1
|
Govindaraj S, Tyree S, Herring GB, Rahman SJ, Babu H, Ibegbu C, Young MR, Mehta CC, Haddad LB, Smith AK, Velu V. Differential expression of HIV target cells CCR5 and α4β7 in tissue resident memory CD4 T cells in endocervix during the menstrual cycle of HIV seronegative women. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1456652. [PMID: 39386203 PMCID: PMC11461385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian hormones are known to modulate the immune system in the female genital tract (FGT). We sought to define the impact of the menstrual cycle on the mucosal HIV target cell levels, and tissue-resident CD4 T cells. Materials and methods Here, we characterized the distribution, phenotype, and function of CD4 T cells with special emphasis on HIV target cells (CCR5+ and α4β7+) as well as tissue-resident memory (TRM; CD69+ and CD103+) CD4 T cells in FGT of cycling women. Peripheral blood and Endocervical cells (EC-collected from cytobrush) were collected from 105 healthy women and performed multicolor flow cytometry to characterize the various subsets of CD4 T cells. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) were collected for cytokine analysis and plasma were collected for hormonal analysis. All parameters were compared between follicular and luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Results Our findings revealed no significant difference in the blood CD4 T cell subsets between the follicular and luteal phase. However, in EC, the proportion of several cell types was higher in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase of menstrual cycle, including CCR5+α4β7-cells (p=0.01), CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.02), CCR5+CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.001) and FoxP3+ CD4 T cells (p=0.0005). In contrast, α4β7+ CCR5- cells were higher in the luteal phase (p=0.0004) compared to the follicular phase. In addition, we also found that hormonal levels (P4/E2 ratio) and cytokines (IL-5 and IL-6) were correlated with CCR5+ CD4 T cells subsets during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Conclusion Overall, these findings suggest the difference in the expression of CCR5 and α4β7 in TRM CD4 T cell subsets in endocervix of HIV seronegative women between the follicular and luteal phase. Increase in the CCR5+ expression on TRM subsets could increase susceptibility to HIV infection during follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center (ENPRC), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Staple Tyree
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gina Bailey Herring
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Grady Ponce de Leon Center, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sadia J. Rahman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center (ENPRC), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center (ENPRC), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marisa R. Young
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - C. Christina Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisa B. Haddad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center (ENPRC), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Safarov R, Fedotova O, Uvarova A, Gordienko M, Menshutina N. Review of Intranasal Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1180. [PMID: 39338342 PMCID: PMC11435088 DOI: 10.3390/ph17091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the development of intranasal delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) not only for treating local nasal diseases but also for treating systemic diseases, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and vaccine delivery. The nasal cavity possesses a unique set of anatomical characteristics for delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients, but there are several limitations that recent research in the field of the intranasal administration of APIs aims to overcome. For the effective delivery of nasal preparations, active pharmaceutical ingredients are incorporated into various micro- and nanosystems. Some of the most commonly encountered API delivery systems in the scientific literature include liposomal systems, polymer particles with mucoadhesive properties, in situ gels, nano- and microemulsions, and solid lipid particles. This article provides a review of research on the development of nasal preparations for treating local nasal cavity diseases (in particular, for antibiotic delivery), systemic diseases (analgesics, drugs for cardiovascular diseases, antiviral and antiemetic drugs), CNS disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression), and vaccine delivery. The literature data show that active research is underway to reformulate drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups into a nasal form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Fedotova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia (A.U.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Li W, Li N, Wang B. Immunization with Multiple Virulence Factors Provides Maternal and Neonatal Protection against Group B Streptococcus Serotypes. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1459. [PMID: 37766135 PMCID: PMC10535937 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) commonly colonizes the vaginal tract and is a leading cause of life-threatening neonatal infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. No effective vaccine is clinically available. Conserved bacterial virulence factors, including those of GBS, have been employed as vaccine components. We investigated serotype-independent protection against GBS by intranasal immunization with six conserved GBS virulence factors (GBSV6). GBSV6 induced systemic and vaginal antibodies and T cell responses in mice. The immunity reduced mouse mortality and vaginal colonization by various GBS serotypes and protected newborn mice of immunized dams against GBS challenge. Intranasal GBSV6 immunization also provided long-lasting protective immunity and had advantages over intramuscular GBSV6 immunization regarding restricting vaginal GBS colonization. Our findings indicate that intranasal immunization targeting multiple conserved GBS virulence factors induces serotype-independent immunity, which protects against GBS infection systemically and vaginally in dams and prevents newborn death. The study presents valuable strategies for GBS vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Varnotech Biopharm Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Varnotech Biopharm Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu MR, Du X, Li Y, Fu L, Chen H, Zhang X, Shui Y, Zhang A, Feng X. Data on the effects of The-Optimal-Lymph-Flow program on lymphedema symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Data Brief 2023; 48:109278. [PMID: 37383767 PMCID: PMC10294092 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial proportion of more than 50% of breast cancer survivors, who remain undiagnosed with lymphedema, encounter a daily struggle with the presence of multiple and concomitant lymphedema associated symptoms (i.e., lymphedema symptoms). The-Optimal-Lymph-Flow (TOLF) program was developed based on physiological-cognitive-behavioral principles to educate breast cancer survivors on effective self-care strategies. Physiologically, TOLF program was designed to stimulate lymphatic system to enhance lymph flow, thereby alleviating lymphedema symptoms and mitigating the risk and severity of lymphedema. The dataset presented in this article was obtained from a randomized clinical trial (RCT) that assessed the preventive effects of the TOLF program in improving lymphedema symptom experience and optimizing lymph fluid status among breast cancer survivors who were at higher risk for lymphedema. Between January 2019 and June 2020, a RCT was conducted to recruit 92 eligible participants who were assigned randomly to either the TOLF group (intervention) or the arm mobility group (control). Demographic and clinical data were collected at baseline and updated over the study period. Outcome data were collected at baseline and three months after intervention. Study outcomes included lymphedema symptom experience (i.e., number, severity, distress of lymphedema symptoms, and impact on daily activities) and lymph fluid status. The Breast Cancer and Lymphedema Symptom Experience Index (BCLE-SEI) was utilized to assess lymphedema symptoms and circumferential arm measurement was utilized to estimate limb volume differences (a surrogate for lymph fluid status). The dataset based on the RCT allowed confirmation of positive effects of the TOLF intervention during early postoperative period. The dataset can be further utilized as a benchmark reference in clinical settings or experimental research to determine the effects of optimal lymphatic exercise dosage on lymphedema risk reduction and symptom alleviation as well as provide a basis for future research related to this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Rosemary Fu
- School of Nursing, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20006, USA
| | - Xinwen Du
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Neonatology Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lan Fu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- Head & Neck Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuping Shui
- Department of Operating Room, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xianqiong Feng
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du X, Li Y, Fu L, Chen H, Zhang X, Shui Y, Zhang A, Feng X, Fu MR. Strategies in activating lymphatic system to promote lymph flow on lymphedema symptoms in breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1015387. [PMID: 36353530 PMCID: PMC9638430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1015387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many breast cancer survivors face long-term postoperative challenges as a result of developing lymphedema symptoms and chronic lymphedema. The-Optimal-Lymph-Flow (TOLF) program is an intervention based on physiological-cognitive-behavioral principles that teaches patients self-management strategies to activate lymphatic system and promote lymph flow to decrease lymphatic pain, reduce the risk and severity of lymphedema. Objective The purpose of this pilot clinical trial was to evaluate the use of TOLF program as an early intervention on improving lymphedema symptom experience (i.e., symptom number, symptom severity, symptom distress, and the impact of symptoms on patients’ activities of daily living) and optimizing lymph fluid levels (measured by the arm volume differences) among breast cancer survivors. Methods This study is a parallel, randomized clinical trial. A total of 92 breast cancer patients were randomly assigned to either the TOLF intervention group or the control group focusing on promoting arm mobility. Data were collected at baseline and end of the trial at the 3-month post intervention. The Breast Cancer and Lymphedema Symptom Experience Index was used to measure lymphedema symptom experience. Anthropometric measurements were used for circumferential arm measurements. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the trial outcomes. Results Significant improvements of lymphedema symptom experience were found in patients in the TOLF intervention group in comparison with patients in control group: the number of lymphedema symptoms (P<0.001) and the severity of lymphedema symptoms (P<0.001) as well as the impact of symptoms on patients’ daily living function (P<0.001). Patients in both groups showed improvements in all study outcomes over the 3 months, whereas those in the TOLF group gained greater benefits in reducing the number and severity of lymphedema symptoms. Moreover, the TOLF group had significantly fewer patients with ≥5% arm volume differences ([5/45] vs [13/43], P=0.035) at the study endpoint. Conclusions Findings of the study demonstrated positive outcomes of relieving lymphedema symptom experience, optimizing arm circumference and halting the progression of lymphedema status in breast cancer survivors receiving TOLF intervention during early postoperative time. Given its feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness, this program may be incorporated in routine breast cancer care. Clinical Trial Registration http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx, identifier ChiCTR1800016713.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Du
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nursing, West China Second University Hospital/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Fu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- Head & Neck Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Shui
- Department of Operating Room, West China Hospital/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianqiong Feng
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xianqiong Feng, ; Mei Rosemary Fu, ;
| | - Mei Rosemary Fu
- School of Nursing–Camden, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Xianqiong Feng, ; Mei Rosemary Fu, ;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
NK cell spatial dynamics and IgA responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissues during SIV infections. Commun Biol 2022; 5:674. [PMID: 35798936 PMCID: PMC9262959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection induces tissue damage including lymph node (LN) fibrosis and intestinal epithelial barrier disruption leading to bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African Green Monkeys (AGM), do not display tissue damage despite high viral load in blood and intestinal mucosa. AGM mount a NK cell-mediated control of SIVagm replication in peripheral LN. We analyzed if NK cells also control SIVagm in mesenteric (mes) LN and if this has an impact on gut humoral responses and the production of IgA known for their anti-inflammatory role in the gut. We show that CXCR5 + NK cell frequencies increase in mesLN upon SIVagm infection and that NK cells migrate into and control viral replication in B cell follicles (BCF) of mesLN. The proportion of IgA+ memory B cells were increased in mesLN during SIVagm infection in contrast to SIVmac infection. Total IgA levels in gut remained normal during SIVagm infection, while strongly decreased in intestine of chronically SIVmac-infected macaques. Our data suggest an indirect impact of NK cell-mediated viral control in mesLN during SIVagm infection on preserved BCF function and IgA production in intestinal tissues. Differences between pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infections are investigated, in terms of NK cell location, function and IgA responses in gut associated lymphoid tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunum, ileon, colon).
