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Bensadi L, Azzoug M, Benslimane A, Benlaribi R, Bouledouar S, Merzeg FA. Distribution, levels, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments of a Mediterranean river under multiple anthropopressures (Soummam River), Algeria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116416. [PMID: 38669853 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The Soummam River, a vital watercourse in Algeria is threatened by anthropogenic activities despite its protected wetland status. This study is the first to assess sediment pollution in the Soummam River, examining levels, compositions, sources of 16 PAHs and their effects on the environment and human health. Analysis employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and molecular diagnostic ratios pointed to petrogenic sources, likely stemming from petroleum leaks originating from aging pipeline and vehicles, as well as pyrogenic sources arising from vehicle exhaust and biomass combustion. Environmental and health risks were assessed through risk quotients (RQ), Sediments Quality Guidelines (SQG) and Total Lifetime Cancer Risk (TLCR). Ecological risk was found to range from moderate to high, with anticipated biological impacts, while cancer risk was deemed low. Toxicity assessment, measured by TEQ, revealed that the majority of monitoring stations exceeded safe levels. Consequently, urgent action by local authorities is warranted to implement ecosystem rehabilitation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bensadi
- Université de Bejaia, Faculté de Technologie, Laboratoire des Procédés Membranaires et des Techniques de Séparation et de Récupération (LPMTSR), 06000 Bejaia, Algeria.
| | - Moufok Azzoug
- Université de Bejaia, Faculté de Technologie, Laboratoire des Procédés Membranaires et des Techniques de Séparation et de Récupération (LPMTSR), 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Abdelhakim Benslimane
- Université de Bejaia, Faculté de Technologie, Laboratoire Mécanique, Matériaux et Energétique, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Rabia Benlaribi
- Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie de la Gendarmerie Nationale (INCC/GN), Cheraga, Algeria
| | - Samira Bouledouar
- Université de Bejaia, Faculté de Technologie, Laboratory of Materials and Process Engineering (LTMGP), 06000 Bejaia, Algeria; Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physical and Chemical Analyses (CRAPC), BP 384 Bou-Ismail, RP 42004 Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Farid Ait Merzeg
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physical and Chemical Analyses (CRAPC), BP 384 Bou-Ismail, RP 42004 Tipaza, Algeria; Research Unit in Physico-Chemical Analyzes of Fluids and Soils (URAPC-FS), 11 Chemin, Doudou Mokhtar, Ben Aknoun, 16028 Alger, Algeria; Technical Platform for Physico-chemical Analyzes (PTAPC-Bejaia), Targa Ouzemmour, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
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Zhang X, Yao Z, Yang W, Zhang W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li W. Distribution, sources, partition behavior and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the waters and sediments of Lake Ulansuhai, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116072. [PMID: 38290363 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the waters and sediments of Lake Ulansuhai. It explores their occurrence, sources, transport behavior, and associated risks to human health and ecosystems. The results revealed that concentrations of ∑PAHs in dissolved phase and sediment with no significant seasonal differences. In contrast, ∑PAHs concentrations in suspended particulate matter were significantly higher during the ice-free period compared to the ice period. Spatially, the northern part of Lake Ulansuhai displayed higher PAHs content. Diagnostic isomeric ratios and PMF models indicated that the PAHs were primarily derived from combustion sources. The distribution of PAHs within water-sediment demonstrated that non-equilibrium status. Fugacity calculations indicated that 2-4 rings PAHs acted as secondary sources of sediment emissions. Toxicity assessment, indicated that PAHs posed no significant carcinogenic risk to humans. Risk quotient values showed that PAHs as low to high ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China; School of Mining and Coal, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Wenhuan Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China.
| | - Wenxing Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Ecological Environment Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yizhe Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Weiping Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China.
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Li S, Zhang Y, Cong B, Liu S, Liu S, Mi W, Xie Z. Spatial distribution, source identification and flux estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in basins of the Eastern Indian Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166974. [PMID: 37699479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been recorded worldwide, information on their presence in the Eastern Indian Ocean (EIO), especially south of 10°S, remains limited. We investigated the distribution and depositional fluxes of PAHs and OCPs, and the major sources and ecological risks of PAHs in EIO surface sediments from the Central Indian Ocean (CIOB) and Wharton Basin (WB). The concentration of Σ18 PAHs and ∑10 OCPs had an average value (± SD) of 138.4 ± 52.34 and 0.8 ± 0.20 ng g-1, respectively. PAHs may mainly affected by traffic emission and biomass and wood combustion. Persistent organic pollutant accumulation rate (PAR) and depositional flux (DF) values showed that abundant PAHs might lost during top-down transport. The low trans- chordane (CHL)/cis-CHL ratio and PAR of OCPs may indicated few OCPs were inputted into the EIO recently. The results of binary isotope mixing modeling indicate the predominance of marine organic matter (MOM) in total organic carbon (TOC) of sediments. Fluoranthene (Flour) and pyrene (Py) might have potential biological effects in the EIO. The study provided background values for PAHs and OCPs in the Indian Ocean, and preliminarily revealed the fate of POPs in the open oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bailin Cong
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Shengfa Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shenghao Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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Ye J, Zheng H, Liu M, Tanli Y, Qi H, Jing L, Huang J, Hossain KB, Ke H, Wang C, Wang S, Cai M. Upwelling impact and lateral transport of dissolved PAHs in the Taiwan Strait and adjacent South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165159. [PMID: 37385490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution and depth profile of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the western Taiwan Strait (TWS) and northeastern South China Sea (SCS) during the southwest monsoon for a comprehensive study of spatial distribution, potential sources, upwelling, and lateral PAHs transport flux to assess the impacts of oceanic processes. The concentrations of ∑14PAHs were 33 ± 14 ng L-1 and 23 ± 11 ng L-1 in western TWS and northeastern SCS, respectively. A minor difference in potential sources in different areas was shown in principle component analysis results, which illustrated mixed sources (petrogenic and pyrogenic) in western TWS and petrogenic sources in northeastern SCS. An "enrichment in surface or deep but depletion in medium water" distribution pattern of PAHs depth profile during summertime was observed in Taiwan Bank, which was potentially influenced by the upwelling. The greatest lateral ∑14PAHs transport flux was found along the Taiwan Strait Current area (43.51 g s-1), followed by those along South China Sea Warm Current and Guangdong Coastal Current areas. Though the oceanic response to PAHs varied relatively slowly, the ocean current was a less-dominant pathway for PAHs exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea (ECS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yina Tanli
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huaiyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingkun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiajin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kazi Belayet Hossain
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Martins CC, Moreira LB, Sutilli M, de Souza Abessa DM. Unraveling sources of hydrocarbons in subtropical estuaries with distinct degrees of protection in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115499. [PMID: 37742512 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in subtropical estuaries with distinct degrees of legal protection, located in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, São Paulo State, Brazil. A multivariate approach was adopted, using the Hierarchical cluster analysis followed by the Principal Matrix Factorization analysis to support the hydrocarbons sources findings using diagnostic ratios. In general, the sites with the highest values of hydrocarbons were in the vicinity of well-urbanized cities, where sewage discharge, harbor and industrial activities take place. Pyrolitic PAHs were the predominant source of PAHs in the sites. The region can be considered not highly contaminated by hydrocarbons; however, specific sites under local anthropogenic impact from sewage and/or urban drainage, presented relatively high hydrocarbons levels. These findings highlight the importance of sources identification as reliable approach to be included in the management plan of protected areas under the inputs of several vectors of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Buruaem Moreira
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-100 Santos, SP, Brazil; Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Pça. Infante D. Henrique s/n°, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Sutilli
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Pça. Infante D. Henrique s/n°, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
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Teodora Ciucure C, Geana EI, Lidia Chitescu C, Laurentiu Badea S, Elena Ionete R. Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters and sediments from Olt River dam reservoirs in Romania. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137024. [PMID: 36323388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study provides important data on the distribution, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in surface waters and sediments collected from dam reservoirs on middle and lower course of the Olt River, the main tributary of the Danube, until the discharge into the Black Sea. A wide variation range of total PAHs concentrations in water (from 1.3 to 46.2 ng/L) and sediment (from 1.78 to 614.04 μg/kg) samples was emphasized by the results. The highest average PAHs concentration in water was recorded in the cold season and the lowest in the summer. In sediments, no differences were observed depending on the sampling period. Spatial distribution of PAHs in waters and sediments was correlated with the main anthropogenic activities along the river course. Regardless of the method used to attribute PAH sources (diagnostic ratios of specific PAHs, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis), it was confirmed that the potential anthropogenic sources of PAHs were both pyrogenic (incomplete combustion of biomass and coal) and pyrolytic (incomplete combustion of liquid fossil fuels and vehicle exhaust emissions), with a dominant pyrolytic input. Ecological risk assessment based on environmental quality standards, mean effect range-median quotient (m-ERM-Q), toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and risk quotient (RQ) methods indicated potentially low ecological risks from PAHs. The ecological status of the Olt river waters poses no potential risk, and pollution of surface sediments can be classified as low polluted, except for two sites near industrial activities classified as moderately polluted. Therefore, a regular monitoring of PAHs concentration in the waters and sediments should be performed to prevent further contamination of PAHs in the studied area, especially in densely populated industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Teodora Ciucure
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania.
