development of C. pruni nymphs was compared on infected and non-infected P. persica and P. insititia plants. Phytoplasma infection did not affect phloem consumption by C. pruni nymphs nor their development time. In contrast, the study revealed significant differences between P. insititia and P. persica in terms of both phloem chemistry and feeding behavior of C. pruni nymphs. Phloem feeding phases were four times longer on P. insititia than on P. persica, resulting in a decreased development time and higher mortality of vector insects on P. persica plants. These findings explain the low infestation rates of peach cultivars with plum psyllids commonly found in field surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannicke Gallinger
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut, Dossenheim, Germany
- Plant Chemical Ecology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut, Dossenheim, Germany.
- Plant Chemical Ecology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Quais MK, Munawar A, Ansari NA, Zhou WW, Zhu ZR. Interactions between brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and salinity stressed rice (Oryza sativa) plant are cultivar-specific. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8051. [PMID: 32415213 PMCID: PMC7229203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress triggers changes in plant morphology, physiology and molecular responses which can subsequently influence plant-insect interactions; however, these consequences remain poorly understood. We analyzed plant biomass, insect population growth rates, feeding behaviors and plant gene expression to characterize the mechanisms of the underlying interactions between the rice plant and brown planthopper (BPH) under salinity stress. Plant bioassays showed that plant growth and vigor losses were higher in control and low salinity conditions compared to high salinity stressed TN1 (salt-planthopper susceptible cultivar) in response to BPH feeding. In contrast, the losses were higher in the high salinity treated TPX (salt-planthopper resistant cultivar). BPH population growth was reduced on TN1, but increased on TPX under high salinity condition compared to the control. This cultivar-specific effect was reflected in BPH feeding behaviors on the corresponding plants. Quantification of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling transcripts indicated that salinity-induced down-regulation of ABA signaling increased SA-dependent defense in TN1. While, up-regulation of ABA related genes in salinity stressed TPX resulted in the decrease in SA-signaling genes. Thus, ABA and SA antagonism might be a key element in the interaction between BPH and salinity stress. Taken together, we concluded that plant-planthopper interactions are markedly shaped by salinity and might be cultivar specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Khairul Quais
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Senior Scientific Officer, Rice Farming Systems Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Asim Munawar
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naved Ahmad Ansari
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Terra WR, Ferreira C. Evolutionary trends of digestion and absorption in the major insect orders. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 56:100931. [PMID: 32203883 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spatial organization of digestion, which corresponds to the steps by which the ingested food is hydrolyzed in the different regions of the gut, was described in insects from the major insect orders. The pattern of digestion and absorption in the midgut shows a strong phylogenetic influence, modulated by adaptation to particular feeding habits. Based on this, basic digestive patterns were recognized and were proposed to represent the major ancestors from which the different orders evolved. The putative ancestors chosen to represent different points in the evolution from basal Neoptera to more derived orders were: Neoptera, Polyneoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera-Panorpoidea (Diptera-Lepidoptera), Lepidoptera, and Cyclorrhapha. The basic plan of Neoptera was supposed to be alike that of Polyneoptera, which was hypothesized from studies performed in grasshoppers, crickets and from stick insects. For Holometabola, the basic plan was initially proposed from studies carried out in beetles, bees, nematocerous flies, common flies and also from moths. This review updates the physiological data supporting the putative midgut basic patterns by discussing available data on insects pertaining to different taxa and details the evolutionary trends of midgut function among the major insect orders. Furthermore, by using recent genomic and transcriptome data, this review discusses the few insects for which the spatial organization of midgut absorption is known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Clelia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gene silencing of Diaphorina citri candidate effectors promotes changes in feeding behaviors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5992. [PMID: 32265528 PMCID: PMC7138822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect effectors are mainly secreted by salivary glands, modulate plant physiology and favor the establishment and transmission of pathogens. Feeding is the principal vehicle of transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. Las) by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri. This study aimed to predict putative ACP effectors that may act on the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathosystem. Bioinformatics analysis led to the identification of 131 candidate effectors. Gene expression investigations were performed to select genes that were overexpressed in the ACP head and modulated by Ca. Las. To evaluate the actions of candidate effectors on D. citri feeding, six effectors were selected for gene silencing bioassays. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of the target genes were delivered to D. citri adults via artificial diets for five days. RNAi silencing caused a reduction in the ACP lifespan and decreased the salivary sheath size and honeydew production. Moreover, after dsRNA delivery of the target genes using artificial diet, the feeding behaviors of the insects were evaluated on young leaves from citrus seedlings. These analyses proved that knockdown of D. citri effectors also interfered with ACP feeding abilities in planta, causing a decrease in honeydew production and reducing ACP survival. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) analysis confirmed the actions of the effectors on D. citri feeding behaviors. These results indicate that gene silencing of D. citri effectors may cause changes in D. citri feeding behaviors and could potentially be used for ACP control.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ebert TA, Rogers ME. Probing Behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Valencia Orange Influenced by Sex, Color, and Size. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5816648. [PMID: 32252064 PMCID: PMC7136007 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Jagoueix, Bové, and Garnier (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) is transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and putatively causes Huanglongbing disease in citrus. Huanglongbing has reduced yields by 68% relative to pre-disease yields in Florida. Disease management is partly through vector control. Understanding vector biology is essential in this endeavor. Our goal was to document differences in probing behavior linked to sex. Based on both a literature review and our results, we conclude that there is either no effect of sex or that identifying such an effect requires a sample size at least four times larger than standard methodologies. Including both color and sex in statistical models did not improve model performance. Both sex and color are correlated with body size, and body size has not been considered in previous studies on sex in D. citri in terms of probing behavior. An effect of body size was found wherein larger psyllids took longer to reach ingestion behaviors and larger individuals spent more time-ingesting phloem, but these relationships explained little of the variability in these data. We suggest that the effects of sex can be ignored when running EPG experiments on healthy psyllids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Ebert
