Effects of a Sedentary Behavior-Inducing Randomized Controlled Intervention on Depression and Mood Profile in Active Young Adults

Electroacupuncture attenuates depressive-like behaviors in poststroke depression mice through promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and underlying molecular mechanisms of electroacupuncture on mice with poststroke depression (PSD). Mice were randomly allocated into sham, PSD, and electroacupuncture groups. Mice in the PSD and electroacupuncture groups underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery following with sedentary behavior. Electroacupuncture targeting Zusanli (ST36) acupoint was performed 24 h after MCAO for 4 weeks in electroacupuncture group. The sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, open field test, tail suspension test, elevated plus maze, Catwalk analysis, RNA sequencing, Nissl staining, Golgi staining, TUNEL staining, Edu labeling, and doublecortin staining were performed. Lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and expression of Iba1/CD86, Iba1/NLRP3, TLR4/p38/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways in the hippocampus were detected. Electroacupuncture effectively protected against the development of depression-like symptoms. The number of granulosa cells and doublecortin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) were significantly decreased in PSD group, which were significantly upregulated ( P  < 0.01) by electroacupuncture. Electroacupuncture also significantly reduced ( P  < 0.05) TUNEL-positive cells in the DG and CA1. RNA-seq revealed that electroacupuncture may exert antidepressant effect by regulating the inflammation mediated by TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in hippocampus. Electroacupuncture remarkably elevated ( P  < 0.01) the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells and percentage of CD3-CD49b+ cells in CD45+CD49b+ cells in the peripheral blood. Electroacupuncture significantly reduced ( P  < 0.05) the high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iba1, TLR4, p-p38, p-NF-κB, and NLRP3 and sedentary behavior. Electroacupuncture was observed to mitigate depression symptoms and increase hippocampal neurogenesis in mice with PSD, possibly by inhibiting TLR4/p38/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways and improving the microglia-mediated inflammatory microenvironment in the hippocampus.

Exploring sedentary behavior, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and depression: Mediation analysis in NHANES

BACKGROUND

Sedentary behavior and depression have been linked to inflammation. However, the specific role of inflammation in the relationship between sedentary behavior and depression remains unclear.

METHOD

We examined associations among the inflammatory marker (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR]), sedentary behavior, and depression in a robust, ethnically diverse sample (n = 29,769) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

RESULT

Our findings indicate that individuals experiencing depression and/or engaging in sedentary behavior show elevated levels of the NLR. Even after adjusting for confounding variables such as age, sex, and body mass index, sedentary behavior remains significantly associated with both depression and NLR levels. Additionally, our analysis reveals a non-linear relationship between NLR levels and depression, suggesting a complex interaction. Importantly, NLR partially mediates a modest yet statistically significant portion (1.920 %, p = 0.014) of the association between sedentary behavior and depression.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the intricate interplay among sedentary behavior, inflammation, and depression, providing insights into potential avenues for intervention and management.

From movement to motivation: a proposed framework to understand the antidepressant effect of exercise

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, exerting a profound negative impact on quality of life in those who experience it. Depression is associated with disruptions to several closely related neural and cognitive processes, including dopamine transmission, fronto-striatal brain activity and connectivity, reward processing and motivation. Physical activity, especially aerobic exercise, reduces depressive symptoms, but the mechanisms driving its antidepressant effects are poorly understood. Here we propose a novel hypothesis for understanding the antidepressant effects of exercise, centred on motivation, across different levels of explanation. There is robust evidence that aerobic exercise decreases systemic inflammation. Inflammation is known to reduce dopamine transmission, which in turn is strongly implicated in effort-based decision making for reward. Drawing on a broad range of research in humans and animals, we propose that by reducing inflammation and boosting dopamine transmission, with consequent effects on effort-based decision making for reward, exercise initially specifically improves 'interest-activity' symptoms of depression-namely anhedonia, fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment - by increasing propensity to exert effort. Extending this framework to the topic of cognitive control, we explain how cognitive impairment in depression may also be conceptualised through an effort-based decision-making framework, which may help to explain the impact of exercise on cognitive impairment. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of exercise could inform the development of novel intervention strategies, in particular personalised interventions and boost social prescribing.

Mentally-passive sedentary behavior and incident depression: Mediation by inflammatory markers

BACKGROUND

Sedentary behavior (SB; time spent sitting, as distinct from lack of exercise or physical activity) is associated with depression, yet little is known about the relationship between different types of SB (e.g., mentally-passive versus mentally-active) with depression and potential biological mediators of these associations.

METHODS

We used cohort data from the 1958 National Child Development Study (n = 4607; 50.4 % women), conducted in UK, employing the 44 y and 46 y waves as baseline, and the 50 y and 55 y waves as follow-up. Participants reported time spent in TV viewing and watching videos (mentally-passive SB); and, time sitting while doing light activities such as deskwork or driving a car during worktime (mentally-active SB). Depression diagnosis was self-reported during the initial and follow-up waves. Waist circumference, C-reactive protein, and glycated hemoglobin were examined as potential mediators.

RESULTS

Mentally-passive SB was associated with incident depression (HR: 1.43; 95%CI: 1.19; 1.71), while there was no association for mentally-active SB. Waist circumference (coefficient: -0.03; 95%CI: -0.05; -0.01; 9.2 %) and C-reactive protein (coefficient: -0.03; 95%CI: -0.04; -0.01; 8.3 %), but not glycated hemoglobin, partly mediated the association for mentally-passive SB.

CONCLUSIONS

In the relationship of mentally-passive SB with incident depression, the mediating contributions of waist circumference and C-reactive protein point to possible inflammatory-related mechanisms.

Predictors of depression: lifestyle choices during the pandemic

Our study intends to specify the impact of the singular pandemic stressors on the population and also quantify the contribution of different predictors of depression; some of them are stronger than others, and this research shows how the whole effect is divided into single items. This research included a structured online survey using data from 11,340 respondents from six European countries during the first months of the pandemic. The statistical analysis focused on how behavioural patterns appear in different groups of the population and how they mark the psychological wellbeing of these groups with regard to various factors. We targeted social media's role and analyzed the impact of its consumption on symptoms of depression in different groups divided by age and other characteristics. The analysis creates a mosaic of lifestyle choices and other characteristics that manifest different effects on depression inside selected groups whereas several groups generated by the cluster analysis are less vulnerable to their effect than others. Regarding our findings, the perceived reality through information sources and the manner of their processing seems to be more significant than the tangible reality (poor self-reported health correlated with depression more strongly than intrinsic health limitations).

COVID-19: Reducing the risk via diet and lifestyle

This review shows that relatively simple changes to diet and lifestyle can significantly, and rapidly, reduce the risks associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in terms of infection risk, severity of disease, and even disease-related mortality. A wide range of interventions including regular exercise, adequate sleep, plant-based diets, maintenance of healthy weight, dietary supplementation, and time in nature have each been shown to have beneficial effects for supporting more positive health outcomes with COVID-19, in addition to promoting better overall health. This paper brings together literature from these areas and presents the argument that non-pharmaceutical approaches should not be overlooked in our response to COVID-19. It is noted that, in several cases, interventions discussed result in risk reductions equivalent to, or even greater than, those associated with currently available vaccines. Where the balance of evidence suggests benefits, and the risk is minimal to none, it is suggested that communicating the power of individual actions to the public becomes morally imperative. Further, many lives could be saved, and many harms from the vaccine mandates avoided, if we were willing to embrace this lifestyle-centred approach in our efforts to deal with COVID-19.