| | - Carmen Lidia Chitescu
- Dunarea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 35 A.I. Cuza Str., 800010, Galaţi, Romania
| | - Silviu Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania
| | - Roxana Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Valcea, Romania
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Li A, der Beek TA, Zhang J, Schmid C, Schüth C. Characterizing spatiotemporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:713. [PMID: 36042104 PMCID: PMC9427900 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the concentration distributions of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 41 water samples which were collected from the northern part of Taihu Lake during 4 field campaigns (201511, 201606, 201702 and 201709). The concentrations were determined with GC-MS, and their spatial and seasonal distribution characteristics were interpreted. The results show that 2-ring PAHs present considerably higher concentrations in warm seasons than cold seasons, but the concentrations of the other higher-ring PAHs are rather stable in warm and cold seasons. The distribution patterns of these PAHs might be mainly attributed to ambient temperature effects on the PAH solubility in the water body. Meanwhile, the spatial distributions of the PAH concentrations in cold seasons were rather various in the sampling area, while the distributions in the warm seasons were homogeneous. The different distributions could result from the water recharge from the Yangtze River during cold seasons, which diluted PAH concentrations in the northeastern part of the lake. Furthermore, via literature review on PAH concentrations in water body, PAHs are in a wide range of levels and their patterns are different among the studies, which should be more effected by local factors instead of general PAH properties. The results from this study also present special characteristics of PAHs in Taihu Lake, which exhibit more insight on PAHs existence in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Li
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
- China Coal Aerial Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Group Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710199, China.
| | - Tim Aus der Beek
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jin Zhang
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Cora Schmid
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Shi C, Qu C, Sun W, Zhou J, Zhang J, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Guo J, Zhang J, Qi S. Multimedia distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Wang Lake Wetland, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119358. [PMID: 35489533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Wang Lake Wetland is a highly valued area that is protected due to its high biodiversity. The wetland has a complicated hydrological regime and is subject to frequent human disturbance. We hypothesize that fluctuating hydrology and human activities have varied contributions to the temporal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the wetland. Soil (SS), sediment (SD), and water, to acquire dissolved phase (DP) and suspended particulate matter (SPM), samples were collected from eight locations during low- and high-flow periods to elucidate multimedia phase distribution and transport of PAHs. Following the onset of the rainy season, the concentration of SPM-associated PAHs increased significantly, while the DP PAHs remained stable. Individual PAH ratios showed that, although pyrogenic sources are common, petrogenic derived compounds are the main source of PAHs in the Wang Lake Wetland. During the high-flow period, the empirical values for logarithms of the organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (log KOC) of individual PAH-congeners were lower than the corresponding field-observed log KOC values from the SPM-DP and SD-DP systems, reflecting the complexity in evaluating multi-phase PAH partitioning. During the high-flow period, temperature-driven changes may have changed the sediment from a sink to a source for some high molecular weight PAHs. It was determined that human activities governed the PAH loading in the low-flow period, whereas during high-flow conditions, increased rainfall, higher temperatures, and fishery activity are the main factors controlling PAH input to the Wang Lake Wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jingzhe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Influence of Source Apportionment of PAHs Occurrence in Aquatic Suspended Particulate Matter at a Typical Post-Industrial City: A Case Study of Freiberger Mulde River. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have received extensive attention because of their widespread presence in various environmental media and their high environmental toxicity. Thus, figuring out the long-term variances of their occurrence and driving force in the environment is helpful for environmental pollution control. This study investigates the concentration levels, spatial variance, and source apportionment of PAHs in suspended particulate matter of Freiberger Mulde river, Germany. Results show that the concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs suggested by USEPA (Σ16PAHs) were in the range of 707.0–17,243.0 μg kg−1 with a mean value of 5258.0 ± 2569.2 μg kg−1 from 2002 to 2016. The relatively high average concentrations of Σ16PAHs were found in the midstream and upstream stations of the given river (7297.5 and 6096.9 μg kg−1 in Halsbrucke and Hilbersdorf, respectively). In addition, the annual average concentration of Σ16PAHs showed an obvious decreasing pattern with time. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model identified three potential sources: coke ovens (7.6–23.0%), vehicle emissions (35.9–47.7%), and coal and wood combustion (34.5–47.3%). The source intensity variation and wavelet coherence analysis indicated that the use of clean energy played a key role in reducing PAHs pollution levels in suspended sediments. The risk assessment of ecosystem and human health suggested that the Σ16PAHs in the given area posed a non-negligible threat to aquatic organisms and humans. The data provided herein could assist the subsequent management of PAHs in the aquatic environment.
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Zhu Y, Liang B, Xia W, Gao M, Zheng H, Chen J, Chen Y, Tian M. Assessing potential risks of aquatic polycyclic aromatic compounds via multiple approaches: A case study in Jialing and Yangtze Rivers in downtown Chongqing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118620. [PMID: 34864101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better evaluate the potential risks of aquatic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), multiple approaches have been implemented in this study to assess the human health and ecological risks of parent, nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs) in the surface water of Jialing and Yangtze Rivers in downtown Chongqing in southwestern China. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (334 ± 125 ng L-1) were much higher than those of ∑OPAHs (20.2 ± 7.49 ng L-1) in the two rivers, while NPAHs were barely detected. Concentrations of detected PACs were higher in wet season than dry season, probably resulted from the elevated particle input due to heavy rainfall in wet season. Concentrations of PAHs were higher in the particulate phase than dissolved phase, while OPAHs levels showed a reverse pattern. The partition coefficients (Kp) of PACs in the water-SPM (suspended particulate matter) system were mainly affected by SPM concentrations and octanol/water partition coefficients of specific PACs. Human health risks calculated from non-probabilistic risk assessment model and probabilistic risk assessment model based on Monte Carlo simulation showed similar data pattern with slight difference in absolute values. Both models revealed potential or even severe human health risks contributed mainly by dermal exposure to aquatic PACs in this study. Furthermore, these models also manifested that infant stage was highly sensitive for PAC exposure. Sensitivity analysis indicated that health risk results was most sensitive to Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxic concentration (BaPeq), followed by showering time and daily water intake volume. Levels of ecological risks and contributions of individual PACs differed from models based on different quality values. The adequacy of toxicity data was crucial for the reliability of ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Zhu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Weiwei Xia
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Min Gao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Haojun Zheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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11
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Wu Y, Guo P, Su H, Zhang Y, Deng J, Wang M, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhang X. Seasonal and spatial variations in the phytoplankton community and their correlation with environmental factors in the Jinjiang River Estuary in Quanzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 194:44. [PMID: 34957530 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal and spatial variation in the phytoplankton community structure and the environmental variables were investigated in December (the dry season) 2016 and July (the rainy season) 2017 in the Jinjiang River Estuary, China. We identified a total of 138 species of phytoplankton, which were mainly Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Cryptophyta in the dry season; however, in the rainy season, only Bacillariophyta were found. In the Jinjiang River Estuary, the species evenness and the biodiversity index were higher in the rainy season and that the species diversity was higher in the dry season. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the dominant species were statistically related to many of the environmental variables, including the water temperature (WT), pH, salinity (Sal), dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). Among the variables, the Sal, DO, TP, and TN had a significant influence on the dominant species distribution, and the WT and pH also affected the dominant species distribution to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Peiyong Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Haitao Su
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Meixian Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yinshi Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yanqi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
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12