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Michael E Rogers
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
van Munster M. Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Plant Virus Transmission by Aphids. Viruses 2020; 12:E216. [PMID: 32075208 PMCID: PMC7077179 DOI: 10.3390/v12020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly encounter abiotic constraints, and plant response to stress has been a focus of research for decades. Given increasing global temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and the occurrence of water stress episodes driven by climate change, plant biochemistry, in particular, plant defence responses, may be altered significantly. Environmental factors also have a wider impact, shaping viral transmission processes that rely on a complex set of interactions between, at least, the pathogen, the vector, and the host plant. This review considers how abiotic stresses influence the transmission and spread of plant viruses by aphid vectors, mainly through changes in host physiology status, and summarizes the latest findings in this research field. The direct effects of climate change and severe weather events that impact the feeding behaviour of insect vectors as well as the major traits (e.g., within-host accumulation, disease severity and transmission) of viral plant pathogens are discussed. Finally, the intrinsic capacity of viruses to react to environmental cues in planta and how this may influence viral transmission efficiency is summarized. The clear interaction between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses is a risk that must be accounted for when modelling virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuella van Munster
- INRA, UMR385, CIRAD TA-A54K, Campus International de Baillarguet, CEDEX 05, 34398 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ranieri E, Ruschioni S, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Romani R. Sensory Receptors Associated with the Labial Tip and Precibarium of Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera: Aphrophoride). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:173-181. [PMID: 31722767 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), is an important vector for the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, Raju, Hung, Weisburg, Mandelco-Paul, and Brenner), which is associated with olive quick decline syndrome in southern Italy. The mouthparts of Hemiptera have important roles in host plant selection, feeding behavior and for vectoring pathogens that cause plant diseases. In this study, the functional morphology of the sensory structures located on the labium tip and precibarium of P. spumarius was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The labium tip is composed of two symmetrical sensory complexes, each with five different types of sensilla: aporous sensilla trichodea type 1 and 2; uniporous sensilla chaetica type 1 and 2; and multiporous sensilla basiconica. The precibarium of P. spumarius has two kinds of sensory structures: bulbous sensilla and papillae sensilla. In particular, two groups of sensilla are located on the epipharynx: a distal group that consists of ten papillae sensilla and a proximal group composed of six papillae sensilla and two bulbous sensilla, while the hypopharynx has only two papillae sensilla. The involvement of these sensory structures in the context of feeding behavior and pathogen transmission is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Ranieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia06121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Santos-Garcia D, Mestre-Rincon N, Zchori-Fein E, Morin S. Inside out: microbiota dynamics during host-plant adaptation of whiteflies. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:847-856. [PMID: 31896788 PMCID: PMC7031279 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While most insect herbivores are selective feeders, a small proportion of them feed on a wide range of plants. This polyphagous habit requires overcoming a remarkable array of defenses, which often necessitates an adaptation period. Efforts for understanding the mechanisms involved mostly focus on the insect’s phenotypic plasticity. Here, we hypothesized that the adaptation process might partially rely on transient associations with bacteria. To test this, we followed in a field-like experiment, the adaptation process of Bemisia tabaci, a generalist sap feeder, to pepper (a less-suitable host), after switching from watermelon (a suitable host). Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA transcripts from hundreds of dissected guts revealed the presence of active “core” and “transient” bacterial communities, dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and increasing differences between populations grown on watermelon and pepper. Insects grown on pepper for over two generations presented a significant increase in specific genera, mainly Mycobacterium, with a predicted enrichment in degradative pathways of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites. This result correlated with a significant increase in the insect’s survival on pepper. Taken together, our findings suggest that gut-associated bacteria can provide an additional flexible metabolic “tool-box” to generalist sap feeders for facilitating a quick host switching process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santos-Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Natividad Mestre-Rincon
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- Department of Entomology, Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, ARO, Ramat-Yishai, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sattar S, Martinez MT, Ruiz AF, Hanna-Rose W, Thompson GA. Nicotinamide Inhibits Aphid Fecundity and Impacts Survival. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19709. [PMID: 31873103 PMCID: PMC6928209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) alters behavior in C. elegans and Drosophila, serving as an agonist of TRPV channels affecting sensory neurons and mimicking the mode of action of insecticides used to control phloem-feeding insects. The impact of NAM on green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) behaviors was assessed in artificial diet assays and foliar applications to Arabidopsis plants. Aphids feeding on artificial diets supplemented with NAM impaired stylet movement causing feeding interruptions and ultimately starvation and death. Aphid feeding behaviors were negatively impacted on NAM sprayed plants at concentrations as low as 2.5 mM leading to increased mortality. In choice assays with NAM sprayed leaves aphids showed clear preference for untreated control leaves. NAM is an intermediate in the NAD salvage pathway that should accumulate in nicotinamidase (nic) mutants. LC-MS analysis showed NAM accumulates 60-fold in nic-1-1 Arabidopsis mutants as compared with Col-0. Aphid reproductive potential was significantly decreased on nic-1-1 mutant plants, resulting in a smaller colony size and arrested population development. The results support the hypothesis that dietary NAM causes behavioral changes in aphids, including altered feeding, reduced reproduction, and increased mortality. NAM is thought to bind to TRPV channels causing overstimulation of sensory neurons in the aphid feeding apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Sattar
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America.
