1
|
Hu W, Loka DA, Yang Y, Wu Z, Wang J, Liu L, Wang S, Zhou Z. Partial root-zone drying irrigation improves intrinsic water-use efficiency and maintains high photosynthesis by uncoupling stomatal and mesophyll conductance in cotton leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3147-3165. [PMID: 38693776 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Partial root-zone drying irrigation (PRD) can improve water-use efficiency (WUE) without reductions in photosynthesis; however, the mechanism by which this is attained is unclear. To amend that, PRD conditions were simulated by polyethylene glycol 6000 in a root-splitting system and the effects of PRD on cotton growth were studied. Results showed that PRD decreased stomatal conductance (gs) but increased mesophyll conductance (gm). Due to the contrasting effects on gs and gm, net photosynthetic rate (AN) remained unaffected, while the enhanced gm/gs ratio facilitated a larger intrinsic WUE. Further analyses indicated that PRD-induced reduction of gs was related to decreased stomatal size and stomatal pore area in adaxial and abaxial surface which was ascribed to lower pore length and width. PRD-induced variation of gm was ascribed to the reduced liquid-phase resistance, due to increases in chloroplast area facing to intercellular airspaces and the ratio of chloroplast surface area to total mesophyll cell area exposed to intercellular airspaces, as well as to decreases in the distance between cell wall and chloroplast, and between adjacent chloroplasts. The above results demonstrate that PRD, through alterations to stomatal and mesophyll structures, decoupled gs and gm responses, which ultimately increased intrinsic WUE and maintained AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dimitra A Loka
- Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Larisa, Greece
| | - Yuanli Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Wu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bjerring Jensen N, Vrobel O, Akula Nageshbabu N, De Diego N, Tarkowski P, Ottosen CO, Zhou R. Stomatal effects and ABA metabolism mediate differential regulation of leaf and flower cooling in tomato cultivars exposed to heat and drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2156-2175. [PMID: 38207009 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Co-occurring heat and drought stresses challenge crop performance. Stomata open to promote evaporative cooling during heat stress, but close to retain water during drought stress, which resulted in complex stomatal regulation under combined heat and drought. We aimed to investigate stomatal regulation in leaves and flowers of perennial, indeterminate cultivars of tomatoes subjected to individual and combined heat and drought stress followed by a recovery period, measuring morphological, physiological, and biochemical factors involved in stomatal regulation. Under stress, stomata of leaves were predominantly affected by drought, with lower stomatal density and stomatal closing, resulting in significantly decreased photosynthesis and higher leaf temperature. Conversely, stomata in sepals seemed affected mainly by heat during stress. The differential patterns in stomatal regulation in leaves and flowers persisted into the recovery phase as contrasting patterns in stomatal density. We show that flower transpiration is regulated by temperature, but leaf transpiration is regulated by soil water availability during stress. Organ-specific patterns of stomatal development and abscisic acid metabolism mediated this phenomenon. Our results throw light on the dual role of stomata in heat and drought tolerance of vegetative and generative organs, and demonstrate the importance of considering flower surfaces in the phenotyping of stomatal reactions to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bjerring Jensen
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ondřej Vrobel
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nagashree Akula Nageshbabu
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang F, Wang B, Lu F, Zhang X. Rotating Stomata Measurement Based on Anchor-Free Object Detection and Stomata Conductance Calculation. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 5:0106. [PMID: 37817885 PMCID: PMC10561978 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play an essential role in regulating water and carbon dioxide levels in plant leaves, which is important for photosynthesis. Previous deep learning-based plant stomata detection methods are based on horizontal detection. The detection anchor boxes of deep learning model are horizontal, while the angle of stomata is randomized, so it is not possible to calculate stomata traits directly from the detection anchor boxes. Additional processing of image (e.g., rotating image) is required before detecting stomata and calculating stomata traits. This paper proposes a novel approach, named DeepRSD (deep learning-based rotating stomata detection), for detecting rotating stomata and calculating stomata basic traits at the same time. Simultaneously, the stomata conductance loss function is introduced in the DeepRSD model training, which improves the efficiency of stomata detection and conductance calculation. The experimental results demonstrate that the DeepRSD model reaches 94.3% recognition accuracy for stomata of maize leaf. The proposed method can help researchers conduct large-scale studies on stomata morphology, structure, and stomata conductance models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing,
Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing,
Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Fuhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement,
Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xinhong Zhang
- School of Software,
Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Zhang P, Liu J, Wang H, Liu J, Li H, Xie H, Wang Q, Li L, Zhang S, Huang L, Liu C, Qin P. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Quinoa Seedling Response to High Relative Humidity Stress. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1352. [PMID: 37759752 PMCID: PMC10527060 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa is of great interest because it is cold- and drought-resistant; however, little research has been performed on quinoa under high relative humidity (RH) stress. In this study, quinoa seedlings of a highly HR-resistant variety ("Dianli-439") and a sensitive variety ("Dianli-969") were subjected to morphological and physiological measurements and metabolome and transcriptome analyses to investigate their response to high RH stress. In total, 1060 metabolites were detected, and lipids and flavonoids were the most abundant, with 173 and 167 metabolites, respectively. In total, 13,095 differentially expressed genes were identified, and the results showed that abscisic acid, auxin, and jasmonic-acid-related genes involved in plant hormone signaling may be involved in the response of quinoa seedlings to high RH stress. The analysis of the transcription factors revealed that the AP2/ERF family may also play an important role in the response to high RH stress. We identified the possible regulatory mechanisms of the hormone signaling pathways under high RH stress. Our findings can provide a basis for the selection and identification of highly resistant quinoa varieties and the screening of the metabolite-synthesis- and gene-regulation-related mechanisms in quinoa in response to RH stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Jia Liu
- Yuxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Yuxi 653100, China;
| | - Hongxin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Junna Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Hanxue Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Heng Xie
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Qianchao Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Liubin Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Salman Y, Ghannoum O, Cano FJ. Midday water use efficiency in sorghum is linked to faster stomatal closure rate, lower stomatal aperture and higher stomatal density. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1661-1676. [PMID: 37300871 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most studies assume midday gas exchange measurements capture the leaf's daytime performance. However, stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthesis (An ) fluctuate diurnally due to endogenous and environmental rhythms, which can affect intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Six Sorghum lines with contrasting stomatal anatomical traits were grown in environmentally controlled conditions, and leaf gas exchange was measured three times a day. Stomatal anatomy and kinetic responses to light transients were also measured. The highest An and gs and the lowest iWUE were observed at midday for most lines. Diurnally averaged iWUE correlated positively with morning and midday iWUE and negatively with the time taken for stomata to close after transition to low light intensity (kclose ). There was significant variation among sorghum lines for kclose , and smaller kclose correlated with lower gs and higher stomatal density (SD) across the lines. In turn, gs was negatively correlated with SD and regulated by the operational stomatal aperture regardless of stomatal size. Altogether, our data suggest a common physiology to improve iWUE in sorghum related to the control of water loss without impacting photosynthesis relying on higher SD, lower stomatal aperture and faster stomatal closing in response to low light intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Al-Salman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Francisco Javier Cano