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Cheng C, Hu T, Liu W, Mao Y, Shi M, Xu A, Su Y, Li X, Xing X, Qi S. Modern lake sedimentary record of PAHs and OCPs in a typical karst wetland, south China: Response to human activities and environmental changes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118173. [PMID: 34537600 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sedimentary history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) over the past 140 years in a lake sediment core from Huixian karst wetland was reconstructed. The total PAHs and OCPs concentrations ranged from 40.0 to 210 ng g-1 and 0.98 to 31.4 ng g-1, respectively. The vertical distribution of PAHs and OCPs in different stages was great consistent with the history of regional socio-economic development and the usage of OCPs. As the indicators of socio-economic development, gross domestic product (GDP), population, energy consumption, highway mileage, and private vehicles correlated with the PAHs concentrations, indicating the impact of human activities on PAHs levels. The PAHs and OCPs concentrations were also affected by environmental changes in the wetland, as reconstructed by total organic carbon (TOC), sand, silt, clay, quartz, and calcite in sediments. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed TOC was the dominant factor to explain the concentrations of PAHs and OCPs with the explanation of 86.7% and 43.5%, respectively. In addition, TOC content had significantly positive correlation with PAHs (0.96, p < 0.01) and OCPs (0.78, p < 0.01). In particular, the significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05) between calcite and PAHs and OCPs inferred that karstification might play an important role in the migration of PAHs and OCPs in the karst area. Therefore, the lake in Huixian wetland tended to be a sink more than a source of PAHs and OCPs influenced by the increasing TOC content and karstification under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Mao
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - An Xu
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yewang Su
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Ecosystem and Treatment of Rocky Desertification, Ministry of Natural Resources, IRCK by UNESCO, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
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13
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Kim Y, Hong S, Lee J, Yoon SJ, An Y, Kim MS, Jeong HD, Khim JS. Spatial distribution and source identification of traditional and emerging persistent toxic substances in the offshore sediment of South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147996. [PMID: 34062466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the coastal pollution of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) has been widely documented, information on offshore environments remains limited. Here, we investigated the spatial distribution and sources of PTSs in the offshore sediments (n = 34) of South Korea. Sediment samples collected from the Yellow Sea (n = 18), the South Sea (n = 10), and the East Sea (n = 6), in 2017-18 were analyzed for a total of 71 PTSs. Target compounds include 31 PCBs, 15 PAHs, 9 emerging PAHs (e-PAHs), 10 styrene oligomers (SOs), and 6 alkylphenols (APs). Sedimentary PCBs showed relatively low concentrations with no significant difference across the three seas (0.16-6.9 ng g-1 normalized organic carbon, OC). Low-chlorinated PCBs (tri- and tetra Cl-CBs) were predominant (mean: 77%), primarily indicating atmospheric inputs. PAHs widely accumulated in the three seas with low to moderate level (22-250 ng g-1 OC), and dominated by high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings). PMF analysis revealed coast-specific PAHs sources; i.e., originated from mainly coke production (77%) in the Yellow Sea, vehicle emissions (68%) in the South Sea, and fossil fuel combustion (49%) in the East Sea. SOs showed significant contamination than other PTSs, with elevated concentrations in the Yellow Sea (mean: 350 ng g-1 OC). APs showed a similar regional distribution to SOs, but concentrations were much lower (mean: 17 ng g-1 OC). SOs and APs seemed to be introduced from rivers and estuaries on the west coast of Korea, where industrial and municipal activities are concentrated, then might be transported to offshore through tide or currents. Overall, the novel data presented for various PTSs in offshore Korean sediments warrant the necessity of a long-term monitoring effort and urgent management practice to protect marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyoung An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seob Kim
- Fundamental Environment Research Department, Environmental Measurement & Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Dong Jeong
- East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gangneung 25435, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Wu X, Gao X, Tan T, Li C, Yan R, Chi Z, Feng Y, Gong P, Fang J, Zhang X, Aihemaiti K, Xu D. Sources and pollution path identification of PAHs in karst aquifers: an example from Liulin karst water system, northern China. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 241:103810. [PMID: 33866143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karst water, with constituting major sources for water supply worldwide, is vulnerable and prone to be polluted. In this study, it is reported that karst water polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution is caused by the infiltration of surface runoff in the bared carbonate areas, which is of universal significance for the protection of groundwater resources in karst region. Hydro-geochemistry, stable isotopes (δD, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr) and characteristic ratio method were conducted together to illustrate the concentration, distribution, sources and pollution path of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater in the Liulin karst water system of northern China. The results showed that total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ranged from 39.25 to 16,830 ng/L in groundwater, with Naphthalene being the dominant component, and the median value increased gradually along the flow path. The highest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in karst water were mainly observed in the coal mining and the discharge areas. Based on the characteristic ratios, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the study area mainly come from local incomplete combustion of woods, fossil fuels, coal and liquid fuels. The slight shift of δD and δ18O and moderate 87Sr/86Sr ratios suggest that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in karst water is mainly polluted by surface runoff during rain events in the bared karst region. The leakage of river water may partly contribute to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some karst water, which normally located close to the karst water - river water mixing line. This study provides a new technical method for tracing the sources and identifying the pollution paths of organic pollution in a karst water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xubo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Karst Dynamics Laboratory, MNR and GZAR, (Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS), Guilin, Guangxi 541004, PR China.
| | - Ting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ruyao Yan
- Water Resources Bureau of Lvliang City, Shanxi Province, Lishi 033000, PR China
| | - Zeyong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Peili Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiancong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xingzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Kaisaerjiang Aihemaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dong Xu
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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15
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Zhao C, Xu J, Shang D, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xie H, Kong Q, Wang Q. Application of constructed wetlands in the PAH remediation of surface water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146605. [PMID: 34030309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose adverse risks to ecosystems and public health because of their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. As such, the extensive occurrence of PAHs represents a worldwide concern that requires urgent solutions. Wastewater treatment plants are not, however, designed for PAH removal and often become sources of the PAHs entering surface waters. Among the technologies applied in PAH remediation, constructed wetlands (CWs) exhibit several cost-effective and eco-friendly advantages, yet a systematic examination of the application and success of CWs for PAH remediation is missing. This review discusses PAH occurrence, distribution, and seasonal patterns in surface waters during the last decade to provide baseline information for risk control and further treatment. Furthermore, based on the application of CWs in PAH remediation, progress in understanding and optimising PAH-removal mechanisms is discussed focussing on sediments, plants, and microorganisms. Wetland plant traits are key factors affecting the mechanisms of PAH removal in CWs, including adsorption, uptake, phytovolatilization, and biodegradation. The physico-chemical characteristics of PAHs, environmental conditions, wetland configuration, and operation parameters are also reviewed as important factors affecting PAH removal efficiency. Whilst significant progress has been made, several key problems need to be addressed to ensure the success of large-scale CW projects. These include improving performance in cold climates and addressing the toxic threshold effects of PAHs on wetland plants. Overall, this review provides future direction for research on PAH removal using CWs and their large-scale operation for the treatment of PAH-contaminated surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jingtao Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Dawei Shang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanmeng Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Huijun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qiang Kong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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16
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Jahedi F, Dehdari Rad H, Goudarzi G, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Babaei AA, Ahmadi Angali K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10 atmospheric particles: identification, sources, temporal and spatial variations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:851-866. [PMID: 34150277 PMCID: PMC8172670 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports temporal and spatial variations of 16 different species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (particle-bonded PAHs) in the indoor and outdoor environments of three sampling sites in Bandar Mahshahr city, Iran. A low-volume air sampler was employed to collect size-segregated particulate matter during winter (October to December 2015), and summer (July to September 2016). The results showed that the annual concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 were much higher than the related World Health Organization guidelines. The concentration of total particle-bonded PAHs (TPAHs) was higher in winter than in summer and a significant difference between the two sampling seasons was observed. The indoor and outdoor carcinogenic PAHs to TPAHs concentrations ratios in the sampling sites in summer and winter were as follow: for PM10 40.15-42.51%, PM2.5 41.30-42.97%, and PM1 43.07-44.36%, respectively; furthermore, the smaller the particle size, the higher the percentage of carcinogenic PAHs. 2 ring PAHs had a very small contribution to the total PAHs (about 1%), whereas PAHs with 3-to-4 rings had much larger contributions, ranging from 71.65% to 75.17%. The results demonstrated that as PM size decreased, the proportion of 5-to-6-ring PAHs to the total PAHs increased. Since 5-to-6- ring PAHs are considered to be more toxic, hence more attention should be paid to fine particles. The diagnostic ratios of indoor and outdoor of three sampling sites in both seasons suggested that petrogenic sources, as well as combustion of petroleum and other fossil fuels were the main PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Jahedi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dehdari Rad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Kong J, Dai Y, Han M, He H, Hu J, Zhang J, Shi J, Xian Q, Yang S, Sun C. Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:159-169. [PMID: 33637241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10-7 to 5.75 × 10-5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengshu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Jiapeng Hu
