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High prevalence of hepatitis A and E viruses in environmental and clinical samples from West Argentina. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102738. [PMID: 36603828 PMCID: PMC9926214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of water sources is important to monitoring viral hepatitis transmission in clinical settings. This study investigated the circulation of hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses in sewage and clinical samples from Argentina. Between 2016 and 2017, 80 raw sewage samples and 86 clinical samples (stool and serum) from suspected cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E were obtained. HAV and HEV were tested by both real-time and nested PCR. Positive samples were sequenced for genotype determination and phylogenetic analysis. Overall, HAV was recovered in 39% of sewage samples and 61.1% of clinical samples. HEV was detected in 22.5% of sewage samples and 15.9% of clinical samples. HAV was found more frequently in sewage during the winter and in clinical samples in spring; HEV was more prevalent in sewage during summer and in clinical samples in autumn. All HAV isolates belonged to genotype IA and HEV isolates belonged to genotype 3, the most prevalent genotypes in South America. High prevalence of HAV and HEV in environmental and clinical samples in Mendoza, Argentina was observed. These findings reinforce the importance of environmental surveillance and implementation of health strategies to control the spread of HAV and HEV in developing countries.
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Qiu Y, Yu J, Pabbaraju K, Lee BE, Gao T, Ashbolt NJ, Hrudey SE, Diggle M, Tipples G, Maal-Bared R, Pang X. Validating and optimizing the method for molecular detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151434. [PMID: 34742974 PMCID: PMC8568330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has become a promising tool to estimate population-level changes in community infections and the prevalence of COVID-19 disease. Although many studies have reported the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, remarkable variation remains in the methodology. In this study, we validated a molecular testing method by concentrating viruses from wastewater using ultrafiltration and detecting SARS-CoV-2 using one-step RT-qPCR assay. The following parameters were optimized including sample storage condition, wastewater pH, RNA extraction and RT-qPCR assay by quantification of SARS-CoV-2 or spiked human coronavirus strain 229E (hCoV-229E). Wastewater samples stored at 4 °C after collection showed significantly enhanced detection of SARS-CoV-2 with approximately 2-3 PCR-cycle threshold (Ct) values less when compared to samples stored at -20 °C. Pre-adjustment of the wastewater pH to 9.6 to aid virus desorption followed by pH readjustment to neutral after solid removal significantly increased the recovery of spiked hCoV-229E. Of the five commercially available RNA isolation kits evaluated, the MagMAX-96 viral RNA isolation kit showed the best recovery of hCoV-229E (50.1 ± 20.1%). Compared with two-step RT-qPCR, one-step RT-qPCR improved sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Salmon DNA was included for monitoring PCR inhibition and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a fecal indicator indigenous to wastewater, was used to normalize SARS-CoV-2 levels in wastewater. Our method for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater provides a useful tool for public health surveillance of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiaao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kanti Pabbaraju
- Public Health Laboratories (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tiejun Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steve E Hrudey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mathew Diggle
- Public Health Laboratories (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham Tipples
- Public Health Laboratories (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Public Health Laboratories (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Persson S, Alm E, Karlsson M, Enkirch T, Norder H, Eriksson R, Simonsson M, Ellström P. A new assay for quantitative detection of hepatitis A virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 288:114010. [PMID: 33152410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is mainly transmitted via contaminated food or water or through person-to-person contact. Here, we describe development and evaluation of a reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for detection of HAV in food and clinical specimens. The assay was evaluated by assessing limit of detection, precision, matrix effects, sensitivity and quantitative agreement. The 95 % limit of detection (LOD95 %) was 10 % higher for RT-ddPCR than for RT-qPCR. A Bayesian model was used to estimate precision on different target concentrations. From this, we found that RT-ddPCR had somewhat greater precision than RT-qPCR within runs and markedly greater precision between runs. By analysing serum from naturally infected persons and a naturally contaminated food sample, we found that the two methods agreed well in quantification and had comparable sensitivities. Tests with artificially contaminated food samples revealed that neither RT-ddPCR nor RT-qPCR was severely inhibited by presence of oysters, raspberries, blueberries or leafy-green vegetables. For this assay, we conclude that RT-qPCR should be considered if rapid, qualitative detection is the main interest and that RT-ddPCR should be considered if precise quantification is the main interest. The high precision of RT-ddPCR allows for detection of small changes in viral concentration over time, which has direct implications for both food control and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Persson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erik Alm
- Unit for Laboratory Development, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Måns Karlsson
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theresa Enkirch
