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Factor L, Vasconcellos GSFM, Carvalho VV, Acedo T, Cortinhas C, Chebel RC, Baruselli PS. Effects of supplementation of grazing Nellore cows with β-carotene and vitamins A + D3 + E + biotin on follicle diameter, oestrus, establishment of pregnancy, and foetal morphometry. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14660. [PMID: 38962998 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of supplementation of Nellore (Bos indicus) cows with β-carotene + vitamins A + D3 + E + biotin on body condition score (BCS), oestrus, pregnancy, and foetal morphometry. Lactating cows (n = 497) from two herds were balanced for BCS and calving period [early calving (EC); late calving (LC)] and were assigned randomly to: Control (n = 251)-supplementation with a mineral supplement; and SUP (n = 246)-supplementation with the mineral supplement fed to control + β-carotene (150 mg/day) + vitamin A (40,000 IU/day) + vitamin D3 (5000 IU/day) + vitamin E (300 mg/day) + biotin (20 mg/day). Cows were supplemented from Days -30 to 30 (Day 0 = timed artificial insemination; TAI). Pregnancy was diagnosed 30 days after TAI and foetal crown-rump distance and thoracic diameter were measured at 30 and 77 days of gestation. Cows in the SUP treatment were more likely to have BCS ≥3.0 on Day 0 (63.0 ± 3.1 vs. 60.2 ± 3.1; p < .01) and were more likely to gain BCS from Days -30 to 30 (57.7 ± 3.3 vs. 44.1 ± 3.3%; p < .01). Fewer LC cows in the SUP treatment were detected in oestrus at the time of the first TAI (Control: LC: 75.4 ± 4.4 vs. SUP: LC: 64.0 ± 5.2 vs. Control: EC: 65.3 ± 4.0 vs. SUP: EC: 71.8 ± 3.7; p = .04). There was a tendency for the SUP treatment to increase pregnancy to the first TAI (64.2 ± 3.0 vs. 56.6 ± 3.1%; p = .08). A greater percentage of SUP cows was detected in oestrus at the time of the second TAI (70.1 ± 5.0 vs. 52.3 ± 4.8%; p = .01). The SUP treatment increased pregnancy to the second TAI among LC cows (SUP: LC: 75.9 ± 8.0% vs. Control: LC: 50.0 ± 8.3% vs. Control: EC: 52.0 ± 5.9% vs. SUP: EC: 41.4 ± 6.5%; p = .02). The SUP treatment increased foetal size (crown-rump; p = .04 and thoracic diameter; p < .01) at 30 days of gestation and, despite decreasing crow-rump length at 77 days after the first TAI among EC cows (p < .01), it increased the thoracic diameter at 77 days after the first TAI independent of calving season. Our results support that pregnancy establishment and foetal growth can be improved when grazing Nellore cows are supplemented with β-carotene and vitamins A + D3 + E + biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Factor
- Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - G S F M Vasconcellos
- Innovation and Applied Science Department, DSM Nutritional Products Brazil S.A, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - V V Carvalho
- Innovation and Applied Science Department, DSM Nutritional Products Brazil S.A, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T Acedo
- Innovation and Applied Science Department, DSM Nutritional Products Brazil S.A, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Cortinhas
- Innovation and Applied Science Department, DSM Nutritional Products Brazil S.A, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - P S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Vagha K, Taksande A, Lohiya S, Javvaji CK, Vagha JD, Uke P. Unlocking Vitality: A Comprehensive Review of Vitamin D's Impact on Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Children. Cureus 2024; 16:e60840. [PMID: 38910623 PMCID: PMC11191411 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of vitamin D (VD) in critically ill children, examining its implications for clinical outcomes. Although this substance has long been known for its function in maintaining bone health, it is now becoming more widely known for its extensive physiological effects, which include immune system and inflammation regulation. Observational research consistently associates VD levels with outcomes like duration of hospitalization, mortality, and illness severity in critically ill pediatric patients. Mechanistically, it exerts anti-inflammatory and endothelial protective effects while modulating the renin-angiotensin system. Increasing VD levels through supplementation presents promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, further research is necessary to elucidate optimal dosage regimens and safety profiles. This review emphasizes the significance of comprehending the intricate relationship between VD and critical illnesses among pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keta Vagha
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amar Taksande
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sham Lohiya
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Chaitanya Kumar Javvaji
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Jayant D Vagha
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Punam Uke
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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El-Sayed A, Ebissy E, Mohamed R, Ateya A. Effects of antioxidant vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) administration on gene expression, metabolic, antioxidants and immunological profiles during transition period in dromedary camels. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:101. [PMID: 38481237 PMCID: PMC10936106 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition has a primary role for optimum expression of genetic potential, and most of the farmers have limited resources of green fodder. Hence, a fat-soluble vitamin, especially vitamin A and E and trace elements remained most critical in the animal's ration and affects their productive and reproductive performance adversely. Animals cannot be able to produce these vitamins in their bodies; hence, an exogenous regular supply is needed to fulfil the physiological needs and to maintain high production performance. This study elucidated effects of antioxidant vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) administration on gene expression, metabolic, antioxidants and immunological parameters in dromedary camels during transition period. RESULTS At 0 day, there were no appreciable differences in the expression patterns of the metabolic (IGF-I, ACACA, SCD, FASN, LPL, and BTN1A1) genes between the control and treatment groups, despite lower levels. A substantial variation in the mRNA levels of SOD1, SOD3, PRDX2, PRDX3, PRDX4, PRDX6, and AhpC/TSA was observed between the control and treatment groups, according to the antioxidant markers. In comparison to the control group, the treatment group displayed a significant up-regulation at 0 and 21 days. The treatment and control groups exhibited substantial differences in the mRNA values of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, as indicated by immunological markers. In comparison to the control group, there was a noticeable down-regulation in the treatment group at 0 and + 21 days. But IL10 produced the opposite pattern. No significant difference was observed in glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, total protein, NEFA, BHBA, cortisol and IGF-1 levels between control and treatment group. The activity of serum GPx, SOD and TAC was significantly affected by time and treatment x time in supplemented groups as compared with control group. IL-1, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF were noticeably greater in the control group and lower in the treatment group. Additionally, in all groups, the concentration of all pro-inflammatory cytokines peaked on the day of delivery and its lowest levels showed on day 21 following calving. The IL-10 level was at its peak 21 days prior to calving and was lowest on calving day. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated a beneficial effect of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements on the metabolic, antioxidant and immunological markers in dromedary camels throughout their transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Sayed
- Department of Animal Health and Poultry, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Ebissy
- Department of Animal Health and Poultry, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragab Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Brown G, Marchwicka A, Marcinkowska E. Vitamin D and immune system. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:1-41. [PMID: 38777411 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D 1,25(OH)2D is well known for its role in regulating calcium-phosphate homeostasis of the human body. However, the immunomodulating activity of 1,25(OH)2D has been known for many years. There are numerous reports correlating low vitamin D levels in blood serum with the onset of autoimmune diseases and with the severe course of acute infections. In this chapter, we address the role of 1,25(OH)2D in these diseases, and we discuss the possible mechanisms of action of 1,25(OH)2D in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
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Farahbakhsh N, Fatahi S, Shirvani A, Motaharifard MS, Mohkam M, Tabatabaii SA, Khanbabaee G, Yaghoobpoor S, Davoodi SZ, Hosseini AH. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with cystic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:11. [PMID: 38233891 PMCID: PMC10795301 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
AIM Vitamin D is a prominent modulator of immunity and respiratory function. It plays a vital role in respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). S. However, there is a dearth of information on patients with CF. The purpose of the meta-analysis is to highlight the importance of following the existing guidelines regarding maintenance of Vitamin D serum levels in patients with CF. METHODS The systematic search was conducted without utilizing any time or language limitations in original database from the beginning until March 2022. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was determined by I2 statistics and Cochrane Q test. RESULTS Pooled analysis using the random-effects model of the 8 case-control studies with 13 effect sizes revealed that the serum 25-OH-vitamin D in participants with cystic fibrosis was significantly lower than controls in pediatrics and adolescences (WMD: - 3.41 ng/ml, 95% CI - 5.02, - 1.80, p = < 0.001) and adults (WMD: - 2.60 ng/ml, 95% CI - 4.32, - 0.89, p = 0.003). Based on data from 12 studies (21 effect sizes) with a total of 1622 participants, the prevalence of vitamin D levels of 20-30 ng/ml in CF patients was 36% among pediatrics/adolescents and 63% among adults. In addition, 27% of pediatric/adolescent CF patients and 35% of adult CF patients had vitamin D levels of below 20 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS As a result, according to the existing guidelines, our results proved the need to pay attention to the level of vitamin D in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Farahbakhsh
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Mofid Pediatrics Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Fatahi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirvani
- Faculty of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Sadat Motaharifard
- Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Mohkam
- Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Tabatabaii
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Mofid Pediatrics Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghamartaj Khanbabaee
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Mofid Pediatrics Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Davoodi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Hosseini
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ganmaa D, Chinbayar T, Khudaykov P, Nasantogtoh E, Ariunbuyan S, Enkhtsetseg T, Sarangua G, Chan A, Tserendagva D. Latent TB Infection, Vitamin D Status and COVID-19 Severity in Mongolian Patients. Nutrients 2023; 15:3979. [PMID: 37764763 PMCID: PMC10536319 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine potential risk factors for COVID-19 severity including serum vitamin D levels and latent TB infection among Mongolian inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19, and to study the effects of disease complications and treatment outcomes. This study included patients admitted to the Mongolian National Center for Communicable Disease, a main referral center for infectious disease in Mongolia, with COVID-19 ascertained by a positive PCR test. Patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Of the 270 patients enrolled, 125 (46%) had mild-to-moderate illness, 86 (32%) had severe illness, and 59 (22%) had critical illness. Ten (91%) of the 11 patients who had active TB were hospitalized with severe or critical COVID-19, suggesting that they had a higher risk of falling into the severe category (OR = 10.6 [1.2; 92.0] 95% CI). Severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL) was present in 32% of the patients, but was not significantly associated with the severity of illness (p = 0.65). Older age, being male, having active TB and/or COPD were associated with greater COVID-19 severity, whereas a history of COVID-19 vaccination and the presence of a BCG vaccination scar were protective in terms of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davaasambuu Ganmaa
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tserendorj Chinbayar
- National Center for Communicable Disease, Ulaanbaatar 13335, Mongolia; (T.C.); (G.S.)