Collapse
|
7
|
Seaton KE, Deal A, Han X, Li SS, Clayton A, Heptinstall J, Duerr A, Allen MA, Shen X, Sawant S, Yates NL, Spearman P, Churchyard G, Goepfert PA, Maenza J, Gray G, Pantaleo G, Polakowski L, Robinson HL, Grant S, Randhawa AK, Huang Y, Morgan C, Grunenberg N, Karuna S, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Huang Y, Tomaras GD. Meta-analysis of HIV-1 vaccine elicited mucosal antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:56. [PMID: 33859204 PMCID: PMC8050318 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied mucosal immune responses in six HIV-1 vaccine trials investigating different envelope (Env)-containing immunogens. Regimens were classified into four categories: DNA/vector, DNA/vector plus protein, protein alone, and vector alone. We measured HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA in secretions from cervical (n = 111) and rectal swabs (n = 154), saliva (n = 141), and seminal plasma (n = 124) and compared to corresponding blood levels. Protein-containing regimens had up to 100% response rates and the highest Env-specific IgG response rates. DNA/vector groups elicited mucosal Env-specific IgG response rates of up to 67% that varied across specimen types. Little to no mucosal IgA responses were observed. Overall, gp41- and gp140-specific antibodies dominated gp120 mucosal responses. In one trial, prior vaccination with a protein-containing immunogen maintained durability of cervical and rectal IgG for up to 17 years. Mucosal IgG responses were boosted after revaccination. These findings highlight a role for protein immunization in eliciting HIV-1-specific mucosal antibodies and the ability of HIV-1 vaccines to elicit durable HIV-1-specific mucosal IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Aaron Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuying S Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley Clayton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Spearman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnatti, OH, USA
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Glenda Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pal S, Cruz-Fisher MI, Cheng C, Carmichael JR, Tifrea DF, Tatarenkova O, de la Maza LM. Vaccination with the recombinant major outer membrane protein elicits long-term protection in mice against vaginal shedding and infertility following a Chlamydia muridarum genital challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:90. [PMID: 33083025 PMCID: PMC7530680 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementation of a vaccine is likely the best approach to curtail Chlamydia trachomatis infections. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of a vaccine formulated with the recombinant major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and Th1 and Th2 adjuvants, delivered by combinations of systemic and mucosal routes, to elicit long-term protection in mice against a genital challenge with Chlamydia muridarum. As a negative control, mice were vaccinated with the recombinant Neisseria gonorrhoeae porinB, and the positive control group was immunized with C. muridarum live elementary bodies (EB). The four vaccines formulated with MOMP, as determined by the titers of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum, proliferative responses of T-cells stimulated with EB and levels of IFN-γ in the supernatants, elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses over a 6-month period. Groups of mice were challenged genitally at 60, 120, or 180 days postimmunization. Based on the number of mice with positive vaginal cultures, number of positive cultures, length of time of shedding, and number of inclusion forming units recovered, MOMP vaccinated groups were significantly protected. To assess fertility, when the vaginal cultures became negative, female mice were caged with male mice and the outcome of the pregnancy evaluated. As determined by the number of pregnant mice and the number of embryos, two of the vaccine formulations protected mice up to 180 days postimmunization. To our knowledge this is the first subunit of Chlamydia vaccine that has elicited in mice significant long-term protection against a genital challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800 USA
| | - Maria I. Cruz-Fisher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800 USA
| | - Chunmei Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800 USA
| | - Jennifer R. Carmichael
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800 USA
| | - Delia F. Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800 USA
| | - Olga Tatarenkova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800 USA
| | - Luis M. de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cavarelli M, Le Grand R. The importance of semen leukocytes in HIV-1 transmission and the development of prevention strategies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2018-2032. [PMID: 32614649 PMCID: PMC7553688 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1765622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 sexual transmission occurs mostly through contaminated semen, which is a complex mixture of soluble factors with immunoregulatory functions and cells. It is well established that semen cells from HIV-1-infected men are able to produce the virus and that are harnessed to efficiently interact with mucosal barriers exposed during sexual intercourse. Several cofactors contribute to semen infectivity and may enhance the risk of HIV-1 transmission to a partner by increasing local HIV-1 replication in the male genital tract, thereby increasing the number of HIV-1-infected cells and the local HIV-1 shedding in semen. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy has improved the life expectancy of HIV-1 infected individuals; however, there is evidence that systemic viral suppression does not always reflect full viral suppression in the seminal compartment. This review focus on the role semen leukocytes play in HIV-1 transmission and discusses implications of the increased resistance of cell-mediated transmission to immune-based prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Cavarelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT) , Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT) , Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suphaphiphat K, Bernard-Stoecklin S, Gommet C, Delache B, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Kent SJ, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Le Grand R, Cavarelli M. Innate and Adaptive Anti-SIV Responses in Macaque Semen: Implications for Infectivity and Risk of Transmission. Front Immunol 2020; 11:850. [PMID: 32528466 PMCID: PMC7247827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is transmitted primarily by sexual exposure, with semen being the principal contaminated fluid. However, HIV-specific immune response in semen has been understudied. We investigated specific parameters of the innate, cellular, and humoral immune response that may affect semen infectivity in macaques infected with SIVmac251. Serial semen levels of cytokines and chemokines, SIV-specific antibodies, neutralization, and FcγR-mediated functions and SIV-specific T-cell responses were assessed and compared to systemic responses across 53 cynomolgus macaques. SIV infection induced an overall inflammatory state in the semen. Several pro-inflammatory molecules correlated with SIV virus levels. Effector CD8+ T cells were expanded in semen upon infection. SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells that expressed multiple effector molecules (IFN-γ+MIP-1β+TNF+/-) were induced in the semen of a subset of SIV-infected macaques, but this did not correlate with local viral control. SIV-specific IgG, commonly capable of engaging the FcγRIIIa receptor, was detected in most semen samples although this positively correlated with seminal viral load. Several inflammatory immune responses in semen develop in the context of higher levels of SIV seminal plasma viremia. These inflammatory immune responses could play a role in viral transmission and should be considered in the development of preventive and prophylactic vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karunasinee Suphaphiphat
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sibylle Bernard-Stoecklin
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Céline Gommet
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P. Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jia M, Liberatore RA, Guo Y, Chan KW, Pan R, Lu H, Waltari E, Mittler E, Chandran K, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE, Seaman MS, Ho DD, Shapiro L, Sheng Z, Kong XP, Bieniasz PD, Wu X. VSV-Displayed HIV-1 Envelope Identifies Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Class-Switched to IgG and IgA. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:963-975.e5. [PMID: 32315598 PMCID: PMC7294236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) undergoes conformational changes during infection. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are typically isolated by using soluble Env trimers, which do not capture all Env states. To address these limitations, we devised a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based probe to display membrane-embedded Env trimers and isolated five bNAbs from two chronically infected donors, M4008 and M1214. Donor B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires identified two bNAb lineages, M4008_N1 and M1214_N1, that class-switched to immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA. Variants of these bNAbs reconstituted as IgA demonstrated broadly neutralizing activity, and the IgA fraction of M1214 plasma conferred neutralization. M4008_N1 epitope mapping revealed a glycan-independent V3 epitope conferring tier 2 virus neutralization. A 4.86-Å-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of M1214_N1 complexed with CH505 SOSIP revealed another elongated epitope, the V2V5 corridor, extending from V2 to V5. Overall, the VSVENV probe identified bNAb lineages with neutralizing IgG and IgA members targeting distinct sites of HIV-1 Env vulnerability. VSV-displayed HIV-1 envelope trimers identified five HIV-1 bNAbs BCR repertoires identified two bNAb lineages class-switched to both IgG and IgA The V3 crown-targeting bNAb M4008_N1 conferred tier 2 virus neutralization Cryo-EM structure of bNAb M1214_N1 with CH505 SOSIP defined a V2V5 corridor epitope
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manxue Jia
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rachel A Liberatore
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hong Lu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eric Waltari