- Unit for Laboratory Surveillance of Viral Pathogens and Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ronnie Eriksson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ahmed W, Bertsch PM, Bivins A, Bibby K, Farkas K, Gathercole A, Haramoto E, Gyawali P, Korajkic A, McMinn BR, Mueller JF, Simpson SL, Smith WJM, Symonds EM, Thomas KV, Verhagen R, Kitajima M. Comparison of virus concentration methods for the RT-qPCR-based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from untreated wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139960. [PMID: 32758945 PMCID: PMC7273154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a clear benefit for many countries to utilize wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as part of ongoing measures to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. Since most wastewater virus concentration methods were developed and validated for nonenveloped viruses, it is imperative to determine the efficiency of the most commonly used methods for the enveloped severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Municipal wastewater seeded with a human coronavirus (CoV) surrogate, murine hepatitis virus (MHV), was used to test the efficiency of seven wastewater virus concentration methods: (A-C) adsorption-extraction with three different pre-treatment options, (D-E) centrifugal filter device methods with two different devices, (F) polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) precipitation, and (G) ultracentrifugation. MHV was quantified by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the recovery efficiency was calculated for each method. The mean MHV recoveries ranged from 26.7 to 65.7%. The most efficient methods were adsorption-extraction methods with MgCl2 pre-treatment (Method C), and without pre-treatment (Method B). The third most efficient method used the Amicon® Ultra-15 centrifugal filter device (Method D) and its recovery efficiency was not statistically different from the most efficient methods. The methods with the worst recovery efficiency included the adsorption-extraction method with acidification (A), followed by PEG precipitation (F). Our results suggest that absorption-extraction methods with minimal or without pre-treatment can provide suitably rapid, cost-effective and relatively straightforward recovery of enveloped viruses in wastewater. The MHV is a promising process control for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and can be used as a quality control measure to support community-level epidemic mitigation and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Paul M Bertsch
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, 721 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, 721 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Amy Gathercole
- ComPath, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4 - 3 -11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Brian R McMinn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Wendy J M Smith
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rory Verhagen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0032, Japan
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de Paula VS, Milagres FAP, Oliveira GDM, Miguel JC, Cruz HM, Scalioni LDP, Marques VA, Magalhães MDAFM, Romão AR, Gracie R, Villar LM. High prevalence of hepatitis A in indigenous population in north Brazil. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:458. [PMID: 32993814 PMCID: PMC7526101 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Little is known about hepatitis A virus (HAV) prevalence in indigenous communities. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of HAV in indigenous community compared to urban population located at Western Amazon in Brazil. Results A total of 872 serum samples were obtained from 491 indigenous and 381 non indigenous individuals aging 0 to 90 years. Samples were tested for total and IgM anti-HAV and positive IgM samples were tested for HAV RNA. The overall prevalence of total anti-HAV was 87%, increased according age showing 100% of prevalence in those aging more than 30 years (p < 0.0001) and it was similar among indigenous and urban population. Total anti-HAV prevalence varied between tribes (p < 0.0001) and urban sites (p = 0.0014) and spatial distribution showed high prevalence in homes that received up to 100 dollars. IgM anti-HAV prevalence was 1.7% with predominance in males, those aging more than 41 years. No HAV RNA was detected. In conclusion, high overall anti-HAV prevalence was found in indigenous communities in North Brazil demonstrating the importance of universal vaccination in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliana Custódio Miguel
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy Pereira Pavillion, Ground Floor, Room B09, FIOCRUZ Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 210360-040, Brazil
| | - Helena Medina Cruz
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy Pereira Pavillion, Ground Floor, Room B09, FIOCRUZ Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 210360-040, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Paula Scalioni
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy Pereira Pavillion, Ground Floor, Room B09, FIOCRUZ Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 210360-040, Brazil.,Hepatology Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Vanessa Alves Marques
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy Pereira Pavillion, Ground Floor, Room B09, FIOCRUZ Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 210360-040, Brazil
| | | | - Anselmo Rocha Romão
- Laboratory of Information in Health, Institute of Communication and Technological and Scientific Information in Health (ICICT), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Gracie
- Laboratory of Information in Health, Institute of Communication and Technological and Scientific Information in Health (ICICT), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy Pereira Pavillion, Ground Floor, Room B09, FIOCRUZ Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 210360-040, Brazil.
