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Ding X, Liu W, Liu K, Gao X, Liu Y. The Deletion of LeuRS Revealed Its Important Roles in Osmotic Stress Tolerance, Amino Acid and Sugar Metabolism, and the Reproduction Process of Aspergillus montevidensis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:36. [PMID: 38248946 PMCID: PMC10820851 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus montevidensis is an important domesticated fungus that has been applied to produce many traditional fermented foods under high osmotic conditions. However, the detailed mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic stress remain largely unknown. Here, we construct a target-deleted strain (ΔLeuRS) of A. montevidensis and found that the ΔLeuRS mutants grew slowly and suppressed the development of the cleistothecium compared to the wide-type strains (WT) under salt-stressed and non-stressed conditions. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (p < 0.001) governed by LeuRS were involved in salt tolerance, ABC transporter, amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and the reproduction process. The ΔLeuRS strains compared to WT strains under short- and long-term salinity stress especially altered accumulation levels of metabolites, such as amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates, organic acids, and fatty acids. This study provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms of salinity tolerance and lays a foundation for flavor improvement of foods fermented with A. montevidensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaihui Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China (Y.L.)
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Shao J, Tang W, Huang K, Ding C, Wang H, Zhang W, Li R, Aamer M, Hassan MU, Elnour RO, Hashem M, Huang G, Qari SH. How Does Zinc Improve Salinity Tolerance? Mechanisms and Future Prospects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3207. [PMID: 37765371 PMCID: PMC10534951 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress (SS) is a serious abiotic stress and a major constraint to agricultural productivity across the globe. High SS negatively affects plant growth and yield by altering soil physio-chemical properties and plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. The application of micronutrients is considered an important practice to mitigate the adverse effects of SS. Zinc (Zn) is an important nutrient that plays an imperative role in plant growth, and it could also help alleviate the effects of salt stress. Zn application improves seed germination, seedling growth, water uptake, plant water relations, nutrient uptake, and nutrient homeostasis, therefore improving plant performance and saline conditions. Zn application also protects the photosynthetic apparatus from salinity-induced oxidative stress and improves stomata movement, chlorophyll synthesis, carbon fixation, and osmolytes and hormone accumulation. Moreover, Zn application also increases the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the expression of stress responsive genes and stimulates antioxidant activities to counter the toxic effects of salt stress. Therefore, to better understand the role of Zn in plants under SS, we have discussed the various mechanisms by which Zn induces salinity tolerance in plants. We have also identified diverse research gaps that must be filled in future research programs. The present review article will fill the knowledge gaps on the role of Zn in mitigating salinity stress. This review will also help readers to learn more about the role of Zn and will provide new suggestions on how this knowledge can be used to develop salt tolerance in plants by using Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Shao
- China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanning 530023, China; (J.S.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (C.D.); (W.Z.)
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.A.); (M.U.H.); (G.H.)
| | - Wei Tang
- China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanning 530023, China; (J.S.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (C.D.); (W.Z.)
| | - Kai Huang
- China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanning 530023, China; (J.S.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (C.D.); (W.Z.)
| | - Can Ding
- China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanning 530023, China; (J.S.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (C.D.); (W.Z.)
| | - Haocheng Wang
- China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanning 530023, China; (J.S.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (C.D.); (W.Z.)
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.A.); (M.U.H.); (G.H.)
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanning 530023, China; (J.S.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (C.D.); (W.Z.)
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.A.); (M.U.H.); (G.H.)
| | - Ronghui Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Muhammad Aamer
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.A.); (M.U.H.); (G.H.)
| | - Muhammad Umair Hassan
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.A.); (M.U.H.); (G.H.)
| | - Rehab O. Elnour
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dahran Al-Janoub, Abha 64353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Guoqin Huang
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.A.); (M.U.H.); (G.H.)
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Department of Biology, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
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Fiaz M, Ahmed I, Hassan SMU, Niazi AK, Khokhar MF, Farooq MA, Arshad M. Antibiotics induced changes in nitrogen metabolism and antioxidative enzymes in mung bean (Vigna radiata). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162449. [PMID: 36841411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use and release of antibiotics into the soil environment in the developing world have resulted in altered soil processes affecting terrestrial organisms and posing a serious threat to crop growth and productivity. The present study investigated the influence of exogenously applied oxytetracycline (OXY) and levofloxacin (LEV) on plant physiological responses, key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism (e.g., nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase), nitrogen contents and oxidative stress response of mung bean (Vigna radiata). Plants were irrigated weekly with antibiotics containing water for exposing the plants to different concentrations i.e., 1, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg L-1. Results showed a significant decrease in nitrate reductase activity in both antibiotic treatments and their mixtures and increased antioxidant enzymatic activities in plants. At lower concentrations of antibiotics (≤20 mg L-1), 53.9 % to 78.4 % increase in nitrogen content was observed in levofloxacin and mixtures compared to the control, resulting in an increase in the overall plant biomass. Higher antibiotic (≥50 mg L-1) concentration showed 58 % decrease in plant biomass content and an overall decrease in plant nitrogen content upon exposure to the mixtures. This was further complemented by 22 % to 42 % increase in glutamine synthetase activity observed in the plants treated with levofloxacin and mixtures. The application of low doses of antibiotics throughout the experiments resulted in lower toxicity symptoms in the plants. However, significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations at higher doses (20 mg L-1 and above) than the control showed that plants' tolerance against oxidative stress was conceded with increasing antibiotic concentrations. The toxicity trend was: levofloxacin > mixture > oxytetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marium Fiaz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- National Culture Collection of Pakistan (NCCP), Land Resources Research Institute (LRRI), National Agriculture Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumara Masood Ul Hassan
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan Niazi
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar Farooq
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Raza A, Charagh S, Abbas S, Hassan MU, Saeed F, Haider S, Sharif R, Anand A, Corpas FJ, Jin W, Varshney RK. Assessment of proline function in higher plants under extreme temperatures. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:379-395. [PMID: 36748909 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and abiotic stress factors are key players in crop losses worldwide. Among which, extreme temperatures (heat and cold) disturb plant growth and development, reduce productivity and, in severe cases, lead to plant death. Plants have developed numerous strategies to mitigate the detrimental impact of temperature stress. Exposure to stress leads to the accumulation of various metabolites, e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids and amino acids. Plants accumulate the amino acid 'proline' in response to several abiotic stresses, including temperature stress. Proline abundance may result from de novo synthesis, hydrolysis of proteins, reduced utilization or degradation. Proline also leads to stress tolerance by maintaining the osmotic balance (still controversial), cell turgidity and indirectly modulating metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the crosstalk of proline with other osmoprotectants and signalling molecules, e.g. glycine betaine, abscisic acid, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, soluble sugars, helps to strengthen protective mechanisms in stressful environments. Development of less temperature-responsive cultivars can be achieved by manipulating the biosynthesis of proline through genetic engineering. This review presents an overview of plant responses to extreme temperatures and an outline of proline metabolism under such temperatures. The exogenous application of proline as a protective molecule under extreme temperatures is also presented. Proline crosstalk and interaction with other molecules is also discussed. Finally, the potential of genetic engineering of proline-related genes is explained to develop 'temperature-smart' plants. In short, exogenous application of proline and genetic engineering of proline genes promise ways forward for developing 'temperature-smart' future crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raza
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - S Charagh
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Hangzhou, China
| | - S Abbas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M U Hassan
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - F Saeed
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - S Haider
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - R Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - A Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - F J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - W Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R K Varshney
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Mustafa N, Raja NI, Ilyas N, Abasi F, Ahmad MS, Ehsan M, Mehak A, Badshah I, Proćków J. Exogenous Application of Green Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) to Improve the Germination, Physiochemical, and Yield Parameters of Wheat Plants under Salinity Stress. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154884. [PMID: 35956833 PMCID: PMC9370171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture is the backbone of every developing country. Among various crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belongs to the family Poaceae and is the most important staple food crop of various countries. Different biotic (viruses, bacteria and fungi) and abiotic stresses (water logging, drought and salinity) adversely affect the qualitative and quantitative attributes of wheat. Among these stresses, salinity stress is a very important limiting factor affecting the morphological, physiological, biochemical attributes and grain yield of wheat. This research work was carried out to evaluate the influence of phytosynthesized TiO2 NPs on the germination, physiochemical, and yield attributes of wheat varieties in response to salinity. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using TiO2 salt and a Buddleja asiatica plant extract as a reducing and capping agent. Various concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/L) and salt solutions (NaCl) (100 and 150 mM) were used. A total of 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L improve germination attributes, osmotic and water potential, carotenoid, total phenolic, and flavonoid content, soluble sugar and proteins, proline and amino acid content, superoxide dismutase activity, and reduce malondialdhehyde (MDA) content at both levels of salinity. These two concentrations also improved the yield attributes of wheat varieties at both salinity levels. The best results were observed at 40 mg/L of TiO2 NPs at both salinity levels. However, the highest concentrations (60 and 80 mg/L) of TiO2 NPs showed negative effects on germination, physiochemical and yield characteristics and causes stress in both wheat varieties under control irrigation conditions and salinity stress. Therefore, in conclusion, the findings of this research are that the foliar application of TiO2 NPs can help to improve tolerance against salinity stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofar Mustafa
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan; (N.I.R.); (N.I.); (F.A.); (M.E.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Naveed Iqbal Raja
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan; (N.I.R.); (N.I.); (F.A.); (M.E.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan; (N.I.R.); (N.I.); (F.A.); (M.E.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Fozia Abasi
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan; (N.I.R.); (N.I.); (F.A.); (M.E.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Muhammad Sheeraz Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Maria Ehsan
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan; (N.I.R.); (N.I.); (F.A.); (M.E.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Asma Mehak
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan; (N.I.R.); (N.I.); (F.A.); (M.E.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Imran Badshah
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan; (N.I.R.); (N.I.); (F.A.); (M.E.); (A.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Kożuchowska 5b, PL-51-631 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (J.P.)