The Relationship between Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life (HINT-Eight) in Middle-Aged Korean Women

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on health by examining the effect of HINT-eight on the physical activity of middle-aged Korean women using secondary data from the 2019 KNHANES. The subjects were 1,428 middle-aged women aged 45-64. Multiple regression was performed to verify the relationship between physical activity and HINT-eight. Following confirmation of the association between HINT-eight and physical activity, it was found that the subdomains of QOL, such as stair climbing, vitality, work, sleeping, and happiness, were connected to physical activity. Stair climbing positively affected physical activity, education level, and grip strength and negatively affected age. Pain positively affected education level and grip strength and negatively affected age. Vitality positively affected physical activity, monthly household income, and grip strength. Working positively affected education level, monthly household income, and grip strength and negatively affected age. Depression positively affected monthly household income. Memory and sleep positively affected education level and negative effect on age. Happiness positively affected physical activity and monthly household income. In this study, physical activity was found to have an effect on various factors of QOL. Physical activity in middle age is an important influencing factor on the QOL in old age; to improve the QOL in older adult, it is necessary to make efforts to improve physical activity in middle age.

The Association between Active Mobility and Subjective Wellbeing during COVID-19 in MENA Countries

Objective: To augment the international scientific approach to raising public mental health through active lifestyle among adults, we added the evidence of the association between physical activity and subjective wellbeing in the Middle East and North Africa region by emphasizing the mediator—COVID-19. This study aimed to identify the correlations between active mobility and subjective wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample from Tabriz, Iran, which has not yet been tackled in previous study. Methods: We finalized an online survey (N = 603) from adults between 5 June and 15 July 2021. This group reported their individual and socio-economic characteristics and their perception features and location (e.g., home, work) during COVID-19. The paper developed three ordinal logistic regression (OLR) models to examine the association between active mobility types such as commute, non-commute, frequency of active travel to parks and services per week, and different subjective wellbeing including: 1- life satisfaction, 2- feeling energetic, and 3- peaceful mind while controlling for socio-economic variables (e.g., age, gender, education, job, and income) and objective commute distance. We also incorporated the most relevant objective (street length, land-use mix, number of intersections, and building and population density) and subjective (perceived distance to different services, perceived walking places, and perceived facilities attractiveness) factors. Results: Positive response relationships between four types of physical activity levels and subjective wellbeing scores were demonstrated in all of the three developed models (with significant levels of 0.05, and 0.1) with appropriate model fits, which confirmed the existing literature. However, these relationships showed different patterns (varied significant levels) for each type of subjective wellbeing. In addition, the factors including street length (p value: 0.004), perceived walkable places (p value: 0.021, 0.068, 0.017, and 0.025) (positively), population density, and perceived distance to shopping malls (p value: 0.076, <0.0001, and 0.059 (negatively) were associated with different indicators of subjective wellbeing. Conclusion: As for the implication of our study, special actions by urban authorities such as increasing mixed-use and creating attractive places will be required to enhance the walkability of the neighborhoods. Moreover, notifying the adults regarding the benefits of physical activity is much more needed.

Stay home and stay active? The impact of stay-at-home restrictions on physical activity routines in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic

We investigated which population groups were impacted most in terms of physical activity levels during the restrictions applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed UK residents, sampled through users of a rewards-for-exercise app (Sweatcoin; n = 749) and an online panel (Prolific; n = 907). Of the app users, n = 487 further provided daily step-count data collected by the app, prior to, and during the periods of restrictions in the UK between March-June 2020. Regression models were used to investigate factors associated with self-reported change in physical activity and change in daily step-count during the periods of restrictions. Significant factors associated with self-reported change in physical activity included rural residents (positive, b = 0.87, p < 0.001), relative to urban dwellers, people classed as obese (negative, b = -0.51, p = 0.008, relative to healthy weight) and gym users (negative, b = -1.10, p < 0.001, relative to walkers). All groups had reduced step counts during restrictions, with Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups showing greater reductions compared to White British ethnicity (negative, b = -0.18, p = 0.008). Targeted interventions are required to ensure that physical and mental health impacts of sedentary behaviour are not exacerbated over the long-term by significant reductions in physical activity identified in these groups particularly those who are also more vulnerable to COVID-19.

Changes in Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic-An Analysis of Differences Based on Mitigation Policies and Incidence Values in the Federal States of Germany

Measures to slow down the spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 have had an impact on the daily life and physical activity (PA) of many people. Nevertheless, in Germany, mitigation policies and incidence values vary widely across the federal states (Länder). Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate regional differences in PA during the coronavirus pandemic. This study is based on the SPOVID project (Examining physical activity and sports behavior in the face of COVID-19 pandemic: a social inequality perspective) that incorporates a large-scale, representative cross-sectional survey representing the German population (≥14 years). Based on the survey that took place in October 2020 (N = 1477), we investigated the relationships between the COVID-19 incidence values as well as the mitigation policies across the federal states in Germany and changes in PA. Pearson correlations indicated a strong negative relationship between PA change and 7-day incidence values (r = -0.688 **, p = 0.009) and a moderate negative relationship between PA changes and an index of mitigation policies (r = -0.444, p = 0.112). Higher 7-day incidence values and stricter mitigation policies were associated with a stronger decline in PA levels. Therefore, it is important to support people to stay active even if there are restrictions. In particular, in federal states and regions with high incidences and stricter mitigation policies, measures to promote health-enhancing PA are necessary.

Understanding Variations in the Health Consequences of Sedentary Behavior: A Taxonomy of Social Interaction, Novelty, Choice, and Cognition

The study of sedentary behaviors requires taxonomies (classification schemes) to standardize data collection, measurements, and outcomes. Three taxonomies of sedentary behaviors have been identified, but none address an important challenge in sedentary behavior research, which is to distinguish between beneficial and detrimental health effects of various sedentary behaviors. Some sedentary behaviors (e.g., reading) are associated with positive health outcomes, whereas other sedentary behaviors (e.g., television viewing) are associated with adverse health outcomes. To address directly this complexity and present a different conception and understanding of discrepant findings related to health outcomes, a new taxonomy is needed. The development of the new taxonomy is guided by analysis of literature and selection of a relevant and informative behavioral sciences theoretical framework (i.e., self-determination theory). Because older adults are an increasing percentage of the population and report a high prevalence of sedentary behaviors, the new taxonomy was designed for older adults with potential application to all age groups. Taylor's taxonomy of sedentary behaviors is parsimonious with four domains: social interaction (i.e., not solitary, companionship, interacting, and connecting with others); novelty (i.e., refreshingly new, unusual, or different); choice (i.e., volition, preferred option or alternative, the power, freedom, or decision to choose); and cognition (i.e., mentally stimulating and engaging).