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Wang J, Zhang M, Zhao X, Lu H. Screening of Extractant for Determining Active Sludge Trehalose in Sewage Treatment. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1433-1437. [PMID: 30224565 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated and proposed the use of trehalose extraction and a detection method for the determining of active sludge trehalose in sewage treatment. Seven extractants (trichloroacetic acid, ethanol, methanol, acetone, pure water, formaldehyde and trichloromethane) were used separately to extract the active sludge trehalose, and their trehalose contents were determined. The results shown in standard curves plotted for all seven extractants demonstrated good linearity, and the regression coefficients varied insignificantly. Using trichloroacetic acid, active sludge trehalose was extracted within a period of only 40 min at 40 centigrade. In view of that, trichloroacetic acid proved to be as the most efficient extractants in extracting trehalose from active sludge. Its extraction rate was 4 to 11-times faster than that of other extractants for the same amount of active sludge. From our results, trichloroacetic acid was substantiated as the optimal extractant for determining active sludge trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University
| | - Mina Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University
| | - Hai Lu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Changchun Sci-Tech University
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Souza FGD, Silva FPD, Staggemeier R, Rigotto C, Spilki FR. Low occurrence of Hepatitis A virus in water samples from an urban area of Southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e69. [PMID: 30427404 PMCID: PMC6223251 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a member of Picornaviridae family, is the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis in the world, mainly in developing countries. HAV may be present in contaminated water and food and its presence is often associated to a lesser extent with socioeconomic factors and environmental quality. The main goals in the present study were to standardize a cell culture combined to a polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection and quantification of viral viability and analyze whether the virus could be found in water samples collected in four urban streams of Sinos River watershed. Virus recovery was assayed from known virus concentrations measured in experimentally contaminated raw and ultrapure water (MilliQ®). Recovery rates ranged from 270% in raw water to 15,000% in ultrapure water. In a second step, a qPCR coupled to a previous passage in cells, demonstrated more analytical sensitivity when compared to samples assayed without a previous passage in cell cultures. HAV genome was detected in only 1 of 84 samples analyzed, pointing to a very low occurrence of HAV in water samples in the studied region. These findings are remarkable, since no more than 5% of the domestic sewage in this area is treated pointing to a low occurrence of HAV in the population living nearby during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gil de Souza
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francini Pereira da Silva
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Staggemeier
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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8
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Fumian TM, Victoria M, Vieira CB, Fioretti JM, Rocha MS, Prado T, Guimarães FR, da Gama NP, de Oliveira JM, Mendes ACO, Gaspar AMC, Santos JDO, Chame M, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Enteric viruses' dissemination in a private reserve of natural heritage. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:313-320. [PMID: 29330866 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess anthropogenic impact of surrounding population in the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage at Pantanal, the world's largest freshwater wetland ecosystem located in the centre of South America. Viral aetiological agents of acute gastroenteritis as rotavirus A (RVA), noroviruses, human adenoviruses, klassevirus and of hepatitis, as hepatitis A virus, were investigated in different aquatic matrices. Annual collection campaigns were carried out from 2009 to 2012, alternating dry and rainy seasons. Viral particles present in the samples were concentrated by the adsorption-elution method, with negatively charged membranes, and detected by qualitative and quantitative PCR. From a total of 43 samples at least one virus was detected in 65% (28) of them. Viruses were detected in all matrices with concentrations ranging from 2 × 102 to 8·3 × 104 genome copies per litre. A significant higher RVA frequency was observed in the dry season. Our data revealing dissemination of human enteric viruses in water matrices both inside and outside the reserve could be useful to trace faecal contamination in the environment and to minimize the risk of infection by exposure of susceptible individuals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is part of a collaborative project designed to investigate the environmental and health conditions of the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage at Pantanal, the largest seasonally flooded wetland in the world. The project aimed to promote health and quality of human and wildlife extending technical-scientific knowledge about pathogens present in the region. By assessing the occurrence of human enteric viruses in different water matrices we demonstrated the anthropogenic impact of surrounding population and pointed out the potential risk of infection by exposure of susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Sede Salto del CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - C B Vieira
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J M Fioretti
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M S Rocha
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - T Prado
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - F R Guimarães
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - N P da Gama
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J M de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A C O Mendes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A M C Gaspar
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J D O Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M Chame
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J P G Leite
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M P Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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9