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Xu L, Li Z, Zhuang B, Zhou F, Li Z, Pan X, Xi H, Zhao W, Liu H. Enrofloxacin perturbs nitrogen transformation and assimilation in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149900. [PMID: 34525725 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics worldwide has led to phytotoxicity and high risks to humans. Although research on the physiological toxicity of antibiotics is extensive, its influence on plant nitrogen uptake and assimilation remains unclear. The effect of enrofloxacin on nitrogen transformation and assimilation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was investigated in this study. Enrofloxacin had no significant effect on rice growth, nitrogen assimilation and metabolism at low concentration, while significant changes were observed in high concentration. The growth of rice seedlings was inhibited, nitrate uptake was enhanced and nitrogen content increased significantly in both shoots and roots in enrofloxacin (800 μg L-1) treatment. Furthermore, enrofloxacin promoted the activity of enzymes related to nitrogen assimilation, including nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and glutamate dehydrogenase. High enzyme activity resulted in an increase in intermediate products and protein content, suggesting that rice seedlings may detoxify enrofloxacin stress through amino acid binding and nitro-oxidative stress might be one of the reasons of phenotype change. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed that different types of metabolites in both shoots and roots increased with enrofloxacin stress. Specifically, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; butanoate metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism in shoot; and tyrosine metabolism and citrate cycle in root were affected. Moreover, a significant correlation between nitrogen content, nitrogen assimilation enzyme activity, and metabolite content was observed. Collectively, these findings reveal the potential risks of using reclaimed wastewater irrigation and/or antibiotic-containing animal fertilizers on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Biyan Zhuang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fumin Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zejun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoru Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Xi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenlu Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Jin J, Wang J, Li K, Wang S, Qin J, Zhang G, Na X, Wang X, Bi Y. Integrated Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Analyses Revealed Molecular Mechanism for Salt Resistance in Soybean Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12848. [PMID: 34884654 PMCID: PMC8657671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress is a threat to yield in many crops, including soybean (Glycine max L.). In this study, three soybean cultivars (JD19, LH3, and LD2) with different salt resistance were used to analyze salt tolerance mechanisms using physiology, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and bioinformatic methods. Physiological studies showed that salt-tolerant cultivars JD19 and LH3 had less root growth inhibition, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, lower ROS accumulation, and lower Na+ and Cl- contents than salt-susceptible cultivar LD2 under 100 mM NaCl treatment. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that compared with LD2, salt stress increased the expression of antioxidant metabolism, stress response metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, auxin response protein, transcription, and translation-related genes in JD19 and LH3. The comparison of metabolite profiles indicated that amino acid metabolism and the TCA cycle were important metabolic pathways of soybean in response to salt stress. In the further validation analysis of the above two pathways, it was found that compared with LD2, JD19, and LH3 had higher nitrogen absorption and assimilation rate, more amino acid accumulation, and faster TCA cycle activity under salt stress, which helped them better adapt to salt stress. Taken together, this study provides valuable information for better understanding the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance of soybean and also proposes new ideas and methods for cultivating stress-tolerant soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Keke Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Shengwang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Juan Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Xiaofan Na
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Yurong Bi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
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Qin Y, Cui S, Cui P, Zhang B, Quan X. TaFLZ2D enhances salinity stress tolerance via superior ability for ionic stress tolerance and ROS detoxification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:516-525. [PMID: 34794100 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress severely affects plant growth and crop productivity. FCS-like zinc finger family genes (FLZ) play important roles in plant growth and stress responses. But most information of this family obtained was involved in sucrose signaling, limited function has been known in response to salinity stress. In this study, a novel FLZ gene TaFLZ2D has been isolated and characterized in response to salinity stress in wheat. TaFLZ2D was induced by both salinity stress and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Its transcript level was substantially higher in the salt resistant wheat cultivar SR3 than in its closely related but salt sensitive cultivar JN177. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells demonstrated TaFLZ2D was localized both in the cytoplasm membrane and nucleus. Constitutive expression of TaFLZ2D in Arabidopsis thaliana improved salinity stress tolerance and ABA sensitivity. Phenotype analysis under KCl and mannitol treatment demonstrated TaFLZ2D increased salinity stress tolerance mainly due to the superior ability to cope with ionic stress. TaFLZ2D over-expressing lines increased abscisic acid synthesis, peroxidase activity and reduced rate of water loss. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated over-expression of TaFLZ2D regulated ABA-dependent and independent signaling pathway related genes expression and activated antioxidant related genes expression under normal condition and Ca2+ signaling related genes expression under NaCl treatmemt. Taken together, TaFLZ2D is a positive regulator of salinity stress tolerance, which contributes to salinity stress mainly through superior ability for ionic stress tolerance and ROS detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China.
| | - Shoufu Cui
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Cui
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Quan
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
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Li H, Li Y, Huang D, Zhang L, Lu J, Zhang J. The response mechanism of Hydrilla verticillata and leaf epiphytic biofilms to depth and nutrient removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49032-49041. [PMID: 33929666 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of morphological and physiological regulation of submerged aquatic plants (Hydrilla verticillata) is influenced by spatial and environmental changes related to water depth gradients. In the present study, changes in the aquatic microcosm were explored at the depth gradients of 0.3 m, 0.6 m, 0.9 m, 1.2 m, and 1.5 m, and the depth was recognized as a critical factor for improving water quality, especially for the removal of total phosphorus (TP) and recalcitrant protein-like molecules. At 0.9 m, the removal rates of TP and protein-like substances reached 78% and 18.67%, respectively, 1.76 times and 1.28 times the rates at 0.3 m. The maximum shoot/root growth and chlorophyll (a + b) suggest photosynthesis inhibition is minimal at 1.2 m. Fluctuations in enzyme activities imply an antioxidant response to lipid peroxidation damage under different oxidative stress. The adjusted activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and alkaline phosphatase (APA) were an adaptive nutrient utilization strategy to different water depths. Microbiological diversity analysis of biofilms indicates that community structure changes in response to water depth. Considering the growth status and nutrient removal effects, the results indicate that the optimal planting depth for H. verticillata is 0.9-1.2 m. These findings contribute to understanding water purification mechanisms in depth gradients, and support the effective rebuilding and management of submerged macrophyte communities in natural shallow lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Shifang Ecology and Landscape Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Deying Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Zhang
- Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilai Lu
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibiao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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10
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Sathee L, Jha SK, Rajput OS, Singh D, Kumar S, Kumar A. Expression dynamics of genes encoding nitrate and ammonium assimilation enzymes in rice genotypes exposed to reproductive stage salinity stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:161-172. [PMID: 34044225 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the reproductive stage salinity stress tolerance is a key target for breeding stress tolerant rice genotypes. Nitrate and ammonium are equally important nitrogen forms utilized by rice. We evaluated nitrate and ammonium assimilation during reproductive stage in control and salinity (10dSm-1 using NaCl) stressed rice plants. Osmotic stress tolerant rice genotype Shabhagidhan (SD) and high yielding yet osmotic and salinity stress sensitive genotype Pusa sugandh-5 (PS5) were evaluated. Salinity stress was given to plants during panicle emergence and flag leaves was collected after 1d, 3d 5d, 7d, 9d,12d and 15d after anthesis. Reproductive stage salinity stress resulted in decrease of membrane stability, relative water content and osmotic potential of rice plants. Reproductive stage salinity stress decreased the expression of nitrate reductase (OsNIA), nitrite reductase (OsNiR), Glutamine synthetase (OsGLN1.1, OsGLN1.2, OsGLN2) and glutamate synthase/GOGAT (OsFd-GOGAT, OsNADH-GOGAT) in flag leaves. In response to stress, SD showed better stress tolerance than PS5 in terms of higher yield stability. Variety SD showed higher leaf nitrate and ammonium content and maintained comparatively higher nitrate and ammonia metabolism enzyme activity than PS5. Salinity stress upregulated the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme and indirectly contributed to the higher proline content and maintenance of favourable osmotic potential in SD. Expression of GS2 which has role in photo respiratory ammonia assimilation was upregulated by salinity stress in PS5 in comparison to SD. Rice genotype showing better induction of nitrogen assimilatory genes will be more tolerant to reproductive stage salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmy Sathee
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shailendra K Jha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ompal Singh Rajput
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Dalveer Singh
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Division of Crop Research, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- National Phytotron Facility, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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11
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Physiological and transcriptome analyses for assessing the effects of exogenous uniconazole on drought tolerance in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:14476. [PMID: 34262091 PMCID: PMC8280108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uniconazole (S-(+)-uniconazole), a plant growth retardant, exerts key roles in modulating growth and development and increasing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms by which uniconazole regulates drought response remain largely unknown. Here, the effects of exogenous uniconazole on drought tolerance in hemp were studied via physiological and transcriptome analyses of the drought-sensitive industrial hemp cultivar Hanma No. 2 grown under drought stress. Exogenous uniconazole treatment increased hemp tolerance to drought-induced damage by enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthesis capacity, regulating activities of enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and altering endogenous hormone levels. Expression of genes associated with porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction were significantly regulated by uniconazole compared with that by control (distilled water) under drought stress. Numerous genes were differentially expressed to increase chlorophyll content, enhance photosynthesis, regulate carbon-nitrogen metabolism-related enzyme activities, and alter endogenous hormone levels. Thus, uniconazole regulated physiological and molecular characteristics of photosynthesis, carbon-nitrogen metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction to enhance drought resistance in industrial hemp.