- College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuxi 214121, China
| | - Junzhe Shi
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuxi 214121, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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18
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Jia T, Guo W, Liu W, Xing Y, Lei R, Wu X, Sun S. Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water-sediment system near chemical industry parks in the Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142176. [PMID: 32916481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is one of the most populated and economically prosperous regions in China and contains numerous chemical industry parks. To understand the distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), surface water and sediment samples were collected from areas around the industrial parks. The total concentrations of 19 PAHs in water and sediment were 32.98-286 ng L-1 and 15.14-5355 ng g-1, respectively. The highest PAH concentrations in water and sediment were found in samples from Wuxi city, which were dominated by high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, and strongly influenced by fine chemical parks. HMW compounds dominated in the sediment with PAHs containing four and five rings accounting for 61% of the sedimentary ΣPAHs, PAHs in water were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) compounds (PAHs with two and three rings represented >68% of ΣPAHs). The results of isomeric ratio analysis and principal component analysis with multiple linear regression indicated that the PAH concentrations in water and sediment near the YRD chemical parks are strongly influenced by industrial emissions. The fugacity fraction approach was applied to explain the trend for water-sediment exchange of 16 priority PAHs, which showed that net fluxes for most were from the sediment into water. The results indicated that the LMW PAHs were in a non-steady state in the sediment-water system. An ecological risk assessment showed that most sites were low to medium risk, but one site was high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ying Xing
- Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rongrong Lei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shurui Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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19
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Ren C, Zhang Q, Wang H, Wang Y. Characteristics and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of groundwater in Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, China, based on PMF model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9647-9656. [PMID: 33151496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PAH contamination in water environment has become an important water quality problem in China. In this study, groundwater PAHs were monitored in September 2019 at 48 groundwater sites, and statistical analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to analyze the characteristic of PAHs in groundwater and to identify the pollution sources of PAHs in the Hutuo River Basin, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that the concentration of the PAHs in groundwater was low and the total PAHs (∑PAHs) ranged from below detection limit to 260.6 ng/L and with a mean value of 17.7 ng/L. The concentration of PAHs in groundwater was obviously affected by the land use. Based on molecular ratio method, the main source of PAHs in groundwater is the biomass combustion, while the results of PMF source analysis were more accurate and the results showed that the primary sources and contribution rate of PAHs in groundwater were wood, coal, and gasoline sources (41.4%), followed by oil and diesel sources (39.4%), and natural gas combustion (19.2%). There was obvious spatial variation in the contribution of pollution sources to PAHs at the sites of different land uses in this region. The highest contribution of nature gas combustion, oil and diesel sources, and wood, coal, and gasoline combustion to PAHs was found in the urban area (0.617 ng/L), industrial area (0.380 ng/L), and village area (0.379 ng/L), respectively. The results can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of PAH contamination in groundwater in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
| | - Huiwei Wang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Nunes BZ, Zanardi-Lamardo E, Choueri RB, Castro ÍB. Marine protected areas in Latin America and Caribbean threatened by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116194. [PMID: 33288292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study is a literature-based analysis investigating occurrence and the possible consequences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in marine protected areas (MPAs) of Latin America and Caribbean. The approach using overlapping of georeferenced MPA polygons with data compiled from peer-reviewed literature, published during the last 15 years, showed 341 records of PAH in 9 countries. PAH was reported to occur within the boundaries of 36 MPAs located in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua and Uruguay. According to quality guidelines, low to moderate impacts are expected in MPAs categorized in different management classes. Considering sediment samples, 13% of the records presented concentrations enough to cause occasional toxicity. Such level of risk was also seen in Ramsar sites and in Amazonian MPAs. In addition, based on concentrations reported in biota, occasional deleterious effects on organisms from Biosphere Reserves might occur. Diagnostic ratios pointed out petrogenic and pyrolytic processes as PAH predominant sources, and were mainly attributed to the proximity to ports, industries and urban areas. MPAs located in the vicinity of impact-generating areas may be under threat and require government attention and action, mainly through implementation of contamination monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Zachello Nunes
- Instituto Do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto Do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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21
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Pichler N, Maria de Souza F, Ferreira Dos Santos V, Martins CC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the amazon coast: Evidence for localized sources in contrast to massive regional biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115958. [PMID: 33176946 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Amazon coastal zone has become contaminated with organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, information about their distribution and sources in this area is scarce, despite increasing deforestation and oil exploitation. Therefore, individual PAHs were analysed in the sediments of the Oyapock estuary, which is located in the Amazon coastal zone. This study provides information about the spatial and short-term temporal distributions of PAHs and discusses the major sources of PAHs to better understand the anthropogenic processes occurring in adjacent areas. The concentrations of all sixteen priority PAHs defined by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency, ∑16PAHs) ranged from 10.9 to 138.8 ng g-1 with a mean and standard deviation = 37.9 ± 20.5 and indicated that this estuary is not contaminated, while the mean levels were similar to those found in other Amazon regions and pristine areas along the coast of Brazil. No significant differences were found in the sedimentary PAHs levels between the wet and dry sampling campaigns, despite the different climatic conditions. Diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and cluster analysis have shown that the majority of the investigated PAHs were derived from combustion processes (at least 55.1%, as estimated by the PMF model). Localized source inputs from oil and its by-products concomitantly with natural/biogenic sources appear to be secondary sources. The PAH contribution from biomass and wood combustion was approximately 13.6% and was relatively lower than other regions of the Amazon that are undergoing massive biomass burning. As the first study of PAHs in this region, this study provides vital information on the healthy state of the estuary and can serve as a baseline for assessing the impacts of acute oil disasters or the chronic input of PAHs as a result of human settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Pichler
- Centro de Estudos Do Mar, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal Do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fernanda Maria de Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas Do Estado Do Amapá, Centro de Pesquisas Aquáticas, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/n, Fazendinha, 68903-197, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Valdenira Ferreira Dos Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas Do Estado Do Amapá, Centro de Pesquisas Aquáticas, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/n, Fazendinha, 68903-197, Macapá, AP, Brazil; Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, Km-02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos Do Mar, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal Do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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22
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Wang F, Dong W, Zhao Z, Wang H, Chen G, Zhao Y, Huang J, Zhou T, Zhang S, Xu Y, Wang F. Spatial and vertical distribution, composition profiles, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in the sediments of an urban tributary: A case study of the Songgang River, Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115360. [PMID: 32836015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Songgang River (SR) was selected as a typical tributary that is heavily polluted by rapid urbanization and industrialization. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distribution at five representative sampling sites from different urban functional areas was studied. The chemical and physical properties and spatial and vertical distribution of PAHs in sediments were investigated. PAH source identification and the ecological risks of the sediments were evaluated. The results suggested that the industrial zone and dense residential and commercial areas were the most contaminated areas of the SR, as the chemical and physical properties of total organic carbon content in sediments was the highest at the dense residential and commercial areas (0.1-4.5%); however, the acid volatile sulfide, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents were the highest in the industrial zone, with ranges of 700.0-1618.4 mg/kg dw, 22.4-3543.9 mg/kg dw, and 82.3-4550.7 mg/kg dw, respectively. The spatial distribution of residual PAHs in the sediment cores showed a wide variation among different urban functional areas, and the vertical characterization (0-300 cm) depicted a significant decreasing trend with depth and with an abrupt increase at 180 cm. The concentration of ∑16 PAHs ranged from 208.7 to 7709.8 ng/g dw, with the highest concentrations obtained in the industrial zone. The low molecular weight-PAHs (153-6720 ng/g dw) were predominant in the sediments. Furthermore, there were combined sources (biomass burning: 40.3%; fossil fuel combustion: 25.5%; mixed source: 21.5%; oil pollution: 12.7%) and a long term accumulation effect, with anthropogenic activities and industrial pollution as the major contributing sources. The concentrations of Nap, Acy, Ace, Flu, and Ant exceeded the lower limit of the sediment quality criteria, and higher toxic equivalent concentration values of the total carcinogenic PAHs were observed nearby the midstream of the SR, which may cause adverse biological effects and implies a need for regular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Hongjie Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Guanhan Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Shunli Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yunan Xu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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23