| | | | | | - Sukhbaatar Ariunbuyan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Biomedical Engineering Cancer Research Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | | | - Ganbold Sarangua
- National Center for Communicable Disease, Ulaanbaatar 13335, Mongolia; (T.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Dalkh Tserendagva
- International School of Mongolian Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia;
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Salameh L, Mahmood W, Hamoudi R, Almazrouei K, Lochanan M, Seyhoglu S, Mahboub B. The Role of Vitamin D Supplementation on Airway Remodeling in Asthma: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2477. [PMID: 37299440 PMCID: PMC10255490 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide, and its prevalence continues to increase. Vitamin D has been proposed as a potential environmental factor in asthma pathogenesis, due to its immunomodulatory effects. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation in order to prevent airway remodeling in asthmatic patients. Four electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, Clinical trails.gov, and CINAHL, were thoroughly searched to conduct a comprehensive literature review. The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023413798) contains a record of the registered protocol. We identified 9447 studies during the initial search; 9 studies (0.1%) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. All included studies were experimental studies that investigated the impact of vitamin D supplementation on airway remodeling in asthma. The studies included in this review suggest that vitamin D inhibits airway smooth muscle cell contraction and remodeling, reduces inflammation, regulates collagen synthesis in the airways, and modulates the action of bronchial fibroblasts. However, one study suggests that TGF-β1 can impair vitamin D-induced and constitutive airway epithelial host defense mechanisms. Overall, vitamin D appears to have a potential role in the prevention and management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Salameh
- Dubai Academic Health Corporation, Rashid Hospital, Dubai P.O. Box 4545, United Arab Emirates;
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.H.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Walid Mahmood
- Dubai Academic Health Corporation, Rashid Hospital, Dubai P.O. Box 4545, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.H.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (B.M.)
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London HA4 4LP, UK
| | - Khulood Almazrouei
- Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 72763, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mahesh Lochanan
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.H.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Suheyl Seyhoglu
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.H.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (R.H.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (B.M.)
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Ceja-Gálvez HR, Renteria-Flores FI, Nicoletti F, Hernández-Bello J, Macedo-Ojeda G, Muñoz-Valle JF. Severe COVID-19: Drugs and Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082893. [PMID: 37109231 PMCID: PMC10142549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By January of 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic had led to a reported total of 6,700,883 deaths and 662,631,114 cases worldwide. To date, there have been no effective therapies or standardized treatment schemes for this disease; therefore, the search for effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies is a primary goal that must be addressed. This review aims to provide an analysis of the most efficient and promising therapies and drugs for the prevention and treatment of severe COVID-19, comparing their degree of success, scope, and limitations, with the aim of providing support to health professionals in choosing the best pharmacological approach. An investigation of the most promising and effective treatments against COVID-19 that are currently available was carried out by employing search terms including "Convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19" or "Viral polymerase inhibitors" and "COVID-19" in the Clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed databases. From the current perspective and with the information available from the various clinical trials assessing the efficacy of different therapeutic options, we conclude that it is necessary to standardize certain variables-such as the viral clearance time, biomarkers associated with severity, hospital stay, requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate-in order to facilitate verification of the efficacy of such treatments and to better assess the repeatability of the most effective and promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazael Ramiro Ceja-Gálvez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francisco Israel Renteria-Flores
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Macedo-Ojeda
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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9
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Protas VV, Pogossyan GP, Li KG, Zhumina AG, Bisseneva AK, Shaikina DN. Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and VDR Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs2228570 Influence on COVID-19 Susceptibility among the Kazakh Ethnic Group-A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:1781. [PMID: 37049620 PMCID: PMC10097393 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low plasma levels of the vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the body's susceptibility to infectious diseases, including COVID-19. In this pilot retrospective study, representatives of the Kazakh population (central Kazakhstan) were divided into groups based on the test for IgM and IgG for coronavirus infection. We compared the 25(OH)D plasma levels and concluded that the COVID-19-positive group values (25.17 ng/mL ± 16.65) were statistically lower (p = 0.0114) compared to the COVID-19-negative ones (35.58 ng/mL ± 20.67). There was no association between age, gender and 25(OH)D concentration within the groups (p > 0.05). The genotyping of rs2228570 was performed using a TaqMan Real-Time PCR assay. Allele C predominated among the COVID-19-negative participants and significantly reduced the likelihood of coronavirus infection (p < 0.0001; OR = 0.0804; 95% CI 0.02357-0.2798). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of the A, G and T alleles in the studied groups (p > 0.05). The GG genotype of rs2228570 was associated with a 4.131-fold increased likelihood of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.0288; χ2 = 5.364; OR = 4.131; 95% CI 1.223-13.71). Comprehensive studies are required to determine whether low 25(OH)D plasma concentrations and genetic background represent a risk factor for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya V. Protas
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Gayane P. Pogossyan
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Konstantin G. Li
- Biotechnology and Eco-Monitoring Research Park, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel G. Zhumina
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Anar K. Bisseneva
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara N. Shaikina
- Department of Biology, Non-Profit Limited Company “Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University”, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
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Liu Y, Clare S, D'Erasmo G, Heilbronner A, Dash A, Krez A, Zaworski C, Haseltine K, Serota A, Miller A, Veiga K, Sandoval M, T Lu T, McMahon DJ, Nieves JW, Stein EM. Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: SERVE Study (SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and the Role of Vitamin D among Hospital Employees). J Nutr 2023; 153:1420-1426. [PMID: 36871833 PMCID: PMC9985522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of the role of vitamin D in immune function has led to interest in its relationship with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although clinical studies to date have had conflicting results, many individuals currently take high doses of vitamin D to prevent infection. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and vitamin D supplement use with incident SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 250 health care workers were enrolled at a single institution and observed for 15 mo. Participants completed questionnaires every 3 mo regarding new SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and supplement use. Serum was drawn at baseline, 6, and 12 mo for 25OHD and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 40 y, BMI 26 kg/m2, 71% were Caucasian, and 78% female. Over 15 mo, 56 participants (22%) developed incident SARS-CoV-2 infections. At baseline, ∼50% reported using vitamin D supplements (mean daily dose 2250 units). Mean serum 25OHD was 38 ng/mL. Baseline 25OHD did not predict incident SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.20). Neither the use of vitamin D supplements (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.65, 2.14) or supplement dose was associated with incident infection (OR: 1.01 per 100-units increase; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.02). CONCLUSION In this prospective study of health care workers, neither serum 25OHD nor the use of vitamin D supplements was associated with the incident SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings argue against the common practice of consuming high-dose vitamin D supplements for the presumed prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Shannon Clare
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Gia D'Erasmo
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Alison Heilbronner
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Alexander Dash
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Alexandra Krez
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Caroline Zaworski
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Katherine Haseltine
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Alana Serota
- Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Andy Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | - Keila Veiga
- Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marvin Sandoval
- Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donald J McMahon
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Jeri W Nieves
- Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States
| | - Emily Margaret Stein
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States; Metabolic Bone Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, United States; Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States.
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11
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A Mathematical Model for Determining the Body's Fluctuating Need for and Synthesis of Active Vitamin D. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020324. [PMID: 36830861 PMCID: PMC9953299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The process by which 1,25(OH)2D3 is synthesized and degraded and how it is transported out of the cell and body is described. The changing demand for the synthesis of 1-25(OH)2D3 during different conditions experienced by the body is reviewed. A method of determining 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis and demand, and the percent utilization of 25(OH)D3 to make 1,25(OH)2D3 is presented based on the measurement of the end metabolites of 1,25(OH)2D3 and of its immediate precursor, 25(OH)D3. A mathematical model has been developed to allow the calculation of 1,25(OH)2 D synthesis, and demand, and the percent utilization of 25(OH)D3. Simple algebraic equations have been derived which allow the calculation of these new parameters using the concentrations of the end metabolites of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its immediate precursor, 25(OH)D3 in the serum and urine. Vitamin D plays an important role in combating invading bacteria and viruses and in subduing the body's associated inflammatory response. This new approach to evaluating vitamin D status may help clinicians determine 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels needed to suppress bacterial infections, viral replication during new viral infections and the reactivation of latent viruses, and to downregulate the inflammatory responses caused by bacteria and viruses.