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Sánchez G, Sánchez G. Food and Viral Contamination: Analytical Methods. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Qiao Y, Sui Z, Hu G, Cao H, Yang G, Li Y, Lei Y, Zhao L, Chen Q. Comparison of concentration methods for detection of hepatitis A virus in water samples. Virol Sin 2016; 31:331-8. [PMID: 27535067 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus is a pathogen associated with water pollution. Contaminated drinking water can cause hepatitis A outbreaks, lead to economic losses, and even threaten human lives. It is difficult to detect low levels of hepatitis A virus in water, so the virus must be concentrated in order to quantify it accurately. Here, we present a simple, rapid, efficient technique for the concentration and detection of hepatitis A virus in water. Our data showed that adding phosphate-buffered saline to the water, pre-filtering the water, and adding Trizol reagent directly to the filtration membrane can significantly improve concentration efficiency. Of three types of filtration membranes studied (mixed cellulose ester membrane, polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, and nylon membrane), the concentration efficiency using mixed cellulose ester membrane with a 0.1-μm pore size was the highest, reaching 92.62 ± 5.17%. This method was used to concentrate hepatitis A virus in water samples from Donghu Lake. Using SYBR Green real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, the detection sensitivity of this method reached 10(1) copies/μL and its concentration efficiency reached 79.45 ± 9.88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- Hubei Wildlife Epidemic Focus and Disease Surveillance Center, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Yong Li
- Hubei Wildlife Epidemic Focus and Disease Surveillance Center, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Yongsong Lei
- Hubei Wildlife Epidemic Focus and Disease Surveillance Center, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Staggemeier R, Bortoluzzi M, Heck TMDS, Spilki FR, Almeida SEDM. QUANTITATIVE VS. CONVENTIONAL PCR FOR DETECTION OF HUMAN ADENOVIRUSES IN WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:299-303. [PMID: 26422153 PMCID: PMC4616914 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are notably resistant in the environment. These agents may serve as effective indicators of fecal contamination, and may act as causative agents of a number of different diseases in human beings. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and, more recently, quantitative PCR (qPCR) are widely used for detection of viral agents in environmental matrices. In the present study PCR and SYBR(r)Green qPCR assays were compared for detection of HAdV in water (55) and sediments (20) samples of spring and artesian wells, ponds and streams, collected from dairy farms. By the quantitative methodology HAdV were detected in 87.3% of the water samples and 80% of the sediments, while by the conventional PCR 47.3% and 35% were detected in water samples and sediments, respectively.
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Evidence of the circulation of hepatitis A virus, subgenotype IA, in environmental samples from Antioquia, Colombia. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:135-47. [PMID: 27622803 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important pathogen, typically transmitted via the faecal-oral route. The epidemiology of the infection is directly related to drinking water access and adequate disposal of sewage water. OBJECTIVE To determine the presence and identify the genotype of HAV in environmental samples from eight municipalities and two villages in Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three serial samplings were done between December, 2012, and April, 2014. Water samples were obtained from drinking water plants prior to treatment, as well as from the main reserve of wastewater in each municipality included in the study. Viral concentrations for the two types of sample sources were determined by filtration/tangential ultrafiltration and polyethyleneglycol plus flocculation with skimmed milk, respectively. Total ARN was subsequently obtained from each sample and the VP3-VP1 region amplified for detection of the viral genome. The genotype was determined by amplification of the VP1-2B region. RESULTS The HAV genome was detected in samples from drinking water plants at Puerto Berrío, Frontino and Nutibara, and in wastewater samples from the municipalities of Arboletes, Zaragoza and Venecia. HAV subgenotype IA was identified using phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSION In this study, HAV was identified in 6.6% of the samples from drinking water plants and 13.3% of wastewater samples. This is the first report of HAV subgenotype IA circulating in environmental samples from Antioquia.
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Comparison of concentration methods for quantitative detection of sewage-associated viral markers in environmental waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2042-9. [PMID: 25576614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03851-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic human viruses cause over half of gastroenteritis cases associated with recreational water use worldwide. They are relatively difficult to concentrate from environmental waters due to typically low concentrations and their small size. Although rapid enumeration of viruses by quantitative PCR (qPCR) has the potential to greatly improve water quality analysis and risk assessment, the upstream steps of capturing and recovering viruses from environmental water sources along with removing PCR inhibitors from extracted nucleic acids remain formidable barriers to routine use. Here, we compared the efficiency of virus recovery for three rapid methods of concentrating two microbial source tracking (MST) viral markers human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from one liter tap water and river water samples on HA membranes (90 mm in diameter). Samples were spiked with raw sewage, and viral adsorption to membranes was promoted by acidification (method A) or addition of MgCl2 (methods B and C). Viral nucleic acid was extracted directly from membranes (method A), or viruses were eluted with NaOH and concentrated by centrifugal ultrafiltration (methods B and C). No inhibition of qPCR was observed for samples processed by method A, but inhibition occurred in river samples processed by B and C. Recovery efficiencies of HAdVs and HPyVs were ∼10-fold greater for method A (31 to 78%) than for methods B and C (2.4 to 12%). Further analysis of membranes from method B revealed that the majority of viruses were not eluted from the membrane, resulting in poor recovery. The modification of the originally published method A to include a larger diameter membrane and a nucleic acid extraction kit that could accommodate the membrane resulted in a rapid virus concentration method with good recovery and lack of inhibitory compounds. The frequently used strategy of viral absorption with added cations (Mg(2+)) and elution with acid were inefficient and more prone to inhibition, and will result in underestimation of the prevalence and concentrations of HAdVs and HPyVs markers in environmental waters.