Levels of physical activity in four domains and affective wellbeing before and during the Covid-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND

Latest studies indicated that the general mental health level is low during the pandemic. Probably, this deterioration of the mental health situation is partly due to declines in physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in and the association between affective wellbeing and levels of different domains of physical activity at three time points before and during the pandemic.

METHOD

We used a nationwide online panel with a trend data design encompassing a total sample of N = 3517, representing the German population (> 14 years). Four different activity domains (sport and exercise, light outdoor activity, housework/gardening, active travel) and affective wellbeing (positive and negative affect) were assessed at three time points before and during the Covid-19 pandemic (October 2019, March 2020, October 2020).

RESULTS

Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) indicate differences regarding affective wellbeing over the three time points with the lowest values at the second time point. Levels of activity in the four domains differed significantly over time with the strongest decrease for sport and exercise from the first to the second time point. Partial correlations indicated that the relationships between sport and exercise and positive affect were most consistent over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our findings suggest that physical activity plays a particularly important role in the pandemic period as a protective factor against poor mental health. Especially sports and exercise seem to be supportive and should be encouraged, e.g. by providing additional support in finding adequate outdoor, home-based or digital substitutes.

The impact of sitting time and physical activity on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown

Objective

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity (PA) and sitting time on adults' mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety and wellbeing) and the influence of mediators and confounders.

Methods

An online survey was disseminated in the UK between May and June 2020. A total of 284 participants (33.5 ± 12.4 years) self-reported their PA, sitting time and mental health through validated questionnaires.

Results

Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that being of younger age, female, on a lower income, with one or more comorbid health conditions, with a previous diagnosis of mood disorder and increased sitting time independently correlated with higher depression scores (F (13,219) = 12.31, p < 0.001), and explained 42% of the variance. Similar results were found for wellbeing where socio-demographic, health outcomes and sitting time influenced the subjective wellbeing (F (14,218) = 5.77, p < 0.001, 27% variance), although only socio-demographic and health outcomes contributed to the variation in anxiety score (F (13,219) = 7.84, p < 0.001, 32% variance). PA did not explain variation when sitting time was taken into account in any of the models. Combined analysis revealed that participants with lower sedentary time (< 8 h) and with both low or moderate and high PA presented a significantly lower depression score [low PA: (B = -2.7, 95% CI -4.88, -0.52); moderate and high PA (B = -2.7, -4.88, -0.52)].

Conclusion

Sitting time was strongly associated with adverse mental health during COVID-19 lockdown and should be considered in future public health recommendations.

Health behaviours of young adults during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic - a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has created a number of obstacles to daily functioning, which have led to a need for major changes in lifestyles. The aim of the study was to assess whether and to what extent the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the health behaviours of young adults.

METHODS

506 people aged 18 to 34 ([Formula: see text] =24.67 years ±4.23 years) who filled in an online survey were qualified for the study. Assessment was made of eating habits (a modified Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ), physical activity and sedentary behaviours (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, short form IPAQ-SF), sleep quality (The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), and generalized anxiety (Generalized anxiety Disorder, 7-item, GAD-7 scale).

RESULTS

During the pandemic, young adults changed their dietary preferences toward sweets and cereal products, increased alcohol (p < 0.001) and fat (p = 0.005) intake, significantly reduced their physical activity (from 8752.5 metabolic equivalents (MET) min/week vs. 6174.6 MET min/week, p < 0.001), increased the time spent sedentarily (Me = 240 min vs. Me = 360 min, p < 0.001) and had decreased sleep quality (PSQI score Me = 7.00 vs. Me = 9.00).

CONCLUSIONS

The Covid-19 pandemic worsened health behaviours and intensified the feeling of generalized anxiety in young adults. Generalized anxiety during obligatory lockdown had the greatest negative impact on sedentary behaviours and sleep quality.

Pre-existing conditions in Latin America and factors associated with adverse outcomes of COVID-19: A review

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread rapidly throughout the world. Latin American and the Caribbean countries have been harshly affected by the pandemic mainly due to less prepared healthcare systems and fragmented social safety nets. In the region, health status population-based indicators are worse than compared to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Recent evidence suggests that the progression and severity of COVID-19 are associated with the prior health status of individuals, and studies have shown that the case fatality rate is highly stratified among different populations. This narrative review aims to describe factors associated with adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in the context of social determinants of health in Latin American and Caribbean countries. In this review, we state that genetic and biological factors interact in a sophisticated way with social determinants of health, impacting the rapid spread of COVID-19 in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Behavioral factors, such as physical inactivity, smoking, and unhealthy diets, are related to chronic systemic inflammation. Also, air pollution can prolong inflammation and the hyper-activation of the immune system. Air pollutants could facilitate the spread of the virus. Finally, frailty and comorbidities can be associated with COVID-19 severity through increasing vulnerability to stressors and leading to more severe symptoms of COVID-19 disease, including a higher mortality risk. All these factors contribute to increasing the impact of COVID-19 in Latin American and Caribbean countries. We highlight the relevance of considering social determinants of health in Latin American and the Caribbean countries, not only in controlling the likelihood of getting the disease but also its progression and severity. All these social determinants can guide the design and implementation of tailored interventions promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors, which should lower the spread of the disease, its severity, and lethality.

Decrease in Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Association with Increase in Depression among Older Adults: A Longitudinal Remote Mobility Monitoring Using a Wearable Sensor

Background: Social isolation during COVID-19 may negatively impact older adults’ wellbeing. To assess its impact, we measured changes in physical activity and sleep among community-dwelling older adults, from pre-to post-pandemic declaration. Method: Physical activity and sleep in older adults (n = 10, age = 77.3 ± 1.9 years, female = 40%) were remotely assessed within 3-month pre-to 6-month post-pandemic declaration using a pendant-wearable system. Depression was assessed pre-and post-pandemic declaration using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and was compared with 48 h continuous physical activity monitoring data before and during pandemic. Results: Compared to pre-pandemic, post-pandemic time spent in standing declined by 32.7% (Cohen’s d = 0.78, p < 0.01), walking by 52.2% (d = 1.1, p < 0.01), step-counts by 55.1% (d = 1.0, p = 0.016), and postural transitions by 44.6% (d = 0.82, p = 0.017) with increase in sitting duration by 20.5% (d = 0.5, p = 0.049). Depression symptoms increased by 150% (d = 0.8, p = 0.046). Interestingly, increase in depression was significantly correlated with unbroken-prolong sitting bout (ρ = 0.677, p = 0.032), cadence (ρ = −0.70, p = 0.024), and sleep duration (ρ = −0.72, p = 0.019). Conclusion: This is one of the early longitudinal studies highlighting adverse effect of the pandemic on objectively assessed physical activity and sleep in older adults. Our observations showed need for timely intervention to mitigate hard to reverse consequences of decreased physical activity such as depression.