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Center for HIV-1/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ruprecht RM, Marasini B, Thippeshappa R. Mucosal Antibodies: Defending Epithelial Barriers against HIV-1 Invasion. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040194. [PMID: 31771162 PMCID: PMC6963197 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The power of mucosal anti-HIV-1 envelope immunoglobulins (Igs) to block virus transmission is underappreciated. We used passive immunization, a classical tool to unequivocally prove whether antibodies are protective. We mucosally instilled recombinant neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) of different Ig classes in rhesus macaques (RMs) followed by mucosal simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. We gave anti-HIV-1 IgM, IgG, and dimeric IgA (dIgA) versions of the same human nmAb, HGN194 that targets the conserved V3 loop crown. Surprisingly, dIgA1 with its wide-open, flat hinge protected 83% of the RMs against intrarectal R5-tropic SHIV-1157ipEL-p challenge, whereas dIgA2, with its narrow hinge, only protected 17% of the animals—despite identical epitope specificities and in vitro neutralization curves of the two dIgA isotypes (Watkins et al., AIDS 2013 27(9):F13-20). These data imply that factors in addition to neutralization determine in vivo protection. We propose that this underlying protective mechanism is immune exclusion, which involves large nmAb/virion aggregates that prevent virus penetration of mucosal barriers. Future studies need to find biomarkers that predict effective immune exclusion in vivo. Vaccine development strategies against HIV-1 and/or other mucosally transmissible pathogens should include induction of strong mucosal Abs of different Ig classes to defend epithelial barriers against pathogen invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Ruprecht
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bishal Marasini
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sabbaj S, Mestecky J. Evaluation of Mucosal Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV in External Secretions and Mucosal Tissues. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:41-48. [PMID: 33312087 PMCID: PMC7731984 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180621152303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts as the most frequent sites of HIV-1 entry, display remarkable immunological differences from the systemic immune compartment which must be considered in the evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1. Marked differences in the fluids from the genital and intestinal tracts and in plasma with respect to the Ig isotypes, their levels, molecular forms and distinct effector functions must be taken into consideration in the evaluation and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Because of the low levels and highly pronounced variation in Ig content, HIV-1-specific antibody concentrations should be always related to the levels of total Ig of a given isotype. This practice will avoid inevitable differences due to the small volumes of collected fluids and sample dilution during the collection and processing of samples from external secretions. Furthermore, appropriate controls and immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which is prone to false positivity. In the evaluation of antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions, precautions and rigorous controls must be used to exclude the effect of innate humoral factors. The evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues is difficult due to the low yields of cells obtained from tissue biopsies or cytobrush scrapings. Furthermore, tissue biopsies of, for example rectal mucosa, provide information pertinent exclusively to this local site, which due to the differences in distribution of cells of different phenotypes, do not provide information generalized to the entire intestinal tract. Importantly, studies concerning the kinetics of cellular responses are difficult to perform due to the limited availability of samples or to the inability of obtaining frequent repeated tissue biopsies. For sampling the female genital tract parallel collection of menstrual and peripheral blood yields high numbers of cells that permit their detailed phenotypic and functional analyses. In contrast to tissue biopsies, this non-traumatic collection procedure, results in high cell yields and repeated monthly sampling permits extensive and parallel functional studies of kinetics and unique characteristics of HIV-1-specific cellular responses in the female genital tract and peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie Sabbaj
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Akapirat S, Karnasuta C, Vasan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Madnote S, Savadsuk H, Rittiroongrad S, Puangkaew J, Phogat S, Tartaglia J, Sinangil F, de Souza MS, Excler JL, Kim JH, Robb ML, Michael NL, Ngauy V, O'Connell RJ, Karasavvas N. Characterization of HIV-1 gp120 antibody specificities induced in anogenital secretions of RV144 vaccine recipients after late boost immunizations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196397. [PMID: 29702672 PMCID: PMC5922559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission is the principal driver of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Understanding HIV vaccine-induced immune responses at mucosal surfaces can generate hypotheses regarding mechanisms of protection, and may influence vaccine development. The RV144 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00223080) efficacy trial showed protection against HIV infections but mucosal samples were not collected, therefore, the contribution of mucosal antibodies to preventing HIV-1 acquisition is unknown. Here, we report the generation, magnitude and persistence of antibody responses to recombinant gp120 envelope and antigens including variable one and two loop scaffold antigens (gp70V1V2) previously shown to correlate with risk in RV144. We evaluated antibody responses to gp120 A244gD and gp70V1V2 92TH023 (both CRF01_AE) and Case A2 (subtype B) in cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM), seminal plasma (SP) and rectal secretions (RS) from HIV-uninfected RV144 vaccine recipients, who were randomized to receive two late boosts of ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E, AIDSVAX®B/E, or ALVAC-HIV alone at 0 and 6 months. Late vaccine boosting increased IgG geometric mean titers (GMT) to gp120 A244gD in AIDSVAX®B/E and ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E CVM (28 and 17 fold, respectively), followed by SP and RS. IgG to gp70V1V2 92TH023 increased in AIDSVAX®B/E and ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E CVM (11–17 fold) and SP (2 fold) two weeks post first boost. IgG to Case A2 was only detected in AIDSVAX®B/E and ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E CVM. Mucosal IgG to gp120 A244gD (CVM, SP, RS), gp70V1V2 92TH023 (CVM, SP), and Case A2 (CVM) correlated with plasma IgG levels (p<0.001). Although the magnitude of IgG responses declined after boosting, anti-gp120 A244gD IgG responses in CVM persisted for 12 months post final vaccination. Further studies in localization, persistence and magnitude of envelope specific antibodies (IgG and dimeric IgA) in anogenital secretions will help determine their role in preventing mucosal HIV acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siriwat Akapirat
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chitraporn Karnasuta
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sirinan Madnote
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hathairat Savadsuk
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surawach Rittiroongrad
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Puangkaew
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Tartaglia
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases (GSID), South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark S. de Souza
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert J. O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hapgood JP, Kaushic C, Hel Z. Hormonal Contraception and HIV-1 Acquisition: Biological Mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:36-78. [PMID: 29309550 PMCID: PMC5807094 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Access to effective affordable contraception is critical for individual and public health. A wide range of hormonal contraceptives (HCs), which differ in composition, concentration of the progestin component, frequency of dosage, and method of administration, is currently available globally. However, the options are rather limited in settings with restricted economic resources that frequently overlap with areas of high HIV-1 prevalence. The predominant contraceptive used in sub-Saharan Africa is the progestin-only three-monthly injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Determination of whether HCs affect HIV-1 acquisition has been hampered by behavioral differences potentially confounding clinical observational data. Meta-analysis of these studies shows a significant association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use and increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition, raising important concerns. No association was found for combined oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel, nor for the two-monthly injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate, although data for norethisterone enanthate are limited. Susceptibility to HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections may, however, be dependent on the type of progestin present in the formulation. Several underlying biological mechanisms that may mediate the effect of HCs on HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infection acquisition have been identified in clinical, animal, and ex vivo studies. A substantial gap exists in the translation of basic research into clinical practice and public health policy. To bridge this gap, we review the current knowledge of underlying mechanisms and biological effects of commonly used progestins. The review sheds light on issues critical for an informed choice of progestins for the identification of safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable contraceptive methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet P Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song TZ, Zhang MX, Xia YJ, Xiao Y, Pang W, Zheng YT. Parasites may exit immunocompromised northern pig-tailed macaques ( Macaca leonina) infected with SIVmac239. Zool Res 2018; 39:42-51. [PMID: 29511144 PMCID: PMC5869241 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites can increase infection rates and pathogenicity in immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. However, in vitro studies and epidemiological investigations also suggest that parasites might escape immunocompromised hosts during HIV infection. Due to the lack of direct evidence from animal experiments, the effects of parasitic infections on immunocompromised hosts remain unclear. Here, we detected 14 different parasites in six northern pig-tailed macaques (NPMs) before or at the 50th week of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection by ELISA. The NPMs all carried parasites before viral injection. At the 50th week after viral injection, the individuals with negative results in parasitic detection (i.e., 08247 and 08287) were characterized as the Parasites Exit (PE) group, with the other individuals (i.e., 09203, 09211, 10205, and 10225) characterized as the Parasites Remain (PR) group. Compared with the PR group, the NPMs in the PE group showed higher viral loads, lower CD4+ T cells counts, and lower CD4/CD8 rates. Additionally, the PE group had higher immune activation and immune exhaustion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Pathological observation showed greater injury to the liver, cecum, colon, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes in the PE group. This study showed more seriously compromised immunity in the PE group, strongly indicating that parasites might exit an immunocompromised host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yu-Jie Xia
