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Nakashima M, Suga N, Yoshikawa S, Matsuda S. Caveolin and NOS in the Development of Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8771. [PMID: 39201459 PMCID: PMC11354531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Caveolin is a structural protein within caveolae that may be involved in transmembrane molecular transport and/or various intercellular interactions within cells. Specific mutations of caveolin-3 in muscle fibers are well known to cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Altered expression of caveolin-3 has also been detected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which may be a part of the pathological process leading to muscle weakness. Interestingly, it has been shown that the renovation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in sarcolemma with muscular dystrophy could improve muscle health, suggesting that NOS may be involved in the pathology of muscular dystrophy. Here, we summarize the notable function of caveolin and/or NOS in skeletal muscle fibers and discuss their involvement in the pathology as well as possible tactics for the innovative treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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2
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Rehan IF, Elnagar A, Zigo F, Sayed-Ahmed A, Yamada S. Biomimetic strategies for the deputization of proteoglycan functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1391769. [PMID: 39170918 PMCID: PMC11337302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1391769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), which have glycosaminoglycan chains attached to their protein cores, are essential for maintaining the morphology and function of healthy body tissues. Extracellular PGs perform various functions, classified into the following four categories: i) the modulation of tissue mechanical properties; ii) the regulation and protection of the extracellular matrix; iii) protein sequestration; and iv) the regulation of cell signaling. The depletion of PGs may significantly impair tissue function, encompassing compromised mechanical characteristics and unregulated inflammatory responses. Since PGs play critical roles in the function of healthy tissues and their synthesis is complex, the development of PG mimetic molecules that recapitulate PG functions for tissue engineering and therapeutic applications has attracted the interest of researchers for more than 20 years. These approaches have ranged from semisynthetic graft copolymers to recombinant PG domains produced by cells that have undergone genetic modifications. This review discusses some essential extracellular PG functions and approaches to mimicking these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim F. Rehan
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Asmaa Elnagar
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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3
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Heidarzadehpilehrood R, Pirhoushiaran M. Biomarker potential of competing endogenous RNA networks in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:624-640. [PMID: 38571815 PMCID: PMC10988127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common condition affecting women of reproductive age globally. PCOS continues to be the largest contributing factor to female infertility despite significant progress in our knowledge of the molecular underpinnings and treatment of the condition. The fact that PCOS is a very diverse condition makes it one of the key reasons why we haven't been able to overcome it. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are implicated in the development of PCOS, according to growing evidence. However, it is unclear how the complex regulatory relationships between the many ncRNA types contribute to the growth of this malignancy. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), a recently identified mechanism in the RNA world, suggests regulatory interactions between various RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), transcribed pseudogenes, and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Recent studies on PCOS have shown that dysregulation of multiple ceRNA networks (ceRNETs) between these ncRNAs plays crucial roles in developing the defining characteristics of PCOS development. And it is believed that such a finding may open a new door for a deeper comprehension of PCOS's unexplored facets. In addition, it may be able to provide fresh biomarkers and effective therapy targets for PCOS. This review will go over the body of information that exists about the primary roles of ceRNETs before highlighting the developing involvement of several newly found ceRNETs in a number of PCOS characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Heidarzadehpilehrood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Pirhoushiaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
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4
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Kunnathattil M, Rahul P, Skaria T. Soluble vascular endothelial glycocalyx proteoglycans as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:97-116. [PMID: 37982607 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the activity of cytokines and leukocyte extravasation is an emerging therapeutic strategy to limit tissue-damaging inflammatory responses and restore immune homeostasis in inflammatory diseases. Proteoglycans embedded in the vascular endothelial glycocalyx, which regulate the activity of cytokines to restrict the inflammatory response in physiological conditions, are proteolytically cleaved in inflammatory diseases. Here we critically review the potential of proteolytically shed, soluble vascular endothelial glycocalyx proteoglycans to modulate pathological inflammatory responses. Soluble forms of the proteoglycans syndecan-1, syndecan-3 and biglycan exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects by the removal of chemokines, suppression of proinflammatory cytokine expression and leukocyte migration, and induction of autophagy of proinflammatory M1 macrophages. By contrast, soluble versikine and decorin enhance proinflammatory responses by increasing inflammatory cytokine synthesis and leukocyte migration. Endogenous syndecan-2 and mimecan exert proinflammatory effects, syndecan-4 and perlecan mediate beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and glypican regulates Hh and Wnt signaling pathways involved in systemic inflammatory responses. Taken together, targeting the vascular endothelial glycocalyx-derived, soluble syndecan-1, syndecan-2, syndecan-3, syndecan-4, biglycan, versikine, mimecan, perlecan, glypican and decorin might be a potential therapeutic strategy to suppress overstimulated cytokine and leukocyte responses in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Kunnathattil
- Department of Zoology, Government College Madappally, University of Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Pedapudi Rahul
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Tom Skaria
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
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5