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Hu Y, Arsov I. A rapid single-tube protocol for HAV detection by nested real-time PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:189-195. [PMID: 24902810 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infections by food-borne viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus are significant public health concerns worldwide. Since food-borne viruses are rarely confirmed through direct isolation from contaminated samples, highly sensitive molecular techniques remain the methods of choice for the detection of viral genetic material. Our group has previously developed a specific nested real-time PCR (NRT-PCR) assay for HAV detection that improved overall sensitivity. Furthermore in this study, we have developed a single-tube NRT-PCR approach for HAV detection in food samples that reduces the likelihood of cross contamination between tubes during sample manipulation. HAV RNA was isolated from HAV-spiked food samples and HAV-infected cell cultures. All reactions following HAV RNA isolation, including conventional reverse transcriptase PCR, nested-PCR, and RT-PCR were performed in a single tube. Our results demonstrated that all the samples tested positive by RT-PCR and nested-PCR were also positive by a single-tube NRT-PCR. The detection limits observed for HAV-infected cell cultures and HAV-spiked green onions were 0.1 and 1 PFU, respectively. This novel method retained the specificity and robustness of the original NRT-PCR method, while greatly reducing sample manipulation, turnaround time, and the risk of carry-over contamination. Single-tube NRT-PCR thus represents a promising new tool that can potentially facilitate the detection of HAV in foods thereby improving food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- FDA, Northeast Regional Laboratory, 158-15 Liberty Avenue, Jamaica, NY, USA,
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15
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Miagostovich MP, Guimarães FR, Vieira CB, Fumian TM, da Gama NP, Victoria M, de Oliveira JM, Mendes ACDO, Gaspar AMC, Leite JPG. Assessment of water quality in a border region between the Atlantic forest and an urbanised area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:110-115. [PMID: 24818567 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of water resources is one of the goals of the designation of parks that act as natural reservoirs. In order to assess the impact of the presence of humans in an environmental preservation area bordering urban areas, the presence of four pathogenic enteric viruses [group A rotavirus (RV-A), norovirus (NoV), human adenoviruses (HAdV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV)], as well as the physico-chemical parameters, and Escherichia coli levels were assessed in riverine water samples. From June 2008 to May 2009, monthly monitoring was performed along the Engenho Novo River. RV-A, NoV, and HAdV were observed in 29% (31/108) of the water samples, with concentrations of up to 10(3) genome copies/liter. The natural occurrence of infectious HAdV was demonstrated by Integrated Cell Culture-PCR (ICC-PCR). This study confirms the suitability of using the detection of fecal-oral transmitted viruses as a marker of human fecal contamination in water matrices and indicates the spread of pathogenic viruses occurring in an alleged area of environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 4365, Brazil,
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Prado T, Gaspar AMC, Miagostovich MP. Detection of enteric viruses in activated sludge by feasible concentration methods. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:343-9. [PMID: 24948954 PMCID: PMC4059320 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are responsible to cause several diseases, including gastroenteritis and hepatitis, and can be present in high amounts in sewage sludge. This study compared virus recovery efficiency of two feasible concentration methods used for detecting human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus species A (RV-A), norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in sewage sludge from an activated sludge process. Twelve sewage sludge samples were collected bi-monthly from January to July, 2011. Ultracentrifugation was compared with a simplified protocol based on beef extract elution for recovering enteric viruses. Viruses were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR assays and virus recovery efficiency and limits of detection were determined. Methods showed mean recovery rates lower than 7.5%, presenting critical limits of detection (higher than 102 – 103 genome copies - GC L−1 for all viruses analyzed). Nevertheless, HAdV were detected in 90% of the analyzed sewage sludge samples (range: 1.8 × 104 to 1.1 × 105 GC L−1), followed by RV-A and NoV (both in 50%) and HAV (8%). Results suggesting that activated sludge is contaminated with high viral loads and HAdV are widely disseminated in these samples. The low virus recovery rates achieved, especially for HAV, indicate that other feasible concentration methods could be developed to improve virus recovery efficiency in these environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de JaneiroRJ Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Coimbra Gaspar
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de JaneiroRJ Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de JaneiroRJ Brazil
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Prado T, Guilayn WDCPB, Gaspar AMC, Miagostovich MP. The efficiency of concentration methods used to detect enteric viruses in anaerobically digested sludge. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:77-83. [PMID: 23440119 PMCID: PMC3974313 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of enteric viruses in biosolids can be underestimated due to the inefficient methods (mainly molecular methods) used to recover the viruses from these matrices. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the different methods used to recover adenoviruses (AdV), rotavirus species A (RVA), norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) from biosolid samples at a large urban wastewater treatment plant in Brazil after they had been treated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for spiking experiments to compare the detection limits of feasible methods, such as beef extract elution and ultracentrifugation. Tests were performed to detect the inhibition levels and the bacteriophage PP7 was used as an internal control. The results showed that the inhibitors affected the efficiency of the PCR reaction and that beef extract elution is a suitable method for detecting enteric viruses, mainly AdV from biosolid samples. All of the viral groups were detected in the biosolid samples: AdV (90%), RVA, NoV GII (45%) and HAV (18%), indicating the viruses' resistance to the anaerobic treatment process. This is the first study in Brazil to detect the presence of RVA, AdV, NoV GII and HAV in anaerobically digested sludge, highlighting the importance of adequate waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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18