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kulkarni V, Ruprecht RM. Mucosal IgA Responses: Damaged in Established HIV Infection-Yet, Effective Weapon against HIV Transmission. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1581. [PMID: 29176985 PMCID: PMC5686557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection not only destroys CD4+ T cells but also inflicts serious damage to the B-cell compartment, such as lymphadenopathy, destruction of normal B-cell follicle architecture, polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, increased apoptosis of B cells, and irreversible loss of memory B-cell responses with advanced HIV disease. Subepithelial B cells and plasma cells are also affected, which results in loss of mucosal IgG and IgA antibodies. This leaves the mucosal barrier vulnerable to bacterial translocation. The ensuing immune activation in mucosal tissues adds fuel to the fire of local HIV replication. We postulate that compromised mucosal antibody defenses also facilitate superinfection of HIV-positive individuals with new HIV strains. This in turn sets the stage for the generation of circulating recombinant forms of HIV. What can the mucosal B-cell compartment contribute to protect a healthy, uninfected host against mucosal HIV transmission? Here, we discuss proof-of-principle studies we have performed using passive mucosal immunization, i.e., topical administration of preformed anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as IgG1, dimeric IgA1 (dIgA1), and dIgA2 isotypes, alone or in combination. Our data indicate that mucosally applied anti-HIV envelope mAbs can provide potent protection against mucosal transmission of simian-human immunodeficiency virus. Our review also discusses the induction of mucosal antibody defenses by active vaccination and potential strategies to interrupt the vicious cycle of bacterial translocation, immune activation, and stimulation of HIV replication in individuals with damaged mucosal barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Iyer SS, Sabula MJ, Mehta CC, Haddad LB, Brown NL, Amara RR, Ofotokun I, Sheth AN. Characteristics of HIV target CD4 T cells collected using different sampling methods from the genital tract of HIV seronegative women. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178193. [PMID: 28570576 PMCID: PMC5453484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the immune profile of CD4 T cells, the primary targets for HIV, in the female genital tract (FGT) is critical for evaluating and developing effective biomedical HIV prevention strategies in women. However, longitudinal investigation of HIV susceptibility markers expressed by FGT CD4 T cells has been hindered by low cellular yield and risk of sampling-associated trauma. We investigated three minimally invasive FGT sampling methods to characterize and compare CD4 T cell yield and phenotype with the goal of establishing feasible sampling strategies for immune profiling of mucosal CD4 T cells. METHODS AND RESULTS FGT samples were collected bimonthly from 12 healthy HIV negative women of reproductive age in the following order: 1) Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), 2) two sequential endocervical flocked swabs (FS), and 3) two sequential endocervical cytobrushes (CB1, CB2). Cells were isolated and phentoyped via flow cytometry. CD4 T cell recovery was highest from each individual CB compared to either CVL or FS (p < 0.0001). The majority of CD4 T cells within the FGT, regardless of sampling method, expressed CCR5 relative to peripheral blood (p < 0.01). Within the CB, CCR5+ CD4 T cells expressed significantly higher levels of α4β7, CD69, and low levels of CD27 relative to CCR5- CD4 T cells (all p < 0.001). We also identified CD4 Treg lineage cells expressing CCR5 among CB samples. CONCLUSIONS Using three different mucosal sampling methods collected longitudinally we demonstrate that CD4 T cells within the FGT express CCR5 and α4β7 and are highly activated, attributes which could act in concert to facilitate HIV acquisition. FS and CB sampling methods can allow for investigation of strategies to reduce HIV target cells in the FGT and could inform the design and interpretation microbicide and vaccine studies in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita S. Iyer
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Sabula
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Christina Mehta
- Department of Biostatistics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa B. Haddad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nakita L. Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anandi N. Sheth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Humoral responses against HIV in male genital tract: role in sexual transmission and perspectives for preventive strategies. AIDS 2017; 31:1055-1064. [PMID: 28323750 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
: Most new HIV infections occur via sexual routes. The induction of protective anti-HIV antibodies in genital mucosa is an important step toward reducing HIV transmission. Mucosal anti-HIV antibodies may play a dual role by either protecting against HIV transmission or facilitating it. Protective properties against HIV of mucosal IgGs and IgAs exhibiting neutralizing or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activities have been described in highly exposed seronegative individuals. Conversely, some IgGs may facilitate the crossing of HIV free-particles through epithelial barriers by transcytosis. Hence knowledge of the mechanisms underlying anti-HIV antibody production in the genital tract and their exact role in sexual transmission may help to develop appropriate preventive strategies based on passive immunization or mucosal vaccination approaches. Our review focuses on the characteristics of the humoral immune responses against HIV in the male genital tract and related prevention strategies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sealy RE, Hurwitz JL. Short Communication: Parallel Analyses of Systemic and Local Vaccinations with Envelope Formulated in Adjuvant for Induction of HIV-Specific Antibodies in the Vaginal Mucosa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:424-427. [PMID: 27825246 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent HIV-1 infections in females, vaccines that elicit antibodies in vaginal secretions are much desired. To induce these antibodies, intravaginal vaccinations are sometimes recommended. However, the benefit of intravaginal vaccination remains a topic of debate, and parallel studies of intravaginal and intramuscular vaccination routes are rarely performed. Here we describe tests of mucosal and systemic antibodies after mouse vaccinations by several routes with HIV-1 envelope protein formulated in adjuvant. Response magnitudes were as follows: intraperitoneal > intramuscular = intravaginal tissue ≥ subcutaneous. We found that the well-accepted and logistically feasible intramuscular immunization was similar to intravaginal tissue immunization for the induction of antibodies in blood and vaginal secretions. Results suggest that a routine comparison of intravaginal and intramuscular immunizations may serve as a beneficial gatekeeper for the development of new intravaginal HIV-1 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kieffer C, Ladinsky MS, Ninh A, Galimidi RP, Bjorkman PJ. Longitudinal imaging of HIV-1 spread in humanized mice with parallel 3D immunofluorescence and electron tomography. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28198699 PMCID: PMC5338924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of HIV-1 throughout lymphoid tissues leads to systemic virus spread following infection. We combined tissue clearing, 3D-immunofluorescence, and electron tomography (ET) to longitudinally assess early HIV-1 spread in lymphoid tissues in humanized mice. Immunofluorescence revealed peak infection density in gut at 10–12 days post-infection when blood viral loads were low. Human CD4+ T-cells and HIV-1–infected cells localized predominantly to crypts and the lower third of intestinal villi. Free virions and infected cells were not readily detectable by ET at 5-days post-infection, whereas HIV-1–infected cells surrounded by pools of free virions were present in ~10% of intestinal crypts by 10–12 days. ET of spleen revealed thousands of virions released by individual cells and discreet cytoplasmic densities near sites of prolific virus production. These studies highlight the importance of multiscale imaging of HIV-1–infected tissues and are adaptable to other animal models and human patient samples. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23282.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Kieffer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Allen Ninh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Rachel P Galimidi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hel Z, Xu J, Denning WL, Helton ES, Huijbregts RPH, Heath SL, Overton ET, Christmann BS, Elson CO, Goepfert PA, Mestecky J. Dysregulation of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Responses to Microbial and Food Antigens as a Factor Contributing to Microbial Translocation and Chronic Inflammation in HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006087. [PMID: 28125732 PMCID: PMC5268400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is associated with an early and profound depletion of mucosal memory CD4+ T cells, a population that plays an indispensable role in the regulation of isotype switching and transepithelial transport of antibodies. In this study, we addressed whether the depletion of CD4+ T cell in HIV-1-infected individuals results in altered humoral responses specific to antigens encountered at mucosal surfaces. Comprehensive protein microarray of systemic humoral responses to intestinal microbiota demonstrated reduced IgG responses to antigens derived from Proteobacteria and Firmicutes but not Bacteroidetes. Importantly, intestinal secretions of antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-1-infected individuals exhibited a significant elevation of IgM levels and decreased IgA/IgM and IgG/IgM ratios of antibodies specific to a variety of microbial and food antigens. The presented findings indicate reduced competence of mucosal B cells for class switch recombination from IgM to other isotypes limiting their capacity to react to changing antigenic variety in the gut lumen. Decreased availability of microbiota-specific IgA and IgG may be an important factor contributing to the translocation of microbial antigens across the intestinal mucosal barrier and their systemic dissemination that drives chronic inflammation in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Warren L. Denning