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O’Brien JG, Willis AB, Long AM, Kwon J, Lee G, Li FW, Page PG, Vo AH, Hadhazy M, Spencer MJ, Crosbie RH, Demonbreun AR, McNally EM. The super-healing MRL strain promotes muscle growth in muscular dystrophy through a regenerative extracellular matrix. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173246. [PMID: 38175727 PMCID: PMC11143963 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mouse strain has "super-healing" properties that enhance recovery from injury. In mice, the DBA/2J strain intensifies many aspects of muscular dystrophy, so we evaluated the ability of the MRL strain to suppress muscular dystrophy in the Sgcg-null mouse model of limb girdle muscular dystrophy. A comparative analysis of Sgcg-null mice in the DBA/2J versus MRL strains showed greater myofiber regeneration, with reduced structural degradation of muscle in the MRL strain. Transcriptomic profiling of dystrophic muscle indicated strain-dependent expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and TGF-β signaling genes. To investigate the MRL ECM, cellular components were removed from dystrophic muscle sections to generate decellularized myoscaffolds. Decellularized myoscaffolds from dystrophic mice in the protective MRL strain had significantly less deposition of collagen and matrix-bound TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 throughout the matrix. Dystrophic myoscaffolds from the MRL background, but not the DBA/2J background, were enriched in myokines like IGF-1 and IL-6. C2C12 myoblasts seeded onto decellularized matrices from Sgcg-/- MRL and Sgcg-/- DBA/2J muscles showed the MRL background induced greater myoblast differentiation compared with dystrophic DBA/2J myoscaffolds. Thus, the MRL background imparts its effect through a highly regenerative ECM, which is active even in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. O’Brien
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander B. Willis
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Long
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Kwon
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - GaHyun Lee
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Frank W. Li
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick G.T. Page
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andy H. Vo
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa J. Spencer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachelle H. Crosbie
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexis R. Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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6
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Szwec S, Kapłucha Z, Chamberlain JS, Konieczny P. Dystrophin- and Utrophin-Based Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Comparative Review. BioDrugs 2024; 38:95-119. [PMID: 37917377 PMCID: PMC10789850 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a devastating disease that leads to progressive muscle loss and premature death. While medical management focuses mostly on symptomatic treatment, decades of research have resulted in first therapeutics able to restore the affected reading frame of dystrophin transcripts or induce synthesis of a truncated dystrophin protein from a vector, with other strategies based on gene therapy and cell signaling in preclinical or clinical development. Nevertheless, recent reports show that potentially therapeutic dystrophins can be immunogenic in patients. This raises the question of whether a dystrophin paralog, utrophin, could be a more suitable therapeutic protein. Here, we compare dystrophin and utrophin amino acid sequences and structures, combining published data with our extended in silico analyses. We then discuss these results in the context of therapeutic approaches for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Specifically, we focus on strategies based on delivery of micro-dystrophin and micro-utrophin genes with recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors, exon skipping of the mutated dystrophin pre-mRNAs, reading through termination codons with small molecules that mask premature stop codons, dystrophin gene repair by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genetic engineering, and increasing utrophin levels. Our analyses highlight the importance of various dystrophin and utrophin domains in Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment, providing insights into designing novel therapeutic compounds with improved efficacy and decreased immunoreactivity. While the necessary actin and β-dystroglycan binding sites are present in both proteins, important functional distinctions can be identified in these domains and some other parts of truncated dystrophins might need redesigning due to their potentially immunogenic qualities. Alternatively, therapies based on utrophins might provide a safer and more effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szwec
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kapłucha
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jeffrey S Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109-8055, USA
| | - Patryk Konieczny
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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7
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Coulis G, Jaime D, Guerrero-Juarez C, Kastenschmidt JM, Farahat PK, Nguyen Q, Pervolarakis N, McLinden K, Thurlow L, Movahedi S, Hughes BS, Duarte J, Sorn A, Montoya E, Mozaffar I, Dragan M, Othy S, Joshi T, Hans CP, Kimonis V, MacLean AL, Nie Q, Wallace LM, Harper SQ, Mozaffar T, Hogarth MW, Bhattacharya S, Jaiswal JK, Golann DR, Su Q, Kessenbrock K, Stec M, Spencer MJ, Zamudio JR, Villalta SA. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics identify a macrophage population associated with skeletal muscle fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9984. [PMID: 37418531 PMCID: PMC10328414 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for skeletal muscle homeostasis, but how their dysregulation contributes to the development of fibrosis in muscle disease remains unclear. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics to determine the molecular attributes of dystrophic and healthy muscle macrophages. We identified six clusters and unexpectedly found that none corresponded to traditional definitions of M1 or M2 macrophages. Rather, the predominant macrophage signature in dystrophic muscle was characterized by high expression of fibrotic factors, galectin-3 (gal-3) and osteopontin (Spp1). Spatial transcriptomics, computational inferences of intercellular communication, and in vitro assays indicated that macrophage-derived Spp1 regulates stromal progenitor differentiation. Gal-3+ macrophages were chronically activated in dystrophic muscle, and adoptive transfer assays showed that the gal-3+ phenotype was the dominant molecular program induced within the dystrophic milieu. Gal-3+ macrophages were also elevated in multiple human myopathies. These studies advance our understanding of macrophages in muscular dystrophy by defining their transcriptional programs and reveal Spp1 as a major regulator of macrophage and stromal progenitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Coulis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Diego Jaime
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Jenna M. Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip K. Farahat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Quy Nguyen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | | | - Katherine McLinden
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Thurlow
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saba Movahedi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brandon S. Hughes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Duarte