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Qiu F, Zheng H, Yi Y, Jia Z, Cao J, Bi S. Comparative evaluation of a novel TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for hepatitis A virus detection. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:427-34. [PMID: 23569019 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513476434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a novel system for detecting and quantifying hepatitis A virus (HAV) nucleic acid. METHODS Real-time TaqMan® reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures were established, based on amplification of the highly conserved 5'-non-coding region. Synthetic single-stranded RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro were used as the quantification standard. Ten-fold dilutions were prepared from HAV strain stock suspension to determine precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. In addition, serum specimens from patients with acute HAV underwent clinical evaluation. RESULTS The novel assay had a detection limit for HAV RNA of 10 TCID50/ml (where TCID50 is median tissue culture infective dose). It was more sensitive and specific than the commercial quantitative PCR kit manufactured by Shanghai Zhijiang Bio-Tech. However, the Artus HAV RT-PCR kit (Qiagen) had the best performance of the three assays and had a detection limit of 5 TCID50/ml. The new HAV real-time PCR detection system was also successfully applied in 90 serum specimens from patients with confirmed acute HAV infection. CONCLUSION Considering its high reproducibility, sensitivity, specificity and simplicity, this novel amplification system may be suitable for wide clinical application as a diagnostic tool, and for the surveillance and investigation of infectious diseases in developing countries where HAV is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Gentry-Shields J, Stewart JR. Similar concentration and extraction recoveries allow for use of turnip crinkle virus as a process control for enteroviruses in water. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:250-7. [PMID: 23466632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are etiological agents of waterborne disease that may be detected using molecular techniques such as PCR. However, processing water samples in preparation for PCR typically involves concentration of samples and extraction of nucleic acids, steps that have low and variable recovery efficiencies. This study evaluated a plant virus, turnip crinkle virus (TCV), for its ability to serve as a process control for human enteroviruses during concentration and extraction procedures. Enteroviruses and TCV have similar sizes and morphologies, and both contain single stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. Results from the study demonstrate that the tested viruses experience similar losses during sample processing. Virus recoveries averaged 0.03% for EV and 0.02% for TCV from DI water, and 0.004% for EV and 0.009% for TCV from a creek sample. Surface water and wastewater samples from around the U.S. were evaluated for the presence of TCV to ensure the virus is not present in environmental samples. All were negative. With similar recovery efficiencies to EV, TCV may be a suitable process control for enteroviruses in environmental water samples in the U.S. Use of process controls as proposed in this study would allow better detection and quantitation methods to be employed in water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gentry-Shields
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
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De Keuckelaere A, Baert L, Duarte A, Stals A, Uyttendaele M. Evaluation of viral concentration methods from irrigation and processing water. J Virol Methods 2012. [PMID: 23201288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four viral concentration methods were evaluated for their efficiency in recovering murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) (surrogate for human noroviruses (NoV)) and MS2 bacteriophages from processing water (1L) and four different types of irrigation water (bore hole water, rain water, open well and river water) (2-5L). Three methods were based on the viral adsorption and elution principle, two methods using an electronegative HA-membrane (Katayama et al., 2002), one method using an electropositive Zetapor membrane according to CEN/TC275/WG6/TAG4 and the fourth method was based on size exclusion using a tangential flow filtration system. Detection of MNV-1 was achieved by real-time RT-PCR and detection of MS2 by double-layer plaque assay. For the recovery of MNV-1, the method using an electronegative HA-filter in combination with an elution buffer earlier optimized by Hamza et al. (2009) (Method 1) performed best for all types of water (recovery: 5.8-21.9%). In case of MS2 detection, the best method depended upon the type of water although Method 1 provided the most consistent recovery. To complete this evaluation, the Method 1 was evaluated further for the concentration of human enteric viruses (GI and GII NoV, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotaviruses) in the same five types of water. Although detection of rotaviruses (RV) was somewhat less efficient, Method 1 proved reliable for the detection of NoV and HAV in all water types. Mean recovery efficiencies ranging from 4.8% for detection of GI NoV in open well water to 32.1% for detection of HAV in bore hole water, depending on the water type and the viral pathogen analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann De Keuckelaere