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12
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Us MC, Devrim Lanpir A, Özdatli Kurtuluş Ş, Yagci M, Akarsu Ö, Şahin K, Akkoç G. The role of free vitamin D and vitamin D binding protein in SARS-Cov-2 infection in children. Pediatr Int 2023; 65:e15680. [PMID: 37888613 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have discussed the effects of serum vitamin D deficiency in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection severity and free vitamin D (FVD) and bioavailable vitamin D (BAVD) levels in children. METHODS A prospective case-control study design was used. Participants were divided into three groups based on the World Health Organization COVID-19 Clinical Progression Scale. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL), albumin (g/L), and vitamin D binding protein (ng/mL) levels were evaluated to investigate the relationship between disease severity and FVD and BAVD levels. RESULTS In total, 82 participants were included in the study. Of those, 24.4% were uninfected (n = 20), 50% had a mild case of SARS-CoV-2 (n = 41), and 25.6% had a moderate case (n = 21). There was a statistically significant difference in FVD and BAVD levels between the groups (p = 0.026). Median FVD (p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.84) and BAVD (p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.86) levels were significantly higher in the mild group compared to the moderate group. FVD and BAVD metabolites were moderately positively correlated with lymphocyte counts (FVD: r = 0.437, p < 0.001; BAVD: r = 0.439, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 symptom severity and FVD and BAVD levels. The relationship between FVD and BAVD levels and lymphocyte counts could play an important role in symptom severity and should be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Caner Us
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Devrim Lanpir
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Human Performance and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Şükran Özdatli Kurtuluş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Yagci
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Akarsu
- Division of Child Health and Diseases Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamil Şahin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülşen Akkoç
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Health Sciences, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Wells T, Poindexter M, Kweh M, Blakely L, Nelson C. Intramammary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatments differentially increase serum calcium and milk cell gene expression. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 4:91-96. [PMID: 36974222 PMCID: PMC10039239 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) treatments stimulate immune defenses of the mammary gland. We hypothesized 25D treatment, in contrast to 1,25D, would exert activity in the mammary gland without affecting serum calcium. The objective was to determine the effect of dose and source of intramammary vitamin D treatments on milk somatic cell gene expression and serum calcium. Twenty lactating Holstein cows with somatic cell count <200,000 cells/mL of milk were used for the experiment. Cows were blocked by somatic cell count and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 intramammary treatments (n = 4 cows/treatment): placebo control (CNTRL; 0.4% Tween 20 in phosphate-buffered saline), 100 μg of 25D, 500 μg of 25D, 10 μg of 1,25D, or 50 μg of 1,25D. Treatments were administered in 2 ipsilateral quarters after milking. Blood samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h for measurement of Ca and 1,25D. Milk samples were collected from each quarter at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h relative to the start of treatments for measurement of gene expression in milk somatic cells. The 1,25D treatments increased serum concentrations of 1,25D and Ca in a dose-dependent manner with maximum 1,25D and Ca concentrations of 199 ± 6 pg/mL and 2.73 ± 0.04 mM, respectively, observed for 50 μg of 1,25D cows compared with 59 ± 6 pg/mL and 2.54 mM, respectively, for CNTRL cows. The 25D treatments did not affect serum 1,25D and Ca compared with CNTRL. The 25D and 1,25D treatments increased mRNA transcripts for vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2A), and chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) in a dose-dependent manner. The 50 μg of 1,25D treatment resulted in the greatest CYP24A1 expression (303-fold relative to CNTRL) at 6 h but was not different from CNTRL at 24 h. In contrast, CYP24A1 was 57-fold greater for cows that received 500 μg of 25D compared with CNTRL at 24 h. In conclusion, intramammary 25D treatment is effective at regulating gene expression in the mammary gland without systemic effects on serum 1,25D and Ca that occur with intramammary 1,25D treatment.
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14
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Foolchand A, Mazaleni S, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. A Review: Highlighting the Links between Epigenetics, COVID-19 Infection, and Vitamin D. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012292. [PMID: 36293144 PMCID: PMC9603374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly transmittable and infectious COVID-19 remains a major threat worldwide, with the elderly and comorbid individuals being the most vulnerable. While vaccines are currently available, therapeutic drugs will help ease the viral outbreak and prevent serious health outcomes. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression through changes in chromatin structure and have been linked to viral pathophysiology. Since epigenetic modifications contribute to the life cycle of the virus and host immune responses to infection, epigenetic drugs are promising treatment targets to ameliorate COVID-19. Deficiency of the multifunctional secosteroid hormone vitamin D is a global health threat. Vitamin D and its receptor function to regulate genes involved in immunity, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Amassed evidence also indicates the biological relations of vitamin D with reduced disease risk, while its receptor can be modulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D suggest a role for vitamin D as a COVID-19 therapeutic agent. Therefore, this review highlights the epigenetic effects on COVID-19 and vitamin D while also proposing a role for vitamin D in COVID-19 infections.
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15
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Li B, Yang S, Hou N. Could vitamin D supplementation play a role against COVID-19? Front Immunol 2022; 13:967215. [PMID: 36172345 PMCID: PMC9511139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Graduate Department, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Hou,
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16
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Fath MK, Naderi M, Hamzavi H, Ganji M, Shabani S, Ghahroodi FN, Khalesi B, Pourzardosht N, Hashemi ZS, Khalili S. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of different vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 73:127044. [PMID: 35901669 PMCID: PMC9297660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading disease, which has caught the world by surprise. Millions of people suffer from illness, and the mortality rates are dramatically high. Currently, there is no specific and immediate treatment for this disease. Remedies are limited to supportive regiments and few antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs. The lack of a definite cure for COVID-19 is the reason behind its high mortality and global prevalence. COVID-19 can lead to a critical illness with severe respiratory distress and cytokine release. Increased oxidative stress and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines are vital components of severe COVID-19. Micronutrients, metalloids, and vitamins such as iron, manganese, selenium, Zinc, Copper, vitamin A, B family, and C are among the essential and trace elements that play a pivotal role in human nutrition and health. They participate in metabolic processes that lead to energy production. In addition, they support immune functions and act as antioxidants. Therefore, maintaining an optimal level of micronutrients intake, particularly those with antioxidant activities, is essential to fight against oxidative stress, modulate inflammation, and boost the immune system. Therefore, these factors could play a crucial role in COVID-19 prevention and treatment. In this review, we aimed to summarize antiviral properties of different vitamins and minerals. Moreover, we will investigate the correlation between them and their effects in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Naderi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hosna Hamzavi
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ganji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Noorabad Ghahroodi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hashemi
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran. Iran.
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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An Update on the Effects of Vitamin D on the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179784. [PMID: 36077185 PMCID: PMC9456003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D intervenes in calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone homeostasis. Experimental studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) generates immunologic activities on the innate and adaptive immune system and endothelial membrane stability. Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are associated with an increased risk of developing immune-related diseases such as psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diseases. Various clinical trials describe the efficacy of supplementation of vitamin D and its metabolites for treating these diseases that result in variable outcomes. Different disease outcomes are observed in treatment with vitamin D as high inter-individual difference is present with complex gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is still not fully known what level of serum 25(OH)D is needed. The current recommendation is to increase vitamin D intake and have enough sunlight exposure to have serum 25(OH)D at a level of 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) and better at 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L) to obtain the optimal health benefits of vitamin D.
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18
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Fairfield KM, Murray KA, Anzalone AJ, Beasley W, Khodaverdi M, Hodder SL, Harper J, Santangelo S, Rosen CJ. Association of Vitamin D Prescribing and Clinical Outcomes in Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:3073. [PMID: 35893927 PMCID: PMC9332080 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether vitamin D benefits inpatients with COVID-19. Objective: To examine the relationship between vitamin D and COVID-19 outcomes. Design: Cohort study. Setting: National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) database. Patients: 158,835 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and a sub-cohort with severe disease (n = 81,381) hospitalized between 1 January 2020 and 31 July 2021. Methods: We identified vitamin D prescribing using codes for vitamin D and its derivatives. We created a sub-cohort defined as having severe disease as those who required mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), had hospitalization >5 days, or hospitalization ending in death or hospice. Using logistic regression, we adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and urban/rural residence, time period, and study site. Outcomes of interest were death or transfer to hospice, longer length of stay, and mechanical ventilation/ECMO. Results: Patients treated with vitamin D were older, had more comorbidities, and higher BMI compared with patients who did not receive vitamin D. Vitamin D treatment was associated with an increased odds of death or referral for hospice (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.10: 95% CI 1.05−1.14), hospital stay >5 days (AOR 1.78: 95% CI 1.74−1.83), and increased odds of mechanical ventilation/ECMO (AOR 1.49: 95% CI 1.44−1.55). In the sub-cohort of severe COVID-19, vitamin D decreased the odds of death or hospice (AOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86−0.94), but increased the odds of hospital stay longer >5 days (AOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.87−2.21) and mechanical ventilation/ECMO (AOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.12−1.21). Limitations: Our findings could reflect more aggressive treatment due to higher severity. Conclusion: Vitamin D treatment was associated with greater odds of extended hospitalization, mechanical ventilation/ECMO, and death or hospice referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Fairfield
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Portland, ME 04074, USA; (K.A.M.); (S.S.); (C.J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Murray
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Portland, ME 04074, USA; (K.A.M.); (S.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - A. Jerrod Anzalone
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - William Beasley
- Biomedical and Behavioral Methodology Core, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Maryam Khodaverdi
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Sally L. Hodder
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.H.)