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
- Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR-INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muthuraja R, Muthukumar T, Natthapol C. Drought tolerance of Aspergillus violaceofuscus and Bacillus licheniformis and their influence on tomato growth and potassium uptake in mica amended tropical soils under water-limiting conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114288. [PMID: 36938042 PMCID: PMC10014471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a significant abiotic stress that alters plant physiology and ultimately affects crop productivity. Among essential plant nutrients, potassium (K) is known to mitigate the deleterious effect of drought on plant growth. If so, K addition or inoculation of potassium solubilizing microorganisms (KSMs) that are tolerant to drought should promote plant growth during water stress. Therefore, in this study, K solubilizing Aspergillus violaceofuscus and Bacillus licheniformis, isolated from saxicolous environments, were tested for their capacity to tolerate drought using different molecular weights (~4000, 6000, and 8000 Da), and concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mg/L) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) under in vitro conditions. The results showed that high concentrations (750 and 1000 mg/L) of PEG with different molecular weight considerably improved bacterial cell numbers/fungal biomass and catalase (CAT) and proline activities. Moreover, the ability of KSMs alone or in combination to impart drought tolerance and promote plant growth in the presence and absence of mica (9.3% K2O) supplementation was tested in Alfisol and Vertisol soil types under greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that the tomato plants inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with/without mica improved the physiological and morphological traits of the tomato plants under drought. Generally, tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica were taller (2.62 and 3.38-fold) and had more leaf area (2.03 and 1.98-fold), total root length (3.26 and 8.86-fold), shoot biomass (3.87 and 3.93-fold), root biomass (9.00 and 7.24-fold), shoot K content (3.08 and 3.62-fold), root K content (3.39 and 2.03-fold), relative water content (1.51 and 1.27-fold), CAT activity (2.11 and 2.14-fold), proline content (3.41 and 3.28-fold), and total chlorophyll content (1.81 and 1.90-fold), in unsterilized Alfisol and Vertisol soil types, respectively, than uninoculated ones. Dual inoculation of the KSMs along with mica amendment, also improved the endorrhizal symbiosis of tomato plants more than their individual inoculation or application in both soil types. These findings imply that the A. violaceofuscus and B. licheniformis isolates are promising as novel bioinoculants for improving crop growth in water-stressed and rainfed areas of the tropics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raji Muthuraja
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Chittamart Natthapol
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hasanuzzaman M, Zhou M, Shabala S. How Does Stomatal Density and Residual Transpiration Contribute to Osmotic Stress Tolerance? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:494. [PMID: 36771579 PMCID: PMC9919688 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress that is induced by salinity and drought affects plant growth and development, resulting in significant losses to global crop production. Consequently, there is a strong need to develop stress-tolerant crops with a higher water use efficiency through breeding programs. Water use efficiency could be improved by decreasing stomatal transpiration without causing a reduction in CO2 uptake under osmotic stress conditions. The genetic manipulation of stomatal density could be one of the most promising strategies for breeders to achieve this goal. On the other hand, a substantial amount of water loss occurs across the cuticle without any contribution to carbon gain when the stomata are closed and under osmotic stress. The minimization of cuticular (otherwise known as residual) transpiration also determines the fitness and survival capacity of the plant under the conditions of a water deficit. The deposition of cuticular wax on the leaf epidermis acts as a limiting barrier for residual transpiration. However, the causal relationship between the frequency of stomatal density and plant osmotic stress tolerance and the link between residual transpiration and cuticular wax is not always straightforward, with controversial reports available in the literature. In this review, we focus on these controversies and explore the potential physiological and molecular aspects of controlling stomatal and residual transpiration water loss for improving water use efficiency under osmotic stress conditions via a comparative analysis of the performance of domesticated crops and their wild relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mano NA, Madore B, Mickelbart MV. Different Leaf Anatomical Responses to Water Deficit in Maize and Soybean. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020290. [PMID: 36836647 PMCID: PMC9966819 DOI: 10.3390/life13020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomata on leaf surfaces control gas exchange and water loss, closing during dry periods to conserve water. The distribution and size of stomatal complexes is determined by epidermal cell differentiation and expansion during leaf growth. Regulation of these processes in response to water deficit may result in stomatal anatomical plasticity as part of the plant acclimation to drought. We quantified the leaf anatomical plasticity under water-deficit conditions in maize and soybean over two experiments. Both species produced smaller leaves in response to the water deficit, partly due to the reductions in the stomata and pavement cell size, although this response was greater in soybean, which also produced thicker leaves under severe stress, whereas the maize leaf thickness did not change. The stomata and pavement cells were smaller with the reduced water availability in both species, resulting in higher stomatal densities. Stomatal development (measured as stomatal index, SI) was suppressed in both species at the lowest water availability, but to a greater extent in maize than in soybean. The result of these responses is that in maize leaves, the stomatal area fraction (fgc) was consistently reduced in the plants grown under severe but not moderate water deficit, whereas the fgc did not decrease in the water-stressed soybean leaves. The water deficit resulted in the reduced expression of one of two (maize) or three (soybean) SPEECHLESS orthologs, and the expression patterns were correlated with SI. The vein density (VD) increased in both species in response to the water deficit, although the effect was greater in soybean. This study establishes a mechanism of stomatal development plasticity that can be applied to other species and genotypes to develop or investigate stomatal development plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Anthony Mano
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bethany Madore
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael V. Mickelbart
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amitrano C, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S, De Micco V. Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Drives the Balance of Hydraulic-Related Anatomical Traits in Lettuce Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2369. [PMID: 36145772 PMCID: PMC9502365 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of leaf hydraulic-related traits with leaf size is influenced by environmental conditions and especially by VPD. Water and gas flows are guided by leaf anatomical and physiological traits, whose plasticity is crucial for plants to face environmental changes. Only a few studies have analysed how variations in VPD levels influence stomatal and vein development and their correlation with leaf size, reporting contrasting results. Thus, we applied microscopy techniques to evaluate the effect of low and high VPDs on the development of stomata and veins, also analysing leaf functional traits. We hypothesized that leaves under high VPD with a modified balance between veins and stomata face higher transpiration. We also explored the variability of stomata and vein density across the leaf lamina. From the results, it was evident that under both VPDs, plants maintained a coordinated development of stomata and veins, with a higher density at low VPD. Moreover, more stomata but fewer veins developed in the parts of the lettuce head exposed to light, suggesting that their differentiation during leaf expansion is strictly dependent on the microclimatic conditions. Knowing the plasticity of hydraulic-related morpho-functional traits and its intra-leaf variability is timely for their impact on water and gas fluxes, thus helping to evaluate the impact of environmental-driven anatomical variations on productivity of natural ecosystems and crops, in a climate change scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Amitrano
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (V.D.M.); Tel.: +39-081-2532026 (C.A. & V.D.M.)