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - E. Scott Helton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Richard P. H. Huijbregts
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - E. Turner Overton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S. Christmann
- Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lee University, Cleveland, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1 School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Astronomo RD, Santra S, Ballweber-Fleming L, Westerberg KG, Mach L, Hensley-McBain T, Sutherland L, Mildenberg B, Morton G, Yates NL, Mize GJ, Pollara J, Hladik F, Ochsenbauer C, Denny TN, Warrier R, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Kaewkungwal J, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Xia SM, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, McElrath JM. Neutralization Takes Precedence Over IgG or IgA Isotype-related Functions in Mucosal HIV-1 Antibody-mediated Protection. EBioMedicine 2016; 14:97-111. [PMID: 27919754 PMCID: PMC5161443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection occurs primarily through mucosal transmission. Application of biologically relevant mucosal models can advance understanding of the functional properties of antibodies that mediate HIV protection, thereby guiding antibody-based vaccine development. Here, we employed a human ex vivo vaginal HIV-1 infection model and a rhesus macaque in vivo intrarectal SHIV challenge model to probe the protective capacity of monoclonal broadly-neutralizing (bnAb) and non-neutralizing Abs (nnAbs) that were functionally modified by isotype switching. For human vaginal explants, we developed a replication-competent, secreted NanoLuc reporter virus system and showed that CD4 binding site bnAbs b12 IgG1 and CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms potently blocked HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1Bal26 infection. However, IgG1 and IgA nnAbs, either alone or together, did not inhibit infection despite the presence of FcR-expressing effector cells in the tissue. In macaques, the CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms infused before high-dose SHIV challenge were completely to partially protective, respectively, while nnAbs (CH54 IgG1 and CH38 mIgA2) were non-protective. Importantly, in both mucosal models IgG1 isotype bnAbs were more protective than the IgA2 isotypes, attributable in part to greater neutralization activity of the IgG1 variants. These findings underscore the importance of potent bnAb induction as a primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rena D Astronomo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katharine G Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linh Mach
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Mildenberg
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgeanna Morton
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory J Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sorachai Nitayapan
- Royal Thai Army Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Travassos AG, Xavier-Souza E, Netto E, Dantas EV, Timbó M, Nóbrega I, Haguihara T, Neumeyer J, Lisboa N, Soidan MA, Ferreira F, Brites C. Anogenital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in HIV-infected men and women in Salvador, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:569-575. [PMID: 27765581 PMCID: PMC9427556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections throughout the world. These sexually transmitted infections are a growing problem in people living with HIV/AIDS. However, the presence of these agents in extra genital sites, remains poorly studied in our country. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae anal and genital infection in people living with HIV/AIDS followed in a reference center in Salvador, Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study, from June 2013 to June 2015. Proven HIV-infected people attending this reference center were invited. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained through interview with standardized form. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae screening was performed using qPCR (COBAS 4800® Roche). RESULTS The frequency of positive cases of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 12.3% in total, 9.2% cases amongst women and 17.1% amongst men. We found 14.0% of positive cases in anus and 3.1% in genital region in men, while 5.6% and 3.6%, in women, respectively. Among men, anal infection was associated with age <29 years (p=0.033), report of anal intercourse (p=0.029), pain during anal intercourse (p=0.028). On the other hand, no association between genital infection and other variables were detected in bivariate analysis. Among women, we detected an association between Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection and age <29 years (p<0.001), younger age at first sexual intercourse (p=0.048), pregnancy (p<0.001), viral load >50copies/mL (p=0.020), and no antiretroviral use (p=0.008). Anal infection in women was associated with age <29 years old (p<0.001) and pregnancy (p=0.023), and was not associated with report of anal intercourse (p=0.485). CONCLUSION Missed opportunities for diagnosis in extra genital sites could impact on HIV transmission. The extra genital sites need to be considered to break the HIV and bacterial sexually transmitted infections chain-of-transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Travassos
- Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa (CEDAP), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo Netto
- Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Eda Vinhaes Dantas
- Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa (CEDAP), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maiara Timbó
- Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Isabella Nóbrega
- Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa (CEDAP), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Haguihara
- Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa (CEDAP), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Júlia Neumeyer
- Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Angela Soidan
- Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa (CEDAP), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ferreira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Moniz (LACEN-BA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
HIV-1 is undetectable in preejaculatory secretions from HIV-1-infected men on suppressive HAART. AIDS 2016; 30:1899-903. [PMID: 27124897 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preejaculatory fluid, a viscous, lubricating secretion expressed by penile urethral glands during sexual excitement, may play a role in the sexual transmission of HIV-1. The urethra has been shown to be an important site of HIV infection in men and male macaques, and preejaculatory fluid and urethral swabs from HIV-1-infected men often contain HIV. Recent studies have shown that HAART reduces but does not eliminate seminal HIV shedding in infected men, and that the penile urethra remains a site of persistent simian immunodeficiency virus infection in HAART-treated macaques. The objective of this study was to determine whether HIV-infected men on stable HAART continue to shed HIV into preejaculatory secretions. DESIGN Single-center prospective study. METHODS Sixty HIV-infected men on HAART were recruited to provide preejaculatory fluid, semen, and blood for HIV RNA quantification by reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS Eight men had detectable HIV in blood; of these four had HIV in semen (range: 40-96 000 copies/ml), and one had HIV in preejaculate (2400 copies/sample). Fifty-two men had undetectable HIV RNA in blood; of these 10 (19.2%) had HIV RNA in semen (range: 59-800 copies/ml) whereas none (0%) had HIV RNA in preejaculate (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS This study documents for the first time high levels of HIV RNA in preejaculate fluid. However, none of the men on stable HAART with undetectable blood viral load had HIV RNA in preejaculate, even though many had detectable HIV in semen. The urethral glands do not appear to be a principal source of HIV in men on suppressive HAART.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mestecky J, Russell MW. Urogenital Tract and Mammary Gland. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
27
|
Russell MW, Whittum-Hudson J, Fidel PL, Hook EW, Mestecky J. Immunity to Sexually Transmitted Infections. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Protein-coated nanoparticles are internalized by the epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract and induce systemic and mucosal immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114601. [PMID: 25490456 PMCID: PMC4260873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) includes the oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix and vagina. A layer of columnar epithelium separates the endocervix and uterus from the outside environment, while the vagina is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The mucosa of the FRT is exposed to antigens originating from microflora, and occasionally from infectious microorganisms. Whether epithelial cells (ECs) of the FRT take up (sample) the lumen antigens is not known. To address this question, we examined the uptake of 20-40 nm nanoparticles (NPs) applied vaginally to mice which were not treated with hormones, epithelial disruptors, or adjuvants. We found that 20 and 40 nm NPs are quickly internalized by ECs of the upper FRT and within one hour could be observed in the lymphatic ducts that drain the FRT, as well as in the ileac lymph nodes (ILNs) and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Chicken ovalbumin (Ova) conjugated to 20 nm NPs (NP-Ova) when administered vaginally reaches the internal milieu in an immunologically relevant form; thus vaginal immunization of mice with NP-Ova induces systemic IgG to Ova antigen. Most importantly, vaginal immunization primes the intestinal mucosa for secretion of sIgA. Sub-cutaneous (s.c) boosting immunization with Ova in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) further elevates the systemic (IgG1 and IgG2c) as well as mucosal (IgG1 and sIgA) antibody titers. These findings suggest that the modes of antigen uptake at mucosal surfaces and pathways of antigen transport are more complex than previously appreciated.