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Yang W, Zhang H, Lang Y, Li Z. Pollution status of PAHs in surface sediments from different marginal seas along China Mainland: A quantitative evaluation on a national scale. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114431. [PMID: 32251980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the largest coastal countries in the world, which have all kinds of marginal systems. Studies have reported the sedimentary Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution status, including their concentrations, sources and risks, in localized marginal systems, which showed significant differences. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of their pollution in marginal systems along China Mainland is urgently needed on a national scale. In the present study, the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in surface sediments from 62 different marginal systems along China Mainland were reviewed. Their sources were identified and apportioned, and the health risks and ecological risks were also evaluated. As a result, the total sedimentary PAHs varied in a wide range of 4-3700 ng/g, with the lowest values observed in Kenting National Park in East China Sea and the highest values observed in Daliao River estuary in Bohai Sea. Their concentrations suggested that they were not contaminated-weakly contaminated in most study areas, but were contaminated-heavily contaminated in some pollution hot-spots. Source identification and apportion suggested that the sedimentary PAHs were mainly originated from coal combustion, vehicular emission, natural gas combustion and petrogenic source, but the coal combustion and vehicular emission contributed most to their emission (>90%). Risk assessment suggested that the carcinogenic risks were lower than the upper limit of the acceptable range (10-4), which were acceptable at a large spatial scale. However, for sediments from Qinhuangdao coastal wetland, Daliao River estuary and Yangpu Bay, their carcinogenic risks were higher than 10-4, which will pose high carcinogenic risks for adults. The non-carcinogenic risks were acceptable in all marginal systems with values lower than the safety guideline (<1). In the ecological risk assessment, their concentrations in some pollution hot-spots were higher than the safety guidelines (effects range low, ERL), suggesting a higher potential ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | | | - Yinhai Lang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Zhengyan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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24
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Dreij K, Lundin L, Le Bihanic F, Lundstedt S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City: Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108989. [PMID: 31835119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous pollutants that are found everywhere in our environment, including air, soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations, distribution, sources and potential health risk of 43 PACs in soils collected from 25 urban parks in Stockholm City, Sweden. These PACs included 21 PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, and 4 azaarenes whose concentrations ranged between 190 and 54 500, 30.5-5 300, 14.9-680, and 4.17-590 ng/g soil, respectively. Fluoranthene was found at the highest levels ranging between 17.7 and 9800 ng/g, benzo[a]pyrene between 9.64 and 4600 ng/g, and the highly potent carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene up to 740 ng/g. The most abundant oxy-PAH was 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (2.09-2300 ng/g). Primary sources of PAHs were identified by use of diagnostic ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization modelling and found to be pyrogenic including vehicle emissions and combustion of biomass. Estimating the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS) associated with exposure to PAHs in these soils indicated that the PAH levels in some parks constitute a considerable increased risk level for adults and children (total ILCR > 1 × 10-4). Compared to worldwide urban parks contamination, we conclude that the PAC soil levels in parks of Stockholm City in general are low, but that some parks are more heavily contaminated and should be considered for clean-up actions to limit human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Staffan Lundstedt
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå Univeristy, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Sun X, Wang H, Guo Z, Lu P, Song F, Liu L, Liu J, Rose NL, Wang F. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:239-255. [PMID: 31916559 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Fuzhong Song
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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26
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Alani R, Nwude D, Joseph A, Akinrinade O. Impact of gas flaring on surface and underground water: a case study of Anieze and Okwuibome areas of Delta State, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:166. [PMID: 32030517 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas flaring is a major activity in oil exploration processes in Nigeria with concerns on its effects on the oil communities. This study investigated the contribution of flare gases to pollution burden of Anieze and Okwuibome communities. Water samples were displayed at 10-m, 50-m, and 100-m locations from gas-flaring stations, and control samples were taken in another location. After a month, the water samples were examined for heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and physico-chemical parameters. Pb was found only in the 50-m location and above the WHO standard. Fe, Zn, and Cr were detected in the order 10 m > 50 m > 100 m > control whereas Cd was detected in the order 100 m > 50 m > 10 m > control. Fe, Zn, Cr, and Cd were linked to gas-flaring activities. The total PAHs were found in the order 10 m (1929.43 μg/L) > 100 m (1759.64 μg/L) > 50 m (620.27 μg/L) > control (389.37 μg/L). The signature ratio related the PAH sources to combination of petroleum and combustion sources. The sources of the PAHs were linked to the flare gas. The study implicates gas-flaring activities for the increased pollution burden in the communities and suggests policies that guide its reduction in petroleum explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Alani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Davies Nwude
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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27
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Liang X, Junaid M, Wang Z, Li T, Xu N. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment and ecological risk assessment of PBDEs and PAHs in the Guanlan River from rapidly urbanizing areas of Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:695-707. [PMID: 31035152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nine congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and sixteen congeners of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in water samples to elucidate their spatial distribution, congener profiles, sources and ecological risks in the Guanlan River during both the dry season (DS) and the wet season (WS). The concentration of Σ9PBDE ranged from 58.40 to 186.35 ng/L with an average of 115.72 ng/L in the DS, and from 8.20 to 37.80 ng/L with an average of 22.15 ng/L in the WS. Meanwhile, the concentration of Σ16PAHs was ranged from 121.80 to 8371.70 ng/L with an average of 3271.18 ng/L in the DS and from 1.85 to 7124.25 ng/L with an average of 908.11 ng/L in the WS. The concentrations of PBDEs and PAHs in the DS were significantly higher than those in the WS, probably due to the dilution of the river during the rainy season. Moreover, the spatial distribution of pollutants revealed decreasing trend in the concentration from upstream to downstream and almost identical pattern was observed during both seasons. The source apportionment suggested that penta-BDE and to some extent octa-BDE commercial products were major sources of PBDEs in the study area. However, the sources of PAHs were mainly comprised of fossil fuels and biomass burning, followed by the petroleum products and their mixtures. The results of the ecological risk assessment indicated PBDEs contamination posed high ecological risks, while PAHs exhibited low or no ecological risks in the study area. Consistent with the environmental levels, the ecological risks of pollutants were relatively lower in the WS, compared to that in the DS. The results from this study would provide valuable baseline data and technical support for policy makers to protect the ecological environment of the Guanlan River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Liang
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhifen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tianhong Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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28
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Byambaa B, Yang L, Matsuki A, Nagato EG, Gankhuyag K, Chuluunpurev B, Banzragch L, Chonokhuu S, Tang N, Hayakawa K. Sources and Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Total Suspended Particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E442. [PMID: 30717405 PMCID: PMC6388224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify pollution sources by characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from total suspended particles in Ulaanbaatar City. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in total suspended particle samples collected from different sites, such as the urban center, industrial district and ger (Mongolian traditional house) areas, and residential areas both in heating (January, March), and non-heating (September) periods in 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration ranged between 131 and 773 ng·m-3 in winter, 22.2 and 530.6 ng·m-3 in spring, and between 1.4 and 54.6 ng·m-3 in autumn. Concentrations of specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrene were higher in the ger area in winter and spring seasons, and the pyrene concentration was dominant in late summer in the residential area. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in the ger area were particularly higher than the other sites, especially in winter. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ratios indicated that vehicle emissions were likely the main source at the city center in the winter time. Mixed contributions from biomass, coal, and petroleum combustion were responsible for the particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution at other sampling sites during the whole observation period. The lifetime inhalation cancer risk values in the ger area due to winter pollution were estimated to be 1.2 × 10-5 and 2.1 × 10-5 for child and adult exposures, respectively, which significantly exceed Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batdelger Byambaa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
- Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Edward G Nagato
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Khongor Gankhuyag
- Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
| | - Byambatseren Chuluunpurev
- Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
| | - Lkhagvajargal Banzragch
- Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
| | - Sonomdagva Chonokhuu
- Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Dong WH, Cao Z, Li M, Wan Y, Xie W, Wen C. Natural attenuation of naphthalene along the river-bank infiltration zone of the Liao River, Shenyang, China. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2019; 220:26-32. [PMID: 30502888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the natural attenuation of naphthalene during riverbank infiltration was examined using batch experiments. The results indicated that, as the grain size and the permeability coefficient decreased, the natural attenuation rate of naphthalene increased, and it was highest in loam (62%) and lowest in coarse sand (20%). The half-life of naphthalene was longest in coarse sand (700 d) and shortest in mild clay (250 d). Facultative anaerobes such as Methylophilaceae accounted for about 70% of the total bacteria and played a major role in naphthalene degradation. A high total organic carbon concentration and large specific surface area can promote natural attenuation of naphthalene. Moreover, the adsorption to riverbank sediment in the hyporheic zone and bioremediation by indigenous microorganisms can effectively eliminate naphthalene during river water infiltration to the riverbank aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provineial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provineial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Menglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110000, PR China
| | - YuYu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provineial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provineial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Chuanlei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provineial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
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Lan J, Sun Y, Yuan D. Transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a highly vulnerable karst underground river system of southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34519-34530. [PMID: 30311118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in a karst underground river system in southwest China. Groundwater, particles, and sediments from underground river, topsoil, and surface water were monitored, allowing establishment of a conceptual model of PAH transport at the watershed scale. The results showed that PAHs could be transported from the surface to the subsurface through two migration pathways, which were slow-flowing water in the karst fissure and fast-flowing water in conduits. During rainfall events, increasing PAH levels (concentrations and fluxes) at the underground river exit indicated that hydrodynamic force could facilitate PAH transport. The PAHs in water were dominated by dissolved PAHs, accounting for 58.7% of total, especially in the freely dissolved phase, in which SPM-associated PAHs accounted for 41.3% of the total PAHs. Low molecular weight PAHs dominated transport and were mainly transported in dissolved form, whereas high molecular weight PAHs were dominated by SPM-associated transport during the rainfall events. A significantly positive correlation was observed between two-ring and three-ring freely dissolved PAHs and dissolved organic carbon (p < 0.01), respectively. Moreover, PAHs with four to five rings were relatively more abundant in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) associated phase than in the freely dissolved phase, suggesting a major role of DOM in their transport during rainfall events. The trend of PAH fluxes suggested that particle-facilitated transport was another dominant cause of PAH mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Lan
- School of Karst Science/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Yuchuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Institute of Karst Environment and Rock Desertification Rehabilitation, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Daoxian Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Institute of Karst Environment and Rock Desertification Rehabilitation, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Karst Dynamics LaboratoryMLR, Guilin, 541004, China
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31
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Li Y, Zhen X, Liu L, Tian C, Pan X, Tang J. From headwaters to estuary: distribution, sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an intensively human-impacted river, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36604-36614. [PMID: 30377958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Located in the Shandong Province, North China, the Xiaoqing River is heavily contaminated by industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. However, it plays a significant role with regard to irrigation for agriculture in the river basin. In this study, spatial distribution, sources, and the ecological risk of aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Xiaoqing River Basin were investigated from the headwaters to the estuary. Fifteen USEPA priority PAHs (except naphthalene) were quantified in water particulate and soluble phases and in sediment samples. Σ15PAHs concentrations in the sediment varied from 17.15 to 3808.01 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average of 988.72 ng/g dw, suggesting severe pollution of the Xiaoqing River in comparison with other rivers worldwide. The composition of PAHs was characterized by the high abundance of 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs in sediments and 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs in water. Industrial wastewater is a significant source of PAHs. In the river section, point source was the main factor affecting the distribution of PAHs, while in the estuary region, estuarine turbidity maximum zone (ETM), riverine flow and discharge, and its hydrodynamic parameters play more key roles on PAH levels. Molecular diagnostic ratios have proved that PAHs in sediments were derived from mixed sources, primarily a combination of several combustion processes. Toxicity equivalency concentrations (TEQs) and Ecological risk assessment by Sediment Quality Guidelines indicated that PAHs in sediments might have certain unfavorable effects on ecosystems in certain sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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Qu C, Li J, Albanese S, Lima A, Wang M, Sacchi M, Molisso F, De Vivo B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Gulfs of Naples and Salerno, Southern Italy: Status, sources and ecological risk. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:156-163. [PMID: 29879576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distribution, potential sources, and toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Gulfs of Naples and Salerno (NaSa Gulfs), Southern Italy. The investigation focused on the coastal sea sediments of the Bagnoli brownfield site within the Gulf of Naples. The ∑16PAHs in the sediments of the NaSa Gulfs outside of the Bagnoli brownfield site have concentrations that ranged from 9.58 to 15,818 μg/kg, with a geometric mean (Gmean) of 234 μg/kg. High-molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) contributed to over 80% of the ∑16PAHs. The concentration of ∑16PAHs in the Gulf of Naples was twice as high as that in Salerno (768 μg/kg and 317 μg/kg, respectively), and the ∑16PAHs levels in the Bagnoli brownfield site exceeded that in the NaSa Gulfs by over three orders of magnitude. The molecular distributions of PAHs studies suggested biomass/coal combustion as their main sources. Based on the analysis of the toxic equivalent quantity and sediment quality guideline quotient, the contamination of PAHs in sediments may pose significant toxicity and biological risks to marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples 80134, Italy
| | - Jiji Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples 80134, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples 80134, Italy
| | - Menghan Wang
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples 80134, Italy; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | | | | | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Pegaso University & Benecon Scarl, Dipartimento Ambiente e Territorio, Naples 80138, Italy
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: Environmental Levels, Health Risks and Possible Sources. ENVIRONMENTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/environments5050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Islam MN, Jo YT, Chung SY, Park JH. Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in School Playground Soils in Urban Gwangju, South Korea. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:431-441. [PMID: 29075807 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples from school playground of Gwangju City were analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the soil contamination status and the potential cancer risk for students and adults were investigated. Soil samples were collected from 57 sites from 5 districts of Gwangju City in the summer of 2013. Regardless of the sampling site, the ∑PAHs concentrations ranged from 13.2 to 145.5 ng/g (mean 51.2 ng/g). Four and five-ring PAHs were predominant in the soil samples while the fraction of two-ring PAHs was the lowest. Seven carcinogenic PAHs contributed ~ 55% of ∑PAHs in school playground soils. The benzo[a]pyrene (46.4%) and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (41.2%) were the major contributors to toxic equivalent quantity. The strong correlation between carcinogenic PAHs suggested that they originated from the same source either vehicular emission or coal combustion, because they are markers of these pollution sources. The mean cancer risk for students (3.61 × 10-7) and adults (8.41 × 10-6) was in the U.S. EPA safety range (< 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Jo
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Yong Chung