| | | | | | - Veronica De Micco
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (V.D.M.); Tel.: +39-081-2532026 (C.A. & V.D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang N, Berman SR, Joubert D, Vialet-Chabrand S, Marcelis LFM, Kaiser E. Variation of Photosynthetic Induction in Major Horticultural Crops Is Mostly Driven by Differences in Stomatal Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860229. [PMID: 35574072 PMCID: PMC9094112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Under natural conditions, irradiance frequently fluctuates, causing net photosynthesis rate (A) to respond slowly and reducing the yields. We quantified the genotypic variation of photosynthetic induction in 19 genotypes among the following six horticultural crops: basil, chrysanthemum, cucumber, lettuce, tomato, and rose. Kinetics of photosynthetic induction and the stomatal opening were measured by exposing shade-adapted leaves (50 μmol m-2 s-1) to a high irradiance (1000 μmol m-2 s-1) until A reached a steady state. Rubisco activation rate was estimated by the kinetics of carboxylation capacity, which was quantified using dynamic A vs. [CO2] curves. Generally, variations in photosynthetic induction kinetics were larger between crops and smaller between cultivars of the same crop. Time until reaching 20-90% of full A induction varied by 40-60% across genotypes, and this was driven by a variation in the stomatal opening rather than Rubisco activation kinetics. Stomatal conductance kinetics were partly determined by differences in the stomatal size and density; species with densely packed, smaller stomata (e.g., cucumber) tended to open their stomata faster, adapting stomatal conductance more rapidly and efficiently than species with larger but fewer stomata (e.g., chrysanthemum). We conclude that manipulating stomatal traits may speed up photosynthetic induction and growth of horticultural crops under natural irradiance fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningyi Zhang
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah R. Berman
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Joubert
- Biometris, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Silvere Vialet-Chabrand
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang D, Dang F, Huang Y, Chen N, Zhou D. Uptake, translocation, and transformation of silver nanoparticles in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: NANO 2022; 9:12-39. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1039/d1en00870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the plant uptake of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that occurred in soil systems and the in planta fate of Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Fei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seif M, Aliniaeifard S, Arab M, Mehrjerdi MZ, Shomali A, Fanourakis D, Li T, Woltering E. Monochromatic red light during plant growth decreases the size and improves the functionality of stomata in chrysanthemum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:515-528. [PMID: 33453752 DOI: 10.1071/fp20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) now enable precise light quality control. Prior to commercialisation however, the plant response to the resultant light quality regime ought to be addressed. The response was examined here in chrysanthemum by evaluating growth, chlorophyll fluorescence (before and following water deficit), as well as stomatal anatomy (density, size, pore dimensions and aperture heterogeneity) and closing ability. Plants were grown under blue (B), red (R), a mixture of R (70%) and B (RB), or white (W; 41% B, 39% intermediate spectrum, 20% R) light LEDs. Although R light promoted growth, it also caused leaf deformation (epinasty) and disturbed the photosynthetic electron transport system. The largest stomatal size was noted following growth under B light, whereas the smallest under R light. The largest stomatal density was observed under W light. Monochromatic R light stimulated both the rate and the degree of stomatal closure in response to desiccation compared with the other light regimes. We conclude that stomatal size is mainly controlled by the B spectrum, whereas a broader spectral range is important for determining stomatal density. Monochromatic R light enhanced stomatal ability to regulate water loss upon desiccation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Seif
- Photosynthesis laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; and Corresponding author. ;
| | - Mostafa Arab
- Photosynthesis laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Zare Mehrjerdi
- Photosynthesis laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Shomali
- Photosynthesis laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Hellenic Mediterranean University, Department of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Specialisation of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Estavromenos, Heraklion, Crete, 71004, Greece; and Corresponding author. ;
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Woltering
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands; and Wageningen University, Horticulture and Product Physiology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Egan L, Hofmann R, Nichols S, Hadipurnomo J, Hoyos-Villegas V. Transpiration Rate of White Clover ( Trifolium repens L.) Cultivars in Drying Soil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:595030. [PMID: 33815432 PMCID: PMC8010265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.595030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining the performance of white clover cultivars under drought conditions is critical in dry climates. However, comparing the differences in cultivar performance requires equivalent soil water content for all plants, to reduce the water deficit threshold eliciting stomatal closure. In this study, the objective was to compare the rate of stomatal closure in eighty white clover cultivars in response to soil drying. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted, and the daily transpiration rate was measured by weighing each pot. The transpiration rate of the drought-stressed plants were normalized against the control plants to minimize effects from transpiration fluctuations and was recorded as the normalized transpiration rate (NTR). The daily soil water content was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). The FTSW threshold (FTSWc) was estimated after which the NTR decreases linearly. The FTSWc marks the critical point where the stomata start to close, and transpiration decreases linearly. The significant difference (p < 0.05) between the 10 cultivars with the highest and lowest FTSWc demonstrates the cultivars would perform better in short- or long-term droughts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Egan
- AgResearch Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rainer Hofmann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan Hadipurnomo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Valerio Hoyos-Villegas
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
An Automatic Method for Stomatal Pore Detection and Measurement in Microscope Images of Plant Leaf Based on a Convolutional Neural Network Model. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores on the plant epidermis that regulate the water content and CO2 levels in leaves. Thus, they play an important role in plant growth and development. Currently, most of the common methods for the measurement of pore anatomy parameters involve manual measurement or semi-automatic analysis technology, which makes it difficult to achieve high-throughput and automated processing. This paper presents a method for the automatic segmentation and parameter calculation of stomatal pores in microscope images of plant leaves based on deep convolutional neural networks. The proposed method uses a type of convolutional neural network model (Mask R-CNN (region-based convolutional neural network)) to obtain the contour coordinates of the pore regions in microscope images of leaves. The anatomy parameters of pores are then obtained by ellipse fitting technology, and the quantitative analysis of pore parameters is implemented. Stomatal microscope image datasets for black poplar leaves were obtained using a large depth-of-field microscope observation system, the VHX-2000, from Keyence Corporation. The images used in the training, validation, and test sets were taken randomly from the datasets (562, 188, and 188 images, respectively). After 10-fold cross validation, the 188 test images were found to contain an average of 2278 pores (pore widths smaller than 0.34 μm (1.65 pixels) were considered to be closed stomata), and an average of 2201 pores were detected by our network with a detection accuracy of 96.6%, and the intersection of union (IoU) of the pores was 0.82. The segmentation results of 2201 stomatal pores of black poplar leaves showed that the average measurement accuracies of the (a) pore length, (b) pore width, (c) area, (d) eccentricity, and (e) degree of stomatal opening, with a ratio of width-to-maximum length of a stomatal pore, were (a) 94.66%, (b) 93.54%, (c) 90.73%, (d) 99.09%, and (e) 92.95%, respectively. The proposed stomatal pore detection and measurement method based on the Mask R-CNN can automatically measure the anatomy parameters of pores in plants, thus helping researchers to obtain accurate stomatal pore information for leaves in an efficient and simple way.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chatterjee J, Thakur V, Nepomuceno R, Coe RA, Dionora J, Elmido-Mabilangan A, Llave AD, Reyes AMD, Monroy AN, Canicosa I, Bandyopadhyay A, Jena KK, Brar DS, Quick WP. Natural Diversity in Stomatal Features of Cultivated and Wild Oryza Species. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:58. [PMID: 32816163 PMCID: PMC7441136 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomata in rice control a number of physiological processes by regulating gas and water exchange between the atmosphere and plant tissues. The impact of the structural diversity of these micropores on its conductance level is an important area to explore before introducing stomatal traits into any breeding program in order to increase photosynthesis and crop yield. Therefore, an intensive measurement of structural components of stomatal complex (SC) of twenty three Oryza species spanning the primary, secondary and tertiary gene pools of rice has been conducted. RESULTS Extensive diversity was found in stomatal number and size in different Oryza species and Oryza complexes. Interestingly, the dynamics of stomatal traits in Oryza family varies differently within different Oryza genetic complexes. Example, the Sativa complex exhibits the greatest diversity in stomatal number, while the Officinalis complex is more diverse for its stomatal size. Combining the structural information with the Oryza phylogeny revealed that speciation has tended towards increasing stomatal density rather than stomatal size in rice family. Thus, the most recent species (i.e. the domesticated rice) eventually has developed smaller yet numerous stomata. Along with this, speciation has also resulted in a steady increase in stomatal conductance (anatomical, gmax) in different Oryza species. These two results unambiguously prove that increasing stomatal number (which results in stomatal size reduction) has increased the stomatal conductance in rice. Correlations of structural traits with the anatomical conductance, leaf carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) and major leaf morphological and anatomical traits provide strong supports to untangle the ever mysterious dependencies of these traits in rice. The result displayed an expected negative correlation in the number and size of stomata; and positive correlations among the stomatal length, width and area with guard cell length, width on both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces. In addition, gmax is found to be positively correlated with stomatal number and guard cell length. The ∆13C values of rice species showed a positive correlation with stomatal number, which suggest an increased water loss with increased stomatal number. Interestingly, in contrast, the ∆13C consistently shows a negative relationship with stomatal and guard cell size, which suggests that the water loss is less when the stomata are larger. Therefore, we hypothesize that increasing stomatal size, instead of numbers, is a better approach for breeding programs in order to minimize the water loss through stomata in rice. CONCLUSION Current paper generates useful data on stomatal profile of wild rice that is hitherto unknown for the rice science community. It has been proved here that the speciation has resulted in an increased stomatal number accompanied by size reduction during Oryza's evolutionary course; this has resulted in an increased gmax but reduced water use efficiency. Although may not be the sole driver of water use efficiency in rice, our data suggests that stomata are a potential target for modifying the currently low water use efficiency in domesticated rice. It is proposed that Oryza barthii can be used in traditional breeding programs in enhancing the stomatal size of elite rice cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Chatterjee
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Vivek Thakur
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Systems & Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Robert Nepomuceno
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - University of the Philippines Los Banos, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Robert A Coe
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, High Resolution Plant Phenomics, GPO Box 1500, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Dionora
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Abigail Elmido-Mabilangan
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Abraham Darius Llave
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Anna Mae Delos Reyes
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Apollo Neil Monroy
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Irma Canicosa
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Anindya Bandyopadhyay
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Kshirod K Jena
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Darshan S Brar
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Present Address: School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fanourakis D, Aliniaeifard S, Sellin A, Giday H, Körner O, Rezaei Nejad A, Delis C, Bouranis D, Koubouris G, Kambourakis E, Nikoloudakis N, Tsaniklidis G. Stomatal behavior following mid- or long-term exposure to high relative air humidity: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:92-105. [PMID: 32485617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High relative air humidity (RH ≥ 85%) is frequent in controlled environments, and not uncommon in nature. In this review, we examine the high RH effects on plants with a special focus on stomatal characters. All aspects of stomatal physiology are attenuated by elevated RH during leaf expansion (long-term) in C3 species. These include impaired opening and closing response, as well as weak diel oscillations. Consequently, the high RH-grown plants are not only vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress, but also undergo a deregulation between CO2 uptake and water loss. Stomatal behavior of a single leaf is determined by the local microclimate during expansion, and may be different than the remaining leaves of the same plant. No effect of high RH is apparent in C4 and CAM species, while the same is expected for species with hydropassive stomatal closure. Formation of bigger stomata with larger pores is a universal response to high RH during leaf expansion, whereas the effect on stomatal density appears to be species- and leaf side-specific. Compelling evidence suggests that ABA mediates the high RH-induced stomatal malfunction, as well as the stomatal size increase. Although high RH stimulates leaf ethylene evolution, it remains elusive whether or not this contributes to stomatal malfunction. Most species lose stomatal function following mid-term (4-7 d) exposure to high RH following leaf expansion. Consequently, the regulatory role of ambient humidity on stomatal functionality is not limited to the period of leaf expansion, but holds throughout the leaf life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece; Giannakakis SA, Export Fruits and Vegetables, Tympaki, Greece.
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Habtamu Giday
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, ICBA, P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oliver Körner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, GR-24100, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Dimitris Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Koubouris
- Laboratory of Olive Cultivation, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kambourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus
| | - Georgios Tsaniklidis
- Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter' (NAGREF), P.O. Box 2228, 71003, Heraklio, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Babosha AV, Kumachova TK, Ryabchenko AS, Komarova GI. Stomata Polymorphism in Leaves of Apple Trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) Growing under Mountain and Plain Conditions. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
18
|
Corrado G, Formisano L, De Micco V, Pannico A, Giordano M, El-Nakhel C, Chiaiese P, Sacchi R, Rouphael Y. Understanding the Morpho-Anatomical, Physiological, and Functional Response of Sweet Basil to Isosmotic Nitrate to Chloride Ratios. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070158. [PMID: 32650606 PMCID: PMC7407521 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a leafy green with a short-production cycle that is emerging as a model species among aromatic plants. Modulating the mineral composition of the nutrient solution has proved to be a valuable tool to uncover the mechanisms and responses that higher plants adopt in relation to the availability of mineral nutrients. The aim of this work was to examine the effects on basil of four isosmotic nutrient solutions with different nitrate to chloride ratios. These two anions share uptake and transport mechanisms in plants and are often considered antagonist. To this goal, we analyzed morpho-anatomical and physiological parameters as well as quality-related traits, such as the antioxidant capacity, the leaf color, the mineral composition, and the aromatic profile in relation to the nutrient ratios. Moreover, using a full factorial design, we analyzed leaves in two consecutive harvests. The data indicated a broad, multifaceted plant response to the different nutritional ratios, with almost all the recorded parameters involved. Overall, the effects on basil can be explained by considering an interdependent combination of the nitrate and chloride roles in plant nutrition and physiology. Our work revealed the extent of the modification that can be achieved in basil through the modification of the nutrient solution. It also provided indications for more nutrient efficient growing conditions, because a moderate increase in chloride limits the expected negative impact of a sub-optimal nitrate fertilization.
Collapse
|
19
|
Terfa MT, Olsen JE, Torre S. Blue Light Improves Stomatal Function and Dark-Induced Closure of Rose Leaves ( Rosa x hybrida) Developed at High Air Humidity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1036. [PMID: 32849674 PMCID: PMC7399379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants developed under constant high (>85%) relative air humidity (RH) have larger stomata that are unable to close completely in response to closing stimuli. Roses (Rosa x hybrida) developed in high RH have previously been shown to have high water loss during leaf dehydration and reduced dark-induced closure resulting in a shorter postharvest life. In this study, the effect of B-light on stomatal function under high RH conditions was investigated. The ability of rose leaves developed under continuous high (90%) or moderate (60%) RH to close their stomata in response to darkness and leaf dehydration assay was studied. Moreover, the level and regulation of ABA in light and darkness in relation to B-light was measured. Our results show that increased B-light proportion improved stomatal function and dark-induced stomatal closure under high RH conditions and that was associated with increased [ABA] in general and a dynamic ABA peak during darkness. Furthermore, increased B-light during the day was associated with the presence of high β-glucosidase activity during night. This indicates that B-light is important as a signal to activate the β-glucosidase enzyme and release ABA during night. Altogether, the improved stomatal function and reduced transpiration in combination with increased [ABA] indicate that preharvest B-light plays an important role in governing stomatal functionality and ABA homeostasis under high RH and can be a useful method to improve postharvest water balance of roses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Tesema Terfa
- Department of Plant Sciences (IPV), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- School of Plant and Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Jorunn Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences (IPV), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Sissel Torre
