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Teixeira JE, Branquinho L, Leal M, Morgans R, Sortwell A, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Afonso P, Machado G, Encarnação S, Ferraz R, Forte P. Match-to-Match Variation on High-Intensity Demands in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:120. [PMID: 39051281 PMCID: PMC11270202 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands from one Portuguese professional football team according to playing positions. Twenty-three male outfield professional football players were observed during eighteen matches of the Portuguese Second League. Time-motion data were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Match running performance was analyzed based on the following three playing positions: defenders (DF), midfielders (MF), and forwards (FW). Repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to compare match running performance within each position role, and seasonal running variation. Practical differences were assessed using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), coefficient of variation (CV), and twice the coefficient of variation (2CV). Significant differences were found among playing positions in total distance covered (F = 15.45, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.33), average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29), high-speed running (F = 16.93, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.36), sprinting (F = 13.49, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.31), accelerations (F = 4.69, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.132), and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match-to-match running performance encompassed TD (6.59%), AvS (8.67%), HSRr (37.83%), SPR (34.82%), ACC (26.92%), and DEC (27.85%). CV values for total distance covered ranged from 4.87-6.82%, with forwards and midfielders exhibiting the greatest and smallest variation, respectively. Midfielders demonstrated the highest match-to-match variation for all other analyzed variables (8.12-69.17%). All playing positions showed significant variation in high-demanding variables (26.94-37.83%). This study presents the initial analysis of match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands within a Portuguese professional football team. Thus, the position's specificity and context can provide a helpful strategy for evaluating match-to-match running performance, and for recommending individualized training exercises based on the peak and high-intensity demands for each player's role within the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 2001-904 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Luís Branquinho
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
- Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Biosciences Scholl of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Andrew Sortwell
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Guilherme Machado
- Department of Athletes’ Integration and Development, Paulista Football Federation (FPF), São Paulo 05614-060, Brazil;
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Pysical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
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Leifsson EN, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Randers MB. Effect of peak intensity periods on temporary fatigue and recovery kinetics in professional male football. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:769-775. [PMID: 38864394 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2364135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
We analysed peak 1-, 2- and 5-min periods and the associated 5-min recovery period in matches from three consecutive seasons in the Danish Superliga. A semi-automatic multicamera system was used to collect high-speed running distance (≥5.5 m/s; HSRD), sprint distance (≥7.0 m/s; SpD) and distance covered during intense acceleration (≥3 m/s2; AccD). Analysis included 479 players and 6042 to 9671 match observations using rolling average. Distances covered per minute during the peak periods were significantly higher than match averages: HSRD (207-772%), SpD (447-1793%), and AccD (383-1096%). Distances covered per min were lower during 1-min recovery periods than match average for HSRD following peak 1-, 2- and 5-min period (29%, 6%, 3%, 2%, 2%; 35%, 11%, 0%, 2%, 3%; and 45%, 29%, 13%, 8%, 4%; p < 0.05, respectively), and for SpD (20%, 3%, 7%, 3% (4% higher in the 5th min); 24%, 12%, 3%, 0%, 7%; and 39%, 29%, 18%, 17%, 12%; p < 0.05, respectively). Opposite, AccD increased in the following 1-min recovery periods following peak 1-, 2- and 5-min periods (68%, 89%, 94%, 88%, 90%; 47%, 86%, 93%, 90%, 88%; 23%, 56%, 76%, 85%, 87%; p < 0.05) compared to match averages. Intensity was higher during shorter periods, whereas performance decrements were largest after longer peak periods for HSRD and SpD, whereas no decrement was observed in AccD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Leifsson
- FSF Sport Science Unit, Faroese Football Association, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - P Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M Mohr
- FSF Sport Science Unit, Faroese Football Association, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Van de Casteele F, Deprez D, Van Haaren J, Derave W, Lievens E. In professional football the decline in high-intensity running activities from first to second half is more pronounced in players with a fast muscle typology. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14508. [PMID: 37792860 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle typology is heterogeneous among national level football (soccer) players, but positional differences remain unclear. Furthermore, fast typology (FT) individuals fatigue more than slow typology (ST) individuals in lab conditions. Therefore, we investigated if muscle typology is different between playing positions and if the decay in high-intensity activities from the first to the second half is larger in FT football players than in ST players. We estimated muscle typology in 147 male professional football players by measuring soleus and gastrocnemius muscle carnosine via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Players were classified as ST, intermediate typology (IT) or FT and categorized as goalkeeper, center back, full back, midfielder, winger or forward. Across four seasons in-game distances covered in multiple running speed, acceleration and deceleration zones were collected during the first and second half. We found no differences in muscle typology between positions (p = 0.412). FT players covered 10.9% more high acceleration distance (>3 m.s-2 ) in the first half than ST players (p = 0.021) and high acceleration distance decay was larger for FT players (-12.4%) than ST (-7.7%; p = 0.006) and IT players (-7.3%; p = 0.010). Moreover, the decline in distance covered in several high-intensity zones tended to be larger in FT players (-11.2% high-intensity >15 km.h-1 ; -12.7% high deceleration <-3 m.s-2 ; -11.5% medium acceleration 2-3 m.s-2 ) than in ST players (-7.1% high-intensity; -8.1% high deceleration; -8.1% medium acceleration; 0.05 < p < 0.1). In conclusion, possessing a particular muscle typology is not required to play any football position at the national level. However, there are indications that FT players might fatigue more toward the end of the game compared to ST players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Van Haaren
- Club Brugge NV, Knokke-Heist, Belgium
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Losada-Benitez JA, Nuñez-Sánchez FJ, Barbero-Álvarez JC. Quantifying technical load and physical activity in professional soccer players during pre-season matches with IMU technology. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1274171. [PMID: 38098803 PMCID: PMC10720354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1274171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to record, analyze and quantify professional soccer players' technical (TL) and physical load (PL) in friendly matches to compare their records during the first and second halves and between players with different positions. Eighteen professional soccer players, 24.6 ± 2.7 years, 1.78 ± 0.3 height (m), 74.6 ± 4.5 body mass (kg), 9.8 ± 2.2 body fat (%), and 65.6 ± 2.7 maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, ml·kg-1·min-1) were monitored during six preseason friendly matches to analyze the activity profile using technical and physical variables through inertial measurement unit (IMU). No significant differences were found between the periods for the TL and PL. Significant differences were found between specific positions: Full Back (FB: n = 4), Central Defender (CD: n = 3), Midfielder (MD: n = 4), Winger (WG: n = 4), and Forward (FW: n = 3), both the TL and PL. We conclude that the PL profile based on his playing position is independent of the development of the PL shown during friendly matches. The monitoring, quantifying, and controlling of the TL added to the PL provides a more holistic vision of soccer players in friendly matches. The relative ease IMU application technology offers an alternative with less time-cost and more significant benefits than other types of technologies applied up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Losada-Benitez
- Head of Performance, FC Persepolis, Tehran, Iran
- Physical Performance and Sports Research, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
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Douchet T, Paizis C, Roche H, Babault N. Positional Differences in Absolute vs. Relative Training Loads in Elite Academy Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:317-328. [PMID: 37293421 PMCID: PMC10244988 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Weekly training loads are typically reported using absolute values and are not individualized according to competition positional demands (relative values). The aim of this study was to evaluate absolute and relative training loads and compare across playing positions during a full in-season in an elite soccer academy. 24 elite academy soccer players, categorized into five positions (CD: central defender [n = 4]; FB: full back [n = 5]; CM: central midfielder [n = 6]; WM: wide midfielder [n = 5]; FW: forward [n = 4]), were monitored using a global positioning system. Absolute training load was calculated using the total distance, the distance at moderate-speed ([15-20[ km·h-1), high-speed ([20-25[ km·h-1), sprint (> 25 km·h-1), the total number of accelerations (> 3 m·s-2) and decelerations (< -3 m·s-2). Relative training load was calculated by dividing absolute training loads by mean values from the competitive matches. Training loads were determined daily according to their distance from match day (MD). One-way ANOVAs were performed to evaluate differences between playing positions. Absolute moderate-speed distance was greater for WM compared to CD (p = 0.015, and p = 0.017), while the opposite was shown for relative values (p = 0.014, and p < 0.001) on MD-4 and MD-3, respectively. The absolute moderate-speed distance was not different between CD, FB, CM, and FW, whereas relative values were greater for CD on MD+2 and MD-4 (p < 0.05). FB and WM performed greater absolute high-speed distance than CD on MD-4 and MD-3 (p < 0.05) while no difference was highlighted for relative values.Our results demonstrated that in the present academy players, training load for CD was underestimated using absolute training loads for moderate and high-speed distances. In contrast, relative training loads highlighted WM as an underloaded position. Therefore, relative training loads are recommended as they contextualize training loads according to competitive demands and favor training individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Douchet
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Dijon Football Côte d'Or (DFCO), 17 rue du Stade, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
| | - Hugo Roche
- Dijon Football Côte d'Or (DFCO), 17 rue du Stade, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
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Abaïdia AE, Dupont G, Baquet G. Defining Velocity and Acceleration Ranges for Time–Motion Analysis from a 7-Sided Game in U11 Soccer Players Using Global Positioning System Devices: A Case Study. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 5:167-173. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-022-00174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Pillitteri G, Giustino V, Messina G, Petrucci M, Rossi A, Bellafiore M, Iovane A, Thomas E, Bianco A, Palma A, Battaglia G. Comparison of external load indicators between official matches and sport-specific training in semi-professional soccer players: focus on intensity and strength. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:385-393. [PMID: 36205088 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate any differences in external load indicators (ELi) between official matches (OM) and sport-specific tasks in semi-professional soccer players. METHODS Among 28 semi-professional soccer players, 1932 observations (age: 25±6 years, height: 183±6 cm, weight: 75.2±7 kg; FC Palermo, Palermo, Italy) were collected through GPS devices (Qstarz BT-Q1000EX, 10 Hz; Qstarz International Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan) and the related software (LaGalaColli V: 8.6.4.3; Spinitalia Srl, Rome, Italy) during the season 2019-2020. Participants were monitored during OM, friendly matches (FM), small sided games (SSG), and match-based exercises (MBE), considering the percentage of intense accelerations (%int. acc.), percentage of intense decelerations (%int. dec.), and passive recovery time /min (PrT/m) as Eli. RESULTS We detected the highest mean value for PrT/m in OM and the lowest in MBE and SSG (18.36±4.38 and 13.4±5.26 and 13.4±4.29 (s/min), respectively). The lowest mean values of %int. acc. and %int. dec. were found in OM and the highest in SSG (8.64±1.52 vs. 13.02±3.14 and 9.25±1.56 vs. 15.68±3.14, for %int. acc. and %int. dec., respectively). Significant differences between the four tasks for all the ELi considered (P<0.001). The post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences for all the ELi between all tasks (P<0.001) except for the %int. acc. between MBE vs. FM (P=0.003). No significant difference was found in PrT/m between MBE vs. FM and SSG vs. FM. CONCLUSIONS ELi are in accordance with the performance model by achieving better values in training than OM, suggesting the fundamental role of GPS for monitoring external load in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pillitteri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Palermo FC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy -
| | | | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Iovane