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12
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Al-Zahrani HS, Alharby HF, Hakeem KR, Rehman RU. Exogenous Application of Zinc to Mitigate the Salt Stress in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek-Evaluation of Physiological and Biochemical Processes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1005. [PMID: 34069971 PMCID: PMC8157868 DOI: 10.3390/plants10051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress adversely affects the growth and productivity of crops. However, reports suggest that the application of various micronutrients could help the plant to cope with this stress. Hence, the objective of the study was to examine the effect of exogenous application of Zinc (Zn) on salt tolerance in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek (mungbean). Mungbean is considered to be an economically important crop and possess a strategic position in Southeast Asian countries for sustainable crop production. It is rich in quality proteins, minerals and vitamins. Three weeks old grown seedlings were subjected to NaCl (150 mM and 200 mM) alone or with Zn (250 µM). After 21 days of treatment, plants were harvested for investigating morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. We found that the Zn application mitigates the negative effect upon plant growth to a variable extent. This may be attributed to the increased shoot and root length, improved chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, enhanced total soluble sugar (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP) and proline accumulation, decreased H2O2 content and increased enzymatic antioxidant activities. Zn's application improved the performance of the enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) of the secondary metabolism, which resulted in the improvement of total phenol and flavonoids. The antioxidant activities such as 1,1diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) and ferrous reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) of the plants also showed improved results in their salt only treatments. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (SOD) scavenging activity were also improved upon the application of 250 µM zinc. Thus, Zn application in low doses offers promising potential for recovering plants suffering from salinity stress. In conclusion, we assume that zinc application improved salt tolerance in mungbean through the improvement of various physiological and photochemical processes which could prove to be useful in nutrient mediated management for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S. Al-Zahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.A.-Z.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Hesham F. Alharby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.A.-Z.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.A.-Z.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Reiaz Ul Rehman
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India;
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13
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Maignan V, Bernay B, Géliot P, Avice JC. Biostimulant impacts of Glutacetine® and derived formulations (VNT1 and VNT4) on the bread wheat grain proteome. J Proteomics 2021; 244:104265. [PMID: 33992839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is essential to ensure grain yield and quality in bread wheat. Improving N use efficiency is therefore crucial for wheat grain protein quality. In the present work, we analysed the effects on the winter wheat grain proteome of biostimulants containing Glutacetine® or two derived formulations (VNT1 and 4) when mixed with urea-ammonium-nitrate fertilizer. A large-scale quantitative proteomics analysis of two wheat flour fractions produced a dataset of 4369 identified proteins. Quantitative analysis revealed 9, 39 and 96 proteins with a significant change in abundance after Glutacetine®, VNT1 and VNT4 treatments, respectively, with a common set of 11 proteins that were affected by two different biostimulants. The major effects impacted proteins involved in (i) protein synthesis regulation (mainly ribosomal and binding proteins), (ii) defence and responses to stresses (including chitin-binding protein, heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 and glutathione S-transferase proteins), (iii) storage functions related to gluten protein alpha-gliadins and starch synthase and (iv) seed development with proteins implicated in protease activity, energy machinery, and the C and N metabolism pathways. Altogether, our study showed that Glutacetine®, VNT1 and VNT4 biostimulants positively affected protein composition related to grain quality. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021513. SIGNIFICANCE: We performed a large-scale quantitative proteomics study of the total protein extracts from flour samples to determine the effect of Glutacetine®-based biostimulants treatment on the protein composition of bread wheat grain. To our knowledge, only a few studies in the literature have applied proteomic approaches to study bread wheat grains and in particular to investigate the effect of biostimulants on the grain proteome of this cereal crop. In addition, most approaches used fractional extraction of proteins to target reserve proteins followed electrophoresis which leads to low identification rate of proteins. We identified and quantified a large protein dataset of 4369 proteins and determined ontological class of proteins affected by biostimulants treatments. Our proteomics investigation revealed the important role of these new biostimulants in achieving significant changes in protein synthesis regulation, storage functions, protease activity, energy machinery, C and N metabolism pathways and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Maignan
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INRAE, UMR EVA, SFR Normandie Végétal FED4277, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France; Via Végétale, 44430 Le Loroux-Bottereau, France.
| | - Benoit Bernay
- Plateforme Proteogen, SFR ICORE 4206, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen cedex, France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INRAE, UMR EVA, SFR Normandie Végétal FED4277, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
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14
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The Relationship between the Antioxidant System and Proline Metabolism in the Leaves of Cucumber Plants Acclimated to Salt Stress. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030609. [PMID: 33801884 PMCID: PMC7998282 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examines the effect of acclimation on the antioxidant system and proline metabolism in cucumber leaves subjected to 100 and 150 NaCl stress. The levels of protein carbonyl group, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, α-tocopherol, and activity of ascorbate and glutathione peroxidases, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate: synthetase and reductase as well as proline dehydrogenase were determined after 24 and 72 h periods of salt stress in the acclimated and non-acclimated plants. Although both groups of plants showed high α-tocopherol levels, in acclimated plants was observed higher constitutive concentration of these compounds as well as after salt treatment. Furthermore, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants grew in response to salt stress, mainly in the acclimated plants. In the acclimated plants, protein carbonyl group levels collapsed on a constitutive level and in response to salt stress. Although both groups of plants showed a decrease in proline dehydrogenase activity, they differed with regard to the range and time. Differences in response to salt stress between the acclimated and non-acclimated plants may suggest a relationship between increased tolerance in acclimated plants and raised activity of antioxidant enzymes, high-level of α-tocopherol as well, as decrease enzyme activity incorporates in proline catabolism.
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15
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Jiménez-Arias D, García-Machado FJ, Morales-Sierra S, García-García AL, Herrera AJ, Valdés F, Luis JC, Borges AA. A Beginner's Guide to Osmoprotection by Biostimulants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:363. [PMID: 33668668 PMCID: PMC7917748 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Water is indispensable for the life of any organism on Earth. Consequently, osmotic stress due to salinity and drought is the greatest threat to crop productivity. Ongoing climate change includes rising temperatures and less precipitation over large areas of the planet. This is leading to increased vulnerability to the drought conditions that habitually threaten food security in many countries. Such a scenario poses a daunting challenge for scientists: the search for innovative solutions to save water and cultivate under water deficit. A search for formulations including biostimulants capable of improving tolerance to this stress is a promising specific approach. This review updates the most recent state of the art in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez-Arias
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
| | - Francisco J. García-Machado
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Sarai Morales-Sierra
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Ana L. García-García
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
| | - Francisco Valdés
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Juan C. Luis
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Andrés A. Borges
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
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16
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Soltabayeva A, Ongaltay A, Omondi JO, Srivastava S. Morphological, Physiological and Molecular Markers for Salt-Stressed Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:243. [PMID: 33513682 PMCID: PMC7912532 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and development is adversely affected by different kind of stresses. One of the major abiotic stresses, salinity, causes complex changes in plants by influencing the interactions of genes. The modulated genetic regulation perturbs metabolic balance, which may alter plant's physiology and eventually causing yield losses. To improve agricultural output, researchers have concentrated on identification, characterization and selection of salt tolerant varieties and genotypes, although, most of these varieties are less adopted for commercial production. Nowadays, phenotyping plants through Machine learning (deep learning) approaches that analyze the images of plant leaves to predict biotic and abiotic damage on plant leaves have increased. Here, we review salinity stress related markers on molecular, physiological and morphological levels for crops such as maize, rice, ryegrass, tomato, salicornia, wheat and model plant, Arabidopsis. The combined analysis of data from stress markers on different levels together with image data are important for understanding the impact of salt stress on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Soltabayeva
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur Sultan Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan;
| | - Assel Ongaltay
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur Sultan Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan;
| | - John Okoth Omondi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 30258 Lilongwe 3, Malawi; or
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Beijing Advanced Innovative Center For Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China;
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17
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Alberton D, Valdameri G, Moure VR, Monteiro RA, Pedrosa FDO, Müller-Santos M, de Souza EM. What Did We Learn From Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)-Grass Associations Studies Through Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches? FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.607343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth stimulation by microorganisms that interact in a mutually beneficial manner remains poorly understood. Understanding the nature of plant-bacteria interactions may open new routes for plant productivity enhancement, especially cereal crops consumed by humans. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses are particularly useful for elucidating these mechanisms. A complete depiction of these mechanisms will prompt researchers to develop more efficient plant-bacteria associations. The success of microorganisms as biofertilizers may replace the current massive use of chemical fertilizers, mitigating many environmental and economic issues. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and current state of the art in proteomics and metabolomics studies involving grass-bacteria associations. We also discuss essential subjects involved in the bacterial plant-growth promotion, such, nitrogen fixation, plant stress, defense responses, and siderophore production.