| | | | - Susan Santangelo
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Portland, ME 04074, USA; (K.A.M.); (S.S.); (C.J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Portland, ME 04074, USA; (K.A.M.); (S.S.); (C.J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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19
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Povaliaeva A, Bogdanov V, Pigarova E, Dzeranova L, Katamadze N, Malysheva N, Ioutsi V, Nikankina L, Rozhinskaya L, Mokrysheva N. Impaired Vitamin D Metabolism in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080906. [PMID: 35893730 PMCID: PMC9330123 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing data regarding the association between vitamin D and COVID-19. This study aimed to reveal the alterations of vitamin D metabolism in the setting of COVID-19. We examined 119 adult COVID-19 inpatients and 44 apparently healthy adult individuals with similar serum 25OH-D3 levels as a reference group. The assessment included serum biochemical parameters (total calcium, albumin, phosphorus, creatinine), parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), vitamin D metabolites (25OH-D3, 25OH-D2, 1,25(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25OH-D3, 24,25(OH)2D3 and D3) and free 25OH-D. COVID-19 patients had in general very low vitamin D levels (median 25OH-D3 equals 10.8 ng/mL), accompanied by an increased production of the active vitamin D metabolite (1,25(OH)2D3), estimated as higher 1,25(OH)2D3 serum levels (61 [44; 81] vs. 40 [35; 50] pg/mL, p < 0.001) and lower 25OH-D3/1,25(OH)2D3 ratio (175 [112; 260] vs. 272 [200; 433], p < 0.001) which is presumably aimed at preventing hypocalcemia. Patients with COVID-19 also had elevated DBP (450 [386; 515] vs. 392 [311; 433] mg/L, p < 0.001) and low free 25OH-D levels (<LoB vs. 3.9 [3.2; 4.4] pg/mL, p < 0.001). Follow-up assessment of the COVID-19 inpatients showed recovery of the observed changes. Overall, hospitalized patients with an acute course of COVID-19 have not only very low levels of 25OH-D but also profound abnormalities in the metabolism of vitamin D regardless of the clinical course of the disease. These alterations might exacerbate existing vitamin D deficiency and its negative impact.
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20
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Rossi RE, Chen J, Caplin ME. The Role of Diet and Supplements in the Prevention and Progression of COVID-19: Current Knowledge and Open Issues. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:137-149. [PMID: 35919576 PMCID: PMC9309075 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy diet and dietary supplements have gained attention as potential co-adjuvants in managing and preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper critically reviews the current evidence regarding the impact of diet and supplements on the prevention and progression of COVID-19. According to available data, a healthy diet and normal weight are considered protective factors. Regarding dietary supplementation, the most robust results from human studies are for vitamin C, which appears to decrease inflammatory markers and suppress cytokine storm. A small, randomized trial showed that a high dose of vitamin D significantly reduced the need for intensive care unit treatment of patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19. According to retrospective human studies, there is limited evidence for vitamin E and selenium supplements. Animal studies have investigated the effects of green tea and curcumin. Xanthohumol and probiotics, interesting for their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties, need formal clinical study. In summary, there is promising evidence supporting the role of diet and supplements as co-adjuvants in the treatment of COVID-19. Further studies and properly designed clinical trials are necessary to draw more robust conclusions; however, it is not unreasonable to take a pragmatic approach and promote the use of appropriate diet and supplements to counter the effects of COVID-19, ideally with a mechanism to assess outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Hepatology and Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, MI 20133, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, MI 20122, Italy
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Martyn Evan Caplin
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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21
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Omer AK, Khorshidi S, Mortazavi N, Rahman HS. A Review on the Antiviral Activity of Functional Foods Against COVID-19 and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4817-4835. [PMID: 35592539 PMCID: PMC9112189 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s361001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the absence of successful therapy, vaccines for protection are continuously being developed. Since vaccines must be thoroughly tested, viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs), mainly coronaviruses, have seriously affected human health worldwide in recent years. In this review, we presented the relevant data which originated from trusted publishers regarding the practical benefits of functional foods (FFs) and their dietary sources, in addition to natural plant products, in viral respiratory and COVID-19 prevention and immune-boosting activities. As a result, FFs were confirmed to be functionally active ingredients for preventing COVID-19 and VRTIs. Furthermore, the antiviral activity and immunological effects of FFs against VRTIs and COVID-19 and their potential main mechanisms of action are also being reviewed. Therefore, to prevent COVID-19 and VRTIs, it is critical to identify controlling the activities and immune-enhancing functional food constituents as early as possible. We further aimed to summarize functional food constituents as a dietary supplement that aids in immune system boosting and may effectively reduce VRTIs and COVID-19 and promote therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Khalid Omer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Razga Company, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sonia Khorshidi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Mortazavi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
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22
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An Overview of Systematic Reviews of the Role of Vitamin D on Inflammation in Patients with Diabetes and the Potentiality of Its Application on Diabetic Patients with COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052873. [PMID: 35270015 PMCID: PMC8911457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost two years have passed since the outbreak reported for the first time in Wuhan of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 coronavirus, rapidly evolved into a pandemic. This infectious disease has stressed global health care systems. The mortality rate is higher, particularly in elderly population and in patients with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, chronic renal disease, and malignancy. Among them, subjects with diabetes have a high risk of developing severe form of COVID-19 and show increased mortality. How diabetes contributes to COVID-19 severity remains unclear. It has been hypothesized that it may be correlated with the effects of hyperglycemia on systemic inflammatory responses and immune system dysfunction. Vitamin D (VD) is a modulator of immune-response. Data from literature showed that vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients increases COVID-19 severity, likely because of its negative impact on immune and inflammatory responses. Therefore, the use of vitamin D might play a role in some aspects of the infection, particularly the inflammatory state and the immune system function of patients. Moreover, a piece of evidence highlighted a link among vitamin D deficiency, obesity and diabetes, all factors associated with COVID-19 severity. Given this background, we performed an overview of the systematic reviews to assess the association between vitamin D supplementation and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetes; furthermore, vitamin D’s possible role in COVID-19 patients was assessed as well. Three databases, namely MEDLINE, PubMed Central and the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, were reviewed to retrieve the pertinent data. The aim of this review is to provide insight into the recent advances about the molecular basis of the relationship between vitamin D, immune response, inflammation, diabetes and COVID-19.
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23
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Moreno-Fernandez J, Ochoa JJ, De Paco Matallana C, Caño A, Martín-Alvarez E, Sanchez-Romero J, Toledano JM, Puche-Juarez M, Prados S, Ruiz-Duran S, Diaz-Meca L, Carrillo MP, Diaz-Castro J. COVID-19 during Gestation: Maternal Implications of Evoked Oxidative Stress and Iron Metabolism Impairment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020184. [PMID: 35204067 PMCID: PMC8868249 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has reached pandemic proportions worldwide, with considerable consequences for both health and the economy. In pregnant women, COVID-19 can alter the metabolic environment, iron metabolism, and oxygen supply of trophoblastic cells, and therefore have a negative influence on essential mechanisms of fetal development. The purpose of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the effects of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy with regard to the oxidative/antioxidant status in mothers’ serum and placenta, together with placental iron metabolism. Results showed no differences in superoxide dismutase activity and placental antioxidant capacity. However, antioxidant capacity decreased in the serum of infected mothers. Catalase activity decreased in the COVID-19 group, while an increase in 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, hydroperoxides, 15-FT-isoprostanes, and carbonyl groups were recorded in this group. Placental vitamin D, E, and Coenzyme-Q10 also showed to be increased in the COVID-19 group. As for iron-related proteins, an up-regulation of placental DMT1, ferroportin-1, and ferritin expression was recorded in infected women. Due to the potential role of iron metabolism and oxidative stress in placental function and complications, further research is needed to explain the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 that may affect pregnancy, so as to assess the short-term and long-term outcomes in mothers’ and infants’ health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (J.M.T.); (M.P.-J.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Clinical Medicine and Public Health Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio J. Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (J.M.T.); (M.P.-J.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.O.); (C.D.P.M.)
| | - Catalina De Paco Matallana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca’, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.S.-R.); (L.D.-M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.O.); (C.D.P.M.)