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Sorn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Montoya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Izza Mozaffar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Dragan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chetan P. Hans
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam L. MacLean
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Wallace
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott Q. Harper
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marshall W. Hogarth
- Children’s National Hospital, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Children’s National Hospital, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jyoti K. Jaiswal
- Children’s National Hospital, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Qi Su
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Michael Stec
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J. Spencer
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse R. Zamudio
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S. Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Gesteira TF, Verma S, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Small leucine rich proteoglycans: Biology, function and their therapeutic potential in the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:521-536. [PMID: 37355022 PMCID: PMC11092928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are the largest family of proteoglycans, with 18 members that are subdivided into five classes. SLRPs are small in size and can be present in tissues as glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins, and the most studied SLRPs include decorin, biglycan, lumican, keratocan and fibromodulin. SLRPs specifically bind to collagen fibrils, regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and the biomechanical properties of tissues, and are expressed at particularly high levels in fibrous tissues, such as the cornea. However, SLRPs are also very active components of the ECM, interacting with numerous growth factors, cytokines and cell surface receptors. Therefore, SLRPs regulate major cellular processes and have a central role in major fundamental biological processes, such as maintaining corneal homeostasis and transparency and regulating corneal wound healing. Over the years, mutations and/or altered expression of SLRPs have been associated with various corneal diseases, such as congenital stromal corneal dystrophy and cornea plana. Recently, there has been great interest in harnessing the various functions of SLRPs for therapeutic purposes. In this comprehensive review, we describe the structural features and the related functions of SLRPs, and how these affect the therapeutic potential of SLRPs, with special emphasis on the use of SLRPs for treating ocular surface pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhir Verma
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, USA; Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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9
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O’Brien JG, Willis AB, Long AM, Kwon J, Lee G, Li F, Page PG, Vo AH, Hadhazy M, Crosbie RH, Demonbreun AR, McNally EM. The super-healing MRL strain promotes muscle growth in muscular dystrophy through a regenerative extracellular matrix. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.547098. [PMID: 37425960 PMCID: PMC10327155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic background shifts the severity of muscular dystrophy. In mice, the DBA/2J strain confers a more severe muscular dystrophy phenotype, whereas the Murphy's Roth Large (MRL) strain has "super-healing" properties that reduce fibrosis. A comparative analysis of the Sgcg null model of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy in the DBA/2J versus MRL strain showed the MRL background was associated with greater myofiber regeneration and reduced structural degradation of muscle. Transcriptomic profiling of dystrophic muscle in the DBA/2J and MRL strains indicated strain-dependent expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and TGF-β signaling genes. To investigate the MRL ECM, cellular components were removed from dystrophic muscle sections to generate decellularized "myoscaffolds". Decellularized myoscaffolds from dystrophic mice in the protective MRL strain had significantly less deposition of collagen and matrix-bound TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 throughout the matrix, and dystrophic myoscaffolds from the MRL background were enriched in myokines. C2C12 myoblasts were seeded onto decellularized matrices from Sgcg-/- MRL and Sgcg-/- DBA/2J matrices. Acellular myoscaffolds from the dystrophic MRL background induced myoblast differentiation and growth compared to dystrophic myoscaffolds from the DBA/2J matrices. These studies establish that the MRL background also generates its effect through a highly regenerative ECM, which is active even in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. O’Brien
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexander B. Willis
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Long
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jason Kwon
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - GaHyun Lee
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Frank Li
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Patrick G.T. Page
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Michele Hadhazy
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rachelle H. Crosbie
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alexis R. Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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10
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Yu M, He X, Song X, Gao J, Pan J, Zhou T, Wang Q, Zhu W, Ma H, Zeng H, Xu C, Yu C. Biglycan promotes hepatic fibrosis through activating heat shock protein 47. Liver Int 2023; 43:500-512. [PMID: 36371672 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biglycan (BGN) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan that participates in the production of excess extracellular matrix (ECM) and is related to fibrosis in many organs. However, the role of BGN in liver fibrosis remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of BGN in liver fibrosis. METHODS Human liver samples, Bgn-/0 (BGN KO) mice and a human LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) model were applied for the study of experimental fibrosis. GEO data and single-cell RNA-seq data of human liver tissue were analysed as a bioinformatic approach. Coimmunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting and qRT-PCR were conducted to identify the regulatory effects of BGN on heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) expression and liver fibrosis. RESULTS We observed that hepatic BGN expression was significantly increased in patients with fibrosis and in a mouse model of liver fibrosis. Genetic deletion of BGN disrupted TGF-β1 pathway signalling and alleviated liver fibrosis in mice administered carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). siRNA-mediated knockdown of BGN significantly reduced TGF-β1-induced ECM deposition and fibroblastic activation in LX-2 cells. Mechanistically, BGN directly interacted with and positively regulated the collagen synthesis chaperon protein HSP47. Rescue experiments showed that BGN promoted hepatic fibrosis by regulating ECM deposition and HSC activation by positively regulating HSP47. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that BGN promotes hepatic fibrosis by regulating ECM deposition and HSC activation through an HSP47-dependent mechanism. BGN may be a new biomarker of hepatic fibrosis and a novel target for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinjue He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinqiu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijian Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Maciej-Hulme ML, Melrose J, Farrugia BL. Arthritis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: the role of chondroitin sulfate and its associated proteoglycans in disease pathology and as a diagnostic marker. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C142-C152. [PMID: 36409173 PMCID: PMC9829464 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00103.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan covalently attached to the core proteins of cell surface, extracellular, and intracellular proteoglycans. The multistep and highly regulated biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and its degradation products give rise to a diverse species of molecules with functional regulatory properties in biological systems. This review will elucidate and expand on the most recent advances in understanding the role of chondroitin sulfate and its associate proteoglycans, in arthritis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), two different and discrete pathologies. Highlighting not only the biodiverse nature of this family of molecules but also the utilization of CS proteoglycans, CS, and its catabolic fragments as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard's, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brooke L Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Pioner JM, Santini L, Palandri C, Langione M, Grandinetti B, Querceto S, Martella D, Mazzantini C, Scellini B, Giammarino L, Lupi F, Mazzarotto F, Gowran A, Rovina D, Santoro R, Pompilio G, Tesi C, Parmeggiani C, Regnier M, Cerbai E, Mack DL, Poggesi C, Ferrantini C, Coppini R. Calcium handling maturation and adaptation to increased substrate stiffness in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes: The impact of full-length dystrophin deficiency. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1030920. [PMID: 36419836 PMCID: PMC9676373 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1030920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSC- CMs) are a unique source for modelling inherited cardiomyopathies. In particular, the possibility of observing maturation processes in a simple culture dish opens novel perspectives in the study of early-disease defects caused by genetic mutations before the onset of clinical manifestations. For instance, calcium handling abnormalities are considered as a leading cause of cardiomyocyte dysfunction in several genetic-based dilated cardiomyopathies, including rare types such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)-associated cardiomyopathy. To better define the maturation of calcium handling we simultaneously measured action potential and calcium transients (Ca-Ts) using fluorescent indicators at specific time points. We combined micropatterned substrates with long-term cultures to improve maturation of hiPSC-CMs (60, 75 or 90 days post-differentiation). Control-(hiPSC)-CMs displayed increased maturation over time (90 vs 60 days), with longer action potential duration (APD), increased Ca-T amplitude, faster Ca-T rise (time to peak) and Ca-T decay (RT50). The progressively increased contribution of the SR to Ca release (estimated by post-rest potentiation or Caffeine-induced Ca-Ts) appeared as the main determinant of the progressive rise of Ca-T amplitude during maturation. As an example of severe cardiomyopathy with early onset, we compared hiPSC-CMs generated from a DMD patient (DMD-ΔExon50) and a CRISPR-Cas9 genome edited cell line isogenic to the healthy control with deletion of a G base at position 263 of the DMD gene (c.263delG-CMs). In DMD-hiPSC-CMs, changes of Ca-Ts during maturation were less pronounced: indeed, DMD cells at 90 days showed reduced Ca-T amplitude and faster Ca-T rise and RT50, as compared with control hiPSC-CMs. Caffeine-Ca-T was reduced in amplitude and had a slower time course, suggesting lower SR calcium content and NCX function in DMD vs control cells. Nonetheless, the inotropic and lusitropic responses to forskolin were preserved. CRISPR-induced c.263delG-CM line recapitulated the same developmental calcium handling alterations observed in DMD-CMs. We then tested the effects of micropatterned substrates with higher stiffness. In control hiPSC-CMs, higher stiffness leads to higher amplitude of Ca-T with faster decay kinetics. In hiPSC-CMs lacking full-length dystrophin, however, stiffer substrates did not modify Ca-Ts but only led to higher SR Ca content. These findings highlighted the inability of dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes to adjust their calcium homeostasis in response to increases of extracellular matrix stiffness, which suggests a mechanism occurring during the physiological and pathological development (i.e. fibrosis).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Santini
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Palandri
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marianna Langione
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruno Grandinetti
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Querceto
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Turin, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Scellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Lupi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Mazzarotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife Gowran
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Rovina
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Santoro
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Parmeggiani
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - David L. Mack
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Corrado Poggesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ferrantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppini
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Won K, Kim D, Shin D, Hur J, Lee HK, Heo J, Oh JD. High-throughput sequencing-based metagenomic and transcriptomic analysis of intestine in piglets infected with salmonella. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1144-1172. [PMID: 36812005 PMCID: PMC9890335 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate HJL777 is a virulent bacterial strain in pigs. The high rate of salmonella infection are at high risk of non-typhoidal salmonella gastroenteritis development. Salmonellosis is most common in young pigs. We investigated changes in gut microbiota and biological function in piglets infected with salmonella via analysis of rectal fecal metagenome and intestinal transcriptome using 16S rRNA and RNA sequencing. We identified a decrease in Bacteroides and increase in harmful bacteria such as Spirochaetes and Proteobacteria by microbial community analysis. We predicted that reduction of Bacteroides by salmonella infection causes proliferation of salmonella and harmful bacteria that can cause an intestinal inflammatory response. Functional profiling of microbial communities in piglets with salmonella infection showed increasing lipid metabolism associated with proliferation of harmful bacteria and inflammatory responses. Transcriptome analysis identified 31 differentially expressed genes. Using gene ontology and Innate Immune Database analysis, we identified that BGN, DCN, ZFPM2 and BPI genes were involved in extracellular and immune mechanisms, specifically salmonella adhesion to host cells and inflammatory responses during infection. We confirmed alterations in gut microbiota and biological function during salmonella infection in piglets. Our findings will help prevent disease and improve productivity in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyeongHye Won