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Xu XY, Sun L, Li S, Xu H, Lei P. Welan gum promoted the growth of rice seedlings by enhancing carbon and nitrogen assimilation. Carbohydr Res 2020; 498:108181. [PMID: 33220604 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the characteristics of natural polysaccharides in film-forming, chelating, and environmental friendly, a natural polysaccharide fertilizer agent was selected to increase the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and increase plant growth. Five polysaccharides: xanthan gum, guar gum, fenugreek gum, welan gum and chitosan were screened for plant growth promoting effect. The results showed that welan gum had the most significant effect on promoting the growth of rice seedlings, and the concentrations of 0.1 mg mL-1 and 0.15 mg mL-1 showed the best growth effects. The effects of welan gum on nitrogen utilization in rice seedlings were investigated. Results showed welan gum increased the contents of ammonium, nitrate, free amino acids, and proteins in rice seedlings. There were four key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism which are nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and glutamate dehydrogenase significantly enhanced by welan gum though up-regulating the transcriptional levels of these enzymes. Therefore, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen metabolism in rice seedlings were promoted to increase the biomass of rice seedlings. Based on the research, results showed that welan gum could constitute a promising fertilizer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No.3 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liang Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211800, China.
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Fuertes-Mendizábal T, Bastías EI, González-Murua C, González-Moro MB. Nitrogen Assimilation in the Highly Salt- and Boron-Tolerant Ecotype Zea mays L. Amylacea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E322. [PMID: 32143321 PMCID: PMC7154838 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Lluta Valley in Northern Chile is an important agricultural area affected by both salinity and boron (B) toxicity. Zea mays L. amylacea, an ecotype arisen because of the seed selection practiced in this valley, shows a high tolerance to salt and B levels. In the present study the interaction between B and salt was studied after 20 days of treatment at low (100 mM) and high salinity (430 mM NaCl), assessing changes in nitrogen metabolites and in the activity of key nitrogen-assimilating enzymes. Under non-saline conditions, the presence of excessive B favored higher nitrate and ammonium mobilization to leaves, increasing nitrate reductase (NR) activity but not glutamine synthetase (GS). Thus, the increment of nitrogen use efficiency by B application would contribute partially to maintain the biomass production in this ecotype. Positive relationships between NR activity, nitrate, and stomatal conductance were observed in leaves. The increment of major amino acids alanine and serine would indicate a photoprotective role of photorespiration under low-salinity conditions, thus the inhibition of nitrogen assimilation pathway (NR and GS activities) occurred only at high salinity. The role of cytosolic GS regarding the proline accumulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fuertes-Mendizábal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; (T.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.)
| | - Elizabeth Irica Bastías
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile;
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; (T.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.)
| | - Mª Begoña González-Moro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; (T.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.)
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20
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Yin F, Liu X, Cao B, Xu K. Low pH altered salt stress in antioxidant metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in ginger (Zingiber officinale) seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:648-659. [PMID: 31278755 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low pH on antioxidant metabolism and nitrogen (N) assimilation in ginger seedlings under salt stress were investigated. A two-way randomized block design was used: the main treatment consisted of two pH levels, normal and low pH (6.0 and 4.0, respectively), and the other treatment consisted of two salinity levels, 0 and 100 mmol l-1 Na+ (NaCl and Na2 SO4 ). The results showed that low pH decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide contents of ginger seedling leaves under salt stress. Moreover, low pH and salt stress significantly decreased the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants, including ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR). In addition, salt stress inhibited the N assimilation process in ginger seedling leaves, but low pH improved N assimilation under salt stress. Our finding was that low pH alleviated oxidative damage and promoted N assimilation under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengman Yin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xuena Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Bili Cao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Ma J, Cirillo V, Zhang D, Maggio A, Wang L, Xiao X, Yao Y. Regulation of Ammonium Cellular Levels is An Important Adaptive Trait for the Euhalophytic Behavior of Salicornia europaea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E257. [PMID: 32079337 PMCID: PMC7076498 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salinization of agricultural land is a devastating phenomenon which will affect future food security. Understanding how plants survive and thrive in response to salinity is therefore critical to potentiate tolerance traits in crop species. The halophyte Salicornia europaea has been used as model system for this purpose. High salinity causes NH4+ accumulation in plant tissues and consequent toxicity symptoms that may further exacerbate those caused by NaCl. In this experiment we exposed Salicornia plants to five concentrations of NaCl (0, 1, 10, 50 and 200 mM) in combination with two concentrations of NH4Cl (1 and 50 mM). We confirmed the euhalophytic behavior of Salicornia that grew better at 200 vs. 0 mM NaCl in terms of both fresh (+34%) and dry (+46%) weights. Addition of 50 mM NH4Cl to the growth medium caused a general growth reduction, which was likely caused by NH4+ accumulation and toxicity in roots and shoots. When plants were exposed to high NH4Cl, high salinity reduced roots NH4+ concentration (-50%) compared to 0 mM NaCl. This correlates with the activation of the NH4+ assimilation enzymes, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase, and the growth inhibition was partially recovered. We argue that NH4+ detoxification is an important trait under high salinity that may differentiate halophytes from glycophytes and we present a possible model for NH4+ detoxification in response to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Valerio Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (V.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Dayong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Albino Maggio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (V.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Xinlong Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Yinan Yao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Sciences and Technology, Mianyang 62101, China
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22
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Che-Othman MH, Jacoby RP, Millar AH, Taylor NL. Wheat mitochondrial respiration shifts from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the GABA shunt under salt stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1166-1180. [PMID: 30688365 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity are required during salt stress in plants to provide ATP and reductants for adaptive processes such as ion exclusion, compatible solute synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. However, there is a poor mechanistic understanding of how salinity affects mitochondrial metabolism, particularly respiratory substrate source. To determine the mechanism of respiratory changes under salt stress in wheat leaves, we conducted an integrated analysis of metabolite content, respiratory rate and targeted protein abundance measurements. Also, we investigated the direct effect of salt on mitochondrial enzyme activities. Salt-treated wheat leaves exhibit higher respiration rate and extensive metabolite changes. The activity of the TCA cycle enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex were shown to be directly salt-sensitive. Multiple lines of evidence showed that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt was activated under salt treatment. During salt exposure, key metabolic enzymes required for the cyclic operation of the TCA cycle are physiochemically inhibited by salt. This inhibition is overcome by increased GABA shunt activity, which provides an alternative carbon source for mitochondria that bypasses salt-sensitive enzymes, to facilitate the increased respiration of wheat leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hafiz Che-Othman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre of Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Richard P Jacoby
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Sharma R, Kaur R. Elucidating physiological and biochemical alterations in giant duckweed ( Spirodela polyrhiza L. Schleiden) under diethyl phthalate stress: insights into antioxidant defence system. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8267. [PMID: 31942254 PMCID: PMC6955107 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emollient properties of phthalates have led to their extensive production and intense use in plastic products. Owing to their weak covalent bonding with the plastic polymers, phthalates enter into the environment during their manufacturing, processing, disposal, consequently found their way directly into water sources, soil, and sediments. Methods The present study envisaged the toxic effects of diethyl phthalate (DEP) on physiological and biochemical attributes of Spirodela polyrhiza, when exposed to various concentrations of DEP (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) for short term exposure period of seven days. Results Plants of S. polyrhiza accumulated significant amount of DEP (112 mg kg−1 fw) when exposed to various concentrations of DEP for seven days. Results depicted that DEP toxicity significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected growth parameters and pigments in treated S. polyrhiza as compared to control. Further, high doses of DEP (400 ppm) caused significant decrement in carbohydrate (86%), protein (76%) and elevation in MDA content (42%). Meanwhile, DEP altered the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, GPX and GR) along with the induction of enhanced levels of proline, electrolyte leakage and phenolic content. Scanning electron microscopic and confocal studies also confirmed oxidative stress in plants under DEP stress. Conclusions Present findings will help understand the accumulation, tolerance, and detoxification mechanisms of DEP by S. polyrhiza to counteract the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with the evaluation of environmental threat for aquatic plants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Qin Q, Wang Y, Huang L, Du F, Zhao X, Li Z, Wang W, Fu B. A U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase OsPUB67 is positively involved in drought tolerance in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:89-107. [PMID: 31768809 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OsPUB67, a U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase, may interact with two drought tolerance negative regulators (OsRZFP34 and OsDIS1) and improve drought tolerance by enhancing the reactive oxygen scavenging ability and stomatal closure. E3 ubiquitin ligases are major components of the ubiquitination cascade and contribute to the biotic and abiotic stress response in plants. In the present study, we show that a rice drought responsive gene, OsPUB67, encoding the U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase was significantly induced by drought, salt, cold, JA, and ABA, and was expressed in nuclei, cytoplasm, and membrane systems. This distribution of expression suggests a significant role for OsPUB67 in a wide range of biological processes and abiotic stress response. Over-expression of OsPUB67 improved drought stress tolerance by enhancing the reactive oxygen scavenging ability and stomatal closure. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that a few E2s interacted with OsPUB67 with unique functional implications in different cell components. Further evidence showed that several E3 ubiquitin ligases interacted with OsPUB67, especially OsRZFP34 and OsDIS1, which are negative regulators of drought tolerance. This interaction on the stomata implied OsPUB67 might function as a heterodimeric ubiquitination complex in response to drought stress. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis revealed OsPUB67 participated in regulating genes involved in the abiotic stress response and transcriptional regulation in an ABA-dependent manner. Our findings revealed OsPUB67 mediated a multilayered complex drought stress tolerance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Qin