- Department of Plant Sciences (IPV), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- *Correspondence: Sissel Torre,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kübarsepp L, Laanisto L, Niinemets Ü, Talts E, Tosens T. Are stomata in ferns and allies sluggish? Stomatal responses to CO 2 , humidity and light and their scaling with size and density. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:183-195. [PMID: 31479517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast stomatal reactions enable plants to successfully cope with a constantly changing environment yet there is an ongoing debate on the stomatal regulation mechanisms in basal plant groups. We measured stomatal morphological parameters in 29 fern and allied species from temperate to tropical biomes and two outgroup angiosperm species. Stomatal dynamic responses to environmental drivers were measured in 16 ferns and the two angiosperms using a gas-exchange system. Principal components analyses were used to further reveal the structure-function relationships in stomata. We show a > 10-fold variation for stomatal opening delays and 20-fold variation for stomatal closing delays in ferns. Across species, stomatal responses to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were the fastest, while light and [CO2 ] responses were slower. In most cases the outgroup species' reaction speeds to changes in environmental variables were similar to those of ferns. Correlations between stomatal response rate and size were apparent for stomatal opening in light and low [CO2 ] while not evident for closing reactions and changes in VPD. No correlations between stomatal density and response speed were observed. Together, this study demonstrates different mechanisms controlling stomatal reactions in ferns at different environmental stimuli, which should be considered in future studies relating stomatal morphology and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Kübarsepp
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Eero Talts
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao J, Tian K. Stem and leaf traits as co-determinants of canopy water flux. PLANT DIVERSITY 2019; 41:258-265. [PMID: 31528785 PMCID: PMC6743011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transpiration through stomata in tree canopies plays an important role in terrestrial water cycles. However, the empirical relationship between leaf stomata anatomy and canopy stomatal conductance (G s) is surprisingly rare, thereby the underlying biological mechanisms of terrestrial water flux are not well elucidated. To gain further insight into these mechanisms, we reanalyzed the dataset of G s previously reported by Gao et al. (2015) using a quantile regression model. The results indicated that the reference G s (G sref, G s at 1 kPa) was negatively correlated with wood density at each quantile, which confirmed previous data; however, G sref was significantly correlated with stomatal density at the 0.6 quantile, i.e., 450 stomata mm-2. This highlighted the potential of using stomatal density as a trait to predict canopy water flux. A conceptual model of co-determinants of xylem and stomatal morphology suggests that these traits and their coordination may play a critical role in determining tree growth, physiological homeostatic response to environmental variables, water use efficiency, and drought resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Gao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Kai Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Méndez-Espinoza AM, Romero-Bravo S, Estrada F, Garriga M, Lobos GA, Castillo D, Matus I, Aranjuelo I, del Pozo A. Exploring Agronomic and Physiological Traits Associated With the Differences in Productivity Between Triticale and Bread Wheat in Mediterranean Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:404. [PMID: 31024582 PMCID: PMC6460938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean climates soil water deficit occurs mainly during the spring and summer, having a great impact on cereal productivity. While previous studies have indicated that the grain yield (GY) of triticale is usually higher than bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), comparatively little is known about the performance of these crops under water-limited conditions or the physiological traits involved in the different yields of both crops. For this purpose, two sets of experiments were conducted in order to compare a high yielding triticale (cv. Aguacero) and spring wheat (cvs. Pandora and Domo). The first experiment, aiming to analyze the agronomic performance, was carried out in 10 sites located across a wide range of Mediterranean and temperate environments, distributed between 33°34' and 38°41' S. The second experiment, aiming to identify potential physiological traits linked to the different yields of the two crops, was conducted in two Mediterranean sites (Cauquenes and Santa Rosa) in which crops were grown under well-watered (WW) and water-limited (WL) conditions. The relationship between GY and the environmental index revealed that triticale exhibited a higher regression coefficient (Finlay and Wilkinson slope), indicating a more stable response to the environment, accompanied by higher yields than bread wheat. Harvest index was not significantly different between the two cereals, but triticale had higher kernels per spike (35%) and 1000 kernel weight (16%) than wheat, despite a lower number of spikes per square meter. The higher yield of triticale was linked to higher values of chlorophyll content, leaf net photosynthesis (An), the maximum rate of electron transport (ETRmax), the photochemical quantum yield of PSII [Y(II)] and leaf water-use efficiency. GY was positively correlated with Ci at anthesis and Δ13C in both species, as well as with gs at anthesis in triticale, but negatively correlated with non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and quantum yield of non-photochemical energy conversion at grain filling in wheat. These results revealed that triticale presented higher photosynthetic rates that contributed to increase plant growth and yield in the different environments, whereas wheat showed higher photoprotection system in detriment of assimilate production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Méndez-Espinoza
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Sebastián Romero-Bravo
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Curicó, Chile
| | - Félix Estrada
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Miguel Garriga
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gustavo A. Lobos
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario-DI, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Dalma Castillo
- CRI-Quilamapu, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chillán, Chile
| | - Iván Matus
- CRI-Quilamapu, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chillán, Chile
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Alejandro del Pozo
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Greenhouse vapour pressure deficit and lighting conditions during growth can influence postharvest quality through the functioning of stomata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2018.1227.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Kardiman R, Ræbild A. Relationship between stomatal density, size and speed of opening in Sumatran rainforest species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:696-705. [PMID: 29186586 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that an association between size and speed of stomatal opening of stomata within taxa is likely to play a role in photosynthesis and transpiration. In this study we investigate whether this correlation applies for seedlings of 11 rainforest species from different taxa, and whether differences in stomatal and gas exchange parameters were related to initial growth under field and controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted on seedlings of nine late successional species and two early successional species, placed in full sunlight or 70% shade. We assessed density, size, length and width of guard cells, coupled with gas exchange parameters in the transition from darkness to light, recording minimum stomatal conductance during daytime darkness (gs-dark), operating maximum stomatal conductance (gs-op), speed of stomatal opening and the time to reach 50% conductance (T-50%). All stomata and gas exchange parameters were different between species. Shade significantly affected size and density, and all gas exchange parameters except gs-op were different between light situations. Stomatal size correlated negatively with speed of opening and positively with T-50%, confirming that smaller stomata open faster than large stomata. The two early successional species were very different in stomatal size and density, and in response to light. Anatomic parameters and physiological traits were not related to height growth, but gs-dark, gs-op and speed of stomatal opening were associated with biomass growth in a subselection of six late successional species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reki Kardiman
- Burung Indonesia, Jl. Dadali No. 32, PO Box 310/Boo, Bogor 16161, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, University of Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Indonesia
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Ræbild
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Haider I, Andreo-Jimenez B, Bruno M, Bimbo A, Floková K, Abuauf H, Ntui VO, Guo X, Charnikhova T, Al-Babili S, Bouwmeester HJ, Ruyter-Spira C. The interaction of strigolactones with abscisic acid during the drought response in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2403-2414. [PMID: 29538660 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Both strigolactones (SLs) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetically originate from carotenoids. Considering their common origin, the interaction of these two hormones at the biosynthetic and/or regulatory level may be anticipated. Here we show that, in rice, drought simultaneously induces SL production in the root, and ABA production and the expression of SL biosynthetic genes in the shoot. Under control conditions, the ABA concentration was higher in shoots of the SL biosynthetic rice mutants dwarf10 (d10) and d17 than in wild-type plants, while a similar trend was observed for the SL perception mutant d3. These differences were enhanced under drought. However, drought did not result in an increase in leaf ABA content in the rice mutant line d27, carrying a mutation in the gene encoding the first committed enzyme in SL biosynthesis, to the same extent as in the other SL mutants and the wild type. Accordingly, d10, d17, and d3 lines were more drought tolerant than wild-type plants, whereas d27 displayed decreased tolerance. Finally, overexpression of OsD27 in rice resulted in increased levels of ABA when compared with wild-type plants. We conclude that the SL and ABA pathways are connected with each other through D27, which plays a crucial role in determining ABA and SL content in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Haider
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Beatriz Andreo-Jimenez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Bruno
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Bimbo
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristýna Floková
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant hormone biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Haneen Abuauf
- Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentine Otang Ntui
- Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tatsiana Charnikhova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant hormone biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Ruyter-Spira