| | - Africa Caño
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Cecilio Universitary Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Estefania Martín-Alvarez
- Unit of Neonatology, Pediatric Service, Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Javier Sanchez-Romero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca’, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.S.-R.); (L.D.-M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan M. Toledano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (J.M.T.); (M.P.-J.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Puche-Juarez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (J.M.T.); (M.P.-J.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Prados
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Cecilio Universitary Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Susana Ruiz-Duran
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.R.-D.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Lucia Diaz-Meca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca’, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.S.-R.); (L.D.-M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Carrillo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (S.R.-D.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (J.M.T.); (M.P.-J.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18012 Granada, Spain
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24
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Janjusevic M, Gagno G, Fluca AL, Padoan L, Beltrami AP, Sinagra G, Moretti R, Aleksova A. The peculiar role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 2022; 289:120193. [PMID: 34864062 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a hormone with both genomic and non-genomic actions. It exerts its activity by binding vitamin D receptor (VDR), which belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors and ligand-activated transcription factors. Since VDR has been found in various tissues, it has been estimated that it regulates approximately 3% of the human genome. Several recent studies have shown pleiotropic effects of vitamin D in various processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, DNA repair and apoptosis and its involvement in different pathophysiological conditions as inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. It has been suggested that vitamin D could play an important role in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Moderate to strong associations between lower serum vitamin D concentrations and stroke and cardiovascular events have been identified in different analytic approaches, even after controlling for traditional demographic and lifestyle covariates. The mechanisms behind the associations between vitamin D and cerebrovascular and cardiologic profiles have been widely examined both in animal and human studies. Optimization of vitamin D levels in human subjects may improve insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function and lower levels of inflammatory markers. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that altered gene expression of VDR and 1,25D3-membrane-associated rapid response steroid-binding (1,25D3-MARRS) receptor influences the role of vitamin D within neurons and allows them to be more prone to degeneration. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying vitamin D signaling and the consequences of vitamin D deficiency in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milijana Janjusevic
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Gagno
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lucia Fluca
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Padoan
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Maria della Misericordia, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Paolo Beltrami
- Clinical Pathology Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC) and Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rita Moretti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Neurology, Neurological Clinic, Complex Case Section, Trieste, Italy
| | - Aneta Aleksova
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Fleet JC. Vitamin D and Gut Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:155-167. [PMID: 36107318 PMCID: PMC10614168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a conditionally required nutrient that can either be obtained from skin synthesis following UVB exposure from the diet. Once in the body, it is metabolized to produce the endocrine hormone, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), that regulates gene expression in target tissues by interacting with a ligand-activated transcription factor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The first, and most responsive, vitamin D target tissue is the intestine. The classical intestinal role for vitamin D is the control of calcium metabolism through the regulation of intestinal calcium absorption. However, studies clearly show that other functions of the intestine are regulated by the molecular actions of 1,25(OH)2 D that are mediated through the VDR. This includes enhancing gut barrier function, regulation of intestinal stem cells, suppression of colon carcinogenesis, and inhibiting intestinal inflammation. While research demonstrates that there are both classical, calcium-regulating and non-calcium regulating roles for vitamin D in the intestine, the challenge facing biomedical researchers is how to translate these findings in ways that optimize human intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Fleet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
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26
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Caballero-García A, Noriega DC, Bello HJ, Roche E, Córdova-Martínez A. The Immunomodulatory Function of Vitamin D, with Particular Reference to SARS-CoV-2. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:1321. [PMID: 34946266 PMCID: PMC8706376 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are the only way to reduce the morbidity associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The appearance of new mutations urges us to increase the effectiveness of vaccines as a complementary alternative. In this context, the use of adjuvant strategies has improved the effectiveness of different vaccines against virus infections such as dengue, influenza, and common cold. Recent reports on patients infected by COVID-19 reveal that low levels of circulating vitamin D correlate with a severe respiratory insufficiency. The immunomodulatory activity of this micronutrient attenuates the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and at the same time, increases antibody production. Therefore, the present review proposes the use of vitamin D as adjuvant micronutrient to increase the efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caballero-García
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Health Sciences Faculty, GIR of Physical Exercise and Aging, Campus Universitario “Los Pajaritos”, 42004 Soria, Spain;
| | - David C. Noriega
- Spine Department, Valladolid University Hospital, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Hugo J. Bello
- Department of Mathematics, School of Forestry Industry and Agronomic Engineering and Bioenergy, GIR of Physical Exercise and Aging, Campus Universitario “Los Pajaritos”, 42004 Soria, Spain;
| | - Enrique Roche
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Córdova-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, GIR of Physical Exercise and Aging, Campus Universitario “Los Pajaritos”, Valladolid University, 42004 Soria, Spain
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27
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Cromer SJ, Yu EW. Challenges and Opportunities for Osteoporosis Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4795-e4808. [PMID: 34343287 PMCID: PMC8385842 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has both directly and indirectly affected osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment throughout the world. METHODS This mini-review summarizes the available evidence regarding the effects of COVID-19, its treatment, and the consequences of the pandemic itself on bone health. Additionally, we review evidence and expert recommendations regarding putative effects of osteoporosis medications on COVID-19 outcomes and vaccine efficacy and summarize recommendations for continuation of osteoporosis treatment during the pandemic. RESULTS The use of standard screening procedures to assess for osteoporosis and fracture risk declined dramatically early in the pandemic, while rates of fragility fractures were largely unchanged. COVID-19, its treatments, and public health measures to prevent viral spread are each likely to negatively affect bone health. Osteoporosis treatments are not known to increase risk of adverse events from COVID-19, and preclinical data suggest possible beneficial effects of some therapies. Vitamin D deficiency is clearly associated with adverse outcomes from COVID-19, but it remains unclear whether vitamin D supplementation may improve outcomes. Osteoporosis treatment should be continued whenever possible, and recommendations for substituting therapies, if required, are available. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has decreased screening and disrupted treatment for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis medications are safe and effective during the pandemic and should be continued whenever possible. Further studies are needed to fully understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Cromer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School;Boston, MA
| | - Elaine W Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School;Boston, MA
- Corresponding Author: Elaine W. Yu, MD, MGH Endocrine Unit, 50 Blossom Street, Thier 1051, Boston, MA 02114,
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28
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Hurst EA, Mellanby RJ, Handel I, Griffith DM, Rossi AG, Walsh TS, Shankar-Hari M, Dunning J, Homer NZ, Denham SG, Devine K, Holloway PA, Moore SC, Thwaites RS, Samanta RJ, Summers C, Hardwick HE, Oosthuyzen W, Turtle L, Semple MG, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Russell CD. Vitamin D insufficiency in COVID-19 and influenza A, and critical illness survivors: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e055435. [PMID: 34686560 PMCID: PMC8728359 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The steroid hormone vitamin D has roles in immunomodulation and bone health. Insufficiency is associated with susceptibility to respiratory infections. We report 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) measurements in hospitalised people with COVID-19 and influenza A and in survivors of critical illness to test the hypotheses that vitamin D insufficiency scales with illness severity and persists in survivors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Plasma was obtained from 295 hospitalised people with COVID-19 (International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC)/WHO Clinical Characterization Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections UK study), 93 with influenza A (Mechanisms of Severe Acute Influenza Consortium (MOSAIC) study, during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic) and 139 survivors of non-selected critical illness (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). Total 25(OH)D was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Free 25(OH)D was measured by ELISA in COVID-19 samples. OUTCOME MEASURES Receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Vitamin D insufficiency (total 25(OH)D 25-50 nmol/L) and deficiency (<25 nmol/L) were prevalent in COVID-19 (29.3% and 44.4%, respectively), influenza A (47.3% and 37.6%) and critical illness survivors (30.2% and 56.8%). In COVID-19 and influenza A, total 25(OH)D measured early in illness was lower in patients who received IMV (19.6 vs 31.9 nmol/L (p<0.0001) and 22.9 vs 31.1 nmol/L (p=0.0009), respectively). In COVID-19, biologically active free 25(OH)D correlated with total 25(OH)D and was lower in patients who received IMV, but was not associated with selected circulating inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was present in majority of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 or influenza A and correlated with severity and persisted in critical illness survivors at concentrations expected to disrupt bone metabolism. These findings support early supplementation trials to determine if insufficiency is causal in progression to severe disease, and investigation of longer-term bone health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Handel
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David M Griffith
- Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Timothy S Walsh
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jake Dunning
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalie Z Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott G Denham
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kerri Devine
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul A Holloway
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Romit J Samanta
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hayley E Hardwick
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wilna Oosthuyzen
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clark D Russell
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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29
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Bayraktar N, Turan H, Bayraktar M, Ozturk A, Erdoğdu H. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 94:154-160. [PMID: 34427934 PMCID: PMC8661791 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role and relationship between the cytokine profile and protective vitamin D by measuring their serum levels in COVID‐19 intensive care unit patients with severe illnesses. A total of 74 patients were included in our study. Patients were divided into two groups. Patients in the COVID‐19 group (n = 31) and individuals without a history of serious illness or infection were used as the control group (n = 43). The serum concentrations of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐21, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Levels of serum vitamin D were detected with Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methodologies. TNF‐α, IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐21, and vitamin D levels were measured in all patients. The serum cytokine levels in the COVID‐19 patient group were significantly higher (151.59 ± 56.50, 140.37 ± 64.32, 249.02 ± 62.84, 129.04 ± 31.64, and 123.58 ± 24.49, respectively) than control groups. Serum vitamin D was also significantly low (6.82 ± 3.29) in patients in the COVID‐19 group than the controls (21.96 ± 5.39). Regarding the correlation of vitamin D with cytokine levels, it was significantly variable. Our study shows that COVID‐19 patients are associated with lower serum vitamin D and higher pro‐inflammatory cytokines associated with increased virus presence. Our data provide more evidence of the anti‐inflammatory effect of vitamin D on COVID‐19 patients and the protective effects of vitamin D on risk were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihayet Bayraktar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Hamdiye Turan
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bayraktar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Ali Ozturk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Hamza Erdoğdu
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Administration and Economics, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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De Martinis M, Allegra A, Sirufo MM, Tonacci A, Pioggia G, Raggiunti M, Ginaldi L, Gangemi S. Vitamin D Deficiency, Osteoporosis and Effect on Autoimmune Diseases and Hematopoiesis: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168855. [PMID: 34445560 PMCID: PMC8396272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) is essential for bone homeostasis, but it is also involved in pleiotropic effects on various organs and tissues. In adults, VD deficiency can cause or exacerbate osteoporosis and induce osteomalacia. However, every tissue and cell in the body has a VD receptor, including the brain, heart, stomach, pancreas, skin, gonads, and immune cells, and a deficiency may modify the function of these organs. Thus, the wide-ranging actions of VD help to explain why a reduction in VD amount has been correlated with numerous chronic diseases. In fact, VD deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis and several other diseases and complications characterized by impaired bone metabolisms, such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, allergy, endocrinological diseases, hematological malignancies, and bone marrow transplantation. This review aims to investigate the link between VD deficiency, osteoporosis, and its concomitant diseases. Further epidemiological and mechanistic studies are necessary in order to ascertain the real role of hypovitaminosis in causing the reported diseases; however, adequate vitamin supplementation and restoration of metabolic normality could be useful for better management of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, Division of Haematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0902-212-364
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Martina Raggiunti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.M.S.); (M.R.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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Lower serum 25(OH)D levels associated with higher risk of COVID-19 infection in U.S. Black women. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255132. [PMID: 34314458 PMCID: PMC8315514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Limited evidence suggests that higher levels of serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) protect against SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) infection. Black women commonly experience 25(OH)D insufficiency and are overrepresented among COVID-19 cases. We conducted a prospective analysis of serum 25(OH)D levels in relation to COVID-19 infection among participants in the Black Women’s Health Study. Methods Since 1995, the Black Women’s Health Study has followed 59,000 U.S. Black women through biennial mailed or online questionnaires. Over 13,000 study participants provided a blood sample in 2013–2017. 25(OH)D assays were performed in a certified national laboratory shortly after collection of the samples. In 2020, participants who had completed the online version of the 2019 biennial health questionnaire were invited to complete a supplemental online questionnaire assessing their experiences related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including whether they had been tested for COVID-19 infection and the result of the test. We used logistic regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of 25(OH)D level with COVID-19 positivity, adjusting for age, number of people living in the household, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and other potential confounders. Results Among 5,081 eligible participants whose blood sample had been assayed for 25(OH)D, 1,974 reported having had a COVID-19 test in 2020. Relative to women with 25(OH)D levels of 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/l) or more, multivariable-adjusted ORs for COVID-19 infection in women with levels of 20–29 ng/mL (50–72.5 nmol/l) and <20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/l) were, respectively, 1.48 (95% CI 0.95–2.30) and 1.69 (95% CI 1.04–2.72) (p trend 0.02). Conclusion The present results suggest that U.S. Black women with lower levels of 25(OH)D are at increased risk of infection with COVID-19. Further work is needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal level of 25(OH)D for a beneficial effect.