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Fahey JT, Aldred K, Greig M, Rhodes D. Peak Running Speeds in Professional Male Football: Influence of Division and Playing Position. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:636-640. [PMID: 36820705 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fahey, JT, Aldred, K, Greig, M, and Rhodes, D. Peak running speeds in professional male football: Influence of division and playing position. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 636-640, 2023-Well-established physical demands of competitive professional football facilitate prescription and monitoring of training. However, many factors influence these physical demands with implications for efficacious practice. Match-play data were analyzed over 2 seasons using global positioning systems technology, differentiating English Championship (33 matches) and League One (27 matches) demands. Playing position categorized wide and central defenders and midfielders and forwards. Peak running speeds defined the outcome measure, assessing the influence of the competition level and playing position across 1, 5, and 10-minute rolling average durations using a linear mixed model. Significant effects were detected for the competition level (F1,324.5 = 5.44, p = 0.02) and playing position (F4,328.3 = 89.90, p < 0.001). League One matches demonstrated greater peak running speeds than Championship matches (mean difference = 2.72 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 0.4, 5.0]). No difference was observed between central and wide midfielders (mean difference = 0.62 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: -3.1, 4.3]). Wide midfielders presented faster peak running speeds than forwards (mean difference = 18 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals:14.1, 22.1], p < 0.05), central defenders (mean difference = 25 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 21.7, 29.8], p < 0.05), and wide defenders (mean difference = 12 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 8.2, 16.5], p < 0.05). Interaction effects were found for division*position (F4,328.3 = 2.57, p = 0.038) demonstrating greater running speeds in League One, except for central defenders. Wide midfielders presented greater peak 1-minute running speeds, whereas 5 and 10-minute peak running speeds were greatest in central midfielders. The sensitivity of peak running speeds to competition level and playing position has implications for training prescription, monitoring particularly when transitioning between competition levels, determining and monitoring positional training intensities, and objective targets for progressive overload during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Fahey
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Aldred
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Greig
- Sport Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom ; and
| | - David Rhodes
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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9
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Oliva-Lozano JM, Martínez-Puertas H, Fortes V, Muyor JM. When do soccer players experience the most demanding passages of match play? A longitudinal study in a professional team. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:101-111. [PMID: 34162290 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1943390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study analysed the periods in which the most demanding passages (MDP) of play occurred during professional soccer matches, considering different criterion variables and investigating the effect that the playing position had on the MDP-of-play occurrence for each criterion variable. The MDP of play were calculated based on five criterion variables: distance covered (DIS), sprinting distance (SPD), high-metabolic load distance (HMLD), and the total of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (ACCHIGH and DECHIGH). The results showed that the first period of the match (0'-15') was the interval with the highest frequency (i.e., the greatest % of cases) in which the players achieved the MDP of play for all the variables (DIS= 38.9%; SPD= 28.4%; HMLD= 37.7%; ACCHIGH= 54.3%; DECHIGH= 48.8%). The playing position had no significant effect on MDP-of-play occurrence in any variable (likelihood ratio, LR= 15.88-32.05; p > 0.05; effect size, ES= 0.01-0.04), except for the DIS covered (LR= 32.05; p= 0.04; ES= 0.05), in which the most frequent MDP for the full backs occurred within the second period of the match (15'-30'). In conclusion, the first periods of the matches usually elicited the MDP of play and these periods need to be trained to prevent injuries and optimize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor Fortes
- Unión Deportiva Almería, Sport Science Area, Almería, Spain
| | - José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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10
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External load profile during different sport-specific activities in semi-professional soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:22. [PMID: 36814322 PMCID: PMC9945412 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global Positioning System (GPS) devices are widely used in soccer for monitoring external load (EL) indicators with the aim of maximizing sports performance.The aim of this study was to investigate the EL indicators differences in players of different playing positions (i.e., central backs, external strikers, fullbacks, midfielders, strikers, wide midfielder) between and within different sport-specific tasks and official matches. METHODS 1932 observations from 28 semi-professional soccer players (age: 25 ± 6 years, height: 183 ± 6 cm, weight: 75.2 ± 7 kg) were collected through GPS devices (Qstarz BT-Q1000EX, 10 Hz) during the season 2019-2020. Participants were monitored during Official Match (OM), Friendly Matches (FM), Small Sided Games (SSG), and Match-Based Exercises (MBE). Metabolic (i.e., metabolic power, percentage of metabolic power > 35w, number of intense actions per minute, distance per minute, passive recovery time per minute) and neuromuscular indicators (i.e., percentage of intense accelerations, percentage of intense decelerations, change of direction per min > 30°) were recorded during each task. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were detected in EL indicators between playing positions within each task and between tasks. In particular, results from the two-way ANOVA tests showed significant interaction, but with small effect size, in all the EL indicators between playing positions for each task and within tasks. Moreover, statistical differences, but with small effect size, between playing positions were detected in each task and for each EL indicator. Finally, the strongest statistical differences (with large effect size) were detected between tasks for each EL indicator. Details of the Tukey post-hoc analysis reporting the pairwise comparisons within and between tasks with playing positions are also provided. CONCLUSION In semi-professional soccer players, different metabolic and neuromuscular performance were detected in different playing position between and within different tasks and official matches. Coaches should consider the different physical responses related to different physical tasks and playing position to design the most appropriate training program.
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11
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Martínez-Hernández D, Quinn M, Jones P. Linear advancing actions followed by deceleration and turn are the most common movements preceding goals in male professional soccer. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:25-33. [PMID: 35062855 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Data were collected through time-motion analysis from soccer players participating in the English Premier League using a modified version of the Bloomfield Movement Classification with differences analysed through chi-square.The most common individual movement preceding a goal was a linear advancing motion (32.4 ± 1%), followed by deceleration (20.2 ± 0.9%) and turn (19.8 ± 0.9%). Actions also involved were change in angle run (cut and arc run), ball blocking, lateral advancing motion (crossover and shuffle) and jumps. Although players followed similar trends, there were dissimilarities based on the role, with attackers (assistant and scorer) performing more linear actions, subtle turns and cuts and defenders (defender of assistant and defender of scorer) more ball blockings, lateral movements and arc runs. In 82.9 ± 1.5% of player involvements, there was at least one high intensity (HI) movement with assistant showing the lowest percentage and defender of scorer the highest.This study shows the multidirectional nature and context specificity of soccer during goal scoring situations, with linear actions such as sprints being the most common movements, followed by decelerations and turns. Moreover, it highlights the recurrent application of these at HI, and so, training strategies should prioritize the development of player's explosiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martínez-Hernández
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.,Medical and Sports Science Department, Tottenham Hotspur Women Football Club, London, UK
| | - Mark Quinn
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Jones
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
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12
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Kobal R, Carvalho L, Jacob R, Rossetti M, de Paula Oliveira L, Do Carmo EC, Barroso R. Comparison among U-17, U-20, and Professional Female Soccer in the GPS Profiles during Brazilian Championships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16642. [PMID: 36554521 PMCID: PMC9779822 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare and characterize the physical demand of official matches among under-17 (U-17), under-20 (U-20), and professional (Pro) female soccer players. All matches were from the U-17, U-20, and Pro National Brazilian Championships. Fourteen Pro matches, nine U-20 matches, and four U-17 matches were analyzed. The external load was measured by the global positioning system (GPS) and the internal workload was assessed by the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) multiplied by the duration of the match. The activity profiles measured were total distance covered (km), total sprint distance (m) (speed > 18 km·h-1), number of accelerations and decelerations (between 1 and 2 m·s-2 and >3 m·s-2), and top speed (km·h-1). For the analysis, we standardized all the metrics (except the top speed) by the time (in minutes) played. The Pro group presented higher sprint distances, number of accelerations and decelerations, and top speeds, compared to U-20 and U-17. There was no difference in the total distance among groups, and there was no difference in any GPS metrics between U-20 and U-17. The RPE was higher in Pro and U-17, compared to U-20; however, the workload-RPE was higher in Pro, compared to both U-17 and U-20 groups. These findings provide important information for the evolution of physical performance according to age categories in elite female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Kobal
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03087-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Carvalho
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Jacob
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03087-000, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas de Paula Oliveira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
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13
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel-Imaz I, Terrados N. Match Loads May Predict Neuromuscular Fatigue and Intermittent-Running Endurance Capacity Decrement after a Soccer Match. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15390. [PMID: 36430106 PMCID: PMC9692713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
How the match-derived load metrics relate to post-match fatigue in soccer is scarcely researched. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the associations between soccer match-related internal and external loads, neuromuscular performance decrease and intermittent-running endurance capacity decrement immediately post-match. Vertical jump (countermovement jump), straight-line sprinting (10- and 20-m sprint), change of direction ability (T-test) and intermittent-running endurance capacity (YO-YO intermittent recovery level 2) were measured one day before and immediately after a friendly match in male soccer players. During the match, players' internal and external loads were also monitored, including heart rate-derived indices, total distance at various speed thresholds, average running velocity, maximal running velocity, number of sprints and number of accelerations and decelerations at various intensity thresholds. The results show that match-induced fatigue was reflected on neuromuscular performance and intermittent-running endurance capacity immediately post-match (p < 0.05). The quantification of percentage change of match external-load metrics, particularly accelerations and decelerations, provides a useful non-invasive predictor of subsequent neuromuscular fatigue status in soccer players immediately post-match (p < 0.05). However, only internal load metrics present a practical application for predicting intermittent-running endurance capacity impairment (p < 0.05). In summary, internal and external load metrics may allow for predicting the extent of acute fatigue, and variability between halves may represent a valuable alternative to facilitate the analysis of match-related fatigue both for research and applied purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arratibel-Imaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Sports Medicine Center Tolosa Kirol Medikuntza, 20400 Tolosa, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine of the Principality of Asturias (URMD), 33401 Avilés, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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14
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Decline in Running Performance in Highest-Level Soccer: Analysis of the UEFA Champions League Matches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101441. [PMID: 36290343 PMCID: PMC9598698 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that there is a decline in match running performance (MRP) towards the end of matches. To clarify whether it is primarily a consequence of fatigue, pacing or situational influences, this study aimed to examine MRP across 15-min match periods for players on different playing positions. Players’ MRP (n = 244) were examined from the UEFA Champions League matches (n = 20) using a semiautomatic optical tracking system. Linear mixed models for repeated measures were adjusted to analyze MRP over the six 15-min match periods while controlling the influence of situational factors. No effects of match outcome, match location, team, and opponent quality on total distance (TD) and high-intensity running (HIR) for players in all playing positions were found (F = 0.03−2.75; all p > 0.05). Significant differences in TD (F = 17.57−53.01; η2 = 0.39−0.52, all large effect sizes) and HIR (F = 3.67−7.64; η2 = 0.05−0.19, small to medium effect sizes) among six 15-minute match periods were found for players in all playing positions. In addition, players in all playing positions covered less TD (d = 1.41−2.15, large to very large effect sizes) and HIR (d = 0.16−0.6, trivial to medium effect sizes) in the last compared to the first 15-min match period. No differences in TD and HIR between the last two match periods in the second half were observed. This study confirmed that soccer players reduce MRP towards the end of matches, and suggest that the decline of MPR in highest-level soccer may be a consequence of pacing strategies.