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ouyang W, Struik PC, Yin X, Yang J. Stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, and transpiration efficiency in relation to leaf anatomy in rice and wheat genotypes under drought. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5191-5205. [PMID: 28992130 PMCID: PMC5853379 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing leaf transpiration efficiency (TE) may provide leads for growing rice like dryland cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). To explore avenues for improving TE in rice, variations in stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm) and their anatomical determinants were evaluated in two cultivars from each of lowland, aerobic, and upland groups of Oryza sativa, one cultivar of O. glaberrima, and two cultivars of T. aestivum, under three water regimes. The TE of upland rice, O. glaberrima, and wheat was more responsive to the gm/gs ratio than that of lowland and aerobic rice. Overall, the explanatory power of the particular anatomical trait varied among species. Low stomatal density mostly explained the low gs in drought-tolerant rice, whereas rice genotypes with smaller stomata generally responded more strongly to drought. Compared with rice, wheat had a higher gm, which was associated with thicker mesophyll tissue, mesophyll and chloroplasts more exposed to intercellular spaces, and thinner cell walls. Upland rice, O. glaberrima, and wheat cultivars minimized the decrease in gm under drought by maintaining high ratios of chloroplasts to exposed mesophyll cell walls. Rice TE could be improved by increasing the gm/gs ratio via modifying anatomical traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ouyang
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianchang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mendes KR, Granja JAA, Ometto JP, Antonino ACD, Menezes RSC, Pereira EC, Pompelli MF. Croton blanchetianus modulates its morphophysiological responses to tolerate drought in a tropical dry forest. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:1039-1051. [PMID: 32480631 DOI: 10.1071/fp17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of variations in morphophysiological leaf traits of plant models in dry tropical forests is essential for quantifying C fluxes from forest ecosystems in response to climate changes. The present study evaluated the influences of seasonal rainfall and different light conditions on the gas exchange, nutrients, organic compounds and morphological traits in Croton blanchetianus Baill. trees within a fragment of Caatinga forest. Stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (PN) demonstrated variations within the diurnal cycle, with maximum values at approximately midday and minimum values at predawn. The PN and the diurnal integrated CO2 assimilation were lower during the dry season than in the rainy season. Water use efficiency was positively correlated with PN (r=0.73) during the dry season only. However, the correlation between PN and gs was observed during the rainy season only (r=0.60). Thus we demonstrated that C. blanchetianus has a remarkable ability to adapt to global climatic changes and could be considered a model in studies exploring water relationships in woody plants; consequently, this species may be important in future reforestation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keila R Mendes
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Botany, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - João A A Granja
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Botany, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jean P Ometto
- Brazilian Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C D Antonino
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Nuclear Energy, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rômulo S C Menezes
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Nuclear Energy, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Eugênia C Pereira
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Geographical Sciences, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Pompelli
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Botany, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Arve LE, Kruse OMO, Tanino KK, Olsen JE, Futsæther C, Torre S. Daily changes in VPD during leaf development in high air humidity increase the stomatal responsiveness to darkness and dry air. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 211:63-69. [PMID: 28161560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that plants developed under high relative air humidity (RH>85%) develop malfunctioning stomata and therefor have increased transpiration and reduced desiccation tolerance when transferred to lower RH conditions and darkness. In this study, plants developed at high RH were exposed to daily VPD fluctuations created by changes in temperature and/or RH to evaluate the potential improvements in stomatal functioning. Daily periods with an 11°C temperature increase and consequently a VPD increase (vpd: 0.36-2.37KPa) reduced the stomatal apertures and improved the stomatal functionality and desiccation tolerance of the rosette plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A similar experiment was performed with only a 4°C temperature increase and/or a RH decrease on tomato. The results showed that a daily change in VPD (vpd: 0.36-1.43KPa) also resulted in improved stomatal responsiveness and decreased water usage during growth. In tomato, the most effective treatment to increase the stomatal responsiveness to darkness as a signal for closure was daily changes in RH without a temperature increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Arve
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Ole Mathis Opstad Kruse
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Karen K Tanino
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Cecilia Futsæther
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Sissel Torre
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aasamaa K, Aphalo PJ. The acclimation of Tilia cordata stomatal opening in response to light, and stomatal anatomy to vegetational shade and its components. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:209-219. [PMID: 27672187 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal anatomical traits and rapid responses to several components of visible light were measured in Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings grown in an open, fully sunlit field (C-set), or under different kinds of shade. The main questions were: (i) stomatal responses to which visible light spectrum regions are modified by growth-environment shade and (ii) which separate component of vegetational shade is most effective in eliciting the acclimation effects of the full vegetational shade. We found that stomatal opening in response to red or green light did not differ between the plants grown in the different environments. Stomatal response to blue light was increased (in comparison with that of C-set) in the leaves grown in full vegetational shade (IABW-set), in attenuated UVAB irradiance (AB-set) or in decreased light intensity (neutral shade) plus attenuated UVAB irradiance (IAB-set). In all sets, the addition of green light-two or four times stronger-into induction light barely changed the rate of the blue-light-stimulated stomatal opening. In the AB-set, stomatal response to blue light equalled the strong IABW-set response. In attenuated UVB-grown leaves, stomatal response fell midway between IABW- and C-set results. Blue light response by neutral shade-grown leaves did not differ from that of the C-set, and the response by the IAB-set did not differ from that of the AB-set. Stomatal size was not modified by growth environments. Stomatal density and index were remarkably decreased only in the IABW- and IAB-sets. It was concluded that differences in white light responses between T. cordata leaves grown in different light environments are caused only by their different blue light response. Differences in stomatal sensitivity are not dependent on altered stomatal anatomy. Attenuated UVAB irradiance is the most efficient component of vegetational shade in stimulating acclimation of stomata, whereas decreased light intensity plays a minor role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krõõt Aasamaa
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Pedro José Aphalo
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou R, Yu X, Ottosen CO, Rosenqvist E, Zhao L, Wang Y, Yu W, Zhao T, Wu Z. Drought stress had a predominant effect over heat stress on three tomato cultivars subjected to combined stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:24. [PMID: 28122507 PMCID: PMC5264292 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abiotic stresses due to environmental factors could adversely affect the growth and development of crops. Among the abiotic stresses, drought and heat stress are two critical threats to crop growth and sustainable agriculture worldwide. Considering global climate change, incidence of combined drought and heat stress is likely to increase. The aim of this study was to shed light on plant growth performance and leaf physiology of three tomatoes cultivars ('Arvento', 'LA1994' and 'LA2093') under control, drought, heat and combined stress. RESULTS Shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf area and relative water content of all cultivars significantly decreased under drought and combined stress as compared to control. The net photosynthesis and starch content were significantly lower under drought and combined stress than control in the three cultivars. Stomata and pore length of the three cultivars significantly decreased under drought and combined stress as compared to control. The tomato 'Arvento' was more affected by heat stress than 'LA1994' and 'LA2093' due to significant decreases in shoot dry weight, chlorophyll a and carotenoid content, starch content and NPQ (non-photochemical quenching) only in 'Arvento' under heat treatment. By comparison, the two heat-tolerant tomatoes were more affected by drought stress compared to 'Arvento' as shown by small stomatal and pore area, decreased sucrose content, ΦPSII (quantum yield of photosystem II), ETR (electron transport rate) and qL (fraction of open PSII centers) in 'LA1994' and 'LA2093'. The three cultivars showed similar response when subjected to the combination of drought and heat stress as shown by most physiological parameters, even though only 'LA1994' and 'LA2093' showed decreased Fv/Fm (maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II), ΦPSII, ETR and qL under combined stress. CONCLUSIONS The cultivars differing in heat sensitivity did not show difference in the combined stress sensitivity, indicating that selection for tomatoes with combined stress tolerance might not be correlated with the single stress tolerance. In this study, drought stress had a predominant effect on tomato over heat stress, which explained why simultaneous application of heat and drought revealed similar physiological responses to the drought stress. These results will uncover the difference and linkage between the physiological response of tomatoes to drought, heat and combined stress and be important for the selection and breeding of tolerant tomato cultivars under single and combine stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable Crop, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaqing Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | | | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Liping Zhao
