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Baudin J, Hernandez-Baixauli J, Romero-Giménez J, Yang H, Mulero F, Puiggròs F, Mardinoglu A, Arola L, Caimari A. A cocktail of histidine, carnosine, cysteine and serine reduces adiposity and improves metabolic health and adipose tissue immunometabolic function in ovariectomized rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117326. [PMID: 39208671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Many women have sought alternative therapies to address menopause. Recently, a multi-ingredient supplement (MIS) containing L-histidine, L-carnosine, L-serine, and L-cysteine has been shown to be effective at ameliorating hepatic steatosis (HS) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, a postmenopausal oestrogen deficiency model. Considering that HS frequently accompanies obesity, which often occurs during menopause, we aimed to investigate the effects of this MIS for 8 weeks in OVX rats. Twenty OVX rats were orally supplemented with either MIS (OVX-MIS) or vehicle (OVX). Ten OVX rats received vehicle orally along with subcutaneous injections of 17β-oestradiol (OVX-E2), whereas 10 rats underwent a sham operation and received oral and injected vehicles (control group). MIS consumption partly counteracted the fat mass accretion observed in OVX animals, leading to decreased total fat mass, adiposity index and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RWAT) adipocyte hypertrophy. OVX-MIS rats also displayed increased lean mass and lean/fat ratio, suggesting a healthier body composition, similar to the results reported for OVX-E2 animals. MIS consumption decreased the circulating levels of the proinflammatory marker CRP, the total cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, a biomarker of diabetes risk and metabolic syndrome. RWAT transcriptomics indicated that MIS favourably regulated genes involved in adipocyte structure and morphology, cell fate determination and differentiation, glucose/insulin homeostasis, inflammation, response to stress and oxidative phosphorylation, which may be mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects described for OVX-MIS rats. Our results pave the way for using this MIS formulation to improve the body composition and immunometabolic health of menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Baudin
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus 43204, Spain; Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Julia Hernandez-Baixauli
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus 43204, Spain
| | - Jordi Romero-Giménez
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus 43204, Spain
| | - Hong Yang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-17165, Sweden
| | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Puiggròs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, Reus 43204, Spain
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-17165, Sweden; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, Reus 43204, Spain.
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Chen Y, Liu L, Calhoun R, Cheng L, Merrick D, Steger DJ, Seale P. Transcriptional regulation of adipocyte lipolysis by IRF2BP2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.31.605689. [PMID: 39211193 PMCID: PMC11360913 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.605689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Adipocyte lipolysis controls systemic energy levels and metabolic homeostasis. Lipolysis is regulated by post-translational modifications of key lipolytic enzymes. However, less is known about the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate lipolysis. Here, we identify the transcriptional factor interferon regulatory factor-2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) as a repressor of adipocyte lipolysis. Deletion of IRF2BP2 in primary human adipocytes increases lipolysis without affecting glucose uptake, whereas IRF2BP2 overexpression decreases lipolysis. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses reveal that IRF2BP2 directly represses several lipolysis-related genes, including LIPE ( HSL , hormone sensitive lipase), which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis. Adipocyte-selective deletion of Irf2bp2 in mice increases Lipe expression and free fatty acid levels, resulting in elevated adipose tissue inflammation and glucose intolerance. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that IRF2BP2 restrains adipocyte lipolysis and opens new avenues to target lipolysis for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Chen JH, Chi PJ, Chen CY, Tai CM, Chen PJ, Su YC, Lin HY, Wu MS. Three-Month Excessive Body Weight Loss < 37.7% as a Predictor of Mid-term Suboptimal Outcomes Postlaparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Risk Factors and the Impact of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on Adipocyte Function. Obes Surg 2024; 34:2317-2328. [PMID: 38851646 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-024-07315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the impact of achieving < 37.7% excess body-weight loss (EBWL) within 3 months of postlaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on clinical outcomes and its correlation with adipocyte function. METHODS Patients (n = 176) who underwent LSG between January 2019 and January 2023 were included. Weight loss and status of health markers were monitored postoperatively. The cohort was stratified based on EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months or not. Variables including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), insulin resistance, and comorbidities were analyzed. Omental visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were used to analyze the differences in adipocyte function by western blot. RESULTS Patients with EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG (suboptimal group) comprised less likelihood of achieving ≥ 50% EBWL than those who achieved ≥ 37.7% EBWL (optimal group) at 6 months (42.55% vs. 95.52% in optimal group, p < 0.001), 12 months (85.11% vs. 99.25% in optimal group, p < 0.001) and 24 months (77.14% vs. 94.74% in optimal group, p = 0.009) post-LSG. High BMI (OR = 1.222, 95% CI 1.138-1.312, p < 0.001), NLR ≥ 2.36 (OR = 2.915, 95% CI 1.257-6.670, p = 0.013), and female sex (OR = 3.243, 95% CI 1.306-8.051, p = 0.011) significantly predicted EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG. Patients with NLR ≥ 2.36 had significantly lower adipose triglyceride lipase in omental fat (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG is a strong predictor of subsequent suboptimal weight loss. High BMI, NLR ≥ 2.36, and female sex are risk factors in predicting EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG. These findings may offer a reference to apply adjuvant weight loss medications to patients who are predisposed to suboptimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Han Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Yanchao Dist, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd, Kaohsiung City 824, Taiwan.