| | - Mario T Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, 39096, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Andres F Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Gary A Thompson
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quaglino F, Sanna F, Moussa A, Faccincani M, Passera A, Casati P, Bianco PA, Mori N. Identification and ecology of alternative insect vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' to grapevine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19522. [PMID: 31862945 PMCID: PMC6925216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir, a disease of the grapevine yellows complex, is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and transmitted to grapevines in open fields by the cixiids Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri. In vine-growing areas where the population density of these vectors is low within the vineyard, the occurrence of bois noir implies the existence of alternative vectors. The aim of this study was to identify alternative vectors through screening of the Auchenorrhyncha community, phytoplasma typing by stamp gene sequence analyses, and transmission trials. During field activities, conducted in Northern Italy in a vineyard where the bois noir incidence was extremely high, nine potential alternative insect vectors were identified according to high abundance in the vineyard agro-ecosystem, high infection rate, and harbouring phytoplasma strains characterized by stamp gene sequence variants found also in symptomatic grapevines. Transmission trials coupled with molecular analyses showed that at least eight species (Aphrodes makarovi, Dicranotropis hamata, Dictyophara europaea, Euscelis incisus, Euscelidius variegatus, Laodelphax striatella, Philaenus spumarius, and Psammotettix alienus/confinis) are alternative vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' to grapevines. These novel findings highlight that bois noir epidemiology in vineyard agro-ecosystems is more complex than previously known, opening up new perspectives in the disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Quaglino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sanna
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis - viale dell'università, 16 - Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Faccincani
- Consorzio per la tutela del Franciacorta - via G. Verdi 53, 25030, Erbusco, BS, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Mori
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis - viale dell'università, 16 - Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Power of Electropenetrography in Enhancing Our Understanding of Host Plant-Vector Interactions. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110407. [PMID: 31731698 PMCID: PMC6920982 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The invasive Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is the primary vector of the phloem-infecting bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Candidatus L. asiaticus is the putative causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, a destructive disease of Citrus. While many Citrus species are susceptible to D. citri probing and HLB disease, there are marked behavioral differences in D. citri probing responses and Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus infection severity among Citrus species. Using four mandarin hybrid selections and pummelo plants variably resistant to D. citri probing, oviposition, and survival, we explored probing differences using electropenetrography (EPG), conducted an oviposition and survival study, and determined host plant metabolites using gas-chromatography mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS). We found thirty-seven D. citri probing variables to be significantly different among tested mandarin selections and pummelo, in addition to differential oviposition and survivorship abilities on tested plants. We found sixty-three leaf metabolites with eight being significantly different among tested mandarin selections and pummelo. Detailed analysis of probing behavior, oviposition, survivorship, and host plant metabolite concentrations reveals the complex, layered resistance mechanisms utilized by resistant Citrus against D. citri probing. EPG is a powerful technology for screening Asian citrus psyllid resistant Citrus to elucidate host plant-vector interactions, with an aim to minimize vector probing and eliminate the spread of the bacterial pathogen, Ca. L. asiaticus.