COVID-19 Lockdown and the Behavior Change on Physical Exercise, Pain and Psychological Well-Being: An International Multicentric Study

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the following lockdown on physical exercise (PEx) practice, pain, and psychological well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional multicentric study was performed using a nonrandom convenience sampling from the general population (≥18 years-old) of 6 countries (Brazil, Italy, France, Portugal, Germany, and Spain) adopting social isolation (SI). The validated self-administered online survey (PEF-COVID19) was used. The tests T-test and Chi-square with Bonferroni correction were used for statistical analysis and a multivariate logistic regression model (p ˂ 0.05). Results: We included 3194 replies and ~80% of the respondents were in SI. Brazilian sample was highly influenced by the pandemic considering PEx practice and habits, pain, anxiety, and stress (p ˂ 0.05). Among the European countries, Italy presented the major changes. The model to predict the non-practice of PEx during SI showed that the variables countries, smoking, SI, and PEx level were significant predictors (p ˂ 0.001). Conclusion: The pandemic changed the PEx practice and habits, and the psychological well-being of populations in different manners. Countries, smoking, SI, and PEx level were predictors for the non-practice of PEx. Public health strategies are suggested to avoid sedentary lifestyles and quality of life decrease.

Changes in the clustering of unhealthy movement behaviors during the COVID-19 quarantine and the association with mental health indicators among Brazilian adults

Our aim was to analyze the prevalence of unhealthy movement behavior clusters before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to investigate whether changes in the number of unhealthy behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine were associated with mental health indicators. Data of 38,353 Brazilian adults from a nationwide behavior research were used. For movement behaviors, participants reported the frequency and duration of physical activity and daily time on TV viewing and computer/tablet use before and during the pandemic period. Participants also reported the frequency of loneliness, sadness (feeling sad, crestfallen, or depressed), and anxiety feelings (feeling worried, anxious, or nervous) during the pandemic period. Sex, age group, highest academic achievement, working status during quarantine, country region, and time adhering to the quarantine were used as correlates. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression models for the data analysis. The prevalence of all movement behavior clusters increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The cluster of all three unhealthy movement behaviors increased from 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.9-5.4) to 26.2% (95% CI: 24.8-27.7). Younger adults, people with higher academic achievement, not working or working at home, and those with higher time in quarantine presented higher clustering. People that increased one and two or three unhealthy movement behaviors were, respectively, more likely to present loneliness (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41 [95% CI: 1.21-1.65] and OR = 1.71 [95% CI: 1.42-2.07]), sadness (OR = 1.25 [95% CI: 1.06-1.48] and OR = 1.73 [95% CI: 1.42-2.10]), and anxiety (OR = 1.34 [95% CI: 1.13-1.57] and OR = 1.78 [95% CI: 1.46-2.17]) during the COVID-19 quarantine. Clustering of unhealthy movement behaviors substantially increased and was associated with poorer mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Physical inactivity and elevated TV-viewing reported changes during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with mental health: A survey with 43,995 Brazilian adults

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the associations of physical activity and TV-viewing reported changes during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine with mental health among Brazilian adults with and without depression.

METHODS

Data of 43,995 Brazilian adults from a cross-sectional, nationwide behavior research were used. Participants reported the frequency on loneliness, sadness (feel sad, crestfallen or depressed) and anxiety (feel worried, anxious or nervous) feelings during the pandemic period. Frequency and duration of physical activity as well as duration of TV-viewing before and during the pandemic period were also reported. We created four categories of reported changes in physical activity (1-consistently active, 2-become active, 3-become inactive or 4-consistently inactive) and TV-viewing (1-consistently high, 2-become low, 3-become high or 4-consistently high). Participants also reported previous diagnoses of depression [yes (PD) or no (nPD). Logistic regression models separating people with and without depression were created.

RESULTS

Compared to consistently active participants, to become inactive during the pandemic was associated with a higher odds for loneliness [nPD:OR:1.32 (95%CI,1.02-1.70); PD:2.22 (1.21-4.06)], sadness [nPD:1.34 (1.01-1.77); PD:2.88 (1.54-5.36)], and anxiety [nPD:1.71 (1.30-2.25); PD:2.55 (1.20-5.42)]. Also, people with depression and consistently physically inactive presented higher odds for loneliness and sadness. Compared to consistently low TV-viewing, participants that become with high TV-viewing showed higher odds for loneliness [nPD:1.59 (1.37-1.86)], sadness [nPD:1.68 (1.44-1.96); PD:1.61 (1.21 to 2.15)] and anxiety [nPD:1.73 (1.48-2.02); PD:1.58 (1.12-2.23)].

CONCLUSIONS

Reported increases in physical inactivity and TV-viewing during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with poorer mental health indicators. People with depression and consistently physically inactivity were more likely to present loneliness and sadness.

Standing up for health - improving mental wellbeing during COVID-19 isolation by reducing sedentary behaviour

The global COVID-19 outbreak and its management are disrupting ways of life and increasing the risk of poor mental and physical health for many. The restrictions on movement have made some forms of physical activity harder to achieve and increased the chances of more sedentary behaviour. Independent of exercise taken, sedentary behaviour can have a negative impact upon mental health, especially by lowering mood. We suggest evidence-based ways of reducing sedentary behaviour with commentary on how they may be adapted for life at home. These include: ways to use external cues, moving more frequently, maximising movement whilst waiting, reallocating time, workstation alternatives, restructuring the physical environment and recruiting help from others. At a time in which our mental and physical health needs are more critical than ever, the relationship between sedentary behaviour and low mood is of particular importance. The current situation represents a good opportunity for us all to change habits to implement a less sedentary lifestyle, for now and the future. This can start with changes we can make at home during lockdown.

Relationship Between Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity at Work and Cognition and Mood

BACKGROUND

Sedentary behavior is negatively associated with cognition and mood. Adults often engage in high levels of sedentary behavior at work through sitting, which may impact productivity. Consequently, replacing sitting with standing and physical activity (PA) is recommended. However, the associations between sitting, standing, and PA at work and cognition and mood are unknown; this study, therefore, aimed to explore these relationships.

METHODS

A total of 75 healthy full-time workers (33 male, mean [SD]; 33.6 [10.4] y, 38 [7] work hr/wk) wore sedentary behavior (activPAL) and PA (SenseWear Pro) monitors for 7 days and recorded their work hours. The day after this monitoring period, participants completed cognitive tests (executive function, attention, and working memory) and mood questionnaires (affect, alert, content, and calm). Multiple linear regression analyses examined the associations between cognition and mood and the time spent sitting, standing, and in each PA intensity during work hours, weekday leisure time, and weekends.

RESULTS

Workplace sitting, standing, or PA were not significantly associated with cognition or mood (P > .05). No significant associations were observed between these variables during weekday leisure time or weekends (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

In a cohort of healthy workers, workplace sitting, standing, and PA are not associated with cognition or mood. Further research in this population is needed, examining the influence of workplace behaviors on cognition and mood, because this will contribute to evidence-based workplace guidelines to increase productivity.

Protective Effect on Mortality of Active Commuting to Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Sedentary behaviour is a major risk of mortality. However, data are contradictory regarding the effects of active commuting on mortality.

OBJECTIVES

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of active commuting on mortality.

METHODS

The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Science Direct databases were searched for studies reporting mortality data and active commuting (walking or cycling) to or from work. We computed meta-analysis stratified on type of mortality, type of commuting, and level of commuting, each with two models (based on fully adjusted estimates of risks, and on crude or less adjusted estimates).