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15
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Della Villa F, Buckthorpe M, Tosarelli F, Zago M, Zaffagnini S, Grassi A. Video analysis of Achilles tendon rupture in male professional football (soccer) players: injury mechanisms, patterns and biomechanics. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001419. [PMID: 36172398 PMCID: PMC9511658 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achilles tendon rupture (ATR), while rare in football, is a severe career-threatening injury associated with long-layoff times. To date, no study has documented ATR's mechanism in professional football players. Aim To describe the mechanisms, situational patterns and gross biomechanics (kinematics) of ATR injuries in professional male football players. Methods Eighty-six (n=86) consecutive ATR injuries in professional football players during official matches were identified. Sixty (70%) injury videos were identified for mechanism and situational pattern, with biomechanical analysis feasible in 42 cases. Three independent reviewers evaluated the injury videos. Distribution of ATR during the season, the match play and on the field were also reported. Results Fifty (n=50, 83%) injuries were classified as non-contact and 10 (17%) as indirect contact. ATRs are injuries occurring during accelerations; three main situational patterns were identified: (1) forward acceleration from standing (n=25, 42%); (2) cross-over cutting (n=15, 25%) and (3) vertical jumping (n=11, 18%). Biomechanically, ATR injuries were consistent with a multiplanar loading at the injury frame consisting of a slightly flexed trunk (15.5°), extended hip (-19.5°), early flexed knee (22.5°) and end-range dorsiflexed (40°) ankle in the sagittal plane and foot pronation; 27 (45%) ATRs occurred in the first 30 min of effective match time. Conclusions All ATRs in professional football were either non-contact (83%) or indirect contact (17%) injuries. The most common situational patterns were forward acceleration from standing, cross-over cutting and vertical jumping. Biomechanics was consistent and probably triggered by a multiplanar, although predominantly sagittal, loading of the injured Achilles tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Villa
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew Buckthorpe
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy.,Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, England, UK
| | - Fillippo Tosarelli
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli IRCCS, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Grassi
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli IRCCS, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Sánchez MLM, Oliva-Lozano JM, García-Unanue J, Krustrup P, Felipe JL, Moreno-Pérez V, Gallardo L, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Association between Fitness Level and Physical Match Demands of Professional Female Football Referees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710720. [PMID: 36078434 PMCID: PMC9518354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the physical demands for elite female referees during competitive matches and to evaluate the relationship between match performance and fitness levels. Seventeen female elite field referees were fitness-tested (29.0 ± 5.2 (SD) years, 163.8 ± 6.7 cm, 54.0 ± 5.1 kg, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) performance 1610 ± 319 m) and were analysed during a total of 187 football matches. Global positioning systems (GPS) were used in this research. The physical demands were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the second half of matches compared to the first half. Regarding the acceleration-related variables, the female referees revealed a higher number of high-intensity actions in the first half compared to the second half. However, higher low-intensity demands were observed for the females referees in the second half compared to the first half in the total number of accelerations (ACC) (~70.48 n; ES = 0.61; p < 0.05) and decelerations (DEC) (~71.11 n; ES = 0.62; p < 0.05); total number of ACC in zone 1 (~85.27 n; ES = 0.70; p < 0.05) and DEC in zone 1 (Z1) (~83.98 n; ES = 0.71; p < 0.05); and distance covered accelerating and decelerating in Z1. The distance covered in YYIR1 and the performance in the repeated sprint ability test correlated with the physical demands during matches for female football referees (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study described the physical performance profile of female football referees and differences between the first and second halves of matches were observed. The results of this study revealed positive correlations between intermittent exercise fitness levels, the repeated sprint ability performance and match performance in female football referees, and thus this information can be implemented in their training plan designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Martín Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Peter Krustrup
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 San Joan, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Akyildiz Z, Çene E, Parim C, Çetin O, Turan Ç, Yüksel Y, Silva R, Silva AF, Nobari H. Classified metabolic power-based measures in professional football players: comparison between playing positions and match period. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:146. [PMID: 35907901 PMCID: PMC9338561 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was (i) provide reference data of metabolic power-based measures during professional football matches; and to (ii) analyze the between-position and between-halves differences of power-based measures during professional football matches. Methods Forty-six professional male players from two Turkish Super League teams were observed during two seasons, and 58 matches were analyzed. Total distance, equivalent distance, Low Power (LP), Intermediate Power (IP), High Power (HP), Elevated Power (EP), Max Power (MP) and power metabolic measures Pmet at different match moments were considered. Results Significant between-position differences were observed for IP (p: 0.000; d: 0.284), HP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.45), EP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.44), and for MP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.56), with the central defenders (CD) showing the lower values, and the central midfielders (CM) showing the higher values for the overall measures. Conclusion Power-based measures are dependent on playing positions. While the CD have lower Pmet values when compared to all positions, the CM have the greatest values. Training and recovery strategies must be ensured for CM players, especially those who have greater match participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erhan Çene
- Department of Statistics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Parim
- Department of Statistics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onat Çetin
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Coaching Education, Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey
| | | | - Yılmaz Yüksel
- Sports Science Department, Anadolu University, 26170, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal.,The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 5619911367, Ardabil, Iran. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania.