- Institute of Vegetable Crop, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Yinlei Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Crop, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Wengui Yu
- Institute of Vegetable Crop, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Tongmin Zhao
- Institute of Vegetable Crop, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fanourakis D, Bouranis D, Giday H, Carvalho DRA, Rezaei Nejad A, Ottosen CO. Improving stomatal functioning at elevated growth air humidity: A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 207:51-60. [PMID: 27792901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants grown at high relative air humidity (RH≥85%) are prone to lethal wilting upon transfer to conditions of high evaporative demand. The reduced survival of these plants is related to (i) increased cuticular permeability, (ii) changed anatomical features (i.e., longer pore length and higher stomatal density), (iii) reduced rehydration ability, (iv) impaired water potential sensitivity to leaf dehydration and, most importantly, (v) compromised stomatal closing ability. This review presents a critical analysis of the strategies which stimulate stomatal functioning during plant development at high RH. These include (a) breeding for tolerant cultivars, (b) interventions with respect to the belowground environment (i.e., water deficit, increased salinity, nutrient culture and grafting) as well as (c) manipulation of the aerial environment [i.e., increased proportion of blue light, increased air movement, temporal temperature rise, and spraying with abscisic acid (ABA)]. Root hypoxia, mechanical disturbance, as well as spraying with compounds mimicking ABA, lessening its inactivation or stimulating its within-leaf redistribution are also expected to improve stomatal functioning of leaves expanded in humid air. Available evidence leaves little doubt that genotypic and phenotypic differences in stomatal functioning following cultivation at high RH are realized through the intermediacy of ABA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- School of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, GR 71004 Heraklio, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Habtamu Giday
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dália R A Carvalho
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carlson JE, Adams CA, Holsinger KE. Intraspecific variation in stomatal traits, leaf traits and physiology reflects adaptation along aridity gradients in a South African shrub. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:195-207. [PMID: 26424782 PMCID: PMC4701147 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Trait-environment relationships are commonly interpreted as evidence for local adaptation in plants. However, even when selection analyses support this interpretation, the mechanisms underlying differential benefits are often unknown. This study addresses this gap in knowledge using the broadly distributed South African shrub Protea repens. Specifically, the study examines whether broad-scale patterns of trait variation are consistent with spatial differences in selection and ecophysiology in the wild. METHODS In a common garden study of plants sourced from 19 populations, associations were measured between five morphological traits and three axes describing source climates. Trait-trait and trait-environment associations were analysed in a multi-response model. Within two focal populations in the wild, selection and path analyses were used to test associations between traits, fecundity and physiological performance. KEY RESULTS Across 19 populations in a common garden, stomatal density increased with the source population's mean annual temperature and decreased with its average amount of rainfall in midsummer. Concordantly, selection analysis in two natural populations revealed positive selection on stomatal density at the hotter, drier site, while failing to detect selection at the cooler, moister site. Dry-site plants with high stomatal density also had higher stomatal conductances, cooler leaf temperatures and higher light-saturated photosynthetic rates than those with low stomatal density, but no such relationships were present among wet-site plants. Leaf area, stomatal pore index and specific leaf area in the garden also co-varied with climate, but within-population differences were not associated with fitness in either wild population. CONCLUSIONS The parallel patterns of broad-scale variation, differences in selection and differences in trait-ecophysiology relationships suggest a mechanism for adaptive differentiation in stomatal density. Densely packed stomata may improve performance by increasing transpiration and cooling, but predominately in drier, hotter climates. This study uniquely shows context-dependent benefits of stomatal density--a trait rarely linked to local adaptation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Carlson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, P.O. Box 2021, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA and
| | - Christopher A Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, P.O. Box 2021, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA and
| | - Kent E Holsinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, U-3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fanourakis D, Heuvelink E, Carvalho SMP. Spatial heterogeneity in stomatal features during leaf elongation: an analysis using Rosa hybrida. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:737-745. [PMID: 32480717 DOI: 10.1071/fp15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Within-leaf heterogeneity in stomatal traits poses a key uncertainty in determining a representative value for the whole leaf. Accounting for this heterogeneity, we studied stomatal initiation on expanding leaves and estimated stomatal conductance (gs) of mature leaves. The entire lamina was evaluated at four percentages of full leaflet elongation (FLE; leaflet length relative to its final length) in Rosa hybrida L. plants grown at 60% relative air humidity (RH), and at 100% FLE following cultivation at elevated (95%) RH. Over 80% of the stomata were initiated between 33 and 67% FLE, whereas stomatal growth mostly occurred afterwards. At 100% FLE, the heterogeneity in stomatal density was the result of uneven stomatal differentiation, while an uneven differentiation of epidermal cells contributed to this variation only at elevated RH. Noticeable within-leaf differences (up to 40%) in gs were calculated at 100% FLE. Avoiding leaflet periphery decreased this heterogeneity. Despite the large promotive effect of elevated RH on stomatal and pore dimensions, the within-leaf variation remained unaffected in all characters, besides pore aperture (and, thus, gs). The noted level of within-leaf variation in stomatal features demands a sampling scheme tailored to the leaf developmental stage, the feature per se and the evaporative demand during growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M P Carvalho
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fanourakis D, Giday H, Milla R, Pieruschka R, Kjaer KH, Bolger M, Vasilevski A, Nunes-Nesi A, Fiorani F, Ottosen CO. Pore size regulates operating stomatal conductance, while stomatal densities drive the partitioning of conductance between leaf sides. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:555-65. [PMID: 25538116 PMCID: PMC4343285 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf gas exchange is influenced by stomatal size, density, distribution between the leaf adaxial and abaxial sides, as well as by pore dimensions. This study aims to quantify which of these traits mainly underlie genetic differences in operating stomatal conductance (gs) and addresses possible links between anatomical traits and regulation of pore width. METHODS Stomatal responsiveness to desiccation, gs-related anatomical traits of each leaf side and estimated gs (based on these traits) were determined for 54 introgression lines (ILs) generated by introgressing segments of Solanum pennelli into the S. lycopersicum 'M82'. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for stomatal traits was also performed. KEY RESULTS A wide genetic variation in stomatal responsiveness to desiccation was observed, a large part of which was explained by stomatal length. Operating gs ranged over a factor of five between ILs. The pore area per stomatal area varied 8-fold among ILs (2-16 %), and was the main determinant of differences in operating gs between ILs. Operating gs was primarily positioned on the abaxial surface (60-83 %), due to higher abaxial stomatal density and, secondarily, to larger abaxial pore area. An analysis revealed 64 QTLs for stomatal traits in the ILs, most of which were in the direction of S. pennellii. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that operating and maximum gs of non-stressed leaves maintained under stable conditions deviate considerably (by 45-91 %), because stomatal size inadequately reflects operating pore area (R(2) = 0·46). Furthermore, it was found that variation between ILs in both stomatal sensitivity to desiccation and operating gs is associated with features of individual stoma. In contrast, genotypic variation in gs partitioning depends on the distribution of stomata between the leaf adaxial and abaxial epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Habtamu Giday
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Rubén Milla
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Roland Pieruschka
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Katrine H Kjaer
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marie Bolger
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Aleksandar Vasilevski