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Convergence
Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju 54896, Korea,Department of Agricultural Convergence
Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju 54896, Korea,Corresponding author: Jaeyoung Heo,
Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea. Tel: +82-63-270-2549, E-mail:
| | - Jae-Don Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju 54896, Korea,Corresponding author: Jae-Don Oh,
Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea. Tel: +82-63-270-5931, E-mail:
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14
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Emerging therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:814-829. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Birnkrant DJ, Bello L, Butterfield RJ, Carter JC, Cripe LH, Cripe TP, McKim DA, Nandi D, Pegoraro E. Cardiorespiratory management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: emerging therapies, neuromuscular genetics, and new clinical challenges. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2022; 10:403-420. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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The lncRNA SEMA3B-AS1/HMGB1/FBXW7 Axis Mediates the Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Regulating BGN Protein Ubiquitination. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5055684. [PMID: 35273678 PMCID: PMC8902634 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5055684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is one of the main causes of a poor prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC). lncRNAs have been confirmed to play a very crucial role in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of many human cancers, including gastric cancer. However, the mechanism of lncRNA in PM of GC is rarely studied. We explored the mechanism of PM of GC through lncRNA gene sequencing and protein profiling analysis to detect PM-associated lncRNAs and proteins. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to identify the mRNA expression of SEMA3B-AS1 and BGN in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The biological function of SEMA3B-AS1 in the PM of GC was identified through gain- and loss-of-function assays. Chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP), RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter, and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays was carried out to demonstrate the potential mechanism between SEMA3B-AS1 and its downstream genes, including HMGB1, FBXW7, and BGN. Finally, the biological function of SEMA3B-AS1 was demonstrated in animal experiments. The mRNA expression level of SEMA3B-AS1 was downregulated in GC and PM tissues compared to normal stomach tissues; however, BGN was highly expressed at the mRNA level. SEMA3B-AS1 was closely related to PM and the overall survival (OS) of GC patients. Functionally, the overexpression of SEMA3B-AS1 was related to GC progression, PM, and prognosis. Mechanistically, SEMA3B-AS1 could combine with HMGB1 to regulate the transcription of FBXW7, thus facilitating the ubiquitination of BGN. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the SEMA3B-AS1/HMGB1/FBXW7 axis plays an inhibitory role in the PM of GC by regulating BGN protein ubiquitination. It also provides a new biological marker for the diagnosis and treatment of the PM of GC.
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17
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Appunni S, Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Anand V, Khandelwal M, Sharma A. Biglycan: an emerging small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) marker and its clinicopathological significance. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3935-3950. [PMID: 34181183 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the structural organization of tissue and delivery of external cues to the cell. Biglycan, a class I small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP), is a key component of the ECM that participates in scaffolding the collagen fibrils and mediates cell signaling. Dysregulation of biglycan expression can result in wide range of clinical conditions such as metabolic disorder, inflammatory disorder, musculoskeletal defects and malignancies. In this review, we aim to update our current understanding regarding the link between altered expression of biglycan and different clinicopathological states. Biglycan interacts with toll like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 on the immune cells which initiates inflammation and aggravates inflammatory disorders. ECM unbound soluble biglycan acts as a DAMP (danger associated molecular pattern) resulting in sterile inflammation. Dysregulation of biglycan expression is also observed in inflammatory metabolic conditions such as atherosclerosis and obesity. In cancer, high-biglycan expression facilitates tumor growth, invasion and metastasis which is associated with poor clinical outcome. As a pivotal structural component of the ECM, biglycan strengthens the musculoskeletal system and its absence is associated with musculoskeletal defects. Thus, SLRP biglycan is a potential marker which is significantly altered in different clinicopathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Appunni
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | - Madhuram Khandelwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
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18
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Systemically Administered Homing Peptide Targets Dystrophic Lesions and Delivers Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) Inhibitor to Attenuate Murine Muscular Dystrophy Pathology. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091506. [PMID: 34575582 PMCID: PMC8471674 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a progressively worsening and lethal disease, where accumulation of functionality-impairing fibrosis plays a key pathogenic role. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) is a central signaling molecule in the development of fibrosis in muscular dystrophic humans and mice. Inhibition of TGFβ1 has proven beneficial in mouse models of muscular dystrophy, but the global strategies of TGFβ1 inhibition produce significant detrimental side effects. Here, we investigated whether murine muscular dystrophy lesion-specific inhibition of TGFβ1 signaling by the targeted delivery of therapeutic decorin (a natural TGFβ inhibitor) by a vascular homing peptide CAR (CARSKNKDC) would reduce skeletal muscle fibrosis and pathology and increase functional characteristics of skeletal muscle. We demonstrate that CAR peptide homes to dystrophic lesions with specificity in two muscular dystrophy models. Recombinant fusion protein consisting of CAR peptide and decorin homes selectively to sites of skeletal muscle damage in mdxDBA2/J and gamma-sarcoglycan deficient DBA2/J mice. This targeted delivery reduced TGFβ1 signaling as demonstrated by reduced nuclear pSMAD staining. Three weeks of targeted decorin treatment decreased both membrane permeability and fibrosis and improved skeletal muscle function in comparison to control treatments in the mdxD2 mice. These results show that selective delivery of decorin to the sites of skeletal muscle damage attenuates the progression of murine muscular dystrophy.