Collapse
|
35
|
Woźniak A, Bednarski W, Dancewicz K, Gabryś B, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Bocianowski J, Samardakiewicz S, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Morkunas I. Oxidative stress links response to lead and Acyrthosiphon pisum in Pisum sativum L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 240:152996. [PMID: 31352020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.152996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the impact of lead at hormetic (0.075 mM Pb(NO3)2) and sublethal (0.5 mM Pb(NO3)2) doses on the intensity of oxidative stress in pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. cv. 'Cysterski'). Our first objective was to determine how exposure of pea seedlings to Pb alters the plant defence responses to pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), and whether these responses could indirectly affect A. pisum. The second objective was to investigate the effects of various Pb concentrations in the medium on demographic parameters of pea aphid population and the process of its feeding on edible pea. We found that the dose of Pb sublethal for pea seedlings strongly reduced net reproductive rate and limited the number of A. pisum individuals reaching the phloem. An important defence line of pea seedlings growing on Pb-supplemented medium and next during combinatory effect of the two stressors Pb and A. pisum was a high generation of superoxide anion (O2-). This was accompanied by a considerable reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and a decrease in the level of Mn2+ ions. A the same time, weak activity of Mn-SOD was detected in the roots of the seedlings exposed to the sublethal dose of Pb and during Pb and aphid interaction. Apart from the marked increase in O2-, an increase in semiquinone radicals occurred, especially in the roots of the seedlings treated with the sublethal dose of Pb and both infested and non-infested with aphids. Also, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation markedly intensified in aphid-infested leaves. It reached the highest level 24 h post infestation (hpi), mainly in the cell wall of leaf epidermis. This may be related to the function of H2O2 as a signalling molecule that triggers defence mechanisms. The activity of peroxidase (POX), an important enzyme involved in scavenging H2O2, was also high at 24 hpi and at subsequent time points. Moreover, the contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), products of lipid peroxidation, rose but to a small degree thanks to an efficient antioxidant system. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) dependent on the pool of fast antioxidants, both in infested and non-infested and leaves was higher than in the control. In conclusion, the reaction of pea seedlings to low and sublethal doses of Pb and then A. pisum infestation differed substantially and depended on a direct contact of the stress factor with the organ (Pb with roots and A. pisum with leaves). The probing behavior of A. pisum also depended on Pb concentration in the plant tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dancewicz
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, Poznań, 60-594, Poland
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kariyat RR, Gaffoor I, Sattar S, Dixon CW, Frock N, Moen J, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC, Thompson GA, Chopra S. Sorghum 3-Deoxyanthocyanidin Flavonoids Confer Resistance against Corn Leaf Aphid. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:502-514. [PMID: 30911880 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the role of sorghum flavonoids in providing resistance against corn leaf aphid (CLA) Rhopalosiphum maidis. In sorghum, accumulation of these flavonoids is regulated by a MYB transcription factor, yellow seed1 (y1). Functional y1 alleles accumulate 3-deoxyflavonoids (3-DFs) and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DAs) whereas null y1 alleles fail to accumulate these compounds. We found that significantly higher numbers of alate CLA adults colonized null y1 plants as compared to functional y1 plants. Controlled cage experiments and pairwise choice assays demonstrated that apterous aphids preferred to feed and reproduce on null y1 plants. These near-isogenic sorghum lines do not differ in their epicuticular wax content and were also devoid of any leaf trichomes. Significantly higher mortality of CLA was observed on artificial aphid diet supplemented with flavonoids obtained from functional y1 plants as compared to null y1 plants or the relevant controls. Our results demonstrate that the proximate mechanism underlying the deleterious effects on aphids is y1-regulated flavonoids which are important defense compounds against CLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh R Kariyat
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Iffa Gaffoor
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Sampurna Sattar
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Cullen W Dixon
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Nadia Frock
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Chatham University, 0 Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Juliet Moen
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
- Grove City College, 100 Campus Drive, Grove City, PA, 16127, USA
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gary A Thompson
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Salmon Y, Dietrich L, Sevanto S, Hölttä T, Dannoura M, Epron D. Drought impacts on tree phloem: from cell-level responses to ecological significance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:173-191. [PMID: 30726983 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
On-going climate change is increasing the risk of drought stress across large areas worldwide. Such drought events decrease ecosystem productivity and have been increasingly linked to tree mortality. Understanding how trees respond to water shortage is key to predicting the future of ecosystem functions. Phloem is at the core of the tree functions, moving resources such as non-structural carbohydrates, nutrients, and defence and information molecules across the whole plant. Phloem function and ability to transport resources is tightly controlled by the balance of carbon and water fluxes within the tree. As such, drought is expected to impact phloem function by decreasing the amount of available water and new photoassimilates. Yet, the effect of drought on the phloem has received surprisingly little attention in the last decades. Here we review existing knowledge on drought impacts on phloem transport from loading and unloading processes at cellular level to possible effects on long-distance transport and consequences to ecosystems via ecophysiological feedbacks. We also point to new research frontiers that need to be explored to improve our understanding of phloem function under drought. In particular, we show how phloem transport is affected differently by increasing drought intensity, from no response to a slowdown, and explore how severe drought might actually disrupt the phloem transport enough to threaten tree survival. Because transport of resources affects other organisms interacting with the tree, we also review the ecological consequences of phloem response to drought and especially predatory, mutualistic and competitive relations. Finally, as phloem is the main path for carbon from sources to sink, we show how drought can affect biogeochemical cycles through changes in phloem transport. Overall, existing knowledge is consistent with the hypotheses that phloem response to drought matters for understanding tree and ecosystem function. However, future research on a large range of species and ecosystems is urgently needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Latokartanonkaari 7, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663 MA 495, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Latokartanonkaari 7, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Ecosystem Production and Dynamics, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Forest Utilization, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Epron