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany, Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany and Max Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aliniaeifard S, Malcolm Matamoros P, van Meeteren U. Stomatal malfunctioning under low VPD conditions: induced by alterations in stomatal morphology and leaf anatomy or in the ABA signaling? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:688-99. [PMID: 24773210 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposing plants to low VPD reduces leaf capacity to maintain adequate water status thereafter. To find the impact of VPD on functioning of stomata, stomatal morphology and leaf anatomy, fava bean plants were grown at low (L, 0.23 kPa) or moderate (M, 1.17 kPa) VPDs and some plants that developed their leaves at moderate VPD were then transferred for 4 days to low VPD (M→L). Part of the M→L-plants were sprayed with ABA (abscisic acid) during exposure to L. L-plants showed bigger stomata, larger pore area, thinner leaves and less spongy cells compared with M-plants. Stomatal morphology (except aperture) and leaf anatomy of the M→L-plants were almost similar to the M-plants, while their transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were identical to that of L-plants. The stomatal response to ABA was lost in L-plants, but also after 1-day exposure of M-plants to low VPD. The level of foliar ABA sharply decreased within 1-day exposure to L, while the level of ABA-GE (ABA-glucose ester) was not affected. Spraying ABA during the exposure to L prevented loss of stomatal closing response thereafter. The effect of low VPD was largely depending on exposure time: the stomatal responsiveness to ABA was lost after 1-day exposure to low VPD, while the responsiveness to desiccation was gradually lost during 4-day exposure to low VPD. Leaf anatomical and stomatal morphological alterations due to low VPD were not the main cause of loss of stomatal closure response to closing stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Horticultural Production Chains, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Horticulture, College of Abureyhan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun Y, Yan F, Cui X, Liu F. Plasticity in stomatal size and density of potato leaves under different irrigation and phosphorus regimes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1248-55. [PMID: 25014260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The morphological features of stomata including their size and density could be modulated by environmental cues; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, the effect of different irrigation and phosphorus (P) regimes on stomatal size (SS) and stomatal density (SD) of potato leaves was investigated. The plants were grown in split-root pots under two P fertilization rates (viz., 0 and 100mgkg(-1) soil, denoted as P0 and P1, respectively) and subjected to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation regimes. Results showed that SS and SD were unresponsive to P but significantly affected by the irrigation treatment. FI plants had the largest SS, followed by DI, and PRD the smallest; and the reverse was the case for SD. Compared to FI and DI, PRD plants had significantly lower values of specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δ(13)C) under P0. Midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf) and stomatal conductance (gs) was similar for DI and PRD, which was significantly lower than that of FI. Leaf contents of C, N, K, Ca and Mg were higher in PRD than in DI plants, particularly under P0. When analyzed across the three irrigation regimes, it was found that the P1 plants had significantly higher leaf contents of P and Mg, but significantly lower leaf K content compared to the P0 plants. Linear correlation analyses revealed that SS was positively correlated with Ψleaf and Δ(13)C; whereas SD was negatively correlated with Ψleaf, Δ(13)C and SLA, and positively correlated with leaf C, N and Ca contents. And gs was positively correlated with SS but negatively correlated with SD. Collectively, under low P level, the smaller and denser stomata in PRD plants may bring about a more efficient stomatal control over gas exchange, hereby potentially enhance water-use efficiency as exemplified by the lowered leaf Δ(13)C under fluctuating soil moisture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Sun
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Giday H, Fanourakis D, Kjaer KH, Fomsgaard IS, Ottosen CO. Threshold response of stomatal closing ability to leaf abscisic acid concentration during growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4361-70. [PMID: 24863434 PMCID: PMC4112639 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf abscisic acid concentration ([ABA]) during growth influences morpho-physiological traits associated with the plant's ability to cope with stress. A dose-response curve between [ABA] during growth and the leaf's ability to regulate water loss during desiccation or rehydrate upon re-watering was obtained. Rosa hybrida plants were grown at two relative air humidities (RHs, 60% or 90%) under different soil water potentials (-0.01, -0.06, or -0.08MPa) or upon grafting onto the rootstock of a cultivar sustaining [ABA] at elevated RH. Measurements included [ABA], stomatal anatomical features, stomatal responsiveness to desiccation, and the ability of leaves, desiccated to varying degrees, to recover their weight (rehydrate) following re-watering. Transpiration efficiency (plant mass per transpired water) was also determined. Soil water deficit resulted in a lower transpiration rate and higher transpiration efficiency at both RHs. The lowest [ABA] was observed in well-watered plants grown at high RH. [ABA] was increased by soil water deficit or grafting, at both RHs. The growth environment-induced changes in stomatal size were mediated by [ABA]. When [ABA] was increased from the level of (well-watered) high RH-grown plants to the value of (well-watered) plants grown at moderate RH, stomatal responsiveness was proportionally improved. A further increase in [ABA] did not affect stomatal responsiveness to desiccation. [ABA] was positively related to the ability of dehydrated leaves to rehydrate. The data indicate a growth [ABA]-related threshold for stomatal sensitivity to desiccation, which was not apparent either for stomatal size or for recovery (rehydration) upon re-watering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Giday
- Department of Food Science, Århus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792, Årslev, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrine H Kjaer
- Department of Food Science, Århus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792, Årslev, Denmark
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology-Crop Health, Århus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Department of Food Science, Århus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792, Årslev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Niglas A, Kupper P, Tullus A, Sellin A. Responses of sap flow, leaf gas exchange and growth of hybrid aspen to elevated atmospheric humidity under field conditions. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu021. [PMID: 24887000 PMCID: PMC4052457 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An increase in average air temperature and frequency of rain events is predicted for higher latitudes by the end of the 21st century, accompanied by a probable rise in air humidity. We currently lack knowledge on how forest trees acclimate to rising air humidity in temperate climates. We analysed the leaf gas exchange, sap flow and growth characteristics of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) trees growing at ambient and artificially elevated air humidity in an experimental forest plantation situated in the hemiboreal vegetation zone. Humidification manipulation did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of plants, but did affect stomatal responses: trees growing at elevated air humidity had higher stomatal conductance at saturating photosynthetically active radiation (gs sat) and lower intrinsic water-use efficiency (IWUE). Reduced stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in trees grown at elevated air humidity allowed slightly higher net photosynthesis and relative current-year height increments than in trees at ambient air humidity. Tree responses suggest a mitigating effect of higher air humidity on trees under mild water stress. At the same time, trees at higher air humidity demonstrated a reduced sensitivity of IWUE to factors inducing stomatal closure and a steeper decline in canopy conductance in response to water deficit, implying higher dehydration risk. Despite the mitigating impact of increased air humidity under moderate drought, a future rise in atmospheric humidity at high latitudes may be disadvantageous for trees during weather extremes and represents a potential threat in hemiboreal forest ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aigar Niglas
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvo Tullus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Giday H, Fanourakis D, Kjaer KH, Fomsgaard IS, Ottosen CO. Foliar abscisic acid content underlies genotypic variation in stomatal responsiveness after growth at high relative air humidity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1857-67. [PMID: 24163176 PMCID: PMC3838547 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stomata formed at high relative air humidity (RH) respond less to abscisic acid (ABA), an effect that varies widely between cultivars. This study tested the hypotheses that this genotypic variation in stomatal responsiveness originates from differential impairment in intermediates of the ABA signalling pathway during closure and differences in leaf ABA concentration during growth. METHODS Stomatal anatomical features and stomatal responsiveness to desiccation, feeding with ABA, three transduction elements of its signalling pathway (H2O2, NO, Ca(2+)) and elicitors of these elements were determined in four rose cultivars grown at moderate (60 %) and high (90 %) RH. Leaf ABA concentration was assessed throughout the photoperiod and following mild desiccation (10 % leaf weight loss). KEY RESULTS Stomatal responsiveness to desiccation and ABA feeding was little affected by high RH in two cultivars, whereas it was considerably attenuated in two other cultivars (thus termed sensitive). Leaf ABA concentration was lower in plants grown at high RH, an effect that was more pronounced in the sensitive cultivars. Mild desiccation triggered an increase in leaf ABA concentration and equalized differences between leaves grown at moderate and high RH. High RH impaired stomatal responses to all transduction elements, but cultivar differences were not observed. CONCLUSIONS High RH resulted in decreased leaf ABA concentration during growth as a result of lack of water deficit, since desiccation induced ABA accumulation. Sensitive cultivars underwent a larger decrease in leaf ABA concentration rather than having a higher ABA concentration threshold for inducing stomatal functioning. However, cultivar differences in stomatal closure following ABA feeding were not apparent in response to H2O2 and downstream elements, indicating that signalling events prior to H2O2 generation are involved in the observed genotypic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Giday
- Århus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Dimitrios Fanourakis
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrine H. Kjaer
- Århus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark
| | - Inge S. Fomsgaard
- Århus University, Department of Agroecology–Crop Health, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Århus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Developmental Priming of Stomatal Sensitivity to Abscisic Acid by Leaf Microclimate. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1805-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|