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Ul Afshan F, Nissar B, Chowdri NA, Ganai BA. Relevance of vitamin D 3 in COVID-19 infection. GENE REPORTS 2021; 24:101270. [PMID: 34250314 PMCID: PMC8260490 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, the main culprit for COVID-19 disaster, has triggered a gust of curiosity both in the mechanism of action of this infection as well as potential risk factors for disease generation and regimentation. The prime focus of the present review, which is basically a narrative one, is in utilizing the current concepts of vitamin D3 as an agent with myriad functions, one of them being immunocompetence and a promising weapon for both innate and adaptive immunity against COVID-19 infection. Some of the manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 virus such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) overlap with the pathophysiological effects that are overcome due to already established role of vitamin D3 e.g., amelioration of cytokine outburst. Additionally, the cardiovascular complications due to COVID-19 infection may also be connected to vitamin D3 levels and the activity of its active forms. Eventually, we summarise the clinical, observational and epidemiological data of the respiratory diseases including COVID-19 disease and try to bring its association with the potential role of vitamin D3, in particular, the activity of its active forms, circulating levels and its supplementation, against dissemination of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falaque Ul Afshan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | - Bushra Nissar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | | | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre For Research and Development, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
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Subber Z, Al-Shamma G, Hashim H. total and free vitamin D in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Baghdad city. BAGHDAD JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.47419/bjbabs.v2i02.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The free-form of vitamin D has been used by many researchers as an index of vitamin D status in health and disease. Several methods are there to estimate free, total, and even bioavailable vitamin D.
Objective: The present work was carried out to measure free vitamin D using a special formula suggested by Bikle and Schwartz in 2019, which includes the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). The results will be used to evaluate the vitamin D status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its relation to the disease progression.
Methods: Sixty-four patients with T2DM and 73 healthy subjects, all from Baghdad city, were enrolled in the current study from March to October 2020. For each participant, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance HOMA-IR, and body mass index (BMI) were measured in addition to the total vitamin D and VDBP. Moreover, free vitamin D was calculated by the formula of Bikle & Schwartz.
Results: There were highly significant correlations between total vitamin D and absolute values of free vitamin D or its percentage. The difference in total vitamin D was significant between patients and healthy controls with no significant change in VDBP, free and bio-available vitamin D, while free vitamin D% was higher in the patient’s group. Correlations between vitamin D and each of BMI, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR were not significant; however, there was a negative correlation with BMI and fasting glucose in the healthy control subjects only. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of vitamin D in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was poor.
Conclusion: Total vitamin D can represent vitamin D status, but it cannot be used as a factor for diagnosing T2DM. However, it could be of importance to change the glycemic status.
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Chou PC, Lin PC, Wu SW, Wang CK, Chung TK, Walzem RL, Lai LS, Chen SE. Differential Modulation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on Innate Immunity of Broiler Breeder Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061742. [PMID: 34200930 PMCID: PMC8230489 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary No predominant changes between R- vs. Ad-feed intake on leukocyte defense against pathogens were observed in broiler breeder hens despite some differences in inflammatory and respiratory burst responses. Overall, supplemental 25-OH-D3 had more pronounced effects on the innate immunity of Ad-hens. In vitro studies confirmed the differential effects of 25-OH-D3 to rescue immune functions altered by glucose and/or palmitic acid exposure. Abstract Past immunological studies in broilers focused on juveniles within the rapid pre-slaughter growth period and may not reflect adult immune responses, particularly in breeders managed with chronic feed restriction (R). The study aimed to assess innate immune cell functions in respect to R vs. ad libitum (Ad) feed intake in breeder hens with and without dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) supplementation. Ad-feed intake consistently suppressed IL-1β secretion, respiratory burst, and cell livability in peripheral heterophils and/or monocytes along the feeding trial from the age of 51 to 68 weeks. Supplemental 25-OH-D3 repressed IL-1β secretion and respiratory burst of both cells mostly in R-hens, but promoted monocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and bacterial killing activity in Ad-hens in accompany with relieved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Overnight cultures with leukocytes from R-hens confirmed the differential effects of 25-OH-D3 to rescue immune functions altered by glucose and/or palmitic acid exposure. Studies with specific inhibitors further manifested the operative mechanisms via glucolipotoxicity in a cell type- and function-dependent manner. The results concluded no predominant changes between R- vs. Ad-feed intake on leukocyte defense against pathogens despite some differential differences, but supplemental 25-OH-D3 exerts more pronounced effects in Ad-hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Chia Chou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Chi Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
| | - Shu-Wei Wu
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Thau-Kiong Chung
- DSM Nutritional Products Asia Pacific, Singapore 117440, Singapore;
| | - Rosemary L. Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Lih-Shiuh Lai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (L.-S.L.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (P.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); (C.-K.W.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-S.L.); (S.-E.C.)
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Brito DTM, Ribeiro LHC, Daltro CHDC, Silva RDB. The possible benefits of vitamin D in COVID-19. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111356. [PMID: 34352586 PMCID: PMC8149468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular studies have demonstrated the importance of the exacerbated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, called the cytokine storm, in more severe COVID-19. The pathophysiology is complex and involves several homeostatic factors; among them, a deficit of vitamin D draws attention because of its high frequency in the population. Some evidence suggests that people with low serum vitamin D levels have worse outcomes, often requiring intensive care. This review analyzed the studies available in the global literature addressing the benefits of vitamin D in COVID-19, relating serum levels to the severity of the disease, and indicating vitamin D as a possible prophylactic and therapy in infection.