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19
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Zeng-Brouwers J, Pandey S, Trebicka J, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Communications via the Small Leucine-rich Proteoglycans: Molecular Specificity in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:887-906. [PMID: 32623933 PMCID: PMC7708667 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420930303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly regulated biological response of the immune system that is triggered by assaulting pathogens or endogenous alarmins. It is now well established that some soluble extracellular matrix constituents, such as small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), can act as danger signals and trigger aseptic inflammation by interacting with innate immune receptors. SLRP inflammatory signaling cascade goes far beyond its canonical function. By choosing specific innate immune receptors, coreceptors, and adaptor molecules, SLRPs promote a switch between pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling, thereby determining disease resolution or chronification. Moreover, by orchestrating signaling through various receptors, SLRPs fine-tune inflammation and, despite their structural homology, regulate inflammatory processes in a molecule-specific manner. Hence, the overarching theme of this review is to highlight the molecular and functional specificity of biglycan-, decorin-, lumican-, and fibromodulin-mediated signaling in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sony Pandey
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Translational Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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20
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Agha O, Diaz A, Davies M, Kim HT, Liu X, Feeley BT. Rotator cuff tear degeneration and the role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1490:13-28. [PMID: 32725671 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of rotator cuff tears poses challenges to individual patients and the healthcare system at large. This orthopedic injury is complicated further by high rates of retear after surgical repair. Outcomes following repair are highly dependent upon the quality of the injured rotator cuff muscles, and it is, therefore, crucial that the pathophysiology of rotator cuff degeneration continues to be explored. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors, a major population of resident muscle stem cells, have emerged as the main source of intramuscular fibrosis and fatty infiltration, both of which are key features of rotator cuff muscle degeneration. Improvements to rotator cuff repair outcomes will likely require addressing the muscle pathology produced by these cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the current rotator cuff degeneration assessment tools, the effects of poor muscle quality on patient outcomes, the role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors in mediating muscle pathology, and how these cells could be leveraged for potential therapeutics to augment current rotator cuff surgical and rehabilitative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obiajulu Agha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Agustin Diaz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Davies
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Hubert T Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Brian T Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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21
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Role of Extracellular Matrix in Pathophysiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Emphasis on Vascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134761. [PMID: 32635482 PMCID: PMC7369762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ductus arteriosus (DA) is a shunt vessel between the aorta and the pulmonary artery during the fetal period that is essential for the normal development of the fetus. Complete closure usually occurs after birth but the vessel might remain open in certain infants, as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), causing morbidity or mortality. The mechanism of DA closure is a complex process involving an orchestration of cell-matrix interaction between smooth muscle cells (SMC), endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is defined as the noncellular component secreted by cells that consists of macromolecules such as elastin, collagens, proteoglycan, hyaluronan, and noncollagenous glycoproteins. In addition to its role as a physical scaffold, ECM mediates diverse signaling that is critical in development, maintenance, and repair in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we aim to outline the current understandings of ECM and its role in the pathophysiology of PDA, with emphasis on DA remodeling and highlight future outlooks. The molecular diversity and plasticity of ECM present a rich array of potential therapeutic targets for the management of PDA.