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18
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Silva H, Nakamura FY, Beato M, Marcelino R. Acceleration and deceleration demands during training sessions in football: a systematic review. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35700979 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2090600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this review is to summarize the current scientific knowledge about acceleration and deceleration demands during football training. METHODS A systematic search of three electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was performed to identify peer-reviewed relevant English-language articles, following PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS All acceleration and deceleration data were analyzed and organized into four categories: i) training drills variables (i.e. manipulated drills variables such as number of players in small-sided games), ii) training exercises (i.e. different drills such small games or circuit training), iii) players' positions (i.e. demands for each playing position) and iv) training schedule (i.e. training sessions presented as microcycles, season sections or full season). Full-text articles of 42 studies were included in the final analysis. Players' level included: amateur, youth, semi-professional, professional and elite players. All playing positions were considered, including goalkeepers. Six different global position systems brands were used, with the majority measuring data at 10 Hz. Different thresholds and intensities were used in several papers. Lower acceleration and deceleration intensities occurred more often than higher intensities in all four categories. CONCLUSION Different exercises elicit different demands and small-sided games presented higher acceleration and deceleration demands than circuit training and other running based drills. Furthermore, manipulating drills variables, as reducing or increasing number of players in small-sided games increase or decrease demands, respectively. Additionally, wide playing positions, such as fullbacks, are generally exposed to higher acceleration and deceleration demands. From a planning point of view, acceleration and deceleration demands decrease as match day approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Silva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Rui Marcelino
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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19
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Herold M, Hecksteden A, Radke D, Goes F, Nopp S, Meyer T, Kempe M. Off-ball behavior in association football: A data-driven model to measure changes in individual defensive pressure. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1412-1425. [PMID: 35640049 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2081405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes an approach to evaluate the off-ball behaviour of attacking players in association football. The aim was to implement a defensive pressure model to examine an offensive player's ability to create separation from a defender using 1411 high-intensity off-ball actions including 988 Deep Runs (DRs) DRs and 423 Change of Directions (CODs). Twenty-two official matches (14 competitive matches and 8 friendlies) of the German National Team were included in the research. To validate the effectiveness of the pressure model, each pass (n = 25,418) was evaluated for defensive pressure on the receiver at the moment of the pass and for the pass completion rate (R = -.34, p < .001). Next, after assessing the inter-rater reliability (Fleiss Kappa of 80 for DRs and 78 for CODs), three expert raters annotated all DRs and CODs that met the pre-set criteria. A time-series analysis of each DR and COD was calculated to the nearest 0.1 second, finding a slight increase in pressure from the start to the end of the off-ball actions as defenders re-established proximity to the attacker after separation was created. A linear mixed model using run type (DR or COD) as a fixed effect with the local maximum as a fixed effect on a continuous scale resulted in p < 0.001, d = 4.81, CI = 0.63 to 0.67 for the greatest decrease in pressure, p < 0.001, d = 0.143, CI = 9.18 to 10.61 for length of the longest decrease in pressure, and p < 0.001, d = 1.13, CI = 0.90 to 1.11 for the fastest rate of decrease in pressure. As these values pertain to the local maximum, situations with greater starting pressure on the attacker often led to greater subsequent decreases. Furthermore, there was a significant (p < .0001) difference between offensive and defensive positions and the number of off-ball actions. Results suggest the model can be applied to quantify and visualise the pressure exerted on non-ball-possessing players. This approach can be combined with other methods of match analysis, providing practitioners with new opportunities to measure tactical performance in football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mat Herold
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Deutscher Fußball-Bund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - D Radke
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - F Goes
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Nopp
- Deutscher Fußball-Bund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Kempe
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Ellens S, Middleton K, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Techniques to derive and clean acceleration and deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies in team sports: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1772-1800. [PMID: 35446231 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of acceleration and deceleration data as a measure of an athlete's physical performance is common practice in team sports. Acceleration and deceleration are monitored with athlete tracking technologies during training and games to quantify training load, prevent injury and enhance performance. However, inconsistencies exist throughout the literature in the reported methodological procedures used to quantify acceleration and deceleration. The object of this review was to systematically map and provide a summary of the methodological procedures being used on acceleration and deceleration data obtained from athlete tracking technologies in team sports and describe the applications of the data. Systematic searches of multiple databases were undertaken. To be included, studies must have investigated full body acceleration and/or deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies. The search identified 276 eligible studies. Most studies (60%) did not provide information on how the data was derived and what sequence of steps were taken to clean the data. Acceleration and deceleration data were commonly applied to quantify and describe movement demands using effort metrics. This scoping review identified research gaps in the methodological procedures and deriving and cleaning techniques that warrant future research focussing on their effect on acceleration and deceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Martínez-Torremocha G, Martin-Sanchez ML, Garcia-Unanue J, Felipe JL, Moreno-Pérez V, Paredes-Hernández V, Gallardo L, Sanchez-Sanchez J. Physical demands on professional Spanish football referees during matches. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 7:139-145. [PMID: 35392769 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2064539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refereeing is a demanding and intermittent activity that combines high-speed and low-intensity action. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyse the external and internal load of professional Spanish football referees during matches, and to compare the physical demands between halves and between referees in different categories. METHODS The physical demands on 40 professional football referees from the first and second divisions were recorded using global positioning system (GPS) technology and heart rate bands. External load (distance covered, speed, acceleration and deceleration) and internal load (perceived exertion [RPE] and heart rate [HR]) were analysed. RESULTS The referees in the first division reported lower mean HR and RPE results than those in the second division (p < 0.05). The total distance covered was similar between the categories (p > 0.05), but the distance covered at different speed ranges was different (p < 0.05). Finally, greater reductions in performance between the first and the second halves were found in the second division referees (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show differences according to the category of referee. This emphasises the need for specific training for professional referees according to their level to ensure optimal performance during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Martínez-Torremocha
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Martin-Sanchez
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,School of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sport Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain.,Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 San Joan, Spain
| | | | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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22
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External match load and the influence of contextual factors in elite futsal. Biol Sport 2022; 39:349-354. [PMID: 35309533 PMCID: PMC8919891 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying external load during futsal competition can provide objective data for the management of the athlete’s performance and late-stage rehabilitation. This study aimed to report the match external load collected via wearable technology according to time periods (i.e., halves) and contextual factors (i.e., team’s ranking, match result, and location) in elite futsal. Nine professional male players used a GPS-accelerometer unit during all games of the 2019–2020 season. Player load (PL), PL·min-1, high-intensity acceleration (ACCHI), deceleration (DECHI), explosive movements (EXPL-MOV), and change of direction (CODHI) data were collected. On average, players displayed values of: total PL 3868 ± 594 a.u; PL·min-1: 10.8 ± 0.8 a.u; number of ACCHI: 73.3 ± 13.8, DECHI: 68.6 ± 18.8, EXPL-MOV: 1165 ± 188 and CODHI: 173 ± 29.1. A moderate and significant decrease was found in the 2nd half for total PL (p = 0.03; ES = 0.52), PL·min-1 (p = 0.001; ES = 1.16), DECHI (p = 0.001; ES = 0.83), and EXPL-MOV (p = 0.017; ES = 0.58) compared to the 1st half. Small and nonsignificant differences were found between contextual factors. In summary, this study indicates that futsal players are exposed to high-intensity mechanical external loads, and perform a great number of ACCHI, DECHI, EXPL-MOV and CODHI, without being influenced by the team ranking, result and match location. Coaches and sports scientists are advised to implement speed-power, DEC, and COD activities in the training sessions, and may use these reference values to design specific training and return-to-play plans.
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23
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García-Ceberino JM, Gamero MG, Ibáñez SJ, Feu S. Are Subjective Intensities Indicators of Player Load and Heart Rate in Physical Education? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030428. [PMID: 35326904 PMCID: PMC8953415 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical education teachers need valid, low-cost, subjective techniques as an alternative to high-cost new technologies to monitor students’ intensity monitoring. This study aimed to investigate the correlations between both objective and subjective external (eTL) and internal (iTL) intensities. A total of 95 primary education students participated in this study. In this regard, 40 played soccer, and 55 performed basketball tasks, recording a total of 3956 units of analysis. The intensities caused by the different soccer and basketball tasks were measured using objective techniques (inertial devices and heart rate monitors) and subjective techniques (a sheet of task analysis and ratings of perceived exertion). Matrix scatter plots were made to show the values of two variables for a dataset. In this regard, adjustment lines were plotted to determine the trend of the correlations. Then, Spearman’s correlation was calculated to measure the association between two variables. Despite the low correlation levels obtained, the main results showed significant positive correlations between the intensities. This means that the high intensity values recorded by objective techniques also implied high intensity values recorded by subjective techniques, and vice versa. Negative correlations (r Rho = −0.19; p = 0.00) were only found between the following eTL variables: task eTL per minute (subjective technique) and player load per minute (objective technique). This negative correlation occurred when students played in the same 3 vs. 3 game situation without variability in subjective eTL (M ± SD, 28.00 ± 0.00). Therefore, subjective eTL and iTL techniques could be proposed as a suitable alternative for planning and monitoring the intensities supported by students in physical education classes. Moreover, these subjective techniques are easy to use in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. García-Ceberino
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María G. Gamero
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sebastián Feu
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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24
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Moreno-Perez V, Campos-Vazquez MA, Toscano J, Sotos-Martinez VJ, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, Del Coso J. Influence of the Weekly and Match-play Load on Muscle Injury in Professional Football Players. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:783-790. [PMID: 35189659 DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact of the weekly training load and the match running patterns prior to a muscle injury as potential risk factors of muscle injury in professional football players. Forty male professional football players participated in the investigation. Running distances at different intensities 5 min and 15 min prior to the injury were compared to the same time-points in official matches of the same player with no injury events. Furthermore, the cummulative session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and training load of the week prior to the injury were compared to a control week (mean value of training weeks without injury). Nineteen players suffered 31 non-contact muscle injuries during matches. The distance covered at 21-24 km/h (p<0.001; effect size (ES)=0.62) and at>24 km/h (p=0.004; ES=0.51) over the 5-min period prior to the injury was greater than in matches without injury. The cumulative sRPE (p=0.014; ES=1.33) and training volume (p=0.002; ES=2.45) in the week prior to the injury was higher than in a control week. The current data suggest that the combination of a training week with a high load and a short period of high intensity running during the match might increase the risk of muscle injury in professional footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Department of Patología y Cirugía, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Joan, Spain
| | | | - Javier Toscano
- Department of Sports Science, Catholic University San Antonio. Murcia, Spain, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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25
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Lewis G, Towlson C, Roversi P, Domogalla C, Herrington L, Barrett S. Quantifying volume and high-speed technical actions of professional soccer players using foot-mounted inertial measurement units. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263518. [PMID: 35113962 PMCID: PMC8812977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the study were two-fold: i) examine the validity and reliability of high-speed kicking actions using foot-mounted inertial measurement unit's (IMU), ii) quantify soccer players within-microcycle and inter-positional differences in both the frequency and speed of technical actions. METHODS During the in-season phase (25 weeks) of the UK domestic season, 21 professional soccer player ball releases, high-speed ball releases and ball release index were analysed. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and confidence intervals were used to determine the validity between the systems, whilst a general linear mixed model analysis approach was used to establish estimated marginal mean values for total ball releases, high-speed ball releases and ball release index. RESULTS Good concurrent validity was observed for ball release velocity and high-speed kicks against a high-speed camera (r2- 0.96, CI 0.93-0.98). Ball releases, high-speed ball releases and ball release index all showed main effects for fixture proximity (p>0.001), playing positions (p>0.001) and across different training categories (p>0.001). The greatest high-speed ball releases were observed on a match-day (MD)+1 (17.6 ± 11.9; CI- 16.2 to 19) and MD-2 (16.8 ± 15; CI- 14.9 to 18.7), with MD+1 exhibiting the highest number of ball releases (161.1 ± 51.2; CI- 155.0 to 167.2) and ball release index (145.5 ± 45.2; CI- 140.1 to 150.9) across all fixture proximities. Possessions (0.3 ± 0.9; CI- 0.3 to 0.4) and small-sided games (1.4 ± 1.6; CI- 1.4 to 1.5), had the lowest values for high-speed ball releases with technical (6.1 ± 7.2; CI- 5.7 to 6.6) and tactical (10.0 ± 10.5; CI- 6.9 to 13.1) drills showing the largest high-speed ball releases. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides novel information regarding the quantification of technical actions of professional soccer players. Insights into absolute and relative frequency and intensity of releases in different drill types, provide practitioners with valuable information on technical outputs that can be manipulated during the process of planning training programmes to produce desired outcomes. Both volume and speed of ball release actions should be measured, when monitoring the technical actions in training according to fixture proximity, drill type and player position to permit enhanced training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Lewis