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and surface soil in major urban regions of Nepal: Implication on source apportionment and toxicological effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:223-235. [PMID: 29112844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban centers have turned to be the provincial store for resource consumptions and source releases of different types of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bringing about boundless environmental pollutions, among different issues. Human prosperity inside urban communities is unambiguously dependent on the status of urban soils and house dusts. However, environmental occurrence and sources of release of these SVOCs are challenging in Nepalese cities, as exceptionally very limited data are accessible. This motivated us to explore the environmental fate, their source/sink susceptibilities and health risk associated with PAHs. In this study, we investigated the contamination level, environmental fate and sources/sink of 16 EPA's priority pollutants in surface soil and house dusts from four major cities of Nepal. Additionally, the toxicological effect of individual PAH was studied to assess the health risk of PAHs. Generally, the concentrations of ∑16PAHs in surface soil were 1.5 times higher than house dust, and ranged 767-6770ng/g dry weight (dw) (median 1810ng/g dw), and 747-4910 dw (median 1320ng/g dw), respectively. High molecular weight-PAHs both in soil and dust were more abundant than low molecular weight-PAHs, suggesting the dominance of pyrogenic source. Moderate to weak correlation of TOC and BC with PAHs in soil and dust suggested little or no role of soil organic carbon in sorption of PAHs. Source diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis indicated fossil fuel combustion, traffic/vehicular emissions and combustion of biomass are the principal sources of PAHs contamination in Nepalese urban environment. The high average TEQ value of PAHs in soil than dust suggested high risk of soil carcinogenicity compared to dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Wang H, Liu C, Rong L, Sun L, Wang Y, Luo Q, Wu H, Wang X. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Surface Water of the Taizi River in Northeast China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1399912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Luoge Rong
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Zheng H, Yang D, Hu T, Li Y, Zhu G, Xing X, Qi S. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic carbons (PAHs) in sediment core from Honghu Lake, central China: comparison study of three receptor models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25899-25911. [PMID: 28940081 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source contributions employing receptor models has been widely reported. However, the temporal distribution of PAH source contributions is less studied. Thus, in this paper, three receptor models including principle component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix were used to PAH source apportionment study in a sediment core from Honghu Lake, China. Sixteen USEPA priority PAHs in 37 sliced sediment layers (1-cm interval) were measured, with the concentrations of ∑16PAH (sum of 16 PAHs) ranging from 93.0 to 431 ng g-1. The source apportionment results derived from three receptor models were similar, with three common sources: mixed sources of biomass burning and coal combustion (31.0-41.4% on average), petroleum combustion (31.8-45.5%), and oil leakage (13.1-21.3%). The PMF model segregated an additional source: domestic coal combustion (contributed 20.9% to the ∑16PAHs). Four aspects including intra-comparison, inter-comparison, source numbers and compositions, and source contributions were considered in comparison study. The results indicated that the PMF model was most reasonable in PAH source apportionment research in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Gehao Zhu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Gdara I, Zrafi I, Balducci C, Cecinato A, Ghrabi A. Seasonal Distribution, Source Identification, and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments from Wadi El Bey Watershed in Tunisia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:488-510. [PMID: 28801706 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments were collected from the Watershed of Wadi El Bey in Tunisia to evaluate the degree of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination. Sediments were collected during different seasons in 14 sites that received wastes from domestic effluent, industrial discharge, and agricultural drainage wastes. Twenty-six individual PAHs were analyzed. The total PAH contents (Σ PAHs) in surface sediments showed wide variability, ranging from 6.89 ± 0.05 to 340 ± 0.1 ng g-1. The 4-, 5-, and 6-ring compounds were the most abundant PAHs detected at the majority of sites. Diagnostic concentration ratios between pairs of PAHs and molecular indices, calculated with the purpose of drawing information about pollution sources, indicated that PAHs were of both petrogenic and pyrolytic origins. Toxic contaminants concentrations were determined according to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). PAH levels did not exceed the SQGs, indicating that PAHs seem to pose low and occasional toxicity risks. Total carcinogenicity and mutagenicity (TEQBaP and MEQBaP) ranged from 0.08 to 65 ng and from 0.02 to 135.0 ng g-1 of dry weight, respectively. Among the seven carcinogenic PAHs, BaP accounted for the majority of the potency and could potentially be used as a unique indicator of PAH toxicity. This study provides a baseline to promote environmental protection programs and pollution monitoring/control in Watershed and coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Gdara
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Science of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Zrafi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 1000015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 1000015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Ahmed Ghrabi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia
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Qian X, Liang B, Liu X, Liu X, Wang J, Liu F, Cui B. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Haihe River, a typical polluted urban river in Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17153-17165. [PMID: 28585014 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediments from the Haihe River. Total PAH concentrations varied from 171.4 to 9511.2 ng g-1 with an average of 2125.4 ng g-1, suggesting serious pollution of the Haihe River in comparison with other reported rivers worldwide. PAH contaminants differed significantly among 17 sampling locations with high values occurring in industrial areas and densely populated areas. The composition of PAHs was characterized by high abundance of 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs, and benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene were the predominant components. Molecular diagnostic ratios have confirmed that PAHs in Haihe River sediments resulted from mixed sources, primarily including various combustion processes. Ecological risk assessment using the Sediments Quality Guidelines indicated that PAHs in sediments could cause certain negative effects on aquatic organisms in most survey regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Baocui Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Département Génie Mathématique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rouen, Normandie, France
| | - Xinhui Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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Basavaiah N, Mohite RD, Singare PU, Reddy AVR, Singhal RK, Blaha U. Vertical distribution, composition profiles, sources and toxicity assessment of PAH residues in the reclaimed mudflat sediments from the adjacent Thane Creek of Mumbai. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:112-124. [PMID: 28238488 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study on vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting PAHs was performed in the reclaimed mudflat sediments adjacent to the Thane Creek of Mumbai. The 5-rings PAHs and ΣC-PAHs were more dominant at 120cm depth contributing 52.23% and 60.19% respectively to ∑PAHs. The average ratio values of LMW/HMW PAHs (0.58); Fla/(Fla+Pyr) (0.50); Ant/(Ant+Phe) (0.50); BaA/(Chry+BaA) (0.48); BaP/BghiP (2.06), Phe/Ant (1.03) and BaA/Chr (0.93) indicate that the PAH contamination might have raised due to inefficient combustion and pyrogenic emissions during the open burning of solid waste in the vicinity. This was further supported by the anthropogenic ferri(o)magnetic loading over the last 100years influencing the Creek sediments. The PAHs toxicity estimation was performed by calculating the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) value of 8.62ng TEQ/g which was below the safe level (600ng TEQ/g) suggested by the Canadian risk-based soil criterion for protection of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Basavaiah
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai 410 218, India.
| | - R D Mohite
- Department of Chemistry, K.B.P. College, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - P U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400 058, India.
| | - A V R Reddy
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - R K Singhal
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - U Blaha
- ERDS-tec Environmental Solutions, P.O. Box 1404, 72004 Tübingen, Germany
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41
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Liu X, Bai Z, Yu Q, Cao Y, Zhou W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil profiles (0–100 cm) from the industrial district of a large open-pit coal mine, China. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02484c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining and industrial activities are the primary sources of soil pollution in the open-pit coal mine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- School of Land Science and Technology
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
| | - Zhongke Bai
- School of Land Science and Technology
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation
| | - Qinfei Yu
- Chinese Academy of Land & Resource Economics
- Beijing 101149
- PR China
- Guanghua School of Management
- Peking University
| | - Yingui Cao
- School of Land Science and Technology
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Land Science and Technology
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation
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Zhang A, Zhao S, Wang L, Yang X, Zhao Q, Fan J, Yuan X. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater and sediments from the northern Liaodong Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 113:592-599. [PMID: 27622925 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Levels, sources, and potential ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface seawater and sediments from the northern Liaodong Bay of China were seasonally investigated. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs varied from 145.96ng/L to 896.58ng/L in seawater, and from 191.99ng/g to 624.44ng/g in sediments. PAH concentrations in seawater differed significantly, whereas those in sediments exhibited a relatively stable pattern across seasons. PAHs with low molecular weight were predominant in seawater, but PAHs with high molecular weight were abundant in sediments. Crop straw and coal combustion were the main PAH pollution sources. The current levels of PAHs in the northern Liaodong Bay are relatively moderate compared with those in other bays and estuaries. Sediment from all sampling sites is characterized by low to medium ecotoxicological risk. No highly negative toxic effect could occur on the organisms and ecosystems in the northern Liaodong Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anguo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian 116023, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shilan Zhao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lili Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jingfeng Fan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiutang Yuan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Dalian 116023, China.