RESULTS

17 studies representing 829,098 workers were included. Using the fully adjusted estimates of risks, active commuting decreased all-cause mortality by 9% (95% confidence intervals 3-15%), and cardiovascular mortality by 15% (3-27%) (p < 0.001). For stratification by type of commuting, walking decreased significantly all-cause mortality by 13% (1-25%), and cycling decreased significantly both all-cause mortality by 21% (11-31%) and cardiovascular mortality by 33% (10-55%) (p < 0.001). For stratification by level of active commuting, only high level decreased all-cause mortality by 11% (3-19%) and both intermediate and high level decreased cardiovascular mortality. Low level did not decrease any type of mortality. Cancer mortality did not decrease with walking or cycling, and the level of active commuting had no effect. Low level walking did not decrease any type of mortality, intermediate level of walking decreased only all-cause mortality by 15% (2-28%), and high level of walking decreased both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by 19% (8-30%) and by 31% (9-52%), respectively. Both low, intermediate and high intensities of cycling decreased all-cause mortality. Meta-analysis based on crude or less fully adjusted estimates retrieved similar results, with also significant reductions of cancer mortality with cycling (23%, 5-42%), high level of active commuting (14%, 4-24%), and high level of active commuting by walking (16%, 0-32%).

CONCLUSION

Active commuting decreases mainly all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, with a dose-response relationship, especially for walking. Preventive strategies should focus on the benefits of active commuting.

Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Response to COVID-19 and Their Associations with Mental Health in 3052 US Adults

The COVID-19 pandemic altered many facets of life. We aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19-related public health guidelines on physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, mental health, and their interrelations. Cross-sectional data were collected from 3052 US adults 3-8 April 2020 (from all 50 states). Participants self-reported pre- and post-COVID-19 levels of moderate and vigorous PA, sitting, and screen time. Currently-followed public health guidelines, stress, loneliness, positive mental health (PMH), social connectedness, and depressive and anxiety symptoms were self-reported. Participants were grouped by meeting US PA guidelines, reporting ≥8 h/day of sitting, or ≥8 h/day of screen time, pre- and post-COVID-19. Overall, 62% of participants were female, with age ranging from 18-24 (16.6% of sample) to 75+ (9.3%). Self-reported PA was lower post-COVID among participants reporting being previously active (mean change: -32.3% [95% CI: -36.3%, -28.1%]) but largely unchanged among previously inactive participants (+2.3% [-3.5%, +8.1%]). No longer meeting PA guidelines and increased screen time were associated with worse depression, loneliness, stress, and PMH (p < 0.001). Self-isolation/quarantine was associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to social distancing (p < 0.001). Maintaining and enhancing physical activity participation and limiting screen time increases during abrupt societal changes may mitigate the mental health consequences.

Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of passive and mentally active sedentary behaviours and physical activity with depression

BACKGROUND

Sedentary behaviour can be associated with poor mental health, but it remains unclear whether all types of sedentary behaviour have equivalent detrimental effects.

AIMS

To model the potential impact on depression of replacing passive with mentally active sedentary behaviours and with light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. An additional aim was to explore these relationships by self-report data and clinician diagnoses of depression.

METHOD

In 1997, 43 863 Swedish adults were initially surveyed and their responses linked to patient registers until 2010. The isotemporal substitution method was used to model the potential impact on depression of replacing 30 min of passive sedentary behaviour with equivalent durations of mentally active sedentary behaviour, light physical activity or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Outcomes were self-reported depression symptoms (cross-sectional analyses) and clinician-diagnosed incident major depressive disorder (MDD) (prospective analyses).

RESULTS

Of 24 060 participants with complete data (mean age 49.2 years, s.d. 15.8, 66% female), 1526 (6.3%) reported depression symptoms at baseline. There were 416 (1.7%) incident cases of MDD during the 13-year follow-up. Modelled cross-sectionally, replacing 30 min/day of passive sedentary behaviour with 30 min/day of mentally active sedentary behaviour, light physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity reduced the odds of depression symptoms by 5% (odds ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.94-0.97), 13% (odds ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.76-1.00) and 19% (odds ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.93-0.90), respectively. Modelled prospectively, substituting 30 min/day of passive with 30 min/day of mentally active sedentary behaviour reduced MDD risk by 5% (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99); no other prospective associations were statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Substituting passive with mentally active sedentary behaviours, light activity or moderate-to-vigorous activity may reduce depression risk in adults.

Associations of interruptions to leisure-time sedentary behaviour with symptoms of depression and anxiety

Interruptions to time spent sitting can ameliorate detrimental metabolic-health consequences of high volumes of sedentary time, but their potential mental health benefits have not been examined. We used the Swedish Health Profile Assessment database, a general health assessment offered to all employees working for companies or organisations connected to occupational and health services. Cross-sectional analyses examined data from 40,550 employees (60% male, mean age = 42 years), collected in 2017-2019. Participants reported the proportion of time (almost always; 75% of the time; 50% of the time; 25% of the time; and almost never) usually spent in leisure-time sedentary behaviours; and, separately, the frequency (never; rarely; sometimes; often; and very often) of interruptions (every 30 min) to sedentary time. Logistic regression models assessed associations of sedentary time, and the frequency of interruptions to sedentary time, with depression/anxiety symptoms. Fully adjusted models included physical exercise. Compared to those in the lowest sedentary time category, those in the medium and high categories had 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.40-1.66) and 3.11 (95% CI = 2.82-3.42) higher odds of frequent depression/anxiety symptoms, respectively. Compared to those who never/rarely interrupted their sedentary time, those who reported interruptions sometimes, often and very often had 0.72 (95% CI = 0.65-0.80), 0.59 (95% CI = 0.53-0.65), and 0.53 (95% CI = 0.46-0.59) lower odds of depression/anxiety symptoms, respectively. In stratified analyses, more frequent interruptions to sedentary time were associated with lower odds of depression/anxiety symptoms, except among those in the lowest interruptions categories (never/25% of the time). More regularly interrupting sitting during leisure-time may reduce the odds of experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Prospective relationships of mentally passive sedentary behaviors with depression: Mediation by sleep problems

BACKGROUND

As distinct from mentally-active sedentary behaviors (e.g. reading), passive sedentary behaviors (e.g. TV-viewing) have been linked to a higher risk of depression, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined the potential mediating role of sleep problems in prospective relationships of passive sedentary behaviors with major depressive disorder (MDD).

METHOD

In 1997, 43 863 adults were surveyed and responses linked to clinician diagnoses of MDD until 2010. The questionnaire included items on sedentary behavior and sleep problems (Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire). Cox proportional hazard models and the 'counterfactual approach' were used to identify potential mediating effects of sleep problems in the association of passive sedentary behavior and MDD.

RESULTS

Of the total sample, 3,065 (7.6%) were excluded for having indications of depression at baseline. Of 33,116 participants with complete data (mean age = 51.3 years, SD = 15.7, 64% female); 472 (1.4%) incident cases of MDD were identified during the 13-year follow-up. In Cox regression analyses, higher durations of passive sedentary behavior (≥3 h/day versus <3 h/day) were associated with greater hazards of developing MDD (HR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.58). This relationship remained after adjusting for confounders (HR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.63). Adding sleep problems into the analysis significantly attenuated these relationships (HR = 1.25; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.57). The excess MDD relative risk of passive sedentary behaviors due to sleep problems was statistically significant.