Collapse
|
29
|
Nguyen PV, Kafka JK, Ferreira VH, Roth K, Kaushic C. Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:410-27. [PMID: 24976268 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male and female reproductive tracts are complex microenvironments that have diverse functional demands. The immune system in the reproductive tract has the demanding task of providing a protective environment for a fetal allograft while simultaneously conferring protection against potential pathogens. As such, it has evolved a unique set of adaptations, primarily under the influence of sex hormones, which make it distinct from other mucosal sites. Here, we discuss the various components of the immune system that are present in both the male and female reproductive tracts, including innate soluble factors and cells and humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity under homeostatic conditions. We review the evidence showing unique phenotypic and functional characteristics of immune cells and responses in the male and female reproductive tracts that exhibit compartmentalization from systemic immunity and discuss how these features are influenced by sex hormones. We also examine the interactions among the reproductive tract, sex hormones and immune responses following HIV-1 infection. An improved understanding of the unique characteristics of the male and female reproductive tracts will provide insights into improving clinical treatments of the immunological causes of infertility and the design of prophylactic interventions for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mestecky J, Wei Q, Alexander R, Raska M, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z. Humoral immune responses to HIV in the mucosal secretions and sera of HIV-infected women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:600-7. [PMID: 24494997 PMCID: PMC4024328 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sera and all external secretions contain antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), their levels, specificity, isotypes, and relevant effector functions display a great degree of variability. Antibodies that bind HIV antigens and neutralize the virus are predominantly associated with the IgG isotype in sera and in all external secretions, even where total levels of IgG are much lower than those of IgA. Rectal fluid that contains high IgA, but low IgG levels, displayed low neutralizing activity independent of antibodies. Therefore, external secretions should be evaluated before and after selective depletion of Ig. At the systemic level, HIV-specific IgA may interfere with the effector functions of IgG, as suggested by recent studies of individuals systemically immunized with an experimental HIV vaccine. Although HIV-specific IgG and IgA antibodies may exhibit their protective activities at mucosal surfaces through interference with viral entry and local neutralization at the systemic level, such antibodies may display discordant effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rashada Alexander
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shen R, Smith PD. Mucosal correlates of protection in HIV-1-exposed sero-negative persons. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:219-27. [PMID: 24428610 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to HIV-1 infection in HIV-1-exposed sero-negative (HESN) persons offers a promising opportunity to identify mechanisms of 'natural' protection. Unique features of the mucosa in particular may contribute to this protection. Here, we highlight several key issues pertaining to the mucosal correlates of protection in HESN persons, including humoral immune responses, mechanisms of mucosal HIV-1 neutralization, immune cell activation, and role of the microbiota in mucosal responses. We also discuss mucosal model systems that can be used to investigate the mechanisms of resistance in HESN subjects. A clear understanding of the mucosal correlates of protection against HIV-1 in HESN persons will provide critical new insights for the development of effective vaccine and microbicide strategies for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Robert-Guroff M. Fc receptor-mediated immune responses: new tools but increased complexity in HIV prevention. Curr HIV Res 2013; 11:407-20. [PMID: 24191937 PMCID: PMC6288814 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x113116660063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The modest success of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in Thailand and the ensuing suggestion that a Fc-receptormediated antibody activity might have played a role in the protection observed have intensified investigations on Fcrelated immune responses. HIV neutralizing antibodies have been and continue to be the focal point of research into humoral immune protection. However, recent knowledge that their protective efficacy can be augmented by Fc-FcR interactions has increased the complexity of identifying immune correlates of protection. If anything, continued studies of both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms point to the lack of a single protective anti-HIV immune response. Here we focus on humoral immunity, analyzing the role played by Fc receptor-related responses and discussing how new knowledge of their interactions requires further investigation, but may also spur novel vaccination approaches. We initially address classical Fc-receptor mediated anti-viral mechanisms including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), as well as the effector cells that mediate these functions. Next, we summarize key aspects of FcR-Fc interactions that are important for potential control of HIV/SIV such as FcR polymorphisms and post-transcriptional modifications. Finally we discuss less commonly studied non-mechanistic anti-HIV immune functions: antibody avidity and envelopespecific B cell memory. Overall, a spectrum of immune responses, reflecting the immune system's redundancy, will likely be needed to prevent HIV infection and/or disease progression. Aside from elicitation of critical immune mechanisms, a successful vaccine will need to induce mature B cell responses and long-lasting immune memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Building 41, Room D804, Bethesda, MD 20192-5065, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moldt B, Saye-Francisco K, Schultz N, Burton DR, Hessell AJ. Simplifying the synthesis of SIgA: combination of dIgA and rhSC using affinity chromatography. Methods 2013; 65:127-32. [PMID: 23811333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal epithelia together with adaptive immune responses, such as local production and secretion of dimeric and polymeric immunoglobulin A (IgA), are a crucial part of the first line of defense against invading pathogens. IgA is primarily secreted as SIgA and plays multiple roles in mucosal defense. The study of SIgA-mediated protection is an important area of research in mucosal immunity but an easy, fast and reproducible method to generate pathogen-specific SIgA in vitro has not been available. We report here a new method to produce SIgA by co-purification of dimeric IgA, containing J chain, and recombinant human SC expressed in CHO cells. We previously reported the generation, production and characterization of the human recombinant monoclonal antibody IgA2 b12. This antibody, derived from the variable regions of the neutralizing anti-HIV-1 mAb IgG1 b12, blocked viral attachment and uptake by epithelial cells in vitro. We used a cloned CHO cell line that expresses monomeric, dimeric and polymeric species of IgA2 b12 for large-scale production of dIgA2 b12. Subsequently, we generated a CHO cell line to express recombinant human secretory component (rhSC). Here, we combined dIgA2 b12 and CHO-expressed rhSC via column chromatography to produce SIgA2 b12 that remains fully intact upon elution with 0.1M citric acid, pH 3.0. We have performed biochemical analysis of the synthesized SIgA to confirm the species is of the expected size and retains the functional properties previously described for IgA2 b12. We show that SIgA2 b12 binds to the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein with similar apparent affinity to that of monomeric and dimeric forms of IgA2 b12 and neutralizes HIV-1 isolates with similar potency. An average yield of 6 mg of SIgA2 b12 was achieved from the combination of 20mg of purified dIgA2 b12 and 2L of rhSC-containing CHO cell supernatant. We conclude that synthesized production of stable SIgA can be generated by co-purification. This process introduces a simplified means of generating a variety of pathogen-specific SIgA antibodies for research and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Saye-Francisco
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Niccole Schultz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duluc D, Gannevat J, Anguiano E, Zurawski S, Carley M, Boreham M, Stecher J, Dullaers M, Banchereau J, Oh S. Functional diversity of human vaginal APC subsets in directing T-cell responses. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:626-38. [PMID: 23131784 PMCID: PMC3568194 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human vaginal mucosa is the major entry site of sexually transmitted pathogens and thus has long been attractive as a site for mounting mucosal immunity. It is also known as a tolerogenic microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate that immune responses in the vagina can be orchestrated by the functional diversity of four major antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets. Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD14(-) lamina propria-dendritic cells (LP-DCs) polarize CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells toward T-helper type 2 (Th2), whereas CD14(+) LP-DCs and macrophages polarize CD4(+) T cells toward Th1. Both LCs and CD14(-) LP-DCs are potent inducers of Th22. Owing to their functional specialties and the different expression levels of pattern-recognition receptors on the APC subsets, microbial products do not bias them to elicit common types of immune responses (Th1 or Th2). To evoke desired types of adaptive immune responses in the human vagina, antigens may need to be targeted to proper APC subsets with right adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Julien Gannevat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | - Sandra Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Michael Carley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Muriel Boreham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Jack Stecher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | | | | - SangKon Oh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
,INSERM U955, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Southern PJ. Missing out on the biology of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
36
|
Rodriguez-Garcia M, Patel MV, Wira CR. Innate and adaptive anti-HIV immune responses in the female reproductive tract. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 97:74-84. [PMID: 23432874 PMCID: PMC3581821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is the primary site of transmission for a plethora of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that represent a significant burden upon womens' health worldwide. However, fundamental aspects of innate and adaptive immune protection against HIV infection in the FRT are poorly understood. The FRT immune system is regulated by the cyclical changes of the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone across the menstrual cycle, which as we have hypothesized, leads to the creation of a window of vulnerability during the secretory stage of the menstrual cycle, when the risk of HIV transmission is increased. The goal of this review is to summarize the multiple levels of protection against HIV infection in the FRT, the contribution of different cell types including epithelial cells, macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells to this, and their regulation by estradiol and progesterone. Understanding the unique immune environment in the FRT will allow for the potential development of novel therapeutic interventions such as vaccines and microbicides that may reduce or prevent HIV transmission in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z, Huang WQ, Alexander RC, Goepfert PA, Mestecky J. Comparative Evaluation of HIV-1 Neutralization in External Secretions and Sera of HIV-1-Infected Women. Open AIDS J 2012; 6:293-302. [PMID: 23346267 PMCID: PMC3549546 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific antibodies are detectable in external secretions by ELISA and western blot (WB), the presence of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies is difficult to evaluate due to the low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the presence of humoral factors of innate immunity. The objective of this study was to determine virus neutralization activity and the relative contribution of HIV-1-specific antibodies of various isotypes to virus neutralization in serum/plasma samples, cervicovaginal lavages (CVL), and rectal lavages (RL). Design: Serum/plasma, CVL, and RL samples were examined by ELISA, WB and HIV-1 neutralization assays. Selected samples were Ig depleted and analyzed for virus neutralization. Results: IgG specific for three HIV-1 ENV antigens was detected in all serum/plasma samples, while IgA to at least one ENV glycoprotein was found at the low levels in 95% samples. Serum/plasma samples had the ability to neutralize at least one of three clade B and two clade C viruses. The neutralizing titers were reduced significantly or became undetectable after IgG removal. In corresponding CVL and RL, HIV-1 ENV-specific IgG antibodies were readily detected compared to IgA. Furthermore, IgG in CVL had greater ability than IgA to reduce virus infectivity. The difference in HIV-1 neutralization before and after Ig depletion was not observed in RL, implying that innate humoral factors were involved in anti-HIV-1 activity. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies are almost exclusively of the IgG isotype in serum/plasma and CVL samples. HIV-1-specific binding antibodies detected in RL are not responsible for neutralization activity, suggesting that the antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions should be verified by means of a selective depletion of Ig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wei
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Duluc D, Gannevat J, Joo H, Ni L, Upchurch K, Boreham M, Carley M, Stecher J, Zurawski G, Oh S. Dendritic cells and vaccine design for sexually-transmitted diseases. Microb Pathog 2012. [PMID: 23201532 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen presenting cells (APCs) that can initiate and control host immune responses toward either immunity or tolerance. These features of DCs, as immune orchestrators, are well characterized by their tissue localizations as well as by their subset-dependent functional specialties and plasticity. Thus, the level of protective immunity to invading microbial pathogens can be dependent on the subsets of DCs taking up microbial antigens and their functional plasticity in response to microbial products, host cellular components and the cytokine milieu in the microenvironment. Vaccines are the most efficient and cost-effective preventive medicine against infectious diseases. However, major challenges still remain for the diseases caused by sexually-transmitted pathogens, including HIV, HPV, HSV and Chlamydia. We surmise that the establishment of protective immunity in the female genital mucosa, the major entry and transfer site of these pathogens, will bring significant benefit for the protection against sexually-transmitted diseases. Recent progresses made in DC biology suggest that vaccines designed to target proper DC subsets may permit us to establish protective immunity in the female genital mucosa against sexually-transmitted pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Antiviral antibodies and T cells are present in the foreskin of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:7098-106. [PMID: 22532691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00410-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No information exists regarding immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the foreskin or glans of the human penis, although this is a key tissue for HIV transmission. To address this gap, we characterized antiviral immune responses in foreskin of male rhesus macaques (RMs) inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIVmac251 by penile foreskin exposure. We found a complete population of immune cells in the foreskin and glans of normal RMs, although B cells were less common than CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. IgG-secreting cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in cell suspensions made from the foreskin. In the foreskin and glans of SIV-infected RMs, although B cells were less common than CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, SIV-specific IgG antibody was present in foreskin secretions. In addition, cytokine-secreting SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were readily found in cell suspensions made from the foreskin. Although potential HIV target cells were found in and under the epithelium covering all penile surfaces, the presence of antiviral effector B and T cells in the foreskin suggests that vaccines may be able to elicit immunity in this critical site to protect men from acquiring HIV.