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Phloem tissue is essential for the translocation of nutrients, water, energy, and signals in plants. In order to study the chemical composition of phloem sap, several methods have been used for its collection including the dipotassium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (K2-EDTA) exudation, incision, and the stylectomy by aphids. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. Unfortunately, there is no ideal method that can be used for all plants or to collect ultrapure phloem sap with no cellular contamination. However, K2-EDTA exudation is the most used method because it is easy, fast, and results in a high quantity of phloem sap. In woody plants, it is easy to separate the bark. Using the bark which contains the phloem tissue would avoid the contamination with xylem sap when phloem sap is collected. Lately, we developed a simple and a quick method for the collection of the citrus phloem sap depending on the centrifugation of the detached bark tissue. Here, I report the advantages of the centrifugation method over the K2-EDTA exudation in collecting phloem sap from citrus. To emphasize the purity of collected saps, phloem sap (from bark tissue) and xylem sap (from inner part of stem) were collected using both methods. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, the centrifugation method showed less artifact peaks than the K2-EDTA exudation indicating more pure saps were collected. For instant, less hexoses were detected in phloem sap and the absence of sucrose in xylem sap in centrifugation method than in K2-EDTA exudation. More importantly, centrifugation method allowed accurate estimation of the concentrations of metabolites. This method could be successfully used for the collection of saps of citrus and other trees until the invention of a more specific method to collect ultra-pure phloem sap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL USA
- CONTACT Nabil Killiny Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL, 33850
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mitchell PL, Cooke SB, Smaniotto LF. Probing Behavior ofNezara viridulaon Soybean: Characterization and Comparison of Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) Waveforms on Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3954/jaue18-09.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisonéia F. Smaniotto
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, P. O. Box 19020, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
- Present address: Almirante Tamandare Street 831, Paulinia, SP 13140-113, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Luminal membranes in the midgut of the lace bug Corythucha ciliata. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:685-696. [PMID: 30349934 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The inordinately long midgut of hemipterans is devoid of peritrophic membranes described for many other insects. These membranes separate apical microvilli of midgut cells from contents of the lumen. In hemipterans, by contrast, contents of the lumen are separated from apical surfaces of midgut epithelia by secretion of additional plasma membranes (perimicrovillar membranes) containing digestive enzymes. In the lace bug Corythucha ciliata, precursors for these perimicrovillar membranes arise in smooth endoplasmic reticula (SER) as stacked, coiled membranes and are continually expelled into the lumen along the entire length of the midgut as stacked, tubular membranes; these membranes undergo changes in form as they pass from the SER to the midgut lumen. Rather than adopting the double membrane configuration in the gut lumen that was first described for hemipteran perimicrovillar membranes, these modified perimicrovillar membranes of the Corythucha gut line apical surfaces of midgut apical lamellae and intermix with the contents of the lumen; foregut and hindgut epithelial cells are devoid of vesicles containing coiled membranes observed abundantly in midgut epithelia. Rather than achieving renewal of adult midgut epithelial cells through the divisions of regenerative cells as observed in many adult insects, prolific generation of perimicrovillar membranes apparently maintains the integrity of this lengthy hemipteran midgut epithelium.
Collapse
|
41
|
Santos-Ortega Y, Killiny N. Silencing of sucrose hydrolase causes nymph mortality and disturbs adult osmotic homeostasis in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 101:131-143. [PMID: 30205149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant piercing sucking insects mainly feed on phloem sap containing a high amount of sucrose. To enhance the absorption of sucrose from the midgut, sucrose hydrolase digests sucrose into glucose and fructose. In this study, a sucrose hydrolase homolog (DcSuh) was identified and targeted in Diaphorina citri, the vector of huanglongbing (HLB), by RNA interference (RNAi). In silico analysis revealed the presence of an Aamy domain in the DcSUH protein, which is characteristic of the glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13). Phylogenetic analysis showed DcSuh was closely related to the sucrose hydrolase of other Hemiptera members. The highest gene expression levels of DcSuh was found in the 4th and 5th instar nymphs. dsRNA-mediated RNAi of DcSuh was achieved through topical feeding. Our results showed that application of 0.2 μL of 500 ng μL-1 (100 ng) dsRNA-DcSuh was sufficient to repress the expression of the targeted gene and cause nymph mortality and reduce adult lifespan. The reduction in gene expression, mortality, and lifespan was dose-dependent. In agreement with the gene expression results, treatment with dsRNA-DcSuh significantly reduced sucrose hydrolase activity in treated nymphs and emerged adults from treated nymphs. Interestingly, some emerged adults from treated nymphs showed a swollen abdomen phenotype, indicating that these insects were under osmotic stress. Although the percentage of swollen abdomens was low, their incidence was significantly correlated with the concentration of applied dsRNA-DcSuh. Metabolomic analyses using GC-MS showed an accumulation of sucrose and a reduction in fructose, glucose and trehalose in treated nymphs, confirming the inhibition of sucrose hydrolase activity. Additionally, most of the secondary metabolites were reduced in the treated nymphs, indicating a reduction in the biological activities in D. citri and that they are under stress. Our findings indicate that sucrose hydrolase might be a potential target for effective RNAi control of D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulica Santos-Ortega