LIMITATIONS

Measures of sedentary behavior, physical activity and sleep were self-reported.

CONCLUSION

Sleep problems appear to mediate detrimental associations of passive sedentary behavior with depression. Findings require further confirmation using objective measures.

Combined Effects of Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behaviour on Psychological Distress Among University-Based Young Adults: a One-Year Prospective Study

Insufficient physical activity (PA) and prolonged sedentary behaviour (SB) may have deleterious psychological health consequences. Using one-year prospective data, this study examined the combined effects of PA and SB on psychological distress among university-based young adults in Dhaka, Bangladesh. During Wave 1 (September-December 2015), total 573 undergraduate students (mean age: 20.7 ± 1.35 years; 45% females) completed a self-administered survey on PA, SB, psychological distress, health and lifestyle factors and sociodemographics. During Wave 2 (October-November 2016), 395 students (retention rate = 69%) completed a sub-set of Wave 2 survey with items on PA, SB and psychological distress. PA and SB were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and distress with the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress scale. Generalized Estimating Equations with Gaussian family and identity link under exchangeable correlation structure was used to examine the relationships. Multivariable modeling showed that participants with insufficient PA (<150 min/week) and high SB (≥480 min/day) or insufficient PA + low SB had more distress [ß: 3.07 (95% CI: 2.12-4.01) and 2.77 (1.86-3.67), respectively] than those who had sufficient PA + low SB, after controlling for gender, sleep difficulties, perceived health, fast food and fresh fruit intake. There was no statistically significant difference for the level of distress between other PA and SB groups. In this one-year prospective study, irrespective of SB, insufficient PA was associated with high psychological distress in university-based young adults in Bangladesh. The protective role of PA should be considered in intervention programs to improve psychological health of young adults.

Early Controlled Exercise and Timing of Treatment Following Concussion: A Critically Appraised Topic

Clinical Scenario: Recent systematic reviews have shown that extended rest may not be beneficial to patients following concussion. Furthermore, recent evidence has shown that patient with postconcussion syndrome benefit from an active rehabilitation program. There is currently a gap between the ability to draw conclusions to the use of aerobic exercise during the early stages of recovery along with the safety of these programs. Clinical Question: Following a concussion, does early controlled aerobic exercise, compared with either usual care or delayed exercise, improve recovery as defined by symptom duration and severity? Summary of Key Findings: After a thorough literature search, 5 studies relevant to the clinical question were selected. Of the 5 studies, 1 study was a randomized control trial, 2 studies were pilot randomized controlled trials, and 2 studies were retrospective. All 5 studies showed that implementing controlled aerobic exercise did not have an adverse effect on recovery. One study showed early aerobic exercise had a quicker return to school, and another showed a 2-day decrease in symptom duration. Clinical Bottom Line: There is sufficient evidence to suggest that early controlled aerobic exercise is safe following a concussion. Although early aerobic exercise may not always result in a decrease in symptom intensity and duration, it may help to improve the psychological state resulting from the social isolation of missing practices and school along with the cessation of exercise. Although treatments continue to be a major area of research following concussion, management should still consist of an interdisciplinary approach to individualized patient care. Strength of Recommendation: There is grade B evidence to support early controlled aerobic exercise may reduce the duration of symptoms following recovery while having little to no adverse events.

Associations of sedentary behavior in leisure and occupational contexts with symptoms of depression and anxiety

Sedentary behaviors (SB) can be associated with poorer mental health, but it remains unclear whether contexts for these behaviors may be important. We assessed relationships of SB in leisure-time and occupational contexts with frequent symptoms of depression and anxiety. Data originate from the Swedish Health Profile Assessment (HPA) database, a health assessment offered to employees working for companies or organizations connected to healthcare services. Analyses are based on data from 2017 onwards (N = 23,644; 57% male, mean age = 42 years). Two self-report questions assessed proportions of time spent in SB in leisure contexts and in the occupational setting. Logistic regressions examined relationships of SB in each context with the self-reporting of frequent symptoms of depression/anxiety. A separate model for the leisure plus occupational SB was also generated. Fully-adjusted models included exercise frequency. Compared to those reporting that they were 'almost never' sedentary in leisure-time contexts, a detrimental dose-response with frequent depression/anxiety symptoms was observed with increasing proportions of sedentary time: 50% of the time (OR = 1.44; 1.23-1.70), 75% (OR = 2.95; 2.45-3.54), almost always (OR = 3.85; 2.84-5.22). For occupational SB, the only associations were among those who reported being sedentary almost always, compared to almost never (OR = 1.47; 1.25-1.73). Associations of 'overall' SB with depression/anxiety symptoms mirrored the dose-response relationship for leisure-time SB. Exercise frequency attenuated the association for leisure-time SB only, but it remained statistically significant. Adults who spend ≥50% of their leisure-time in sedentary pursuits experience more frequent symptoms of depression and anxiety, compared to those who are less sedentary in that context.

Experimental Effects of Priming on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise

The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the relationship between positive affect elicitation (using a short video clip) prior to exercise and affect during acute aerobic exercise. A counterbalanced, within-subject experimental design was used. We conducted three related experiments. In Experiment 1, 30 adults aged 18–40 years participated in a positive affect-elicitation condition (“affective priming”) and a control condition. Participation involved watching a five-minute video clip, as well as walking on a treadmill at a (self-selected) brisk pace for ten minutes. We compared affective ratings at baseline and intra-exercise for both conditions using a 2 (condition; priming versus no priming) × 2 (time; pre- versus mid-exercise) repeated measures ANOVA. In the follow-up experiments, we re-examined the relationship between affective priming and intra-exercise affect, addressing some limitations noted with Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we compared the affect-elicitation properties of self-selected and imposed video clips. In Experiment 3, we re-investigated the potential affective benefits of priming, while including a neutral (neither positive nor negative) video during the control condition to attenuate potential demand characteristics, and a positive video-only condition to investigate possible carryover effects. Self-selected and imposed film clips showed similar affect-elicitation properties. Comparing the priming and control conditions, there were notable differences in the mean intra-exercise affective valence ratings (p = 0.07 Experiment 1, p = 0.01 Experiment 3). The mean affective activation ratings were not significantly different (p = 0.07 Experiment 1, p = 0.86 Experiment 3). Priming the affective state prior to exercise may be beneficial for enhancing intra-exercise affect.

Effects of Exercise on Long-Term Potentiation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, demonstrate evidence of impaired long-term potentiation, a cellular correlate of episodic memory function. This chapter discusses the mechanistic effects of these neuropsychiatric conditions on long-term potentiation and how exercise may help to attenuate these detrimental effects.