- Performance and Medicine Department, Norwich City F.C., Norwich, United Kingdom
- Sport Science Department, University of Salford, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Performance and Medicine Department, Norwich City F.C., Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Domogalla
- Performance and Medicine Department, Norwich City F.C., Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Herrington
- Sport Science Department, University of Salford, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Barrett
- Sport Science, Performance Analysis, Research and Coaching (SPARC), PlayerMaker, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Rampinini E, Martin M, Bosio A, Donghi F, Carlomagno D, Riggio M, Coutts AJ. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on professional soccer players' match physical activities. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:44-52. [PMID: 35077319 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1995033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The COVID-19 pandemic forced the 2019-20 Italian Serie A competition to stop and players went into lockdown. During lockdown, players only trained at home, likely having a detrimental effect on players' physical fitness and capacity. This study investigated the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on professional soccer players' match physical activities. METHODS Match activities of 265 male professional soccer players were assessed in two periods prior to (PRE1 and PRE2) and one period following the lockdown (POST) using a video tracking system. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences between-periods in total (TD), very high-speed (VHS), sprint (SPR), high-acceleration (ACC) and high-deceleration (DEC) distances, considering full match data and data from six 15-min intervals. RESULTS TD and VHS during POST were lower than the two other competitive periods (p < 0.001, d small-moderate). SPR did not show differences between periods (p > 0.636). ACC and DEC during POST were lower than PRE2 (p < 0.015, d small). Declines in most 15-min intervals after lockdown were observed in TD and VHS. CONCLUSIONS There were small differences in the temporal distribution of SPR, ACC and DEC at POST. After the COVID-19 lockdown, soccer players' higher-intensity running activities were similar to those of games played before the lockdown, but TD and VHS decreased, both considering the entire match and 15-min intervals. The temporal distribution of running activities was mostly stable throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Martin
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy.,School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Donghi
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (Uts), New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Johansson M, Ervasti PE, Blomqvist S. An Analysis of Acceleration, Deceleration and High-Intensity Skating during Elite Bandy Match-Play: A Case Study. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9110152. [PMID: 34822351 PMCID: PMC8619326 DOI: 10.3390/sports9110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiles of physical workload in sports are useful to optimize performance and reduce the risk of injury. The aim of the study was to investigate physical workload in 10 elite bandy players by describing acceleration, deceleration, and high-intensity skating during bandy match-play. During 13 home matches, 10 male elite bandy players wore a GPS unit to measure changes in the total distance, total distance skating in two speed zones, and total distance of acceleration and deceleration. A within-subject design was used to measure changes over time during match-play by comparing first and second halves as well as comparisons for consecutive 15 min intervals. No significant differences were observed for high-intensity or very high-intensity acceleration and deceleration for comparisons by halves or for 15-min intervals. For comparisons by halves, a significant time-dependent effect was observed on very fast skating (1337.6 m vs. 1160.9 m), sprint skating (300.0 m vs. 272.0 m), low-intensity acceleration (342.7 m vs. 333.0 m), and total distance covered (10,916.9 m vs. 10,450.3 m). These variables, along with low-intensity deceleration, were also significant for the 15 min interval comparisons. The results show that there is no time-dependent reduction in high-intensity acceleration and deceleration in elite bandy match-play. However, elite bandy players do not maintain the distance of high-intensity skating throughout a whole match.
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28
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Rojas-Valverde D, Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida Castillo A, Nakamura FY, Giménez-Martínez E, Matabosch-Pijuán M, Bernal JR, Pino-Ortega J. A longitudinal analysis and data mining of the most representative external workload indicators of the whole elite Mexican soccer clubs elite Mexican soccer clubS. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1996131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab & Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Grupo de Investigación en Optimización Del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (Goerd), Departamento de Didáctica de la Música, Plástica y Expresión Corporal, Universidad de Extremadura. Cáceres, Extremadura, España
| | - Alejandro Bastida Castillo
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (Ismai), Maia, Portugal
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education Upe/ufpb, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose R. Bernal
- Centro de Innovación Tecnológica, Liga BBVA, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
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29
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Aloui G, Hermassi S, Khemiri A, Bartels T, Hayes LD, Bouhafs EG, Souhaiel Chelly M, Schwesig R. An 8-Week Program of Plyometrics and Sprints with Changes of Direction Improved Anaerobic Fitness in Young Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10446. [PMID: 34639746 PMCID: PMC8508367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of twice-weekly combined plyometric and sprint with change-of-direction (CPSCoD) training into habitual training regimes of young male soccer players. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 17, age: 14.6 ± 0.44 years, body mass: 61.2 ± 7.34 kg, height: 1.67 ± 0.09 m, body fat: 11.2 ± 1.56%) and a control group (n = 16, age: 14.6 ± 0.39 years, body mass: 61.1 ± 3.96 kg, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m, body fat: 11.8 ± 1.47%). Measures obtained pre- and post intervention included vertical and horizontal jump performance (i.e., squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and standing long jump (SLJ)), and sprint performance (i.e., 5 m and 20 m sprint). In addition, Measures obtained pre- and post-intervention included change-of-direction ability (4 × 5 m sprint test (S 4 × 5 m) and sprint 9-3-6-3-9 m with backward and forward running (SBF)), repeated change of direction (RCoD), and static balance performance (stork balance test). The training group experienced superior jump (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.61), sprint (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.58), change-of-direction (CoD) ability (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.58), RCoD (all parameters except the fatigue index p < 0.01; effect size (d) ≥ 0.71), and static balance (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.66) improvement. Adding twice-weekly CPSCoD training to standard training improves the anaerobic performance of U15 male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Aloui
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of La Manouba, Ksar-Saîd, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (G.A.); (A.K.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Aymen Khemiri
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of La Manouba, Ksar-Saîd, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (G.A.); (A.K.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Thomas Bartels
- Center of Joint Surgery, Sports Clinic Halle, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK;
| | - El Ghali Bouhafs
- Department of Sports Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of La Manouba, Ksar-Saîd, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (G.A.); (A.K.); (M.S.C.)
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
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30
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The Effect of High-Intensity Accelerations and Decelerations on Match Outcome of an Elite English League Two Football Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189913. [PMID: 34574836 PMCID: PMC8471310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Previous research has highlighted the frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations in elite football. The influence of these actions on match performance outcomes has not been established. The aim of the present study was to identify the influence of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations on match performance outcomes (i.e., win, draw, lost). Comparisons were also made between team and positional high-intensity accelerations and decelerations recorded within the games. Methods: 26 elite outfield footballers from an elite English Football League (EFL) Two team completed the present study. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was utilised to quantify high-intensity accelerations and decelerations during 45 games in a competitive season. Magnitude analysis and the effects of results, positions and fixture periods were observed. Results: Significant effects of results, periods and positions were observed (p ≤ 0.05), with the highest outputs observed in games won. Positionally, fullbacks and centre forwards in a 4–3–3 formation exhibited the greatest frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations. Very large differences were observed between the frequency of high-intensity decelerations compared to accelerations in games won (g = 2.37), drawn (g = 2.99) and lost (g = 3.59). The highest team frequencies of high-intensity accelerations (n = 3330) and decelerations (n = 6482) were completed in games won. Conclusions: The frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations has a significant impact on match performance outcomes in an elite English League Two football team. Consideration needs to be given to specific conditioning and recovery strategies to optimise high-intensity acceleration and deceleration performance in games. Caution should be taken as these findings are representative of one team within the EFL.
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31
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Football de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Neeld KL, Peterson BJ, Dietz CC, Cappaert TA, Alvar BA. Impact of Preceding Workload on Team Performance in Collegiate Men's Ice Hockey. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2272-2278. [PMID: 34127608 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neeld, KL, Peterson, BJ, Dietz, CC, Cappaert, TA, and Alvar, BA. Impact of preceding workload on team performance in collegiate men's ice hockey. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2272-2278, 2021-Although the workload-injury relationship has received ample research attention, the relationship between prior workload and performance in team sport remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if preceding workloads influence competition performance in men's ice hockey. On-ice workload data were collected from all players on a NCAA Division I men's ice hockey team for 2 consecutive seasons. Training and match workloads were characterized using 7 variables (player load, skating load, explosive efforts, high force strides, player load·min-1, skating load·min-1, and average stride force·lb-1). Team performance was calculated as the difference between the subject and opposing teams' shots on goal. Nine separate ANCOVAs were performed to assess the effect of workload across quartiles of 5 different time spans (1,3,5,7 and 28 days), and low, typical, and high zones of 4 time ratios (1/28, 3/28, 5/28, and 7/28) days) on team shot differential, accounting for season quarter and rank differential between the subject and opposing team. Alpha was set a priori to 0.05. Of all workload measures included in each analysis, only 7-day high force strides (p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.72), and 7-day player load·min-1 (p < 0.05, eta2 = 0.50) had a significant effect on shot differential. Measures of skating intensity in the week preceding competition have the largest impact on team performance. These results can be used by performance coaches to examine tests of speed, power, strength, and conditioning to identify potential limiting factors to high-intensity skating, design training programs with specific need-based emphases, and make recommendations for weekly management of high-intensity skating loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Neeld
- Health Sciences, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Calvin C Dietz
- Athletics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Thomas A Cappaert
- Health Sciences, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah
| | - Brent A Alvar
- Kinesiology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California
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Effects of Match Location, Quality of Opposition and Match Outcome on Match Running Performance in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23080973. [PMID: 34441113 PMCID: PMC8391710 DOI: 10.3390/e23080973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of match location, quality of opposition and match outcome on match running performance according to playing position in a Portuguese professional football team. Twenty-three male professional football players were monitored from eighteen Portuguese Football League matches during the 2019-2020 season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect time-motion data. The match running performance was obtained from five playing positions: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM) and forwards (FW). Match running performance was analyzed within specific position and contextual factors using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, standardized (Cohen) differences and smallest worthwhile change. CM and WM players covered significantly greater total distance (F = 15.45, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.334) and average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.294). WM and FB players covered higher distances at high-speed running (F = 16.93, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.355) and sprinting (F = 13.49; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.305). WM players covered the highest number of accelerations (F = 4.69, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.132) and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match running performance was influenced by match location (d = 0.06-2.04; CI: -0.42-2.31; SWC = 0.01-1.10), quality of opposition (d = 0.13-2.14; CI: -0.02-2.60; SWC = 0.01-1.55) and match outcome (d = 0.01-2.49; CI: -0.01-2.31; SWC = 0.01-0.35). Contextual factors influenced the match running performance with differential effects between playing positions. This study provides the first report about the contextual influence on match running performance in a Portuguese professional football team. Future research should also integrate tactical and technical key indicators when analyzing the match-related contextual influence on match running performance.