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinxiao Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyu Huang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Yunnan, China
| | - Fengping Du
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Binying Fu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Ullah A, Li M, Noor J, Tariq A, Liu Y, Shi L. Effects of salinity on photosynthetic traits, ion homeostasis and nitrogen metabolism in wild and cultivated soybean. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8191. [PMID: 31844583 PMCID: PMC6907091 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon and nitrogen metabolism need to be highly regulated to achieve cell acclimation to changing environmental conditions. The understanding of physio-biochemical responses of crops to salinity stress could help to stabilize their performance and yield. In this study we have analyzed the roles of photosynthesis, ion physiology and nitrate assimilation toward saline/alkaline stress acclimation in wild and cultivated soybean seedlings. METHODS Growth and photosynthetic parameters, ion concentrations and the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation were determined in seedlings of one wild and one cultivated soybean accession subjected to saline or alkaline stresses. RESULTS Both saline and alkaline stresses had a negative impact on the growth and metabolism of both wild and cultivated soybean.The growth, photosynthesis, and gas exchange parameters showed a significant decrease in response to increasing salt concentration. Additionally, a significant increase in root Na+ and Cl- concentration was observed. However, photosynthetic performance and ion regulation were higher in wild than in cultivated soybean under saline and alkaline stresses. Nitrate reductase (NR) and the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle showed a significant decrease in leaves of both genotypes. The reduction in the GS/GOGAT cycle was accompanied by high aminating glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase) activity, indicating the assimilation of high levels of NH4 +. A significant increase in the activities of aminating and deaminating enzymes, including glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), was observed, probably due to the high glutamate demand and maintenance of the Krebs cycle to correct the C: N status. CONCLUSIONS Cultivated soybean was much more stress sensitive than was the wild soybean. The decrease in growth, photosynthesis, ion regulation and nitrogen assimilation enzymes was greater in cultivated soybean than in wild soybean. The impact of alkaline stress was more pronounced than that of saline stress. Wild soybean regulated the physiological mechanisms of photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation more effectively than did cultivated soybean. The present findings provide a theoretical basis with which to screen and utilize wild and cultivated soybean germplasm for breeding new stress-tolerant soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Ullah
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Javaria Noor
- Department of Botany, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Akash Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Zone, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Lianxuan Shi
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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Identification of Phenotypic and Physiological Markers of Salt Stress Tolerance in Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.) through Integrated Analyses. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important stresses that reduces plant growth and productivity in several parts of the world. Nine Tunisian durum wheat genotypes grown under hydroponic conditions were subjected to two levels of salt stress (100 and 170 mM NaCl) for 21 days. An integrative analysis revealing the impact of salinity on key phenotypic and physiological marker traits was then conducted. Principal component analysis grouped these traits into three different clusters corresponding to the absence of salt stress and the two levels of salt stress. This analysis also allowed the identification of genotypes exhibiting various levels of tolerance to NaCl. Among the nine genotypes of Triticum durum Desf., cultivar Om Rabiaa was the most tolerant whereas cultivar Mahmoudi genotype was the most sensitive. Following the multivariate analysis of the examined phenotypic and physiological traits, we found that shoot length, shoot fresh weight, leaf area, the whole-plant stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N), shoot ammonium and proline contents, and shoot glutamine synthetase activity could be used as markers for the selection of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes.
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27
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Imran M, Sun X, Hussain S, Ali U, Rana MS, Rasul F, Saleem MH, Moussa MG, Bhantana P, Afzal J, Elyamine AM, Hu CX. Molybdenum-Induced Effects on Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Elemental Profile of Winter Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Under Different Nitrogen Sources. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123009. [PMID: 31226753 PMCID: PMC6627063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Different nitrogen (N) sources have been reported to significantly affect the activities and expressions of N metabolism enzymes and mineral elements concentrations in crop plants. However, molybdenum-induced effects in winter wheat cultivars have still not been investigated under different N sources. Here, a hydroponic study was carried out to investigate these effects on two winter wheat cultivars (‘97003’ and ‘97014’) as Mo-efficient and Mo-inefficient, respectively, under different N sources (NO3−, NH4NO3, and NH4+). The results revealed that the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) followed the order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources, while glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) followed the order of NH4+ > NH4NO3 > NO3− in both the wheat cultivars. However, Mo-induced effects in the activities and expressions of N metabolism enzymes under different N sources followed the order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources, indicating that Mo has more complementary effects towards nitrate nutrition than the sole ammonium source in winter wheat. Interestingly, under −Mo-deprived conditions, cultivar ‘97003’ recorded more pronounced alterations in Mo-dependent parameters than ‘97014’ cultivar. Moreover, Mo application increased the proteins, amino acids, ammonium, and nitrite contents while concomitantly decreasing the nitrate contents in the same order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources that coincides with the Mo-induced N enzymes activities and expressions. The findings of the present study indicated that Mo plays a key role in regulating the N metabolism enzymes and assimilatory products under all the three N sources; however, the extent of complementation exists in the order of NH4NO3 > NO3− > NH4+ sources in winter wheat. In addition, it was revealed that mineral elements profiles were mainly affected by different N sources, while Mo application generally had no significant effects on the mineral elements contents in the winter wheat leaves under different N sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040 Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Usman Ali
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Rana
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Fahd Rasul
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040 Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Hamzah Saleem
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Mohamed G Moussa
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Soil and Water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abou Zaabl 13759, Egypt.
| | - Parashuram Bhantana
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Javaria Afzal
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ali Mohamed Elyamine
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life Science, University of Comoros, Moroni 269, Comoros.
| | - Cheng Xiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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James D, Borphukan B, Fartyal D, Ram B, Singh J, Manna M, Sheri V, Panditi V, Yadav R, Achary VMM, Reddy MK. Concurrent Overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 Genes in Transgenic Rice ( Oryza sativa L.): Impact on Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:786. [PMID: 29977247 PMCID: PMC6021690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in the nitrogen metabolism of higher plants. Abiotic stresses have adverse effects on crop production and pose a serious threat to global food security. GS activity and expression is known to be significantly modulated by various abiotic stresses. However, very few transgenic overexpression studies of GS have studied its impact on abiotic stress tolerance. GS is also the target enzyme of the broad spectrum herbicide Glufosinate (active ingredient: phosphinothricin). In this study, we investigated the effect of concurrent overexpression of the rice cytosolic GS1 (OsGS1;1) and chloroplastic GS2 (OsGS2) genes in transgenic rice on its tolerance to abiotic stresses and the herbicide Glufosinate. Our results demonstrate that the co-overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 isoforms in transgenic rice plants enhanced its tolerance to osmotic and salinity stress at the seedling stage. The transgenic lines maintained significantly higher fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content than wild type (wt) and null segregant (ns) controls, under both osmotic and salinity stress. The OsGS1;1/OsGS2 co-overexpressing transgenic plants accumulated higher levels of proline but showed lower electrolyte leakage and had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content under the stress treatments. The transgenic lines showed considerably enhanced photosynthetic and agronomic performance under drought and salinity stress imposed during the reproductive stage, as compared to wt and ns control plants. The grain filling rates of the transgenic rice plants under reproductive stage drought stress (64.6 ± 4.7%) and salinity stress (58.2 ± 4.5%) were significantly higher than control plants, thereby leading to higher yields under these abiotic stress conditions. Preliminary analysis also revealed that the transgenic lines had improved tolerance to methyl viologen induced photo-oxidative stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the concurrent overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 isoforms in rice enhanced physiological tolerance and agronomic performance under adverse abiotic stress conditions, apparently acting through multiple mechanistic routes. The transgenic rice plants also showed limited tolerance to the herbicide Glufosinate. The advantages and limitations of glutamine synthetase overexpression in crop plants, along with future strategies to overcome these limitations for utilization in crop improvement have also been discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald James
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabesh Borphukan
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhirendra Fartyal
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Babu Ram
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Manna
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Sheri
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Varakumar Panditi
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Mohan M. Achary
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mallireddy K. Reddy
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Mahajan MM, Goyal E, Singh AK, Gaikwad K, Kanika K. Transcriptome dynamics provide insights into long-term salinity stress tolerance in Triticum aestivum cv. Kharchia Local. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 121:128-139. [PMID: 29102901 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Kharchia Local, a wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar, is native to the saline-sodic soils of Pali district, Rajasthan, India and well known for its salinity stress tolerance. In the present study, we performed transcriptome sequencing to compare genome wide differential expression pattern between flag leaves of salinity stressed (15 EC) and control plants at anthesis stage. The 63.9 million paired end raw reads were assembled into 74,106 unigenes, of which, 3197 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed. Functional annotation analysis revealed the upregulation of genes associated with various biological processes including signal transduction, phytohormones signaling, osmoregulation, flavonoid biosynthesis, ion transport and ROS homeostasis. Expression pattern of fourteen differentially expressed genes was validated using qRT-PCR and was found to be consistent with the results of the transcriptome sequencing. Present study is the primary report on transcriptome profiling of Kharchia Local flag leaf under long-term salinity stress at anthesis stage. In conclusion, the data generated in this study can improve our knowledge in understanding the molecular mechanism of salinity stress tolerance. It will also serve as a valuable genomic resource in wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh M Mahajan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India; Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory, ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Etika Goyal
- Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory, ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Amit K Singh
- Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory, ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kishor Gaikwad
- Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory, ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kumar Kanika
- Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory, ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Xiong J, Sun Y, Yang Q, Tian H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Chen M. Proteomic analysis of early salt stress responsive proteins in alfalfa roots and shoots. Proteome Sci 2017; 15:19. [PMID: 29093645 PMCID: PMC5663070 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-017-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most extensively cultivated forage legume in the world, and salinity stress is the most problematic environmental factors limiting alfalfa production. To evaluate alfalfa tissue variations in response to salt stress, comparative physiological and proteomic analyses were made of salt responses in the roots and shoots of the alfalfa. Method A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)-based proteomic technique was employed to identify the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) from salt-treated alfalfa roots and shoots of the salt tolerance cultivars Zhongmu No 1 cultivar, which was subjected to a range of salt stress concentrations for 9 days. In parallel, REL, MAD and H2O2 contents, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes of shoots and roots were determinand. Result Twenty-seven spots in the shoots and 36 spots in the roots that exhibited showed significant abundance variations were identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF MS. These DAPs are mainly involved in the biological processes of photosynthesis, stress and defense, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, second metabolism, protein metabolism, transcriptional regulation, cell wall and cytoskeleton metabolism, ion transpor, signal transduction. In parallel, physiological data were correlated well with our proteomic results. It is worth emphasizing that some novel salt-responsive proteins were identified, such as CP12, pathogenesis-related protein 2, harvest-induced protein, isoliquiritigenin 2′-O-methyltransferase. qRT-PCR was used to study the gene expression levels of the four above-mentioned proteins; four patterns are consistent with those of induced protein. Conclusion The primary mechanisms underlying the ability of alfalfa seedlings to tolerate salt stress were photosynthesis, detoxifying and antioxidant, secondary metabolism, and ion transport. And it also suggests that the different tissues responded to salt-stress in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Yaoyuan 1, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430017 China
| | - Yan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, 2 West Road, Yuan Ming Yuan, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, West Road 2, Yuan Ming Yuan, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hong Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Yaoyuan 1, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430017 China
| | - Heshan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Yaoyuan 1, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430017 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Yaoyuan 1, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430017 China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Yaoyuan 1, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430017 China
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Luo Q, Peng M, Zhang X, Lei P, Ji X, Chow W, Meng F, Sun G. Comparative mitochondrial proteomic, physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural profiling reveal factors underpinning salt tolerance in tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:648. [PMID: 28830360 PMCID: PMC5568289 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polyploidy is an important phenomenon in plants because of its roles in agricultural and forestry production as well as in plant tolerance to environmental stresses. Tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a polyploid plant and a pioneer tree species due to its wide ranging adaptability to adverse environments. To evaluate the ploidy-dependent differences in leaf mitochondria between diploid and tetraploid black locust under salinity stress, we conducted comparative proteomic, physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural profiling of mitochondria from leaves. Results Mitochondrial proteomic analysis was performed with 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-MS, and the ultrastructure of leaf mitochondria was observed by transmission electron microscopy. According to 2-DE analysis, 66 proteins that responded to salinity stress significantly were identified from diploid and/or tetraploid plants and classified into 9 functional categories. Assays of physiological characters indicated that tetraploids were more tolerant to salinity stress than diploids. The mitochondrial ultrastructure of diploids was damaged more severely under salinity stress than that of tetraploids. Conclusions Tetraploid black locust possessed more tolerance of, and ability to acclimate to, salinity stress than diploids, which may be attributable to the ability to maintain mitochondrial structure and to trigger different expression patterns of mitochondrial proteins during salinity stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4038-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Luo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mu Peng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Pei Lei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ximei Ji
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wahsoon Chow
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Fanjuan Meng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Guanyu Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Hessini K, Kronzucker HJ, Abdelly C, Cruz C. Drought stress obliterates the preference for ammonium as an N source in the C 4 plant Spartina alterniflora. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:98-107. [PMID: 28342331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The C4 grass Spartina alterniflora is known for its unique salt tolerance and strong preference for ammonium (NH4+) as a nitrogen (N) source. We here examined whether Spartina's unique preference for NH4+ results in improved performance under drought stress. Manipulative greenhouse experiments were carried out to measure the effects of variable water availability and inorganic N sources on plant performance (growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant, and N metabolism). Drought strongly reduced leaf number and area, plant fresh and dry weight, and photosynthetic activity on all N sources, but the reduction was most pronounced on NH4+. Indeed, the growth advantage seen on NH4+ in the absence of drought, producing nearly double the biomass compared to growth on NO3-, was entirely obliterated under both intermediate and severe drought conditions (50 and 25% field capacity, respectively). Both fresh and dry weight became indistinguishable among N sources under drought. Major markers of the antioxidant capacity of the plant, the activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, showed higher constitutive levels on NH4+. Catalase and glutathione reductase were specifically upregulated in NH4+-fed plants with increasing drought stress. This upregulation, however, failed to protect the plants from drought stress. Nitrogen metabolism was characterized by lower constitutive levels of glutamine synthetase in NH4+-fed plants, and a rise in glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity under drought, accompanied by elevated proline levels in leaves. Our results support postulates on the important role of GDH induction, and its involvement in the synthesis of compatible solutes, under abiotic stress. We show that, despite this metabolic shift, S. alterniflora's sensitivity to drought does not benefit from growth on NH4+ and that the imposition of drought stress equalizes all N-source-related growth differences observed under non-drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hessini
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences & Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Departamento de BiologiaVegetal, Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental-CBA, Campo Grande, Bloco C-2, Piso 4, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ahanger MA, Agarwal RM. Salinity stress induced alterations in antioxidant metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) as influenced by potassium supplementation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:449-460. [PMID: 28478373 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted on two wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars exposed to NaCl stress with and without potassium (K) supplementation. Salt stress induced using NaCl caused oxidative stress resulting into enhancement in lipid peroxidation and altered growth as well as yield. Added potassium led to significant improvement in growth having positive effects on the attributes including nitrogen and antioxidant metabolism. NaCl-induced stress triggered the antioxidant defence system nevertheless, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants increased in K fed plants. Enhancement in the accumulation of osmolytes comprising free proline, sugars and amino acids was observed at both the developmental stages with K supplementation associated with improvement of the relative water content and ultimately yield. Potassium significantly increased uptake and assimilation of nitrogen with concomitant reduction in the Na ions and consequently Na/K ratio. Optimal K can be used as a potential tool for alleviating NaCl stress in wheat to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R M Agarwal
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University Gwalior, MP, India
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Lv Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Hu Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Seeds during Artificial Ageing and Priming Using the Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162851. [PMID: 27632285 PMCID: PMC5025167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop worldwide. The physiological deterioration of seeds during storage and seed priming is closely associated with germination, and thus contributes to plant growth and subsequent grain yields. In this study, wheat seeds during different stages of artificial ageing (45°C; 50% relative humidity; 98%, 50%, 20%, and 1% Germination rates) and priming (hydro-priming treatment) were subjected to proteomics analysis through a proteomic approach based on the isobaric tandem mass tag labeling. A total of 162 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) mainly involved in metabolism, energy supply, and defense/stress responses, were identified during artificial ageing and thus validated previous physiological and biochemical studies. These DEPs indicated that the inability to protect against ageing leads to the incremental decomposition of the stored substance, impairment of metabolism and energy supply, and ultimately resulted in seed deterioration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the up-regulated proteins involved in seed ageing were mainly enriched in ribosome, whereas the down-regulated proteins were mainly accumulated in energy supply (starch and sucrose metabolism) and stress defense (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism). Proteins, including hemoglobin 1, oleosin, agglutinin, and non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, were first identified in aged seeds and might be regarded as new markers of seed deterioration. Of the identified proteins, 531 DEPs were recognized during seed priming compared with unprimed seeds. In contrast to the up-regulated DEPs in seed ageing, several up-regulated DEPs in priming were involved in energy supply (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation), anabolism (amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis), and cell growth/division. KEGG and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that the up-regulated proteins in seed priming were mainly enriched in amino acid synthesis, stress defense (plant-pathogen interactions, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism), and energy supply (oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism). Therefore, DEPs associated with seed ageing and priming can be used to characterize seed vigor and optimize germination enhancement treatments. This work reveals new proteomic insights into protein changes that occur during seed deterioration and priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinshui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Li J, Sun C, Yu N, Wang C, Zhang T, Bu H. Hexaconazole-Cu complex improves the salt tolerance of Triticum aestivum seedlings. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 127:90-94. [PMID: 26821663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hexaconazole is one of the triazole complexes that are broadly used as systemic fungicides with non-traditional plant growth regulator properties. Hexaconazole-Cu complex (Hex-Cu) is a new triazole derivative, and the biological effect of Hex-Cu has been rarely studied. In this work, we investigated the functions of Hex-Cu in regulating growth and the response to salt stress in the seedlings of Triticum aestivum. Pretreated with 60μmolL(-1) Hex-Cu, the seedling plants got increased root/shoot ratio by 42.0%, and the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were also increased by 38.1% and 27.9%, respectively. Furthermore, Hex-Cu alleviated the growth inhibition caused by salt stress, enabled the seedlings to maintain a higher proline content and lower malondialdehyde accumulation. The functions of Hex-Cu in regulating the expression of proline synthetase (P5CS and P5CR) genes were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Under 100mmolL(-1) NaCl stress, the expression of P5CS and P5CR in the seedlings by Hex-Cu pretreatment were significantly up-regulated. It attributed to the enhanced salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Cuiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Huaiyu Bu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Du J, Shu S, Shao Q, An Y, Zhou H, Guo S, Sun J. Mitigative effects of spermidine on photosynthesis and carbon-nitrogen balance of cucumber seedlings under Ca(NO3)2 stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:79-91. [PMID: 26659857 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ca(NO3)2 stress is one of the most serious constraints to plants production and limits the plants growth and development. Application of polyamines is a convenient and effective approach for enhancing plant salinity tolerance. The present investigation aimed to discover the photosynthetic carbon-nitrogen (C-N) mechanism underlying Ca(NO3)2 stress tolerance by spermidine (Spd) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyou No. 4). Seedling growth and photosynthetic capacity [including net photosynthetic rate (P N), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr)] were significantly inhibited by Ca(NO3)2 stress (80 mM). However, a leaf-applied Spd (1 mM) treatment alleviated the reduction in growth and photosynthesis in cucumber caused by Ca(NO3)2 stress. Furthermore, the application of exogenous Spd significantly decreased the accumulation of NO3 (-) and NH4 (+) caused by Ca(NO3)2 stress and remarkably increased the activities of N metabolism enzymes simultaneously. In addition, photosynthesis N-use efficiency (PNUE) and free amino acids were significantly enhanced by exogenous Spd in response to Ca(NO3)2 stress, thus promoting the biosynthesis of N containing compounds and soluble protein. Also, the amounts of several carbohydrates (including sucrose, fructose and glucose), total C content and the C/N radio increased significantly in the presence of Spd. Based on our results, we suggest that exogenous Spd could effectively accelerate nitrate transformation into amino acids and improve cucumber plant photosynthesis and C assimilation, thereby enhancing the ability of the plants to maintain their C/N balance, and eventually promote the growth of cucumber plants under Ca(NO3)2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaosai Shao
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong An
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Yousfi S, Márquez AJ, Betti M, Araus JL, Serret MD. Gene expression and physiological responses to salinity and water stress of contrasting durum wheat genotypes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:48-66. [PMID: 25869057 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the relationships between gene expression and the physiological mechanisms remains a bottleneck in breeding for resistance to salinity and drought. This study related the expression of key target genes with the physiological performance of durum wheat under different combinations of salinity and irrigation. The candidate genes assayed included two encoding for the DREB (dehydration responsive element binding) transcription factors TaDREB1A and TaDREB2B, another two for the cytosolic and plastidic glutamine synthetase (TaGS1 and TaGS2), and one for the specific Na(+) /H(+) vacuolar antiporter (TaNHX1). Expression of these genes was related to growth and different trait indicators of nitrogen metabolism (nitrogen content, stable nitrogen isotope composition, and glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase activities), photosynthetic carbon metabolism (stable carbon isotope composition and different gas exchange traits) and ion accumulation. Significant interaction between genotype and growing conditions occurred for growth, nitrogen content, and the expression of most genes. In general terms, higher expression of TaGS1, TaGS2, TaDREB2B, and to a lesser extent of TaNHX1 were associated with a better genotypic performance in growth, nitrogen, and carbon photosynthetic metabolism under salinity and water stress. However, TaDREB1A was increased in expression under stress compared with control conditions, with tolerant genotypes exhibiting lower expression than susceptible ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Yousfi
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Serret
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Tercé-Laforgue T, Clément G, Marchi L, Restivo FM, Lea PJ, Hirel B. Resolving the Role of Plant NAD-Glutamate Dehydrogenase: III. Overexpressing Individually or Simultaneously the Two Enzyme Subunits Under Salt Stress Induces Changes in the Leaf Metabolic Profile and Increases Plant Biomass Production. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1918-29. [PMID: 26251210 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD-GDH) of higher plants has a central position at the interface between carbon and nitrogen metabolism due to its ability to carry out the deamination of glutamate. In order to obtain a better understanding of the physiological function of NAD-GDH under salt stress conditions, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants that overexpress two genes from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia individually (GDHA and GDHB) or simultaneously (GDHA/B) were grown in the presence of 50 mM NaCl. In the different GDH overexpressors, the NaCl treatment induced an additional increase in GDH enzyme activity, indicating that a post-transcriptional mechanism regulates the final enzyme activity under salt stress conditions. A greater shoot and root biomass production was observed in the three types of GDH overexpressors following growth in 50 mM NaCl, when compared with the untransformed plants subjected to the same salinity stress. Changes in metabolites representative of the plant carbon and nitrogen status were also observed. They were mainly characterized by an increased amount of starch present in the leaves of the GDH overexpressors as compared with the wild type when plants were grown in 50 mM NaCl. Metabolomic analysis revealed that overexpressing the two genes GDHA and GDHB, individually or simultaneously, induced a differential accumulation of several carbon- and nitrogen-containing molecules involved in a variety of metabolic, developmental and stress-responsive processes. An accumulation of digalactosylglycerol, erythronate and porphyrin was found in the GDHA, GDHB and GDHA/B overexpressors, suggesting that these molecules could contribute to the improved performance of the transgenic plants under salinity stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Tercé-Laforgue
- Adaptation des Plantes à leur Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Versailles-Grignon, RD 10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- Adaptation des Plantes à leur Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Versailles-Grignon, RD 10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Laura Marchi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco M Restivo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Peter J Lea
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Bertrand Hirel
- Adaptation des Plantes à leur Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Versailles-Grignon, RD 10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
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Teixeira J, Ferraz P, Gouveia C, Azevedo F, Neves S, Fidalgo F, Silva AMT. Targeting key metabolic points for an enhanced phytoremediation of wastewaters pre-treated by the photo-Fenton process using Solanum nigrum L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:124-129. [PMID: 26057079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several physiological, biochemical and molecular biology responses were analysed in Solanum nigrum L. plants exposed for 28 days to an effluent that resulted from the photo-Fenton treatment of a highly concentrated pesticide and systemic fungicide aqueous solution, containing metalaxyl as active compound (150mgL(-1)), in order to pinpoint metabolic steps for a future increase of these plants' capacity to deal with the chemical process by-products. Although plants suffered oxidative stress, as indicated by increased membrane damage and a negative effect on plant biomass, they absorbed the excess iron and acted on the resulting by-products present in the effluent after the photo-Fenton process. Nitrogen assimilation and metallothionein gene expression were down regulated, while glutathione biosynthesis increased. These results suggest an enhanced nitrogen assimilation and/or metallothionein accumulation as relevant key points for further plant improvement in order to increase the efficiency of this innovative strategy that considers integration of the photo-Fenton process (as chemical primary treatment) with S. nigrum L. plants (as biological remediation post-treatment) for heavily polluted wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Teixeira
- BioISI - BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Ferraz
- BioISI - BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlota Gouveia
- BioISI - BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Frederico Azevedo
- BioISI - BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Simão Neves
- BioISI - BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- BioISI - BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials - Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Balotf S, Kavoosi G, Kholdebarin B. Nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase expression and activity in response to different nitrogen sources in nitrogen-starved wheat seedlings. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:220-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Institute of Biotechnology; Shiraz University; Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Bahman Kholdebarin
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Shiraz University; Shiraz Iran
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Bouthour D, Kalai T, Chaffei HC, Gouia H, Corpas FJ. Differential response of NADP-dehydrogenases and carbon metabolism in leaves and roots of two durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars (Karim and Azizi) with different sensitivities to salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 179:56-63. [PMID: 25835711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is a common Mediterranean species of considerable agronomic importance. Salinity is one of the major threats to sustainable agricultural production mainly because it limits plant productivity. After exposing the Karim and Azizi durum wheat cultivars, which are of agronomic significance in Tunisia, to 100mM NaCl salinity, growth parameters (dry weight and length), proline content and chlorophylls were evaluated in their leaves and roots. In addition, we analyzed glutathione content and key enzymatic activities, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH), NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), involved in the carbon metabolism and NADPH-generating system. The sensitivity index indicates that cv Karim was more tolerant to salinity than cv Azizi. This higher tolerance was corroborated at the biochemical level, as cv Karim showed a greater capacity to accumulate proline, especially in leaves, while the enzyme activities studied were differentially regulated in both organs, with NADP-ICDH being the only activity to be unaffected in all organs. In summary, the data indicate that higher levels of proline accumulation and the differential responses of some key enzymes involved in the carbon metabolism and NADPH regeneration contribute to the salinity tolerance mechanism and lead to increased biomass accumulation in cv Karim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Bouthour
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apdo 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain; Faculty of Sciences of Tunisia, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunis
| | - Tawba Kalai
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunisia, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunis
| | - Haouari C Chaffei
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunisia, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunis
| | - Houda Gouia
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunisia, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunis
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apdo 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Hu XH. Exogenous spermidine-induced changes at physiological and biochemical parameters levels in tomato seedling grown in saline-alkaline condition. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:58. [PMID: 28510977 PMCID: PMC5430331 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato is one of the most popular vegetables, and middle tolerance for salt stress. Spermidine (Spd) has an important role in plant defense mechanisms against abiotic stress; however, relatively few data are available regarding Spd in responses of tomato to saline-alkaline stress. The effect of 0.25 mmol/L Spd on some physiological parameters of two tomato cultivars grown in 75 mmol/L saline-alkaline solutions were studied. Two cultivars are cv. Jinpeng chaoguan which is a highly salt-tolerant ecotype and cv. Zhongza No. 9 which is more salt-sensitive ecotype. RESULTS Saline-alkaline stress upset nitrogen metabolism, induced the antioxidant enzyme activities, and accumulated much more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and osmoregulation substances in two tomato cultivars leaves. Under saline-alkaline stress condition, Spd-treated seedlings accumulated more osmoregulation substances and had greater activities of antioxidative enzymes. Exogenous Spd counteracted the stress-induced increase of contents of malondialdehyde and ammonium, glutamate dehydrogenase activity, and decreased in nitrate, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities. Additionally, the effect of Spd was more significantly in salt-sensitive cultivar 'Zhongza No. 9'. CONCLUSIONS Overall, exogenous spermidine can attenuate negative effects of saline-alkaline stress on tomato seedlings which effects may depend on the plant species, and even cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural & Forest University, Yangling, 712100 China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural & Forest University, Yangling, 712100 China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xiao-Hui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural & Forest University, Yangling, 712100 China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100 China
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Bello B, Zhang X, Liu C, Yang Z, Yang Z, Wang Q, Zhao G, Li F. Cloning of Gossypium hirsutum sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 gene (GhSnRK2) and its overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis escalates drought and low temperature tolerance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112269. [PMID: 25393623 PMCID: PMC4231032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance and the use of modern genetics approaches for the improvement of drought stress tolerance have been major focuses of plant molecular biologists. In the present study, we cloned the Gossypium hirsutum sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (GhSnRK2) gene and investigated its functions in transgenic Arabidopsis. We further elucidated the function of this gene in transgenic cotton using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) techniques. We hypothesized that GhSnRK2 participates in the stress signaling pathway and elucidated its role in enhancing stress tolerance in plants via various stress-related pathways and stress-responsive genes. We determined that the subcellular localization of the GhSnRK2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) was localized in the nuclei and cytoplasm. In contrast to wild-type plants, transgenic plants overexpressing GhSnRK2 exhibited increased tolerance to drought, cold, abscisic acid and salt stresses, suggesting that GhSnRK2 acts as a positive regulator in response to cold and drought stresses. Plants overexpressing GhSnRK2 displayed evidence of reduced water loss, turgor regulation, elevated relative water content, biomass, and proline accumulation. qRT-PCR analysis of GhSnRK2 expression suggested that this gene may function in diverse tissues. Under normal and stress conditions, the expression levels of stress-inducible genes, such as AtRD29A, AtRD29B, AtP5CS1, AtABI3, AtCBF1, and AtABI5, were increased in the GhSnRK2-overexpressing plants compared to the wild-type plants. GhSnRK2 gene silencing alleviated drought tolerance in cotton plants, indicating that VIGS technique can certainly be used as an effective means to examine gene function by knocking down the expression of distinctly expressed genes. The results of this study suggested that the GhSnRK2 gene, when incorporated into Arabidopsis, functions in positive responses to drought stress and in low temperature tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Bello
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Veliz CG, Criado MV, Roberts IN, Echeverria M, Prystupa P, Prieto P, Gutierrez Boem FH, Caputo C. Phloem sugars and amino acids as potential regulators of hordein expression in field grown malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Identification of NaCl and NaHCO3 stress responsive proteins in tomato roots using iTRAQ-based analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:417-22. [PMID: 24613841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity and alkalinity are common constraints to crop productivity in low rainfall regions of the world. However, the physiological difference of plant response to these two stresses was short of deep investigation. This study has identified a set of differentially expressed proteins of tomato root exploring to NaCl and NaHCO3 stress by iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) assay. A total of 313 proteins responsive to NaCl and NaHCO3 were observed. Among these proteins, 70 and 114 proteins were up-regulated by salt and alkali stress, respectively. While down-regulated proteins were 80 in salt treatment and 83 in alkali treatment. Only 39 up-regulated proteins and 30 down-regulated proteins were shared by salt and alkali stresses. The majority of the down-regulated proteins accounted for metabolism and energy conversion, and the up-regulated proteins were involved in signaling or transport. Compared with salt stress, alkali stress down-regulated proteins related with the respiratory metabolism, fatty acid oxidative metabolism and nitrogenous metabolism of tomato roots, and up-regulated protein with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and ion transport. This study provides a novel insight into tomato roots response to salt and alkali stress at a large translation level.
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Gao HJ, Yang HY, Bai JP, Liang XY, Lou Y, Zhang JL, Wang D, Zhang JL, Niu SQ, Chen YL. Ultrastructural and physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets to gradient saline stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:787. [PMID: 25628634 PMCID: PMC4292236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that impacts plant growth and reduces the productivity of field crops. Compared to field plants, test tube plantlets offer a direct and fast approach to investigate the mechanism of salt tolerance. Here we examined the ultrastructural and physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3") plantlets to gradient saline stress (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) with two consequent observations (2 and 6 weeks, respectively). The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected. Severe salt stress (200 mM NaCl) inhibited plantlet growth. These results indicated that potato plantlets adapt to salt stress to some extent through accumulating osmoprotectants, such as proline, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT and SOD. The outcomes of this study provide ultrastructural and physiological insights into characterizing potential damages induced by salt stress for selecting salt-tolerant potato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Gao
- Gansu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement and Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- Gansu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement and Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Bai
- Gansu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement and Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Gansu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement and Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Lian Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement and Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement and Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Di Wang, Gansu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement and Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China e-mail:
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
- Jin-Lin Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 768 West Jiayuguan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China e-mail:
| | - Shu-Qi Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Long Chen
- Plant Nutrition and Soil Science and UWA Institute of Agriculture, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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Capriotti AL, Borrelli GM, Colapicchioni V, Papa R, Piovesana S, Samperi R, Stampachiacchiere S, Laganà A. Proteomic study of a tolerant genotype of durum wheat under salt-stress conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1423-35. [PMID: 24337188 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress conditions limiting crop growth and productivity. Duilio is a wheat genotype that shows tolerant behavior in both salt-stress and drought-stress conditions. Toward better understanding of the biochemical response to salinity in this genotype of durum wheat, a comparative label-free shotgun proteomic analysis based on normalized spectral abundance factors was conducted on wheat leaf samples subjected to increasing salt-stress levels (100 and 200 mmol L(-1) NaCl) with respect to untreated samples. We found significant changes in 71 proteins for the first stress level, in 83 proteins at the higher salinity level, and in 88 proteins when comparing salt-stress levels with each other. The major changes concerned the proteins involved in primary metabolism and production of energy, followed by those involved in protein metabolism and cellular defense mechanisms. Some indications of different specific physiological and defense mechanisms implicated in increasing tolerance were obtained. The enhanced salinity tolerance in Duilio appeared to be governed by a higher capacity for osmotic homeostasis, a more efficient defense, and an improvement of protection from mechanical stress by increased cell wall lignifications, allowing a better potential for growth recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy,
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Two P5CS genes from common bean exhibiting different tolerance to salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. J Genet 2013; 92:461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cheng TS, Hung MJ, Cheng YI, Cheng LJ. Calcium-induced proline accumulation contributes to amelioration of NaCl injury and expression of glutamine synthetase in greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:265-274. [PMID: 24200992 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-mediated proline accumulation is a critical response under NaCl stress and the function of the induced proline as a glutamine synthetase (GS) protectant in greater duckweed was investigated. The plants were treated with solutions containing 100mM NaCl, 200 mM NaCl, 200 mM NaCl plus 10mM CaCl2, or 10mM CaCl2 alone for 4 days. At the end of the experiment, the fronds of inoculum treated with 200 mM NaCl showed the chlorotic effect, higher glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) activity and lower GS activity. At the lower salinity, the activities of GS and NADH-GDH were not altered markedly. A significant accumulation of proline was not found under either low or high salinity. The activity of Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) was enhanced only at 200 mM NaCl but remained unchanged at 100mM NaCl. The activity of Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) did not change under salinity-stressed. Addition of CaCl2 to the salt stressed plants not only lowered NaCl injury but also showed an elevated level of proline contents in response to the salinity treatment. In addition, both GS activity and corresponding polypeptides were expressed close to the level of control. Exogenous proline protects GS2 and the 32 kDa protein in photosystem II reaction center (D1) from H2O2-induced redox degradation in the chloroplast lysates of duckweed. The results suggest that calcium-induced proline accumulation may play an important role as a GS protectant under NaCl exposure in S. polyrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan, ROC
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