Collapse
|
40
|
Klasse PJ, Sanders RW, Cerutti A, Moore JP. How can HIV-type-1-Env immunogenicity be improved to facilitate antibody-based vaccine development? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1-15. [PMID: 21495876 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
No vaccine candidate has induced antibodies (Abs) that efficiently neutralize multiple primary isolates of HIV-1. Preexisting high titers of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are essential, because the virus establishes infection before anamnestic responses could take effect. HIV-1 infection elicits Abs against Env, Gag, and other viral proteins, but of these only a subset of the anti-Env Abs can neutralize the virus. Whereas the corresponding proteins from other viruses form the basis of successful vaccines, multiple large doses of HIV-1 Env elicit low, transient titers of Abs that are not protective in humans. The inaccessibility of neutralization epitopes hinders NAb induction, but Env may also subvert the immune response by interacting with receptors on T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Here, we discuss evidence from immunizations of different species with various modified Env constructs. We also suggest how the divergent Ab responses to Gag and Env during infection may reflect differences in B cell regulation. Drawing on these analyses, we outline strategies for improving Env as a component of a vaccine aimed at inducing strong and sustained NAb responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Targeting HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers to B cells by using APRIL improves antibody responses. J Virol 2011; 86:2488-500. [PMID: 22205734 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06259-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive, in part because various factors limit the quantity and quality of the antibodies raised against the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (Env). We hypothesized that targeting Env vaccines directly to B cells, by fusing them to molecules that bind and activate these cells, would improve Env-specific antibody responses. Therefore, we fused trimeric Env gp140 to A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF), and CD40 Ligand (CD40L). The Env-APRIL, Env-BAFF, and Env-CD40L gp140 trimers all enhanced the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), the enzyme responsible for inducing somatic hypermutation, antibody affinity maturation, and antibody class switching. They also triggered IgM, IgG, and IgA secretion from human B cells in vitro. The Env-APRIL trimers induced higher anti-Env antibody responses in rabbits, including neutralizing antibodies against tier 1 viruses. The enhanced Env-specific responses were not associated with a general increase in total plasma antibody concentrations, indicating that the effect of APRIL was specific for Env. All the rabbit sera raised against gp140 trimers, irrespective of the presence of CD40L, BAFF, or APRIL, recognized trimeric Env efficiently, whereas sera raised against gp120 monomers did not. The levels of trimer-binding and virus-neutralizing antibodies were strongly correlated, suggesting that gp140 trimers are superior to gp120 monomers as immunogens. Targeting and activating B cells with a trimeric HIV-1 Env-APRIL fusion protein may therefore improve the induction of humoral immunity against HIV-1.
Collapse
|
42
|
Enhanced HIV-1 replication in ex vivo ectocervical tissues from post-menopausal women correlates with increased inflammatory responses. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:671-81. [PMID: 21881573 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about early innate immune responses at the mucosal surfaces of the female genital tract is important in understanding the pathogenesis of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). As estradiol decreases inflammatory responses, we postulated that an estradiol-deficient state such as post-menopause could enhance expression of inflammatory factors that stimulate HIV-1 replication. We compare HIV-1 integration, transcription, and viral p24 release levels among ectocervical tissues obtained from pre- and post-menopausal donors. We detected enhanced HIV-1 p24 release levels in post- compared with pre-menopausal tissues (P<0.0001), but saw no difference in HIV-1 integration. Overall, 100% of post-menopausal tissues exhibited levels of HIV-1 transcription above background compared with only 60% of pre-menopausal tissues. Increased HIV-1 transcription was associated with enhanced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, growth-regulated oncogene-α, and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 expression. Neutralization and nuclear factor-κB-targeting small-interfering RNA experiments both decreased HIV-1 transcription, suggesting that the early inflammatory response may facilitate HIV-1 replication in ex vivo ectocervical tissues from post-menopausal women.
Collapse
|
43
|
Lewis DJ, Fraser CA, Mahmoud AN, Wiggins RC, Woodrow M, Cope A, Cai C, Giemza R, Jeffs SA, Manoussaka M, Cole T, Cranage MP, Shattock RJ, Lacey CJ. Phase I randomised clinical trial of an HIV-1(CN54), clade C, trimeric envelope vaccine candidate delivered vaginally. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25165. [PMID: 21984924 PMCID: PMC3184147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a phase 1 double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a HIV-1 envelope protein (CN54 gp140) candidate vaccine delivered vaginally to assess immunogenicity and safety. It was hypothesised that repeated delivery of gp140 may facilitate antigen uptake and presentation at this mucosal surface. Twenty two healthy female volunteers aged 18–45 years were entered into the trial, the first receiving open-label active product. Subsequently, 16 women were randomised to receive 9 doses of 100 µg of gp140 in 3 ml of a Carbopol 974P based gel, 5 were randomised to placebo solution in the same gel, delivered vaginally via an applicator. Participants delivered the vaccine three times a week over three weeks during one menstrual cycle, and were followed up for two further months. There were no serious adverse events, and the vaccine was well tolerated. No sustained systemic or local IgG, IgA, or T cell responses to the gp140 were detected following vaginal immunisations. Repeated vaginal immunisation with a HIV-1 envelope protein alone formulated in Carbopol gel was safe, but did not induce local or systemic immune responses in healthy women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Lewis
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A. Fraser
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdel N. Mahmoud
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Wiggins
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Woodrow
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Alethea Cope
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Cai
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Rafaela Giemza
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Jeffs
- Jefferiss Trust Research Laboratories, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Manoussaka
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cole
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P. Cranage
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J. Lacey
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The gp41 epitope, QARVLAVERY, is highly conserved and a potent inducer of IgA that neutralizes HIV-1 and inhibits viral transcytosis. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:539-53. [PMID: 21525865 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the predominant site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transmission. For prophylactic approaches to effectively prevent HIV infection and subsequent dissemination, the induction of mucosally relevant protective immunity will be critical. Here, we have characterized the antibody (Ab) response generated by a highly conserved gp41epitope, QARVLAVERY, in an optimized immunization model that elicits potent epitope-specific Abs in the serum, vaginal washes, and fecal secretions of immunized mice. Our results show that QARVLAVERY is indeed a potent inducer of IgA and importantly, QARVLAVERY-specific IgA was effective in neutralizing HIV and inhibiting viral transcytosis. Intriguingly, QARVLAVERY also generated an approximate 1:1 ratio of IgG:IgA in the serum of immunized mice, independent of the delivery regimen and produced early systemic IgA, even before IgG. In light of the significantly high IgA induction by QARVLAVERY and the functionality of epitope-specific Abs in the inhibition of HIV infection and transcytosis, QARVLAVERY is an attractive epitope to be considered in mucosal vaccination strategies against HIV.