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Lorenzo-Martínez M, Corredoira FJ, Lago-Peñas C, Campo RLD, Nevado-Garrosa F, Rey E. Effects of Age on Match-related Acceleration and Deceleration Efforts in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1274-1280. [PMID: 34311474 DOI: 10.1055/a-1337-2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronological age on acceleration and deceleration match performance in professional soccer players. A total of 5317 individual match observations were collected on 420 professional players competing in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2018-2019 season, using a multiple-camera computerised tracking system (TRACAB; ChyronHego, Melville, NY, USA). Players were classified using a k-means cluster analysis into four different age groups: 17-23 years, 24-27 years, 28-30 years, and 31-38 years. Linear mixed models were adjusted to compare the players' match performance according to their age group and playing position (central defenders, external defenders, central midfielders, external midfielders, and forwards). The results showed that players aged between 31-38 years performed a significantly less total number of accelerations (ES=0.30-0.48) and decelerations (ES=0.29-0.49) in comparison with younger players. These age-related physical performance declines were more pronounced among central defenders, central midfielders, and forwards. However, no significant effects were obtained for players' maximum acceleration and deceleration capacities. The current findings provide useful information for coaches and strength and conditioning specialists to better understand the effects of age on players' physical performance and to develop age-tailored training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Jones P, Ivey P, Skutnik B, Cocco AR, Colborn CE, Daily JP, Caruso JF. Association between running quality and loads seen with accelerometry data obtained from female soccer players. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-203159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Global positioning system (GPS) data, when obtained from athletes offers unique information on their performance. Given the information GPS data provides, it is important to identify data most pertinent to an athlete’s performance. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated a GPS-based running quality variable to predict the variance in total player load (TPL) and player load per minute (PLPM) from female soccer player (n= 26) data. METHODS: Running quality was the ratio of the displacement per minute to total distance covered. TPL was quantified as the sum of velocity change rates in all three planes of motion, while PLPM was a ratio of load generated per minute of activity. RESULTS: With a logarithmic transformation of TPL data, a Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis revealed running quality accounted for significant (r=-0.65) amounts of our criterion’s variance, which implied higher running quality led to lower log (TPL) values. With PLPM as our dependent variable, running quality correlated with significant (r= 0.63) amounts of our criterion’s variance. CONCLUSIONS: Movement efficiency appears to be an important contributor to our correlations. We suggest running quality be examined as a correlate to performance in other sports in which running is crucial to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jones
- Athletics Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Patrick Ivey
- Athletics Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ben Skutnik
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Adam R. Cocco
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chris E. Colborn
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer P. Daily
- Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John F. Caruso
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Springham M, Williams S, Waldron M, Mclellan C, Newton RU. Summated training and match load predictors of salivary immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and T:C profile changes in elite-level professional football players: A longitudinal analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1156-1166. [PMID: 34181509 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1949638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined how summated training and match load measures relate to salivary immunological and hormonal profile changes in professional football players. Data were collected from 18 elite-level professional male football players from one English Championship team across a complete 40 wk competitive season. Daily training (micro-technology) and match (computerised tracking) measures of total, high-speed and high-metabolic load running distance and sprint, acceleration, deceleration and sRPE load were converted into exponentially weighted moving average "acute" (7d), "chronic" (28d) and acute:chronic composite load measures. Bi-weekly morning saliva samples were analysed for immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol. A two-stage data reduction technique using partial least squares modelling and a backward stepwise selection procedure determined the most parsimonious model for each salivary variable. Testosterone had non-linear relationships with chronic total (P = 0.015; Cohen's D: large), high-metabolic load (P = 0.001;small) and high-speed (P = 0.001;trivial) running distance and linear relationships with chronic sRPE (P = 0.002;moderate ↓) and acute:chronic high-speed running distance (P = 0.001; trivial ↑). Cortisol had a non-linear relationship with chronic high-speed running distance (P = 0.001;trivial). Testosterone:cortisol had non-linear relationships with chronic decelerations (P = 0.039;small) and chronic summated acceleration and deceleration load (P = 0.039;small). Non-linear relationships typically indicated optimal hormonal responses at squad mean loads. No load variables clearly related to salivary immunoglobulin-A or alpha-amylase changes. We conclude that chronic total and high-intensity load measures relate to hormonal changes and might be useful indicators of player readiness. Acute load variables were not related to immunological or hormonal changes and consequently, should not be used as surrogate measures of player readiness in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Springham
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, London, UK.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, NSW, Armidale, Australia
| | - Chris Mclellan
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Dalen T, Sandmæl S, Stevens TGA, Hjelde GH, Kjøsnes TN, Wisløff U. Differences in Acceleration and High-Intensity Activities Between Small-Sided Games and Peak Periods of Official Matches in Elite Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2018-2024. [PMID: 30741867 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dalen, T, Sandmæl, S, Stevens, TGA, Hjelde, GH, Kjøsnes, TN, and Wisløff, U. Differences in acceleration and high-intensity activities between small-sided games and peak periods of official matches in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2018-2024, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare whether the physical performance of players during 4 vs. 4 + goalkeeper (4 vs. 4) and 6 vs. 6 + goalkeeper (6 vs. 6) small-sided games (SSGs) is equivalent to those experienced during the most intense 5-minute period of soccer match play. Twenty-six male soccer players from an elite Norwegian league team took part. Players were monitored during 18 matches, 56 SSGs: twenty-eight 4 vs. 4 and twenty-eight 6 vs. 6 games. The ZXY Sport Tracking System was used to measure for each player the total distance covered, high-intensity running distance, sprint distance, number of accelerations, and player load (all expressed per minute). To compare the physical performance variables on players during the SSGs formats and match play, a 1-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Players performed the same number of accelerations and player load in 4 vs. 4 (1.7 and 248, respectively) as in peak match (1.6 and 227, respectively), whereas in 6 vs. 6, there were 63% fewer accelerations and 15% lower player load (1.2 and 198, respectively), than in peak match. High-intensity running and sprint distance were significantly lower than mean match values in both 4 vs. 4 (4.1 and 0.2 m vs. 8.2 and 1.7 m) and 6 vs. 6 games (2.7 and 0.21 m vs. 8.2 and 1.7 m) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, only 4 vs. 4 SSGs are highly valuable, and in that, they elicit player load and accelerations to a level that is (at least) equivalent with peak periods of official match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Simen Sandmæl
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Tom G A Stevens
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Terje N Kjøsnes
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ; and
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Delves RIM, Aughey RJ, Ball K, Duthie GM. The Quantification of Acceleration Events in Elite Team Sport: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34191142 PMCID: PMC8245618 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Wearable tracking devices are commonly utilised to quantify the external acceleration load of team sport athletes during training and competition. The ability to accelerate is an important attribute for athletes in many team sports. However, there are many different acceleration metrics that exist in team sport research. This review aimed to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear reporting framework on acceleration variables by outlining the different metrics and calculation processes that have been adopted to quantify acceleration loads in team sport research. Methods A systematic review of three electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus), was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies that published external acceleration load in elite team sports during training and/or competition. Articles published between January 2010 and April 2020 were identified using Boolean search phrases in relation to team sports (population), acceleration/deceleration (comparators), and competition and/or training (outcome). The included studies were required to present external acceleration and/or deceleration load (of any magnitude) from able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥ 18 years) via wearable technologies. Results A total of 124 research articles qualified for inclusion. In total, 113/124 studies utilised GPS/GNSS technology to outline the external acceleration load of athletes. Count-based metrics of acceleration were predominant of all metrics in this review (72%). There was a lack of information surrounding the calculation process of acceleration with 13% of studies specifying the filter used in the processing of athlete data, whilst 32% outlined the minimum effort duration (MED). Markers of GPS/GNSS data quality, including horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) and the average number of satellites connected, were outlined in 24% and 27% of studies respectively. Conclusions Team sport research has predominantly quantified external acceleration load in training and competition with count-based metrics. Despite the influence of data filtering processes and MEDs upon acceleration, this information is largely omitted from team sport research. Future research that outlines acceleration load should present filtering processes, MEDs, HDOP, and the number of connected satellites. For GPS/GNSS systems, satellite planning tools should document evidence of available satellites for data collection to analyse tracking device performance. The development of a consistent acceleration filtering method should be established to promote consistency in the research of external athlete acceleration loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I M Delves
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
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Guard AN, McMillan K, MacFarlane NG. The influence of relative playing area and player numerical imbalance on physical and perceptual demands in soccer small-sided game formats. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:221-227. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1939408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Guard
- Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, Celtic Football Club, Glasgow, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Nobari H, Khalili SM, Oliveira R, Castillo-Rodríguez A, Pérez-Gómez J, Ardigò LP. Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration, Deceleration and Metabolic Power Measures: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115980. [PMID: 34199573 PMCID: PMC8199659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soccer is a popular team sport and highly demanding activity that requires high effort and long-term training plans. The goals of this study were to compare the accelerations, decelerations and metabolic power between official and friendly full matches, between the first and second halves of the matches, and between both halves of official and friendly matches. Twelve professional soccer players (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg; BMI, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. A total of 33 official and 10 friendly matches were analyzed from the Iranian Premier League. All matches were monitored using GPSPORTS systems Pty Ltd. The following variables were selected: total duration of the matches, metabolic power, accelerations Zone1 (<2 m·s-2) (AccZ1), accelerations Zone2 (2 to 4 m·s-2) (AccZ2), accelerations Zone3 (>4 m·s-2) (AccZ3), decelerations Zone1 (<-2 m·s-2) (DecZ1), decelerations Zone2 (-2 to -4 m·s-2) (DecZ2) and decelerations Zone3 (>-4 m·s-2) (DecZ3). The major finding was shown in metabolic power, where higher values occurred in friendly matches (p < 0.05 with small effect size). Furthermore, total duration, AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were revealed to be higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches. The second half of the official matches revealed higher values for total duration compared to friendly matches (p < 0.05, moderate effect size). In conclusion, this study observed higher values of metabolic power in friendly matches compared to official matches. AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (S.M.K.); (J.P.-G.)