Cannabis use and leisure-time sedentary behavior among 94,035 adolescents aged 12-15 years from 24 low- and middle-income countries

Adolescents spend a high proportion of their leisure time in sedentary behavior, which is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Exploring factors associated with leisure-time sedentary behavior (LTSB) is important for the development of targeted interventions. The aim of this study was to explore associations between cannabis use and LTSB in adolescents from 24 low- and middle-income countries. Data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey were analyzed. Data on past month cannabis use and LTSB during a typical day were collected. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to assess the associations. Among 94,035 adolescents aged 12-15 years [age = 13.7 ± SD 0.9 years; 49.2% female], the prevalence of high LTSB (≥3 h/day) was 26.6%, while 2.8% used cannabis at least once in the past 30 days. In adjusted analyses, compared to those who did not consume cannabis in the past 30 days, the OR (99%CI) for high LTSB among those who used cannabis 1-2 times, 3-9 times, 10-19 times, and ≥20 times were 0.89 (0.58-1.35), 1.96 (1.26-3.07), 1.97 (0.71-5.47), and 2.34 (0.95-5.78), respectively (test for trend p < 0.01). Our data suggest that frequent cannabis use is associated with increased odds for being more sedentary in adolescence. Future longitudinal data are required to confirm/refute the findings to inform public health campaigns.

Physical activity and sedentary levels among people living with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

How physically active and sedentary people with epilepsy are is unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate physical activity and sedentary behavior levels compared with the general population in people with epilepsy across the lifespan. Embase, PubMed, PsycARTICLES, and CINAHL Plus were searched from inception until 1/3/2019. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted. Adults with epilepsy (mean age range = 30-47 years) were significantly less likely to comply with physical activity recommendations [odds ratio (OR) = 0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.53-0.87; P < 0.001; N analyses = 10; n epilepsy = 1599; n controls = 137,800] and more likely to be inactive (as defined by individual study criteria) (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.34-1.84; P < 0.001; N analyses = 6; n epilepsy = 6032; n controls = 928,184). Data in children (mean age range = 10-12 years) were limited (N = 4; n = 170) and inconsistent while there were no data available for middle-aged and old age (>65 years) people with epilepsy. Our data demonstrate that adults with epilepsy are less physically active than the general population. Public health campaigns specifically targeting the prevention of physical inactivity in adults with epilepsy are warranted. More research on physical activity and sedentary levels in children, adolescents, middle-aged, and old age but also adult people with epilepsy is needed before specific recommendations can be formulated.

Sedentary Behavior and Quality of Life in People with Psychotic Disorders from a Low Income Country: A Study from Uganda

The current study examined the impact of sedentary behaviour (SB) on quality of life (QoL) in people with psychotic disorders. Thirty-six Ugandan women (mean age = 33.9 ± 8.0 years) and 23 men (37.4 ± 11.8 years) with a DSM 5 diagnosis of psychosis completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief version and Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ). Medication use, physical co-morbidities, weight, height, blood pressure and smoking habits were recorded. Multiple regression analyses were undertaken. Variability in SIMPAQ sedentary and walking scores explained 56% of the variability in psychological QoL, while variability in SIMPAQ walking explained 46% of the variability in physical QoL. Health care professionals should not only consider increasing physical activity but also reducing SB to improve QoL in their patients.

Experimental Evaluation of the Joint Effects of Exercise and Sedentary Behavior on Cognitive Function

Background

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential joint effects of sedentary behavior and exercise on cognitive function.

Methods

Participants (M_age = 20 yrs) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups. The No Exercise Group (n = 19) was instructed to reduce steps to less than 5000/day and were not allowed to exercise for one-week; the Reduced MVPA (moderate-to-vigorous PA) Group (n = 18) was instructed to reduce steps to less than 5000/day but exercised for 50% of their previously reported vigorous PA for one-week; and the Control Group (n = 20) maintained normal activity for one-week. Cognitive functions (via Stroop and Trail Making tasks) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and after one week of resumed normal activity for the intervention groups.

Results

Statistically significant main effects for time were observed for Stroop Congruent (F_time = 11.7, p < 0.001, η ² _p = 0.18), Stroop Incongruent (F_time = 19.4, p < 0.001, η ² _p = 0.26), Stroop Control (F_time = 54.4, p > 0.001, η ² _p = 0.50), Trail Making-A (F_time = 19.1, p < 0.001, η ² _p = 0.26) and Trail Making-B (F_time = 13.8, p < 0.001, η ² _p = 0.21) tasks. However, there were no statistically significant group x time interactions (all p's > 0.05) for any of the cognitive parameters.

Conclusion

These experimental findings do not suggest an interaction effect between sedentary behavior and physical activity on cognitive function.

Exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on subjective memory complaints

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between exercise and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness on subjective memory complaints in young adults. Four-hundred and 64 young adult college students (18-35 yrs) completed an online survey. Exercise behavior was assessed from the Physical Activity Vital Signs Questionnaire. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated from an algorithm that included an assessment of age, gender, body mass index, waist circumference, resting heart rate, habitual physical activity behavior, and smoking status. Subjective memory complaints were assessed using the Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. Subjective memory complaints were common among this young adult sample. However, exercise was not statistically significantly associated with prospective (β = -0.002, P = 0.25) or retrospective (β = -0.001, P = 0.26) memory complaints. Results were similar for cardiorespiratory fitness. In conclusion, we did not observe an association between exercise and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness on subjective memory complaints in young adults.

Passive and mentally-active sedentary behaviors and incident major depressive disorder: A 13-year cohort study

BACKGROUND

Regular physical activity reduces the risk of depression onset and is an effective treatment for mood disorders. Recent studies have reported that sedentary behavior (SB) increases the risk of depression in adults, but relationships of different types of SBs with depression have not been examined systematically. We explored longitudinal relationships of passive (e.g. watching TV) and mentally-active (e.g. office-work) SBs with incident major depressive disorder (MDD).

METHODS

Self-report questionnaires were completed by 40,569 Swedish adults in 1997; responses were linked to clinician-diagnosed MDD obtained from medical registers until 2010. Relationships between passive, mentally-active and total SBs with incident MDD were explored using survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression. Models controlled for leisure time moderate-vigorous physical activity and occupational physical activity. Moderating effects of gender were examined.

RESULTS

In fully-adjusted models, including only non-depressed adults at baseline, those reporting ≥ 3 h of mentally-active SBs on a typical day (versus < 3 h) had significant lower hazards of incident MDD at follow-up (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.94, p = 0.018). There was a non-significant positive relationship of passive SBs with incident MDD (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.96-1.52, p = 0.106). The association between total SBs (passive and mentally-active combined) was not significant (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.75-1.10, p = 0.36). Gender did not moderate these associations.

LIMITATIONS

Physical activity and SBs were self-reported.

CONCLUSION

Mentally-active SBs may have beneficial effects on adults' mental well-being. These effects are largely independent of habitual physical activity levels.

Experimentally investigating the joint effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on depression and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To experimentally examine whether increasing sedentary behavior, among a young adult active population, for one week is still associated with increased depression and anxiety symptomology even when allowing for a moderate engagement in physical activity (PA).

METHODS

Participants were confirmed as active via self-report and accelerometry during baseline and randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups. The No Exercise Group (n = 19) was instructed to reduce steps to less than 5000/day and were not allowed to exercise for one-week; the Reduced MVPA (moderate-to-vigorous PA) Group (n = 18) was instructed to reduce steps to less than 5000/day but exercised for 50% of their previously reported vigorous PA for one-week; and the Control Group (n = 20) maintained normal activity for one-week. PA, depression, and anxiety levels were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and after one week of resumed normal activity for the intervention groups.