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43
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Wang H, Liu Z, Sun L, Wang Y, Luo Q, Wu H, Wang X. Characterization and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water from Liaohe River, Northeast China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2016.1220960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Zheng B, Ma Y, Qin Y, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Cao W, Yang C, Han C. Distribution, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water in industrial affected areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23485-23495. [PMID: 27614636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water samples were collected from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), drain water (DW), major tributaries (MT), and main course of the Yangtze River (MY) in areas of three industrial parks (IPs) in Chongqing city in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Sixteen EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants were quantified to identify the effects of industrial activities on water quality of the TGR. The results showed that 11 individual PAHs were quantified and 5 PAHs (naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BgP)) were under detection limits in all of the water samples. Three-ring and four-ring PAHs were the most detected PAHs. Concentrations of individual PAHs were in the range of not detected (nd) to 24.3 ng/L. Total PAH concentrations for each site ranged from nd to 42.9 ng/L and were lower compared to those in other studies. The mean PAH concentrations for sites WWTP, DW, MT, and MY showed as follows: DW (25.9 ng/L) > MY (15.5 ng/L) > MT (14.0 ng/L) > WWTP (9.3 ng/L), and DW contains the highest PAH concentrations. Source identification ratios showed that petroleum and combustion of biomass coal and petroleum were the main sources of PAHs. The results of potential ecosystem risk assessment indicated that, although PAH concentrations in MT and MY are likely harmless to ecosystem, contaminations of PAHs in DW were listed as middle levels and some management strategies and remediation actions, like strengthen clean production processes and banning illegal sewage discharging activities, etc., should be taken to lighten the ecosystem risk caused by PAHs especially risks caused by water discharging drains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yingqun Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yanwen Qin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wei Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chenchen Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chaonan Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- National Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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45
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Li T, Sun G, Ma S, Liang K, Yang C, Li B, Luo W. Inferring sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the western Taiwan Strait through end-member mixing analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:166-176. [PMID: 27531142 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentration, spatial distribution, composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated based on measurements of 16 PAH compounds in surface sediments of the western Taiwan Strait. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.41 to 218.54ngg-1. Cluster analysis identified three site clusters representing the northern, central and southern regions. Sedimentary PAHs mainly originated from a mixture of pyrolytic and petrogenic in the north, from pyrolytic in the central, and from petrogenic in the south. An end-member mixing model was performed using PAH compound data to estimate mixing proportions for unknown end-members (i.e., extreme-value sample points) proposed by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the analyzed samples can be expressed as mixtures of three end-members, and the mixing of different end-members was strongly related to the transport pathway controlled by two currents, which alternately prevail in the Taiwan Strait during different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guihua Sun
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhong Ma
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Chupeng Yang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Luo
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
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46
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Liu L, Liu R, Yu W, Xu F, Men C, Wang Q, Shen Z. Risk assessment and uncertainty analysis of PAHs in the sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:380-388. [PMID: 27539637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To better explore the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), 16 priority PAHs were analyzed based on sampling data obtained in February 2011. The results showed that the total concentrations of PAHs in sediments of the YRE varied from 65.07 to 668.98ng·g-1. The results of toxic equivalent quantities of benzo[a]pyrene and the sediment quality guideline quotient suggested that PAHs had little or no adverse effects on the environment. The cancer risk results showed that the cancer risk at all sites exceeded 10-6, with 73% of sites exceeding 10-4, suggesting that people remain at risk of cancer as a result of their exposure to carcinogenic PAHs. However, the result of hazard index results showed that the non-cancer risks were substantially lower than one, indicating that PAHs in these sediments likely pose little or no adverse health threats to local inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wenwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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47
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Yakovleva EV, Gabov DN, Beznosikov VA, Kondratenok BM, Dubrovskiy YA. Accumulation of PAHs in Tundra Plants and Soils under the Influence of Coal Mining. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2016.1244089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia V. Yakovleva
- Federal State Budget Institution of Science, Institute of Biology of Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Dmitriy N. Gabov
- Federal State Budget Institution of Science, Institute of Biology of Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Beznosikov
- Federal State Budget Institution of Science, Institute of Biology of Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Boris M. Kondratenok
- Federal State Budget Institution of Science, Institute of Biology of Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Yuriy A. Dubrovskiy
- Federal State Budget Institution of Science, Institute of Biology of Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
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48
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Singare PU. Carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting PAHs in the aquatic ecosystem of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:599. [PMID: 27696093 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification studies of 17 carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mithi River polluting the Mahim Creek near Mumbai were performed to understand their sources and probable ecological risk. The overall concentration level of ΣPAHs was 157.96 ± 18.99 μg L-1, while that of carcinogenic PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) was 81.31 ± 9.75 μg L-1, which corresponds to 51.5 % of the ΣPAHs. The source analysis of PAH pollution was made on the basis of different PAH ratios. It was observed that the probable PAH contamination was due to pyrogenic inputs arising due to the combustion of grass, wood, and coal as well as due to the combustion of diesel and gasoline. Toxicity and biological risk assessment was made using toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) for various C-PAHs. The results of our study showed that the mean BaP concentration in the Mithi River water (8.61 μg L-1) was above the European Directive 2008/105/EC Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) value of 0.05 μg L-1, while the levels of benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) + benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) (21.54 μg L-1) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) + indeno(1,2,3,-c,d) pyrene (InP) (18.27 μg L-1) were significantly higher than that set by the EQS (0.03 and 0.002 μg L-1, respectively), showing that the ecological integrity of the river and the adjoining creek is possibly at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai, 400058, India.
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49
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Huang HF, Xing XL, Zhang ZZ, Qi SH, Yang D, Yuen DA, Sandy EH, Zhou AG, Li XQ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district, Guangxi: distribution, source diagnosis and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:1169-1181. [PMID: 26563207 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities are among the major culprits of the wide occurrences of soil and water pollution by PAHs in coal district, which have resulted in ecological fragilities and health risk for local residents. Sixteen PAHs in multimedia environment from the Heshan coal district of Guangxi, South China, were measured, aiming to investigate the contamination level, distribution and possible sources and to estimate the potential health risks of PAHs. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in the coal, coal gangue, soil, surface water and groundwater were 5114.56, 4551.10, 1280.12 ng g(-1), 426.98 and 381.20 ng L(-1), respectively. Additionally, higher soil and water PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of coal or coal gangue dump. Composition analysis, isomeric ratio, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed to diagnose the potential sources of PAHs in different environmental matrices, suggesting the dominant inputs of PAHs from coal/coal combustion and coal gangue in the soil and water. Soil and water guidelines and the incremental lifetime risk (ICLR) were used to assess the health risk, showing that soil and water were heavily contaminated by PAHs, and mean ICLRcoal/coal-gangue and mean ICLRsoil were both significantly higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10(-4)), posing high potential carcinogenic risk to residents, especially coal workers. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of coal mining, particularly the potential occupational health hazards of coal miners exposed in Heshan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Fang Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin-Li Xing
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ze-Zhou Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shi-Hua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dave A Yuen
- Minnesota Supercomputer Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415-1227, USA
| | - Edward H Sandy
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ai-Guo Zhou
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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50
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Wang Q, Kobayashi K, Wang W, Ruan J, Nakajima D, Yagishita M, Lu S, Zhang W, Suzuki M, Saitou T, Sekiguchi K, Sankoda K, Takao Y, Nagae M, Terasaki M. Size distribution and sources of 37 toxic species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during summer and winter in Baoshan suburban area of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1519-1534. [PMID: 27320739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the size-segregated distribution and sources of 37 different species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a suburban area of Shanghai metropolitan City, China. The ambient particulate sampling was carried out on the rooftop of a five-stories building in Baoshan campus of Shanghai University. An Andersen high-volume air sampler was employed to collect ambient size-segregated particulate matter during summer of August to September and winter of November to December 2015. The high toxic PAHs were determined by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The concentrations of total PAHs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and PM1.1 (suspended particulate matter below 1.1μm in diameter) in the suburban area of Shanghai were 4.58-14.5ng/m(3) and 1.82-8.56ng/m(3), respectively in summer, and 43.6-160ng/m(3) and 23.2-121ng/m(3), separately in winter. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride (1,8-NA) showed the highest concentration among 37 different species of PAHs in the suburban area of Shanghai. The concentrations of high molecular PAHs (e.g. 5-6 ring PAHs) followed a nearly unimodal size distribution with the highest peaks in PM1.1. The diagnostic ration qualitatively indicated that PAHs in SPM of Shanghai were mainly derived from motor-vehicle or petroleum combustion in summer and from coal and biomass combustion in winter. According to the calculated toxicity equivalency factors based on the methods of Nisbet and Lagoy and the potency equivalency factors (PEF) recommended by U.S. EPA, the highest contributors in the total carcinogenicity of the PAHs in SPM and PM1.1 were dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (46.2% and 45.0% in summer), benzo[a]pyrene (44.4% and 43.8% in winter) and benz[j]aceanthrylene (80.2% and 83.1% in summer and 83.1% and 84.0% in winter), respectively. Therefore, benzo[a]pyrene seemed to be a lower contributor than other carcinogenic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Weiqian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China
| | - Jie Ruan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Mayuko Yagishita
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China.
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saitou
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kenshi Sankoda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuji Takao
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagae
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka City, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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