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Rebecchi V, Gallo D, Princiotta Cariddi L, Piantanida E, Tabaee Damavandi P, Carimati F, Gallazzi M, Clemenzi A, Banfi P, Candeloro E, Tanda ML, Mauri M, Versino M. Vitamin D, Chronic Migraine, and Extracranial Pain: Is There a Link? Data From an Observational Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:651750. [PMID: 34054696 PMCID: PMC8155378 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.651750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies focused on the role of vitamin D (vitD) in pain chronification. This study focused on vitD level and pain chronification and extension in headache disorders. Eighty patients with primary headache underwent neurological examination, laboratory exams, including serum calcifediol 25(OH)D, and headache features assessment along with three questionnaires investigating depression, anxiety, and allodynia. The 86.8% of the population had migraine (48% episodic and 52% chronic). The 44.1% of patients had extracranial pain, and 47.6% suffered from allodynia. A vitD deficit, namely a serum 25(OH)D level <20 ng/ml, was detectable in 46.1% of the patients, and it occurred more frequently (p = 0.009) in patients suffering from chronic migraine (CM)–medication overuse migraine (MOH) (62.9%) than in episodic migraine (EM, 25.7%) or tension-type headache (TTH, 11.4%). The occurrence of extracranial pain and allodynia was higher in the CM-MOH than in the EM and in the TTH groups but was not related to the co-occurrence of vitD deficiency (Fisher's exact test p = 0.11 and p = 0.32, respectively). Our findings show that 25(OH)D deficit is also related to chronic headache, probably because of vitD anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic properties, reinforcing the idea of a neuroinflammatory mechanism underpinning migraine chronification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Gallo
- Endocrine Unit, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Lucia Princiotta Cariddi
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Eliana Piantanida
- Endocrine Unit, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Payam Tabaee Damavandi
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Federico Carimati
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Gallazzi
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Paola Banfi
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Candeloro
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Tanda
- Endocrine Unit, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Mauri
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy.,Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Versino
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi di Varese, Varese, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Shah Alam M, Czajkowsky DM, Aminul Islam M, Ataur Rahman M. The role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: An update. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107686. [PMID: 33930705 PMCID: PMC8052476 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is having a disastrous impact on global health. Recently, several studies examined the potential of vitamin D to reduce the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating the immune system. Indeed, vitamin D has been found to boost the innate immune system and stimulate the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the immunological mechanisms underlying the positive effects of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as a thorough survey of the recent epidemiological studies and clinical trials that tested vitamin D as a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection. We believe that a better understanding of the histopathology and immunopathology of the disease as well as the mechanism of vitamin D effects on COVID-19 severity will ultimately pave the way for a more effective prevention and control of this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah Alam
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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Worrede A, Douglass SM, Weeraratna AT. The dark side of daylight: photoaging and the tumor microenvironment in melanoma progression. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143763. [PMID: 33720046 DOI: 10.1172/jci143763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Continued thinning of the atmospheric ozone, which protects the earth from damaging ultraviolet radiation (UVR), will result in elevated levels of UVR reaching the earth's surface, leading to a drastic increase in the incidence of skin cancer. In addition to promoting carcinogenesis in skin cells, UVR is a potent extrinsic driver of age-related changes in the skin known as "photoaging." We are in the preliminary stages of understanding of the role of intrinsic aging in melanoma, and the tumor-permissive effects of photoaging on the skin microenvironment remain largely unexplored. In this Review, we provide an overview of the impact of UVR on the skin microenvironment, addressing changes that converge or diverge with those observed in intrinsic aging. Intrinsic and extrinsic aging promote phenotypic changes to skin cell populations that alter fundamental processes such as melanogenesis, extracellular matrix deposition, inflammation, and immune response. Given the relevance of these processes in cancer, we discuss how photoaging might render the skin microenvironment permissive to melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asurayya Worrede
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Douglass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Huang F, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Wan Z, Hu L, Xu R, Cheng A, Lv Y, Wang L. Sex-Specific Association between Serum Vitamin D Status and Lipid Profiles: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Population. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 66:105-113. [PMID: 32350171 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that vitamin D status might be associated with dyslipidaemia, but results are conflicting and there might exist sex differences. The aim of our study was to explore the sex-specific association between vitamin D status and serum lipids and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP, a predictor for atherosclerosis) among Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults. A total of 4,021 middle-aged and elderly participants from a health management centre were included in this cross-sectional study. The individuals were classified into tertiles according to serum 25(OH)D. Linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between vitamin D levels and serum lipids among the tertiles. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 21.60 (16.60-27.20) ng/mL in all participants. After adjusting for potential confounders, a 10 ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D was associated with decreases of 1.156 mmol/L in triglycerides (TGs) and 0.068 in the AIP and an increase of 0.051 mmol/L in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in all subjects. In addition, 25(OH)D deficiency was associated with an increased prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia (odds ratio (OR), 1.880; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.351-2.615), hypoalphalipoproteinaemia/HDL (OR, 1.505; 95% CI, 1.146-1.977) and abnormal AIP (OR, 1.933; 95% CI, 1.474-2.534) in males, and 25(OH)D-deficient women had a 2.02-fold higher risk for hypoalphalipoproteinaemia/HDL than women with sufficient 25(OH)D levels (95% CI, 1.044-3.904; all p values <0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was positively associated with the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and abnormal AIP in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. And this association was stronger in men than in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhengce Wan
- Department of Health Management Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Liu Hu
- Department of Health Management Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Ranran Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Anying Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yongman Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.,Department of Health Management Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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Hutchings N, Babalyan V, Baghdasaryan S, Qefoyan M, Sargsyants N, Aghajanova E, Martirosyan A, Harutyunyan R, Lesnyak O, Formenti AM, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP. Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 have low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Endocrine 2021; 71:267-269. [PMID: 33452994 PMCID: PMC7811339 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hutchings
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Osteoporosis Center of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Lesnyak
- North West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Maria Formenti
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Osteoporosis Center of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Zhang JY, Wu P, Chen D, Ning F, Lu Q, Qiu X, Hewison M, Tamblyn JA, Kilby MD, Lash GE. Vitamin D Promotes Trophoblast Cell Induced Separation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Remodeling via Induction of G-CSF. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:601043. [PMID: 33415106 PMCID: PMC7783206 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.601043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with complications of pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and miscarriage, all of which are also associated with incomplete spiral artery (SpA) remodeling. We have previously shown that both uterine natural killer (uNK) cells and extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT) are required for successful SpA remodeling, but whether their activity in this process is modulated by vitamin D is not known. In the current study, we use a previously described chorionic plate artery (CPA) ex vivo model of vascular remodeling to determine the effects of 1,25(OH)2D treated uNK cell, placental explant (PEx), and uNK/PEx conditioned medium (CM) on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) disorganization and phenotypic switching. Significant results were followed up in VSMCs in vitro. We demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D can enhance the ability of PEx to induce SpA remodeling, via a mechanism associated with increased secretion of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). G-CSF appears able to increase VSMC disorganization and phenotypic switching in both an ex vivo vascular model and in vitro VSMC cultures. The clinical relevance of these findings are still to be determined. G-CSF may have differential effects depending on dose and vascular bed, and vitamin D may play a role in potentiating these actions. G-CSF may be an interesting potential therapeutic target for facilitating physiological vascular remodeling for the prevention of adverse obstetric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Yue Zhang
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihuang Wu
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Ning
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinsheng Lu
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Qiu
- Born in Guangzhou Cohort, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Martin Hewison
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Tamblyn
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Kilby
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gendie E Lash
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
After the initial description of extrarenal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) three decades ago, extensive progress has been made in unraveling the immunomodulatory roles of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of granulomatous disorders, including sarcoidosis. It has been shown that 1,25-(OH)2D has dual effects on the immune system, including upregulating innate immunity as well as downregulating the autoimmune response. The latter mechanism plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcoidosis. Vitamin D supplementation in patients with sarcoidosis has been hampered owing to concerns about the development of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria given that extrarenal 1-α hydroxylase is substrate dependent. Recently, a few studies have cast doubt over the mechanisms underlying the development of hypercalcemia in this population. These studies demonstrated an inverse relationship between the level of vitamin D and severity of sarcoidosis. Consequently, clinical interest has been piqued in the use of vitamin D to attenuate the autoimmune response in this disorder. However, the development of hypercalcemia and the attendant detrimental effects are real possibilities. Although the average serum calcium concentration did not change following vitamin D supplementation, in two recent studies, hypercalciuria occurred in one out of 13 and two out of 16 patients. This review is a concise summary of the literature, outlining past work and newer developments in the use of vitamin D in sarcoidosis. We feel that larger-scale placebo-controlled randomized studies are needed in this population. Since the current first-line treatment of sarcoidosis is glucocorticoids, which confer many systemic adverse effects, and steroid-sparing immunosuppressant treatment options carry additional risks of adverse effects, adjunct management with vitamin D in combination with potent anti-osteoporotic medications could minimize the risk of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and modulate the immune system to attenuate disease activity in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Gianella
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Connie CW Hsia
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Khashayar Sakhaee
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Ferrari D, Locatelli M, Briguglio M, Lombardi G. Is there a link between vitamin D status, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity? Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:35-47. [PMID: 33137851 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 rapidly spread across the globe and has become pandemic. Little is known about the protective factors of this infection, which is equally distributed between genders and different ages while severe and poor prognosis cases are strongly associated to old males and the presence of comorbidities. Thus, preventive measures aiming at reducing the number of infection and/or their severity are strongly needed. Vitamin D has got great attention and has been claimed as potentially protective against the infection since it may be associated with immunocompetence, inflammation, aging, and those diseases involved in determining the outcomes of COVID-19. This narrative review aims at collecting the literature available on the involvement of the vitamin D status in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the putative utility of vitamin D supplementation in the therapeutics. It emerges that a poor vitamin D status seems to associate with an increased risk of infection whereas age, gender and comorbidities seem to play a more important role in COVID-19 severity and mortality. While randomized control trials are needed to better inquire into this topic, vitamin D supplementation may be useful beside its potential effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matteo Briguglio