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22
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Early Transcriptional Changes within Liver, Adrenal Gland, and Lymphoid Tissues Significantly Contribute to Ebola Virus Pathogenesis in Cynomolgus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00250-20. [PMID: 32213610 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00250-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) continues to pose a significant threat to human health, as evidenced by the 2013-2016 epidemic in West Africa and the ongoing outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. EBOV causes hemorrhagic fever, organ damage, and shock culminating in death, with case fatality rates as high as 90%. This high lethality combined with the paucity of licensed medical countermeasures makes EBOV a critical human pathogen. Although EBOV infection results in significant damage to the liver and the adrenal glands, little is known about the molecular signatures of injury in these organs. Moreover, while changes in peripheral blood cells are becoming increasingly understood, the host responses within organs and lymphoid tissues remain poorly characterized. To address this knowledge gap, we tracked longitudinal transcriptional changes in tissues collected from EBOV-Makona-infected cynomolgus macaques. Following infection, both liver and adrenal glands exhibited significant and early downregulation of genes involved in metabolism, coagulation, hormone synthesis, and angiogenesis; upregulated genes were associated with inflammation. Analysis of lymphoid tissues showed early upregulation of genes that play a role in innate immunity and inflammation and downregulation of genes associated with cell cycle and adaptive immunity. Moreover, transient activation of innate immune responses and downregulation of humoral immune responses in lymphoid tissues were confirmed with flow cytometry. Together, these data suggest that the liver, adrenal gland, and lymphatic organs are important sites of EBOV infection and that dysregulating the function of these vital organs contributes to the development of Ebola virus disease.IMPORTANCE Ebola virus (EBOV) remains a high-priority pathogen since it continues to cause outbreaks with high case fatality rates. Although it is well established that EBOV results in severe organ damage, our understanding of tissue injury in the liver, adrenal glands, and lymphoid tissues remains limited. We begin to address this knowledge gap by conducting longitudinal gene expression studies in these tissues, which were collected from EBOV-infected cynomolgus macaques. We report robust and early gene expression changes within these tissues, indicating they are primary sites of EBOV infection. Furthermore, genes involved in metabolism, coagulation, and adaptive immunity were downregulated, while inflammation-related genes were upregulated. These results indicate significant tissue damage consistent with the development of hemorrhagic fever and lymphopenia. Our study provides novel insight into EBOV-host interactions and elucidates how host responses within the liver, adrenal glands, and lymphoid tissues contribute to EBOV pathogenesis.
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23
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Zhao SF, Yin XJ, Zhao WJ, Liu LC, Wang ZP. Biglycan as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in multiple human cancers. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1673-1682. [PMID: 32194659 PMCID: PMC7039163 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biglycan (BGN), a key member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family, is an important component of the extracellular matrix. Clinical studies have demonstrated that upregulation of BGN is associated with poor prognosis in patients with various types of solid cancer. The present study analyzed the mRNA expression levels of BGN in various types of solid cancer when compared with that in normal tissues via the Oncomine database. The UALCAN, OncoLnc and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases were additionally used to evaluate the prognostic values of BGN in patients with solid cancer and co-expression gene analysis was conducted using the protein-protein interaction networks of BGN. The present study observed that the mRNA expression levels of BGN were increased in bladder, brain and central nervous system, breast, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, lung, ovarian and 28 subtypes of cancer compared with normal tissues. The increased expression of BGN was identified to be associated with a poor outcome in ovarian and gastric cancer. Based on the co-expression network, BGN was identified as the key gene in a 43-gene network. The present findings of increased expression of BGN in solid tumors and its positive association with poor outcome on patient survival indicate that BGN may serve as a prognostic marker and as a target for novel therapeutics for multiple types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Feng Zhao
- Central Laboratories, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jing Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Mental Health Centre, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ju Zhao
- Operating Room, Qingdao Jinhua Gynecology Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, P.R. China
| | - Le-Cui Liu
- Neonatal Department, Wulian County People's Hospital, Wulian, Shandong 262300, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, P.R. China
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Prediction of Extracellular Matrix Proteins by Fusing Multiple Feature Information, Elastic Net, and Random Forest Algorithm. MATHEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/math8020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins play an important role in a series of biological processes of cells. The study of ECM proteins is helpful to further comprehend their biological functions. We propose ECMP-RF (extracellular matrix proteins prediction by random forest) to predict ECM proteins. Firstly, the features of the protein sequence are extracted by combining encoding based on grouped weight, pseudo amino-acid composition, pseudo position-specific scoring matrix, a local descriptor, and an autocorrelation descriptor. Secondly, the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) algorithm is employed to process the class imbalance data, and the elastic net (EN) is used to reduce the dimension of the feature vectors. Finally, the random forest (RF) classifier is used to predict the ECM proteins. Leave-one-out cross-validation shows that the balanced accuracy of the training and testing datasets is 97.3% and 97.9%, respectively. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, ECMP-RF is significantly better than other predictors.