Collapse
|
45
|
Cha HR, Ko HJ, Kim ED, Chang SY, Seo SU, Cuburu N, Ryu S, Kim S, Kweon MN. Mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine/CCL28 expression in the uterus attracts CCR10+ IgA plasma cells following mucosal vaccination via estrogen control. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3044-52. [PMID: 21832166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated cross talk between mucosal and reproductive organs during secretory IgA Ab induction. In this study, we aimed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of this cross talk. We found significantly higher titers of Ag-specific secretory IgA Ab in the vaginal wash after mucosal vaccination by both the intranasal (i.n.) and the intravaginal routes but not by the s.c. route. Interestingly, Ag-specific IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) were found mainly in the uterus but not in the cervix and vaginal canal after i.n. vaccination. The fact that most Ag-specific IgA ASCs isolated from the uteri of vaccinated mice migrated toward mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC)/CCL28 suggests dominant expression of CCR10 on the IgA ASCs. Further, IgA ASCs in the uteri of vaccinated mice were reduced drastically in mice treated with neutralizing anti-MEC/CCL28 Ab. Most intriguingly, the female sex hormone estrogen directly regulated MEC/CCL28 expression and was augmented by i.n. vaccination with cholera toxin or stimulators for innate immunity. Further, blockage of estrogen function in the uterus by oral administration of the estrogen antagonist raloxifene significantly inhibited migration of Ag-specific IgA ASCs after i.n. vaccination with OVA plus cholera toxin. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that CCR10(+) IgA ASCs induced by mucosal vaccination via the i.n. route migrate into the uterus in a MEC/CCL28-dependent manner and that estrogen might have a crucial role in the protection against genital infection by regulating MEC/CCL28 expression in the uterus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Cha
- Mucosal Immunology Section, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-818, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
HIV-specific functional antibody responses in breast milk mirror those in plasma and are primarily mediated by IgG antibodies. J Virol 2011; 85:9555-67. [PMID: 21734046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05174-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite months of mucosal virus exposure, the majority of breastfed infants born to HIV-infected mothers do not become infected, raising the possibility that immune factors in milk inhibit mucosal transmission of HIV. HIV Envelope (Env)-specific antibodies are present in the milk of HIV-infected mothers, but little is known about their virus-specific functions. In this study, HIV Env-specific antibody binding, autologous and heterologous virus neutralization, and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses were measured in the milk and plasma of 41 HIV-infected lactating women. Although IgA is the predominant antibody isotype in milk, HIV Env-specific IgG responses were higher in magnitude than HIV Env-specific IgA responses in milk. The concentrations of anti-HIV gp120 IgG in milk and plasma were directly correlated (r = 0.75; P < 0.0001), yet the response in milk was 2 logarithm units lower than in plasma. Similarly, heterologous virus neutralization (r = 0.39; P = 0.010) and ADCC activity (r = 0.64; P < 0.0001) in milk were directly correlated with that in the systemic compartment but were 2 log units lower in magnitude. Autologous neutralization was rarely detected in milk. Milk heterologous virus neutralization titers correlated with HIV gp120 Env-binding IgG responses but not with IgA responses (r = 0.71 and P < 0.0001, and r = 0.17 and P = 0.30). Moreover, IgGs purified from milk and plasma had equal neutralizing potencies against a tier 1 virus (r = 0.65; P < 0.0001), whereas only 1 out of 35 tested non-IgG milk fractions had detectable neutralization. These results suggest that plasma-derived IgG antibodies mediate the majority of the low-level HIV neutralization and ADCC activity in breast milk.
Collapse
|
47
|
Coming of age: reconstruction of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission in human ex vivo organ culture systems. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:383-96. [PMID: 21430654 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), from men to women, involves exposure to infectious HIV-1 in semen. Therefore, the cellular and molecular processes that underlie HIV-1 transmission are closely interconnected with fundamental principles of human reproductive biology. Human ex vivo organ culture systems allow experimental reconstruction of HIV-1 transmission, using human semen and premenopausal cervicovaginal mucosal tissue, with specific emphasis on the progression from exposure to development of primary HIV-1 infection. Clearly, an isolated piece of human tissue cannot duplicate the full complexity of events in natural infections, but with correct observation of conventional medical and ethical standards, there is no opportunity to study HIV-1 exposure and primary infection in young women. Human mucosal organ cultures allow direct study of HIV-1 infection in a reproducible format while retaining major elements of complexity and variability that typify community-based HIV-1 transmission. Experimental manipulation of human mucosal tissue both allows and requires acquisition of new insights into basic processes of human mucosal immunology. Expanding from the current foundations, we believe that human organ cultures will become increasingly prominent in experimental studies of HIV-1 transmission and continuing efforts to prevent HIV-1 infection at human mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
|
48
|
Mestecky J, Alexander RC, Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z. Methods for evaluation of humoral immune responses in human genital tract secretions. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:361-7. [PMID: 21087333 PMCID: PMC3057909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The compilation of epidemiological, virological, and immunological data clearly indicates that HIV-1 infection must be considered primarily as a disease of the mucosal immune system. The earliest and most dramatic alterations of the immune system occur in the mucosal compartment. However, the mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts display remarkable immunological differences that must be considered in the evaluation of humoral immune responses in HIV-1-infected individuals or in volunteers immunized with experimental HIV vaccines. In this regard, marked differences in the dominant Ig isotypes, molecular forms of HIV-1-specific antibodies, and their distinct effector functions in the genital versus intestinal tracts must be carefully evaluated and considered in the measurement and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Appropriate controls and alternative immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which are prone to false positivity. Special precautions and rigorous controls must be used in the evaluation of antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions of the genital and intestinal tracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street, South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yu M, Vajdy M. A novel retinoic acid, catechin hydrate and mustard oil-based emulsion for enhanced cytokine and antibody responses against multiple strains of HIV-1 following mucosal and systemic vaccinations. Vaccine 2011; 29:2429-36. [PMID: 21272602 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-replicating protein- or DNA-based antigens generally require immune-enhancing adjuvants and delivery systems. It has been particularly difficult to raise antibodies against gp120 of HIV-1, which constitutes an important approach in HIV vaccine design. While almost all effort in adjuvant research has focused on mimicking the pathogens and the danger signals they engender in the host, relatively little effort has been spent on nutritive approaches. In this study, a new nutritive immune-enhancing delivery system (NIDS) composed of vitamin A, a polyphenol-flavonoid, catechin hydrate, and mustard oil was tested for its adjuvant effect in immune responses against the gp120 protein of HIV-1(CN54). Following a combination of two mucosal and two systemic vaccinations of mice, we found significant enhancement of both local and systemic antibodies as well as cytokine responses. These data have important implications for vaccine and adjuvant design against HIV-1 and other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Yu
- EpitoGenesis, Inc. 1810 North Broadway, Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nel AM, Coplan P, Smythe SC, McCord K, Mitchnick M, Kaptur PE, Romano J. Pharmacokinetic assessment of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:1181-90. [PMID: 20854207 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To assess the pharmacokinetics of dapivirine in plasma and dapivirine concentrations in cervicovaginal fluids (CVF) and cervicovaginal tissues following vaginal administration of dapivirine microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women for 10 days. A randomized, double-blind, phase I study was conducted at a single research center in South Africa. A total of 18 women used dapivirine gel (0.001%, 0.005%, or 0.02%) once daily on Days 1 and 10 and twice daily on Days 2-9. Pharmacokinetics of dapivirine were assessed in plasma on Days 1 and 10. Dapivirine concentrations were measured in CVF on Days 1 and 10 and in cervicovaginal tissues on Day 10. Safety was evaluated through laboratory tests (hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis), physical examinations, and assessment of adverse events. Plasma concentrations of dapivirine increased over time with gel dose and were greater on Day 10 (C(max) 31 to 471 pg/ml) than Day 1 (C(max) 23 to 80 pg/ml). T(max) was 10-12 h on Day 1, and 9 h on Day 10. Concentrations in CVF generally increased with dose but were highly variable among participants. Mean peak values ranged from 4.6-8.3 × 10(6) pg/ml on Day 1 and from 2.3-20.7 × 10(6) pg/ml on Day 10 across dose groups. Dapivirine was detectable in all tissue biopsies on Day 10 at concentrations of 1.0-356 × 10(3) pg/mg. CONCLUSIONS Dapivirine was widely distributed throughout the lower genital tract with low systemic absorption when administered in a vaginal gel formulation for 10 consecutive days. The gel was safe and well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalene M. Nel
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | - Karen McCord
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | - Joseph Romano
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|