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan 81887-78473, Iran
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-7344, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (L.P.A.)
| | - Sara Mahmoudzadeh Khalili
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (S.M.K.); (J.P.-G.)
- Department of Health and Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- ESDRM-IPS-Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
| | | | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (S.M.K.); (J.P.-G.)
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (L.P.A.)
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Bromley T, Turner A, Read P, Lake J, Maloney S, Chavda S, Bishop C. Effects of a Competitive Soccer Match on Jump Performance and Interlimb Asymmetries in Elite Academy Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1707-1714. [PMID: 34027923 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bromley, T, Turner, A, Read, P, Lake, J, Maloney, S, Chavda, S, and Bishop, C. Effects of a competitive soccer match on jump performance and interlimb asymmetries in elite academy soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1707-1714, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a competitive soccer match on jump performance and interlimb asymmetries over incremental time points during a 72-hour period. Fourteen elite adolescent players from a professional English category 3 academy performed single-leg countermovement jumps pre, post, 24-, 48-, and 72-hour post-match on a single force platform. Eccentric impulse, concentric impulse, peak propulsive force, jump height, peak landing force, and landing impulse were monitored throughout. Interlimb asymmetries were also calculated for each metric as the percentage difference between limbs. Significant negative changes (p < 0.05) in jump performance were noted for all metrics at all time points, with the exception of jump height. Interlimb asymmetries were metric-dependent and showed very large increases, specifically post-match, with a trend to reduce back toward baseline values at the 48-hour time point for propulsive-based metrics. Asymmetries for landing metrics did not peak until the 24-hour time point and again reduced toward baseline at 48-hour time point. This study highlights the importance of monitoring distinct jump metrics, as jump height alone was not sensitive enough to show significant changes in jump performance. However, interlimb asymmetries were sensitive to fatigue with very large increases post-match. More frequent monitoring of asymmetries could enable practitioners to determine whether existing imbalances are also associated with reductions in physical performance or increased injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bromley
- Department of Sport Science and Medicine, MK Dons Football Club, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Turner
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Sean Maloney
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Chavda
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bishop
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Quantifying Sub-Elite Youth Football Weekly Training Load and Recovery Variation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the training load in football is an important strategy to improve athletic performance and an effective training periodization. The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to quantify the weekly training load and recovery status variations performed by under-15, under-17 and under-19 sub-elite young football players; and (2) to analyze the influence of age, training day, weekly microcycle, training and playing position on the training load and recovery status. Twenty under-15, twenty under-17 and twenty under-19 players were monitored over a 2-week period during the first month of the 2019–2020 competitive season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect external training loads: total distance covered, average speed, maximal running speed, relative high-speed running distance, high metabolic load distance, sprinting distance, dynamic stress load, accelerations and decelerations. Internal training load was monitored using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Recovery status was obtained using the total quality recovery (TQR) scale. The results show an age-related influence for external training load (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.29–0.86; moderate to strong effect), internal training load (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.12–0.69; minimum to strong effect) and recovery status (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.59; strong effect). The external training load presented differences between training days (p < 0.05, d = 0.26–0.95; moderate to strong effect). The playing position had a minimum effect on the weekly training load (p < 0.05; d = 0.06–0.18). The weekly microcycle had a moderate effect in the TD (p < 0.05, d = 0.39), RPE (p < 0.05; d = 0.35) and sRPE (p < 0.05, d = 0.35). Interaction effects were found between the four factors analyzed for deceleration (F = 2.819, p = 0.017) and between inter-day, inter-week and age for total covered distance (F = 8.342, p = 0.008). This study provided specific insights about sub-elite youth football training load and recovery status to monitor training environments and load variations. Future research should include a longer monitoring period to assess training load and recovery variations across different season phases.
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da Silva CD, Machado G, Fernandes AA, Teoldo I, Pimenta EM, Marins JCB, Garcia ES. Muscle Damage-Based Recovery Strategies Can Be Supported by Predictive Capacity of Specific Global Positioning System Accelerometry Parameters Immediately a Post-Soccer Match-Load. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1410-1418. [PMID: 30363040 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT da Silva, CD, Machado, G, Fernandes, AA, Teoldo, I, Pimenta, EM, Marins, JCB, and Garcia, ES. Muscle damage-based recovery strategies can be supported by predictive capacity of specific global positioning system accelerometry parameters immediately after soccer match-load. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1410-1418, 2021-Soccer match-load can be linked to recovery kinetic markers. However, match variability hinders the magnitude of relationship between parameters of interest. Therefore, we examined the correlation between 21 global positioning system accelerometry (GPS-A) parameters and changes in serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, muscle soreness (MS), and perceptive recovery quality (PRQ) assessed at baseline (1 h before) and post (0 minute, 2, 4, and 24 hours) a standardized 90-minute match-simulation in 20 university players. Global positioning system accelerometry (15 Hz) data were tested as manufacturer and configurable thresholds. Four GPS-A parameters showed moderate to very large correlations with CK changes at all time points (average speed [avgSP, r = 0.75 to r = 0.84]; running symmetry foot strikes [RSfst, r = 0.53-0.63]; running series [RunS, r = 0.53-0.61]; and acceleration distance [AccD ≥ 1.5 m·s-2; r = 0.46-0.61]). Sprint count (≥2 m·s-2), AccD (≥2.5 m·s-2) and speed exertion (SpEx) had a moderate to large correlation (r = 0.46-0.56) with CK changes from 2 to 24 hours. Changes in MS at 0 minute had large correlation with avgSP (r = 0.53) and moderate with deceleration distance (≥-2 and ≥-3 m·s-2; r = 0.47, r = 0.48, respectively). The PRQ changes had moderate inverse correlation with avgSP at 0 minute (r = -0.39) and SpEx at 2 h (r = -0.69). Our results suggest that during a simulated soccer protocol with a standard workload, only the avgSP has practical application for predicting CK changes over 24 hours, allowing for a decision-making toward a postgame recovery based on previously known CK cutoff points. Global positioning system accelerometry parameters and subjective variables did not demonstrate relevant correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano D da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Machado
- Department of Physical Education, Center of Research and Studies in Soccer, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alex Andrade Fernandes
- Federal Institute for Education, Science and Technology of Minas Gerais, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Israel Teoldo
- Department of Physical Education, Center of Research and Studies in Soccer, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Pimenta
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João C B Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; and
| | - Emerson S Garcia
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
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Daab W, Bouzid MA, Lajri M, Bouchiba M, Rebai H. Brief cycles of lower-limb occlusion accelerate recovery kinetics in soccer players. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:143-150. [PMID: 32567438 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1785260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intermittent vascular occlusion (IVO) on recovery following simulated soccer physical demand test in soccer players.Methods: Twelve soccer players completed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) in two conditions placebo (PLA) and IVO followed by intermittent lower-limb occlusion. Physical performance (Squat jump: SJ, countermovement jump: CMJ, maximal voluntary contraction: MVC, and 20 m sprint: SP), muscle damage parameters (creatine kinase: CK, Lactate dehydrogenase: LDH), inflammatory parameter (C-reactive protein: CRP), and perceived muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed before, immediately after (0 h), and 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h following the exercise.Results: Following the LIST, a decrease was observed in all Physical performance within 48 h in PLA condition (p < 0.05), compared to PLA treatment, IVO treatment attenuated the decrease of SJ and CMJ at 24 h and at 48 h and for MVC and SP within 48 h after the LIST (p < 0.05). CK and LDH levels increased within 24 h post-exercise in both conditions (p < 0.05), but with a lower level in IVO compared to PLA condition (p < 0.05). Likewise, DOMS values were significantly lower with IVO condition compared to PLA condition immediately and at 24 h after exercise.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the application of IVO after simulated soccer physical demand test accelerated recovery kinetics in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Daab
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Lajri
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mustapha Bouchiba
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Janetzki SJ, Bourdon PC, Norton KI, Lane JC, Bellenger CR. Evolution of Physical Demands of Australian Football League Matches from 2005 to 2017: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 33913061 PMCID: PMC8081813 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is extensive research investigating the match demands of players in the Australian Football League (AFL). OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review and meta-regression sought to analyse the evolution of in-game demands in AFL matches from 2005 to 2017, focusing on the relationship between volume and intensity. METHODS A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Included studies examined the physical demands of AFL matches utilising global positioning system (GPS) technology. Meta-regression analysed the shift in reported volume (total distance and total match time) and intensity (metres per minute [m.min-1], sprint duration and acceleration) metrics for overall changes, across quarters and positional groups (forwards, nomadics and defenders) from 2005 to 2017 inclusive and for each year between 2005 and 2007, 2007 and 2010, 2010 and 2012, and 2012 and 2015/2017 breakpoints. RESULTS Distance (p = 0.094), m.min-1 (p = 0.494), match time (p = 0.591), time over 18 km·h-1 (p = 0.271), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (p = 0.498) and 10 km·h-1 (p = 0.335) in 1 s did not change from 2005 to 2017. From 2005 to 2007 volume decreased (- 6.10 min of match time; p = 0.010) and intensity increased (6.8 m.min-1 increase; p = 0.023). Volume and intensity increased from 2007 to 2010, evidenced by increases in total distance (302 m; p = 0.039), time over 18 km·h-1 (0.31 min; p = 0.005), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (41.1; p = 0.004) and 10 km·h-1 (3.6; p = 0.005) in 1 s. From 2010 to 2012, intensity decreased, evidenced by reductions in metres per minute (- 4.3; p = 0.022), time over 18 km·h-1 (- 0.93 min; p < 0.001), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (- 104.4; p < 0.001) and 10 km·h-1 (- 8.3; p < 0.001) in 1 s, whilst volume stabilised with no changes in distance (p = 0.068) and match time (p = 0.443). From 2012 to 2015/2017 volume remained stable and intensity increased with time over 18 km·h-1 (0.27 min; p = 0.008) and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (31.6; p = 0.016) in 1 s increasing. CONCLUSIONS Changes in volume and intensity of AFL match demands are defined by discrete periods from 2007 to 2010 and 2010 to 2012. The interaction of rule and interpretation changes and coaching strategies play a major role in these evolutionary changes. In turn, modified game styles impact player game demands, training, and selection priorities. Standardisation and uniformity of GPS data reporting is recommended due to inconsistencies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Janetzki