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25
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Walimbe T, Panitch A. Proteoglycans in Biomedicine: Resurgence of an Underexploited Class of ECM Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1661. [PMID: 32082161 PMCID: PMC7000921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans have emerged as biomacromolecules with important roles in matrix remodeling, homeostasis, and signaling in the past two decades. Due to their negatively charged glycosaminoglycan chains as well as distinct core protein structures, they interact with a variety of molecules, including matrix proteins, growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, pathogens, and enzymes. This led to the dawn of glycan therapies in the 20th century, but this research was quickly overshadowed by readily available DNA and protein-based therapies. The recent development of recombinant technology and advances in our understanding of proteoglycan function have led to a resurgence of these molecules as potential therapeutics. This review focuses on the recent preclinical efforts that are bringing proteoglycan research and therapies back to the forefront. Examples of studies using proteoglycan cores and mimetics have also been included to give the readers a perspective on the wide-ranging and extensive applications of these versatile molecules. Collectively, these advances are opening new avenues for targeting diseases at a molecular level, and providing avenues for the development of new and exciting treatments in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Walimbe
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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26
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Abstract
Purpose: Biglycan is a proteoglycan of the small leucine-rich repeat family. It is present in all connective tissues and plays key structural and signaling roles. This review aimed to compile available evidence in the characteristics and distribution of biglycan and its glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms in connective tissues with a specific focus on the contribution to homeostasis of bone and changes of biglycan structure with aging.Methods: The Pubmed database was searched and included the terms "biglycan", "proteoglycans", "glycosaminoglycans", "bone", "osteoblast", "osteocyte", "osteoclast", "aging", "inflammation", "cartilage". Abstracts were appraised and a series of original articles and reviews studied to generate this narrative review.Results: Based on the search, biglycan significantly affects bone development and homeostasis and can be significantly changed by the aging process in several connective tissues, which in turn affects the behavior of tissue and cell responses in aged networks. Further, as the understanding of the various forms of biglycan in vivo is expanded and the function of its components in vitro is dissected, this proteoglycan can potentially serve as a therapeutic or biomarker molecule to detect tissue destruction.Conclusions: Biglycan is a key player in skeletal bone homeostasis, and overall, there is more evidence on the role of biglycan in development and less in the adult physiological or diseased young and aged systems. Further understanding of its conformation, degradation peptides and post-translational modifications will be required to understand the role of biglycan in bone maintenance and to support the development of treatments for age-related bone dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Miguez
- Adams School of Dentistry, Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gubbiotti MA, Buraschi S, Kapoor A, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan signaling in tumor angiogenesis and endothelial cell autophagy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31078640 PMCID: PMC7864242 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The need for more effective cancer therapies is omnipresent as the ever-complex, and highly adaptive, mechanisms of tumor biology allow this disease to elude even the most stringent treatment options. The expanding field of proteoglycan signaling is enticing as a reservoir of potential drug targets and prospects for novel therapeutic strategies. The newest trend in proteoglycan biology is the interplay between extracellular signaling and autophagy fueled by the close link between autophagy and angiogenesis. Here we summarize the most current evidence surrounding proteoglycan signaling in both of these biological processes featuring the well-known suspects, decorin and perlecan, as well as other up-and-coming neophytes in this evolving signaling web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Petrosino JM, Leask A, Accornero F. Genetic manipulation of CCN2/CTGF unveils cell-specific ECM-remodeling effects in injured skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2019; 33:2047-2057. [PMID: 30216109 PMCID: PMC6338641 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800622rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling can either support the complete regeneration of injured muscle or facilitate pathologic fibrosis and muscle degeneration. Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of genetic disorders that results in a progressive decline in muscle function and is characterized by the abundant deposition of fibrotic tissue. Unlike acute injury, where ECM remodeling is acute and transient, in MD, remodeling persists until fibrosis obstructs the regenerative efforts of diseased muscles. Thus, understanding how ECM is deposited and organized is critical in the context of muscle repair. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF or CCN2) is a matricellular protein expressed by multiple cell types in response to tissue injury. Although used as a general marker of fibrosis, the cell type-dependent role of CTGF in dystrophic muscle has not been elucidated. To address this question, a conditional Ctgf myofiber and fibroblast-knockout mouse lines were generated and crossed to a dystrophic background. Only myofiber-selective inhibition of CTGF protected δ-sarcoglycan-null ( Sgcd-/-) mice from the dystrophic phenotype, and it did so by affecting collagen organization in a way that allowed for improvements in dystrophic muscle regeneration and function. To confirm that muscle-specific CTGF functions to mediate collagen organization, we generated mice with transgenic muscle-specific overexpression of CTGF. Again, genetic modulation of CTGF in muscle was not sufficient to drive fibrosis, but altered collagen content and organization after injury. Our results show that the myofibers are critical mediators of the deleterious effects associated with CTGF in MD and acutely injured skeletal muscle.-Petrosino, J. M., Leask, A., Accornero, F. Genetic manipulation of CCN2/CTGF unveils cell-specific ECM-remodeling effects in injured skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Petrosino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Leask
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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29
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Schaefer L. Decoding fibrosis: Mechanisms and translational aspects. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:1-7. [PMID: 29679639 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, a complex process of abnormal tissue healing which inevitably leads to loss of physiological organ structure and function, is a worldwide leading cause of death. Despite a large body of research over the last two decades, antifibrotic approaches are mainly limited to organ replacement therapy generating high costs of medical care. In this translational issue, a unique group of basic and clinical researchers provide meaningful answers to a desperate call of society for effective antifibrotic treatments. Fortunately, a plethora of novel fibrogenic factors and biomarkers has been identified. Noninvasive diagnostic methods and drug delivery systems have been recently developed for the management of fibrosis. Consequently, a large number of exciting clinical trials addressing comprehensive, organ and stage-specific mechanisms of fibrogenesis are ongoing. By critically addressing previously unsuccessful and novel promising therapeutic strategies, we aim to spread hope for future treatments of the various forms of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
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