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cerkvenik U, Dodou D, van Leeuwen JL, Gussekloo SWS. Functional principles of steerable multi-element probes in insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:555-574. [PMID: 30259619 PMCID: PMC7379267 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemipterans, mosquitoes, and parasitic wasps probe in a variety of substrates to find hosts for their larvae or food sources. Probes capable of sensing and precise steering enable insects to navigate through solid substrates without visual information and to reach targets that are hidden deep inside the substrate. The probes belong to non‐related taxa and originate from abdominal structures (wasps) or mouthparts (hemipterans and mosquitoes), but nevertheless share several morphological characteristics. Although the transport function clearly differs (egg laying and acquisition of liquid food), the functional demands on the mechanical behaviour of the probe within the substrate tend to be similar. The probe needs to be thin to limit substrate deformation, and long, in order to attain substantial path lengths or depths. We linked the morphology across taxa to the different functional requirements, to provide insights into the biology of probing insects and the evolution of their probes. Current knowledge of insect probes is spread over many taxa, which offers the possibility to derive general characteristics of insect probing. Buckling during initial puncturing is limited by external support mechanisms. The probe itself consist of multiple (3–6) parts capable of sliding along one another. This multi‐part construction presumably enables advancement and precise three‐dimensional steering of the probe through the substrate with very low net external pushing forces, preventing buckling during substrate penetration. From a mechanical viewpoint, a minimum of three elements is required for 3D steering and volumetric exploration, as realised in the ovipositors of wasps. More elements, such as in six‐element probes of mosquitoes, may enhance friction in soft substrates. Alternatively, additional elements can have functions other than ‘drilling’, such as saliva injection in mosquitoes. Despite the gross similarities, probes show differences in their cross sections, tip morphologies, relative lengths of their elements, and the shape of their interconnections. The hypothesis is that the probe morphology is influenced by the substrate properties, which are mostly unknown. Correlating the observed diversity to substrate‐specific functional demands is therefore currently impossible. We conclude that a multipart probe with sliding elements is highly effective for volumetric substrate probing. Shared functional demands have led to an evolutionary convergence of slender multi‐element probes in disparate insect taxa. To fully understand 3D probing, it is necessary to study the sensory and material properties, as well as the detailed kinematics and dynamics of the various probes in relation to the nature of the selective pressure originating from the species‐specific substrates. Such knowledge will deepen our understanding of probing mechanisms and may support the development of slender, bio‐inspired probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Cerkvenik
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Dodou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johan L van Leeuwen
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W S Gussekloo
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Probing behaviors and their plasticity for the aphid Sitobion avenae on three alternative host plants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203219. [PMID: 30183744 PMCID: PMC6124740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects may develop different behavioral phenotypes in response to heterogeneous environments (e.g., host plants), but the plasticity of their feeding behaviors has been rarely explored. In order to address the issue, clones of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), were collected from wheat, and their probing behaviors were recorded on three plants. Our results demonstrated that S. avenae individuals on the alternative plants (i.e., barley and oat) tended to have higher frequency of non-probing (Np), increased duration of the pathway phase, increased phloem salivation, and decreased phloem ingestion (E2), compared to those on the source plant (i.e., wheat), showing the resistance of barley and oat to this aphid's feeding. This aphid showed apparently high extents of plasticity for all test probing behaviors on barley or oat. Positive selection for higher extents of plasticity in E2 duration was identified on barley and oat. The factor 'clone' alone explained 30.6% to 70.1% of the total variance for each behavioral plasticity, suggesting that the divergence of probing behavior plasticity in S. avenae had a genetic basis. This aphid's fitness correlated positively with the plasticity of Np frequency and E2 frequency. Some behaviors and their corresponding plasticities (e.g., the frequency of xylem ingestion and its plasticity) were found to be correlated characters, probably reflecting the limits for the evolution of higher extents of behavioral plasticity in this aphid. The differential probing behaviors and their plasticity in S. avenae can have significant implications for the adaptation and management of aphids on different plants.
Collapse
|
44
|
Cornara D, Garzo E, Morente M, Moreno A, Alba-Tercedor J, Fereres A. EPG combined with micro-CT and video recording reveals new insights on the feeding behavior of Philaenus spumarius. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199154. [PMID: 30016320 PMCID: PMC6049905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius plays a key role in the transmission of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa to olive in Apulia (South Italy). Currently, available data on P. spumarius feeding behavior is limited, and a real-time observation of the different steps involved in stylet insertion, exploratory probes, and ingestion, has never been carried out. Therefore, we performed an EPG-assisted characterization of P. spumarius female feeding behavior on olive, in order to detect and analyze the main EPG waveforms describing their amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the traces during stylet penetration in plant tissues. Thereafter, each of the main waveforms was correlated with specific biological activities, through video recording and analysis of excretion by adults and excretion/secretion by nymphs. Furthermore, the specific stylet tips position within the plant tissues during each of the waveforms observed was assessed by microcomputer tomography (micro-CT). Additional EPG-recordings were carried out with males of P. spumarius on olive, in order to assess possible sex-related differences. P. spumarius feeding behavior can be described by five main distinct waveforms: C (pathway), Xc (xylem contact/pre-ingestion), Xi (xylem sap ingestion), R (resting), N (interruption within xylem phase). Compared to males, females require shorter time to begin the first probe, and their Xi phase is significantly longer. Furthermore, considering the single waveform events, males on olive exhibit longer np and R compared to females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cornara