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Lazaretti-Castro M, Formenti AM, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Nair N, Babalyan V, Hutchings N, Napoli N, Accili D, Binkley N, Landry DW, Giustina A. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:R133-R147. [PMID: 32755992 PMCID: PMC9494342 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has generated an explosion of interest both in the mechanisms of infection leading to dissemination and expression of this disease, and in potential risk factors that may have a mechanistic basis for disease propagation or control. Vitamin D has emerged as a factor that may be involved in these two areas. The focus of this article is to apply our current understanding of vitamin D as a facilitator of immunocompetence both with regard to innate and adaptive immunity and to consider how this may relate to COVID-19 disease. There are also intriguing potential links to vitamin D as a factor in the cytokine storm that portends some of the most serious consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, cardiac and coagulopathic features of COVID-19 disease deserve attention as they may also be related to vitamin D. Finally, we review the current clinical data associating vitamin D with SARS-CoV-2 infection, a putative clinical link that at this time must still be considered hypothetical.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bilezikian
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Bikle
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina – Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Formenti
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Aakriti Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mahesh V Madhavan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nandini Nair
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola Napoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil Binkley
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donald W Landry
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Wu P, Zhang R, Luo M, Zhang T, Pan L, Xu S, Pan L, Ren F, Ji C, Hu R, Noureddin M, Pandol SJ, Han YP. Liver Injury Impaired 25-Hydroxylation of Vitamin D Suppresses Intestinal Paneth Cell defensins, leading to Gut Dysbiosis and Liver Fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G685-G695. [PMID: 33084400 PMCID: PMC7792671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00021.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is co-prevalent with various liver diseases including cirrhosis, while the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is abundantly expressed in the distal region of small intestine, where the Paneth cells are enriched, suggesting that vitamin D signaling may modulates the intestinal Paneth cells and their production of defensins to restrain microbiome growth in the small intestine. In this study we found that in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, hepatic 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D was impaired, leading to down regulated expression of Paneth cell fensins in the small intestine, gut dysbiosis, and endotoxinemia. While intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides) alone did not elicit liver fibrosis, it exacerbated the carbon tetrachloride initiated liver fibrogenesis. Oral gavage of synthetic Paneth cell alpha-defensin 5 (DEFA5) restored the homeostasis of gut microbiota, reduced endotoxemia, relieved liver inflammation, and ameliorated liver fibrosis. Likewise, Cholestyramine, cationic resin that can sequestrate endotoxin in the intestine, attenuated the liver fibrosis as well. Fecal transplant of the microbes derived from the DEFA5-treated donors improved liver fibrosis in the recipient mice. The intestinal Vdrconditional knockout mice exhibited reduction of Paneth cell defensins and lysozyme production, and worsened liver injury and fibrogenesis. Thus, liver injury impairs synthesis of 25(OH)VD3, which consequently impedes the Paneth cells functions in the small intestine, leading to gut dysbiosis for liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, China
| | - Ruofei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, China
| | - Tianci Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, China
| | - Lisha Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, China
| | - Siya Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, China
| | - Liwei Pan
- The College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, China
| | | | - Cheng Ji
- Medicine, Keck School of Medicine USC, United States
| | - Richard Hu
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, United States
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46
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Larenas-Linnemann D, Rodríguez-Pérez N, Arias-Cruz A, Blandón-Vijil MV, Del Río-Navarro BE, Estrada-Cardona A, Gereda JE, Luna-Pech JA, Navarrete-Rodríguez EM, Onuma-Takane E, Pozo-Beltrán CF, Rojo-Gutiérrez MI. Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100476. [PMID: 33072240 PMCID: PMC7546230 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy. Methods Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions into: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 h sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod), and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, etc). Results For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections, and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end, a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence. Conclusion Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin converting enzime-2
- APC, Antigen-presenting cell
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- BV, Bacterial vaccine
- Bacillus calmette-guérin
- Bacterial vaccine
- CCL-5, Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5
- CI, Confidence interval
- CNS, Central nervous system
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease-2019
- CXCR3A, CXC chemokine receptor 3A
- DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DC, Dendritic cell
- DLE, Dialyzable leukocyte extract
- Exercise
- Gαs: G protein coupled receptor alfa-subunits, HSP
- Heat shock proteins, HLA-DR
- Immune response
- Immunoglobulin, IGFBP6
- Innate
- Insulin-like growth-factor-binding-protein 6, IL
- Intercellular adhesion molecule type 1, IFN
- Interferon, IG
- Interleukin, MBSR
- MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMR
- MODS, Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome
- Major histocompatibility complex class II cell surface receptor, ICAM-1
- Mindfulness
- Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mCa++: Intramitochondrial calcium
- MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappaB
- NK, Natural killer
- NK-Cell
- NOD2, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2
- OR, Odds ratio
- OxPhos: Oxidative phosphorylation, PAMPs
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PPD, Purified protein derivative (tuberculin)
- PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PBMC
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway
- R0: Basic reproduction number, REM
- Rapid eye movement, RIPK2
- Reactive nitrogen species, ROS
- Reactive oxygen species, SARS-CoV-2
- Receptor iteracting serine/threonine kinase 2, RNA
- Ribonucleic acid, RNS
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SIRS
- Sleep
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, TCR:T-cell receptor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TRPV, Thermolabile calcium channels
- Th, T helper-cell
- Trained immunity
- URTI, Upper-respiratory tract infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Larenas-Linnemann
- Médica Sur, Clinical Foundation and Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
- Corresponding author. Médica Sur, Fundación clínica y hospital, Puente de piedra 150, T2Toriello Guerra, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, México, 14050, Mexico. E-mails:
| | | | - Alfredo Arias-Cruz
- State University of Nuevo León, School of Medicine and University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge A. Luna-Pech
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosóficas, Metodológicas e Instrumentales (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto Onuma-Takane
- Fundación Clínica y Hospital Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pang R, Xu Y, Hu X, Liu B, Yu J. Vitamin D receptor knockdown attenuates the antiproliferative, pro‑apoptotic and anti‑invasive effect of vitamin D by activating the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in papillary thyroid cancer. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4135-4142. [PMID: 33000217 PMCID: PMC7533458 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) complex have been reported to inhibit the growth of several types of tumor; however, their function in papillary thyroid cancer (PCT) remains unknown. In addition, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was discovered to serve a critical role in the pathology of PCT. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the role of the VDR and its association with Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitamin D-treated PTC cells. VDR expression was detected in human PTC cells (including MDA-T120, MDA-T85, SNU-790 and IHH4 cells) and thyroid follicular cells (Nthy-ori 3–1 cells). SNU-790 and IHH4 cells were infected with KD-VDR or negative control (KD-NC) lentiviruses, treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 (the active form of vitamin D), and subsequently referred to as the KD-VDR&vitD and KD-NC&vitD groups, respectively. Additionally, PTC cells infected with KD-NC and not treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 were used as the normal control and referred to as the KD-NC group. VDR mRNA and protein expression levels were increased in MDA-T120, SNU-790 and MDA-T85 cells compared to Nthy-ori 3-1 cells, whereas in IHH4 cells, VDR mRNA and protein expression levels were similar to Nthy-ori 3-1 cells. In SNU-790 and IHH4 cells, cell proliferation and invasion were decreased in the KD-NC&vitD group compared with the KD-NC group, but increased in the KD-VDR&vitD group compared with the KD-NC&vitD group. Cell apoptosis was increased in the KD-NC&vitD group compared with the KD-NC group, and decreased in the KD-VDR&vitD group compared with the KD-NC&vitD group. Furthermore, the expression levels of Wnt family member 3 and catenin β1 were decreased in the KD-NC&vitD group compared with the KD-NC group, but increased in the KD-VDR&vitD group compared with the KD-NC&vitD group. In conclusion, the present study revealed that VDR-KD attenuated the antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effects of vitamin D in PTC by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- Department of Head and Neck Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Thyroid, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
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Martucci G, Bonicolini E, Parekh D, Thein OS, Scherkl M, Amrein K. Metabolic and Endocrine Challenges. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 42:78-97. [PMID: 32882734 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of metabolic and endocrine challenges in the setting of intensive care medicine. These are a group of heterogeneous clinical conditions with a high degree of overlap, as well as nonspecific signs and symptoms. Several diseases involve multiple organ systems, potentially causing catastrophic dysfunction and death. In the majority of cases, endocrine challenges accompany other organ failures or manifest as a complication of prolonged intensive care unit stay and malnutrition. However, when endocrine disorders present as an isolated syndrome, they are a rare and extreme manifestation. As they are uncommon, these can typically challenge both with diagnosis and management. Acute exacerbations may be elicited by triggers such as infections, trauma, surgery, and hemorrhage. In this complex scenario, early diagnosis and prompt treatment require knowledge of the specific endocrine syndrome. Here, we review diabetic coma, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, thyroid emergencies, pituitary insufficiency, adrenal crisis, and vitamin D deficiency, highlighting diagnostic tools and tricks, and management pathways through defining common clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Martucci
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bonicolini
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Dhruv Parekh
- Critical Care, Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Onn Shaun Thein
- Critical Care, Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Scherkl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Amrein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072097. [PMID: 32679784 PMCID: PMC7400911 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is responsible for regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and maintaining a healthy mineralized skeleton. It is also known as an immunomodulatory hormone. Experimental studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D, exerts immunologic activities on multiple components of the innate and adaptive immune system as well as endothelial membrane stability. Association between low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased risk of developing several immune-related diseases and disorders, including psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, sepsis, respiratory infection, and COVID-19, has been observed. Accordingly, a number of clinical trials aiming to determine the efficacy of administration of vitamin D and its metabolites for treatment of these diseases have been conducted with variable outcomes. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that some individuals might benefit from vitamin D more or less than others as high inter-individual difference in broad gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to vitamin D supplementation has been observed. Although it is still debatable what level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is optimal, it is advisable to increase vitamin D intake and have sensible sunlight exposure to maintain serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L), and preferably at 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L) to achieve the optimal overall health benefits of vitamin D.
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50
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Maloney SR, Goolkasian P. Low Vitamin D States Observed in U.S. Marines and Navy Sailors with Early Multi-Symptom Illness. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071032. [PMID: 32664492 PMCID: PMC7407997 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has implicated immune system inflammation as an underlying etiology of multi-symptom illnesses, and vitamin D has been shown to have a significant role in immune system function. In this retrospective review performed on the medical charts of service members who presented with signs and symptoms of multi-symptom illnesses, we focused on serum 25(OH)D3 levels and looked for associations of vitamin D status (deficient, insufficient, and normal) with age (20–31 years versus 31–56 years) and deployment status (war zones versus other). Two groups (U.S. Marines and Navy Sailors) were sampled and both showed high incidences of below normal vitamin D levels. However, with the Marines, age-related differences in serum levels (p = 0.009) were found only among those who deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan in comparison to those in non-combat locations. The comparison within the Navy sample showed that mobilized sailors had lower 25(OH)D3 levels than the group that did not deploy (p = 0.04). In addition, 100% of the sailors who deployed had below normal levels versus only 33% in the cadre group. The data suggest that personnel returning from a war zone with signs of early multi-symptom illness should be checked for low vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R. Maloney
- Navy Mobilization Processing Site, Deployment Processing Command-East, W.G. (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 28144, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.M.); (P.G.); Tel.: +1-336-406-6626 (S.R.M); +1-704-895-0927 (P.G.)
| | - Paula Goolkasian
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.M.); (P.G.); Tel.: +1-336-406-6626 (S.R.M); +1-704-895-0927 (P.G.)
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