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Pitre C Bourdon
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Kevin I Norton
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Jackson C Lane
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.,South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Fischer-Sonderegger K, Taube W, Rumo M, Tschopp M. How far from the gold standard? Comparing the accuracy of a Local Position Measurement (LPM) system and a 15 Hz GPS to a laser for measuring acceleration and running speed during team sports. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250549. [PMID: 33891640 PMCID: PMC8064559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the validity and inter- and intra-unit reliability of local (LPM) and global (GPS) position measurement systems for measuring acceleration during team sports. METHODS Devices were attached to a remote-controlled car and validated against a laser. Mean percentage biases (MPBs) of maximal acceleration (amax) and maximal running speed (vmax) were used to measure validity. Mean between-device and mean within-device standard deviations of the percentage biases (bd-SDs and wd-SDs) of amax and vmax were used to measure inter- and intra-unit reliability, respectively. RESULTS Both systems tended to underestimate amax similarly (GPS: -61.8 to 3.5%; LPM: -53.9 to 9.6%). The MPBs of amax were lower in trials with unidirectional linear movements (GPS: -18.8 to 3.5%; LPM: -11.2 to 9.6%) than in trials with changes of direction (CODs; GPS: -61.8 to -21.1%; LPM: -53.9 to -35.3%). The MPBs of vmax (GPS: -3.3 to -1.0%; LPM: -12.4 to 1.5%) were lower than those of amax. The bd-SDs and the wd-SDs of amax were similar for both systems (bd-SDs: GPS: 2.8 to 12.0%; LPM 3.7 to 15.3%; wd-SDs: GPS: 3.7 to 28.4%; LPM: 5.3 to 27.2%), whereas GPS showed better bd-SDs of vmax than LPM. CONCLUSION The accuracy depended strongly on the type of action measured, with CODs displaying particularly poor validity, indicating a challenge for quantifying training loads in team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fischer-Sonderegger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rumo
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Tschopp
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Vescovi JD, Fernandes E, Klas A. Physical Demands of Women's Soccer Matches: A Perspective Across the Developmental Spectrum. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:634696. [PMID: 33937752 PMCID: PMC8085412 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.634696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Female soccer players are exposed to specific physical demands during matches, which vary according to the standard of play. Existing studies have largely focused on quantifying the distances covered for professional and international level players. This approach is limited in scope regarding the broader aspects around physical demands and is detached from development pathway models. An understanding of the demands across all standards will provide valuable insights about appropriate player development and help ensure physical readiness for the demands of the sport. The aim of this perspective paper is to describe the physical demands experienced during women's soccer matches across the developmental spectrum. A combination of evidence from the literature and data from the author's research (JDV) is presented. Specifically highlighted are the trends for locomotor distances, acceleration and deceleration frequency, and metabolic power metrics for youth (≤U17), college (NCAA/U20), professional (domestic) and international standards of women's soccer. In addition, the changes in match demands between levels of play are used to help illustrate gaps that must be overcome in order to successfully achieve physical readiness to compete at higher levels. The evidence demonstrates the importance of training appropriate attributes to prepare female soccer players who are striving to play at progressively higher standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Vescovi
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elton Fernandes
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Klas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Time-Motion Characteristics and Physiological Responses of Para-Footballers With Cerebral Palsy in Two Small-Sided Games and a Simulated Game. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2021; 38:232-247. [PMID: 33596537 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2020-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared physical performance in a group of international cerebral palsy football players during two formats of small-sided games (SSGs) and performance in a simulated game (SG) according to players' sport classes (FT1, FT2, and FT3). Internal load (heart rate and rating of perceived exertion) and external load (total distance, distance covered at different velocities, maximum speed reached, acceleration, and deceleration) were obtained with global positioning system devices during two formats of SSGs (2-a-side/SSG2 and 4-a-side/SSG4) and an SG (7-a-side). SSG2 demands faster actions compared with SSG4/SG, and significant differences and large effect sizes were found in the distance covered in Speed Zones 5 (16.0-17.9 km/hr) and 6 (>18.0 km/hr; p < .05; .35<ηp2<.50, large). Lower moderate accelerations and decelerations per minute in SSG4/SG compared with SSG2 were also found (p < .01; .77<ηp2<.81, large). In the SSG2 task, the FT3 players reached maximum speeds, covered more distance at the highest intensities, and performed more moderate/high accelerations/decelerations and more sprints compared with FT1 and FT2 players (p < .05; -0.85 < dg < -4.64, large). The SSG2 task could be the best option for discriminating physical demands in important variables for cerebral palsy football performance between classes FT3 versus FT1/FT2.
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Martínez-Cabrera FI, Núñez-Sánchez FJ, Losada J, Otero-Esquina C, Sánchez H, De Hoyo M. Use of Individual Relative Thresholds to Assess Acceleration in Young Soccer Players According to Initial Speed. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1110-1118. [PMID: 30507732 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Cabrera, FI, Núñez-Sánchez, FJ, Losada, J, Otero-Esquina, C, Sánchez, H, and De Hoyo, M. Use of individual relative thresholds to assess acceleration in young soccer players according to initial speed. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1110-1118, 2021-The aims of the current study were (a) to analyze the characteristics of acceleration efforts using individual relative thresholds according to the initial speed during official matches in elite young soccer players according to player position and (b) to compare the differences between absolute and relative thresholds in assessing high-intensity acceleration. Player acceleration profiles were assessed using an individual relative threshold based on their acceleration capacity at different initial speeds (standing, 6, 10.8, and 15 km·h-1), and the number of accelerations (>75% of the maximal acceleration) performed during soccer matches was divided into 3 categories attending to the initial speed. (S1 = 0-7 km·h-1; S2 = 7.1-14 km·h-1; and S3 = ≥14.1 km·h-1). Within-group analyses showed that the number of accelerations performed in each category was higher when the effort started from a static or walking position than at moderate- or high-intensity running (S1 > S2 > S3; very likely to almost certain). Between-group analyses revealed substantial differences between some playing positions according to initial speed. In S1 and S3, central defenders had the lowest number of accelerations (likely to almost certain), whereas midfielders had the greatest number of high-intensity accelerations in S1 and S2. There were also substantial differences between the other playing positions (possibly to almost certain). Regarding relative and absolute thresholds (>3 m·s-2), the results showed that absolute threshold overestimated the number of high-intensity accelerations compared with the individual relative threshold in S1 and underestimated the results in S2 and S3 (almost certain). The use of an individual relative threshold to measure acceleration demands allows to distinguish between the numbers of accelerations in function of the initial speed and playing positions. In addition, the absolute acceleration threshold could overestimate or underestimate the acceleration demands in young soccer players as a function of the initial speed. Then, the absolute acceleration thresholds should be taken with caution in the assessment of acceleration activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Losada
- CEDIFA, Andalusian Football Federation, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Hugo Sánchez
- Fitness Section, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Moisés De Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Griffin J, Newans T, Horan S, Keogh J, Andreatta M, Minahan C. Acceleration and High-Speed Running Profiles of Women's International and Domestic Football Matches. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:604605. [PMID: 33842879 PMCID: PMC8027246 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.604605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acceleration and deceleration are important given football is an intermittent sport with constant changes in velocity and direction. It is unclear, however, if the accelerations and decelerations performed by players differ between competition levels. The aim of the present study was to compare the acceleration, deceleration, and high-speed running profiles of players during international and domestic matches and to determine if differences were apparent across playing positions (defenders, midfielders, and attackers). GPS data from 21 Australian women's domestic football league matches over 2 seasons (2016-2018) and 15 Australian women's international matches (2017-2018) were collected and analyzed. Movement pattern data was collected using VX Sport and GPSports 10 Hz GPS receivers. Variables analyzed included: total distance, distance covered high-speed running (16-20 km·h-1) distance covered sprinting (> 20 km·h-1) and time spent accelerating and decelerating in four predetermined bands (1-2 m·s-2, 2-3 m·s-2, 3-4 m·s-2, and > 4 m·s-2). Results revealed that players competing in international matches covered significantly greater total distances, greater high-speed running distances and greater sprinting distances as well as spending a greater duration accelerating in band 4 compared to players in domestic competitions (p < 0.05). Players competing in international matches spent significantly less duration decelerating in bands 2 and 3, compared to players in domestic competitions. International defenders and midfielders recorded significantly higher total distances and high-speed running distance compared to players in domestic matches. Our findings suggest that preparing players for international-level competition should include progressive exposure to high-speed running and sprinting distances, as well as high magnitude accelerations. Furthermore, the higher running speeds experienced by players during international matches appears to be a result of less time spent decelerating. The optimal deceleration necessary for specific situations appears important and emphasizes the need for specific deceleration training. The increased effort of high-intensity activity that is required for players competing in international matches affects defenders and midfielders to the greatest degree. Gradual exposure to the increased running demands for midfielders and defenders competing in international matches is needed to improve performance and reduce the potential risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Griffin
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy Newans
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sean Horan
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin Keogh
- Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Clare Minahan
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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