RESULTS

The experiment was successful in altering physical activity levels among the intervention groups and maintaining activity habits in the control group (F_Interaction = 16.053, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.391). Anxiety and depression symptomology remained constant across the two time periods in the control group. For both intervention groups (No Exercise Group and Reduced MVPA Group), depression statistically significantly increased during the inactive week and then resumed back to baseline levels after a week of resumed activity. However, there were no differential trends in anxiety (F_Interaction = 0.073, P = 0.897, η²_p = 0.002) or depression (F_Interaction = 0.276, P = 0.760, η²_p = 0.008) among these two intervention groups.

CONCLUSION

We provide experimental evidence that reducing habitual physical activity causes an increase in depression symptomology among young active adults. We did not, however, observe a joint effect of sedentary behavior and exercise on changes in anxiety and depression. At this point, it is still uncertain as to whether reduced MVPA or increased sedentary behavior were driving the observed changes in psychological function. Future research may help determine if these negative effects are from increased sedentary behavior or a reduction in MVPA.

Correlations Between Objective Behavioral Features Collected From Mobile and Wearable Devices and Depressive Mood Symptoms in Patients With Affective Disorders: Systematic Review

Background

Several studies have recently reported on the correlation between objective behavioral features collected via mobile and wearable devices and depressive mood symptoms in patients with affective disorders (unipolar and bipolar disorders). However, individual studies have reported on different and sometimes contradicting results, and no quantitative systematic review of the correlation between objective behavioral features and depressive mood symptoms has been published.

Objective

The objectives of this systematic review were to (1) provide an overview of the correlations between objective behavioral features and depressive mood symptoms reported in the literature and (2) investigate the strength and statistical significance of these correlations across studies. The answers to these questions could potentially help identify which objective features have shown most promising results across studies.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature, reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Web of Sciences, PsychINFO, PubMed, DBLP computer science bibliography, HTA, DARE, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched and supplemented by hand examination of reference lists. The search ended on April 27, 2017, and was limited to studies published between 2007 and 2017.

Results

A total of 46 studies were eligible for the review. These studies identified and investigated 85 unique objective behavioral features, covering 17 various sensor data inputs. These features were divided into 7 categories. Several features were found to have statistically significant and consistent correlation directionality with mood assessment (eg, the amount of home stay, sleep duration, and vigorous activity), while others showed directionality discrepancies across the studies (eg, amount of text messages [short message service] sent, time spent between locations, and frequency of mobile phone screen activity).

Conclusions

Several studies showed consistent and statistically significant correlations between objective behavioral features collected via mobile and wearable devices and depressive mood symptoms. Hence, continuous and everyday monitoring of behavioral aspects in affective disorders could be a promising supplementary objective measure for estimating depressive mood symptoms. However, the evidence is limited by methodological issues in individual studies and by a lack of standardization of (1) the collected objective features, (2) the mood assessment methodology, and (3) the statistical methods applied. Therefore, consistency in data collection and analysis in future studies is needed, making replication studies as well as meta-analyses possible.

Data-Driven Learning in High-Resolution Activity Sampling From Patients With Bipolar Depression: Mixed-Methods Study

BACKGROUND

Behavioral activation is a pen and paper-based therapy form for treating depression. The patient registers their activity hourly, and together with the therapist, they agree on a plan to change behavior. However, with the limited clinical personnel, and a growing patient population, new methods are needed to advance behavioral activation.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this paper were to (1) automatically identify behavioral patterns through statistical analysis of the paper-based activity diaries, and (2) determine whether it is feasible to move the behavioral activation therapy format to a digital solution.

METHODS

We collected activity diaries from seven patients with bipolar depression, covering in total 2,480 hours of self-reported activities. A pleasure score, on a 1-10 rating scale, was reported for each activity. The activities were digitalized into 6 activity categories, and statistical analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

Across all patients, movement-related activities were associated with the highest pleasure score followed by social activities. On an individual level, through a nonparametric Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, one patient had a statistically significant larger amount of spare time activities when feeling bad (z=-2.045, P=.041). Through a within-subject analysis of covariance, the patients were found to have a better day than the previous, if that previous day followed their diurnal rhythm (ρ=.265, P=.029). Furthermore, a second-order trend indicated that two hours of daily social activity was optimal for the patients (β₂=-0.08, t (63)=-1.22, P=.23).

CONCLUSIONS

The data-driven statistical approach was able to find patterns within the behavioral traits that could assist the therapist in as well as help design future technologies for behavioral activation.

Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise and Meditation on Parameters of Cognitive Function

Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to improve cognitive function. Yet to be examined in the literature, we sought to examine the effects of a combination of acute bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation on cognitive function among young adults. Participants (n = 66, mean (SD) age = 21 (2)) were randomly assigned to walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). All walking and meditation bouts were 10 min in duration. Participants’ cognition was monitored before and after the intervention using Identification, Set Shifting, Stroop, and Trail Making tasks. Additionally, a subjective assessment of cognitive function was implemented before and after the intervention. Significant group by time interaction effects were observed when examining the Stroop congruent trials (P = 0.05). Post hoc paired t-tests revealed that reaction time significantly decreased from baseline to post-intervention in both combination groups (P < 0.001 for both), but not in the control group (P = 0.09). Regarding all other cognitive assessments, there were no significant group by time interaction effects (P > 0.05). Cognitive function was not substantially affected by a combination of brief meditation and exercise, though there is evidence to suggest that this combination may have beneficial effects on certain aspects of cognition. Future work should be conducted to evaluate the influences of different doses of exercise and meditation on cognitive functioning.

Randomized controlled trial investigating the experimental effects of reduced habitual physical activity on cardiometabolic profile

OBJECTIVE

Previous work suggests that reduced habitual physical activity is unfavorably associated with cardiometabolic health. Fewer lifestyle-based, experimental studies on this topic have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to experimentally reduce habitual physical activity over a one-week period to evaluate its potential effects on cardiometabolic profile.

METHODS

Young physically active adults (M_age = 21 yrs) were randomized into a Reduced Activity Group (N = 19) or a Control Group (N = 20). The Reduced Activity group engaged in baseline week of normal activity, then reduced their activity for one week (from approximately 9000 steps/day to approximately 6000 steps/day), followed by resumption of habitual activity for a week. The Control Group maintained their normal active lifestyle for two-weeks. At all time points, the following cardiometabolic parameters were assessed: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and glucose.

RESULTS

The Reduced Activity Group, compared to the Control Group, had an unfavorable change in TG/HDL-C (F_Interaction = 4.995, P = 0.03, η²_p = 0.14). No other biomarkers were altered CONCLUSION: A one-week period of reduced activity among a young adult, active population, increased TG/HDL-C levels, with no changes observed in any of the other evaluated cardiometabolic parameters. Thus, a temporary lapse in habitual physical activity does not considerably change cardiometabolic outcomes in young, healthy physically active adults.