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Morente
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alba-Tercedor
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gallinger J, Gross J. Unraveling the Host Plant Alternation of Cacopsylla pruni - Adults but Not Nymphs Can Survive on Conifers Due to Phloem/Xylem Composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:484. [PMID: 29706983 PMCID: PMC5908961 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant sap feeding insects like psyllids are known to be vectors of phloem dwelling bacteria ('Candidatus Phytoplasma' and 'Ca. Liberibacter'), plant pathogens which cause severe diseases and economically important crop damage. Some univoltine psyllid species have a particular life cycle, within one generation they alternate two times between different host plant species. The plum psyllid Cacopsylla pruni, the vector of European Stone Fruit Yellows (ESFY), one of the most serious pests in European fruit production, migrates to stone fruit orchards (Prunus spp.) for mating and oviposition in early spring. The young adults of the new generation leave the Prunus trees in summer and emigrate to their overwintering hosts like spruce and other conifers. Very little is known about the factors responsible for the regulation of migration, reasons for host alternation, and the behavior of psyllids during their phase of life on conifers. Because insect feeding behavior and host acceptance is driven by different biotic factors, such as olfactory and gustatory cues as well as mechanical barriers, we carried out electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings and survival bioassays with C. pruni on different conifer species as potential overwintering hosts and analyzed the chemical composition of the respective plant saps. We are the first to show that migrating psyllids do feed on overwintering hosts and that nymphs are able to ingest phloem and xylem sap of coniferous trees, but cannot develop on conifer diet. Analyses of plant saps reveal qualitative differences in the chemical composition between coniferous trees and Prunus as well as within conifer species. These differences are discussed with regard to nutritional needs of psyllid nymphs for proper development, overwintering needs of adults and restriction of 'Ca. P. prunorum' to Prunus phloem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannicke Gallinger
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Dossenheim, Germany
- Department of Plant Chemical Ecology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Dossenheim, Germany
- Department of Plant Chemical Ecology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Horgan FG, Peñalver Cruz A, Bernal CC, Ramal AF, Almazan MLP, Wilby A. Resistance and tolerance to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), in rice infested at different growth stages across a gradient of nitrogen applications. FIELD CROPS RESEARCH 2018; 217:53-65. [PMID: 29503500 PMCID: PMC5777095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High resource availability can reduce anti-herbivore resistance (a plant's ability to defend against herbivores and reduce damage) in rice, Oryza sativa L, but may also increase tolerance (a plant's ability to withstand damage by, for example, compensatory growth). Through a series of greenhouse, screenhouse and field experiments, this study examines fitness (survival and development × reproduction) of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), on resistant (IR62) and susceptible (IR22) rice varieties and age-related rice tolerance to planthopper damage under varying resource (nitrogenous fertilizer) availability. Planthoppers reared on IR62 in the greenhouse had lower fitness than planthoppers on IR22. IR62 became increasingly resistant as plants aged. IR22 was generally more tolerant of planthopper damage, and tolerance increased in IR22, but declined in IR62, as the plants aged. Rice plants infested at pre-tillering stages (3-4 leaf stage) in the screenhouse had greater losses to root, shoot and grain yield per unit weight of planthopper than plants infested at tillering stages, particularly in IR22. These trends were mainly due to the impact of planthoppers during pre-tillering stages and the length of exposure to the planthoppers. High nitrogen compromised IR62 resistance, particularly in tillering plants in the greenhouse study; however, high nitrogen did not increase planthopper biomass-density on IR62 in greenhouse or field cages. Tolerance to damage in IR62 at mid-tillering stages declined under increasing levels of nitrogen, but nitrogen increased tolerance during late-tillering stages. Planthopper damage to IR22 in field cages was severe and hopperburn (plant death) occurred in 83% of IR22 plants under high nitrogen (60-150 kg N ha-1). In contrast, despite planthopper infestations, damage to IR62 was low in field-grown plants and productivity (tillers, roots, shoots and grain) increased in IR62 under increasing nitrogen. Our results indicate that, whereas nitrogenous fertilizer increases planthopper fitness on susceptible and resistant varieties, the net effects of high nitrogen on IR62 include decreased planthopper biomass-density (apparent in all experiments) and higher tolerance to damage during later growth stages (observed in the greenhouse, and during one of two seasons in field cages).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ainara Peñalver Cruz
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Angelee Fame Ramal
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Andrew Wilby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ebert TA, Backus EA, Shugart HJ, Rogers ME. Behavioral Plasticity in Probing by Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae): Ingestion from Phloem Versus Xylem is Influenced by Leaf Age and Surface. JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR 2018; 31:119-137. [PMID: 29628621 PMCID: PMC5882765 DOI: 10.1007/s10905-018-9666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri is a major pest of citrus because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, a phloem-limited bacterium that putatively causes Huanglongbing (HLB). The disease moves slowly through a tree, and the vector facilitates further within-tree movement via transmission of the pathogen. However, this only happens when D. citri stylets contact the phloem, to inoculate bacteria during phloem salivation and acquire bacteria during phloem sap ingestion. Behavioral changes in D. citri associated with different plant parts would affect how long it takes to reach phloem and how long the psyllids stays in phloem to ingest, thereby influencing the risk of disease spread. D. citri feeding was recorded on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of mature and immature citrus leaves. Adults in the field can be found on these surfaces at all times of year. On abaxial surface of immature leaves, phloem salivation would occur after 11 h on average, but rarely as soon as 0.56 h. The corresponding values on mature leaves were 16 and 2.7. In general, psyllids spent more time ingesting phloem sap on immature leaves than on mature leaves. Psyllids on abaxial surfaces spent more time ingesting from phloem, though the strength of this effect was less than for immature versus mature leaves. In contrast, xylem ingestion increased on mature leaves compared with young. The biological differences that could produce this outcome are discussed. The results discussed herein are of relevance to further studies on the efficacy of an insecticide to act quickly enough to prevent pathogen transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Ebert