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Prado T, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, Gaspar AMC. Monitoring the hepatitis A virus in urban wastewater from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Amado LA, Villar LM, de Paula VS, Pinto MA, Gaspar AMC. Exposure to multiple subgenotypes of hepatitis A virus during an outbreak using matched serum and saliva specimens. J Med Virol 2011; 83:768-75. [PMID: 21412786 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Matched serum and saliva samples were collected simultaneously from 124 subjects exposed during a hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreak at a daycare center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All samples were tested for IgM and total anti-HAV antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). HAV was detected by nested PCR in serum, saliva, and water samples employing primers for the VP1/2A region of the viral RNA; all positive products were then sequenced. The viral load of the matched samples was determined by real-time PCR using the TaqMan system. HAV-RNA was identified by nested PCR in 37.7% of the saliva samples, 29% of the serum samples, and one drinking water sample. The mean HAV viral load was similar in the serum and saliva specimens (10(3) copies/ml). HAV genotypes IA and IB were detected in both specimen types, and the water sample isolate was classified as genotype IB, indicating the existence of more than one source of infection at the daycare center. In six infected patients, a different HAV subgenotype was found in their serum than in their saliva, and this unusual pattern of mixed HAV infection was investigated further by molecular cloning followed by nucleotide sequencing. All clones derived from the saliva samples belonged to subgenotype IB and shared 96.5-100% identity. However, clones derived from their corresponding serum sample belonged to subgenotype IA and shared 90.5-100% identity. This study showed the important role that non-invasive saliva samples can play in the molecular epidemiological analysis of a hepatitis A outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Almeida Amado
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil.
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Rigotto C, Kolesnikovas CK, Moresco V, Simões CMO, Barardi CRM. Evaluation of HA negatively charged membranes in the recovery of human adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus in different water matrices. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:970-4. [PMID: 20027462 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are shed in the faeces and consequently may be present in environmental waters, resulting in an increase in pathogen concentration that can affect water quality and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate an adsorption-elution method which utilizes negatively charged membrane HA to determine the efficient recovery of HAdV and HAV from different water matrices and to combine this procedure with a qualitative molecular method (nested RT-PCR and nested PCR). The best efficiency recovery was achieved in distilled water and treated wastewater effluent (100%) for both viruses and in recreational lagoon water for HAV (100%). The efficiency recovery was 10% for HAdV and HAV in seawater and 10% for HAdV in lagoon water. The viral detection limit by nested PCR for HAV in water samples ranged between 20-0.2 FFU/mL and 250 and 25 TCID50/mL for HAdV. In conclusion, these results suggest that the HA negatively charged membranes vary their efficiency for recovery of viral concentration depending upon the types of both enteric viruses and water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rigotto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
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Victoria M, Guimarães F, Fumian T, Ferreira F, Vieira C, Leite JP, Miagostovich M. Evaluation of an adsorption–elution method for detection of astrovirus and norovirus in environmental waters. J Virol Methods 2009; 156:73-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Guimarães FR, Ferreira FFM, Vieira CB, Fumian TM, Shubo T, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Molecular detection of human astrovirus in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:819-23. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Haramoto E, Katayama H, Utagawa E, Ohgaki S. Development of sample storage methods for detecting enteric viruses in environmental water. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:1-6. [PMID: 18499274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a field survey of enteric viruses, water samples collected sometimes need to be stored for a long duration before analysis is performed. The aim of this study was to develop an appropriate sample storage method for detecting viruses in environmental water. Three types of sample storage methods were evaluated using MilliQ water, pond water, and treated sewage inoculated with poliovirus and norovirus: (i) storage followed by the full concentration procedure, (ii) filtration and storage followed by the remaining concentration procedure, and (iii) the full concentration procedure before storage. The recovery of norovirus on day 0 of inoculation was 110.2+/-38.2% (n=2), which was comparable to that of poliovirus. During sample storage for up to 13 days, virus recovery showed different patterns of decrease, depending on the storage method, sample type, and storage temperature. Among the three methods tested, the method of storing the eluted samples was judged to be most appropriate for detection of viruses from water samples. This method does not require any special equipment and can be easily adopted in field surveys, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
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Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of Manaus, central Amazonia, Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:375-82. [PMID: 18065620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00944-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the Tarumã-Açu, São Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6% (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by human adenovirus (30.8%), human astrovirus (15.4%), and norovirus (5.8%). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring.
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Villar LM, de Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L, Guimarães FR, Ferreira FFM, Shubo TC, Miagostovich MP, Lampe E, Gaspar AMC. Molecular detection of hepatitis A virus in urban sewage in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:168-73. [PMID: 17651213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A one-year survey was conducted to examine hepatitis A virus (HAV) prevalence, distribution of genotypes and their relationship to bacterial indicators in raw and treated sewage samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty sewage samples (raw = 25 and treated = 25) were collected twice monthly from one sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro. Virus concentration was performed by adsorption to an electronegative membrane followed by ultrafiltration. Viral RNA was detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR and positive products were directly sequenced. Total and faecal coliform concentrations were also determined. By nested RT-PCR, HAV RNA was detected in 16/50 (32%) and eight (16%) of them were found in treated sewage samples. By real-time PCR, HAV RNA was detected in 46/50 (92%) samples and 24 were from treated sewage. Phylogenetic analyses classified nine isolates (56%) as subgenotype IA and seven (44%) as IB. CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR was more sensitive than nested RT-PCR; the presence of subgenotypes IA and IB was described and bacterial indicators cannot be used to predict HAV presence in sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results demonstrated that HAV still remains in the environment after sewage treatment and could play an important role in maintaining the endemicity of HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Villar
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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de Roda Husman AM, Bartram J. Chapter 7 Global Supply of Virus-Safe Drinking Water. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY 2007; 17:127-162. [PMID: 32287591 PMCID: PMC7119133 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(07)17007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter illustrates the recommendations and guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning water, sanitation, and health. The recommendations and guidelines are evaluated in the light of disease caused by human pathogenic viruses. The guidelines outline a preventive management framework for safe drinking water. The framework includes health-based targets to assist national authorities who are normally responsible to set the targets for the protection of public health from risks by exposure to drinking water. Assessing the adequacy of systems, defining and monitoring control measures, and establishing management plans are the three components of the so-called water safety plans. Achievement of health-based targets may be verified by independent surveillance to assess the safety of the drinking water through additional verification or audit-based approaches. This framework for safe drinking water can be adapted according to environmental, social, economic, and cultural circumstances of drinking water provision on the national, regional, and local level. The chapter concludes that viruses could be considered as biocolloids with specific properties such as size, shape, structure, charge, composition, and genome. These viral characteristics determine their behavior in the environment, resistance to natural inactivation and treatment, and disinfection processes. For each (re-)emerging virus these properties may be known or could be assessed predicting the effectiveness of possible intervention measures for prevention of waterborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute of Public Health (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), WHO Collaborating Centre for Risk Assessment of Pathogens in Food and Water, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for around half of the total number of hepatitis infections diagnosed worldwide. HAV infection is mainly propagated via the faecal-oral route and as a consequence of globalisation, transnational outbreaks of foodborne infections are reported with increasing frequency. Molecular procedures are now available and should be employed for the direct surveillance of HAV in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sánchez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Butot S, Putallaz T, Croquet C, Lamothe G, Meyer R, Joosten H, Sánchez G. Attachment of enteric viruses to bottles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5104-10. [PMID: 17586668 PMCID: PMC1950998 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00450-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Storage of water that was deliberately contaminated with enteric viruses in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles led to a rapid decrease of the apparent viral load, thereby hampering the development of samples for a collaborative evaluation of viral detection methods for bottled water. To determine if this decrease was due to spontaneous inactivation or to adhesion, an elution protocol was developed and combined with a rapid and sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR-based method to quantify adsorbed norovirus (NV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and rotavirus (RV) on bottle walls. The NV retention on PET bottle walls after 20 and 62 days reached an average level of 85% and 95% of the recovered inoculum, respectively. HAV and RV also showed adsorption onto PET bottles, reaching 90% and 80%, respectively, after 20 days of storage. NV and RV attachment was demonstrated to be dependent on the presence of autochthonous flora, whereas HAV adsorption was independent of it. Application of the elution and viral detection protocol to 294 commercially available water bottles obtained from 25 different countries did not give any positive result, thereby providing further evidence that the sources used for this product are free from enteric viruses and support for the theory that bottled water is not a vehicle for viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Butot
- Quality & Safety Assurance Department, Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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De Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L, Villar LM, Luz SLB, Silva LA, Jesus MS, da Silva NMVS, Gaspar AMC. Hepatitis A virus in environmental water samples from the Amazon Basin. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:1169-76. [PMID: 17306323 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a significant waterborne human pathogen. Of the global supply of potable water, Brazil retains 13%, of which 75% resides in the Amazon Basin. Although hepatitis A morbidity has declined progressively in Brazil as a whole, it remains high in the Amazon region. We used nested and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and quantify the viral load in water samples from the Amazon Basin. Most samples tested positive (92%), with viral loads varying from 60 to 5500 copies /L, depending on sanitary conditions and the degree of flooding. Nested RT-PCR of the VP1-2A region detected HAV RNA in 23% of the samples. In low viral load samples, HAV was detected only with real-time RT-PCR, suggesting that this technique is useful for monitoring HAV contamination. The presence of HAV in water samples constitutes a serious public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S De Paula
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz/ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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