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Elaine A. Backus
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757 USA
| | - Holly J. Shugart
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Michael E. Rogers
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guo H, Peng X, Gu L, Wu J, Ge F, Sun Y. Up-regulation of MPK4 increases the feeding efficiency of the green peach aphid under elevated CO2 in Nicotiana attenuata. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5923-5935. [PMID: 29140446 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that elevated CO2 reduces plant resistance against insects and enhances the water use efficiency of C3 plants, which improves the feeding efficiency of aphids. Although plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are known to regulate water relations and phytohormone-mediated resistance, little is known about the effect of elevated CO2 on MAPKs and the cascading effects on aphids. By using stably transformed Nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in MPK4, wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), or salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK), we determined the functions of MAPKs in plant-aphid interactions and their responses to elevated CO2. The results showed that among all plant genotypes, inverted repeat MPK4 plants had the largest stomatal apertures, the lowest water content, the strongest jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent resistance, and the lowest aphid numbers, suggesting that MPK4 affects plant responses to aphids by regulating stomatal aperture and JA-dependent resistance. Regardless of aphid infestation, elevated CO2 up-regulated MPK4, but not WIPK or SIPK, in wild-type plants. Elevated CO2 increased the number, mean relative growth rate, and feeding efficiency of aphids on all plant genotypes except inverted repeat MPK4. We conclude that MPK4 is a CO2-responsive plant determinant that regulates the molecular interaction between plants and aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ahmed SS, Liu D, Simon JC. Impact of water-deficit stress on tritrophic interactions in a wheat-aphid-parasitoid system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186599. [PMID: 29053722 PMCID: PMC5650152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing temperature and CO2 concentrations can alter tritrophic interactions in ecosystems, but the impact of increasingly severe drought on such interactions is not well understood. We examined the response of a wheat-aphid-parasitoid system to variation in water-deficit stress levels. Our results showed that arid area clones of the aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), tended to have longer developmental times compared to semiarid and moist area clones, and the development of S. avenae clones tended to be slower with increasing levels of water-deficit. Body sizes of S. avenae clones from all areas decreased with increasing water-deficit levels, indicating their declining adaptation potential under drought. Compared to arid area clones, moist area clones of S. avenae had a higher frequency of backing under severe water stress only, but a higher frequency of kicking under well-watered conditions only, suggesting a water-deficit level dependent pattern of resistance against the parasitoid, Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead). The number of S. avenae individuals attacked by the parasitoid in 10 min showed a tendency to decrease with increasing water-deficit levels. Clones of S. avenae tended to have lower parasitism rates under treatments with higher water-deficit levels. The development of the parasitoid tended to be slower under higher levels of water-deficit stress. Thus, the bottom-up effects of water-deficit stressed plants were negative on S. avenae. However, the top-down effects via parasitoids were compromised by water-deficit, which could favor the growth of aphid populations. Overall, the first trophic level under water-deficit stress was shown to have an indirect and negative impact on the third trophic level parasitoid, suggesting that parasitoids could be increasingly vulnerable in future warming scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Suhail Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Deguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yuan HB, Li JH, Liu YQ, Cui L, Lu YH, Xu XY, Li Z, Wu KM, Desneux N. Lethal, sublethal and transgenerational effects of the novel chiral neonicotinoid pesticide cycloxaprid on demographic and behavioral traits of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:743-752. [PMID: 27168374 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a key pest in cotton crops, notably owing to its increasing resistance to commonly used pesticides. Such resistance prompts for the development of integrated pest management (IPM) programs that include novel pesticides being effective against the aphid. In the present study, we assessed lethal and sublethal effects of cycloxaprid, a novel chiral neonicotinoid pesticide developed in China, on A. gossypii. The lethal concentration at 50% (LC50 ) value of cycloxaprid on A. gossypii was estimated, using the dipping method, at 7.73 mg/L. The impact of a sublethal concentration (LC10 ) and a lethal concentration (LC40 ) of cycloxaprid on A. gossypii population growth and feeding behavior (using electrical penetration graph technique [EPG]), and its transgenerational effect were further assessed. Adult longevity and fecundity significantly decreased after exposure to LC40 or LC10 of cycloxaprid. Cycloxaprid with sublethal concentrations (especially LC40 ) had negative effects on phloem ingestion by A. gossypii. Additionally, the offspring of the adults exposed to LC40 of cycloxaprid had shorter nymphal development duration and adult longevity than the control, and those from LC10 and LC40 treatments had lower adult fecundity and net productive rate. We demonstrated that cycloxaprid is a pesticide showing both lethal and sublethal activities, and transgenerational effects on A. gossypii; it may be useful for implementation in IPM programs against this aphid pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Xu
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Li
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Sophia-Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|