- Bariatric and Metabolism International Surgery Center, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Jui Chi
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Devision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 824, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Yanchao Dist, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd, Kaohsiung City 824, Taiwan
- Bariatric and Metabolism International Surgery Center, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Tai
- Bariatric and Metabolism International Surgery Center, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 824, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 824, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Su
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, E-Da Cancer & E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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le Roux CW, Steen O, Lucas KJ, Startseva E, Unseld A, Hennige AM. Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:162-173. [PMID: 38330987 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a widespread and chronic condition that requires long-term management; research into additional targets to improve treatment outcomes remains a priority. This study aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of glucagon receptor-GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide (BI 456906) in obesity management. METHODS In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial conducted in 43 centres in 12 countries, we enrolled participants (aged 18-75 years, BMI ≥27 kg/m2, without diabetes) and randomly assigned them by interactive response technology (1:1:1:1:1; stratified by sex) to subcutaneous survodutide (0·6, 2·4, 3·6, or 4·8 mg) or placebo once-weekly for 46 weeks (20 weeks dose escalation; 26 weeks dose maintenance). The primary endpoint was the percentage change in bodyweight from baseline to week 46. Primary analysis included the modified intention-to-treat population (defined as all randomly assigned patients who received at least one dose of trial medication and who had analysable data for at least one efficacy endpoint) and was based on the dose assigned at randomisation (planned treatment), including all data censored for COVID-19-related discontinuations; the sensitivity analysis was based on the actual dose received during maintenance phase (actual treatment) and included on-treatment data. Safety analysis included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04667377) and EudraCT (2020-002479-37). FINDINGS Between March 30, 2021, and Nov 11, 2021, we enrolled 387 participants; 386 (100%) participants were treated (0·6 mg, n=77; 2·4 mg, n=78; 3·6 mg, n=77; 4·8 mg, n=77; placebo n=77) and 233 (60·4%) of 386 completed the 46-week treatment period (187 [61%] of 309 receiving survodutide; 46 [60%] of 77 receiving placebo). When analysed according to planned treatment, mean (95% CI) changes in bodyweight from baseline to week 46 were -6·2% (-8·3 to -4·1; 0·6 mg); -12·5% (-14·5 to -10·5; 2·4 mg); -13·2% (-15·3 to -11·2; 3·6 mg); -14·9% (-16·9 to -13·0; 4·8 mg); -2·8% (-4·9 to -0·7; placebo). Adverse events occurred in 281 (91%) of 309 survodutide recipients and 58 (75%) of 77 placebo recipients; these were primarily gastrointestinal in 232 (75%) of 309 survodutide recipients and 32 (42%) of 77 placebo recipients. INTERPRETATION All tested survodutide doses were tolerated, and dose-dependently reduced bodyweight. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oren Steen
- LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn J Lucas
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Consultants, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | | | - Anna Unseld
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Anita M Hennige
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach an der Riß, Germany.
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Ahmed F, Vranic M, Hetty S, Mathioudaki A, Patsoukaki V, Fanni G, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Increased OCT3 Expression in Adipose Tissue With Aging: Implications for Catecholamine and Lipid Turnover and Insulin Resistance in Women. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad172. [PMID: 37972266 PMCID: PMC10690730 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis is reduced with aging, which may promote adiposity and insulin resistance. Organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), which is inhibited by estradiol (E2), mediates catecholamine transport into adipocytes for degradation, thus decreasing lipolysis. In this study, we investigated the association of OCT3 mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) with aging and markers of insulin resistance in women. METHODS SAT biopsies were obtained from 66 women with (19) or without (47) type 2 diabetes (age 22-76 years, 20.0-40.1 kg/m2). OCT3 mRNA and protein levels were measured for group comparisons and correlation analysis. SAT was incubated with E2 and OCT3 mRNA levels were measured. Associations between OCT3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diabetes-associated traits were assessed. RESULTS OCT3 mRNA and protein levels in SAT increased with aging. SAT from postmenopausal women had higher levels of OCT3 than premenopausal women, and there was a dose-dependent reduction in OCT3 mRNA levels in SAT treated with E2. OCT3 mRNA levels were negatively associated with markers of insulin resistance, and ex vivo lipolysis. OCT3 SNPs were associated with BMI, waist to hip ratio, and circulating lipids (eg, triglycerides). CONCLUSION OCT3 mRNA and protein levels in SAT increased with aging, and mRNA levels were negatively associated with markers of insulin resistance. E2 incubation downregulated OCT3 mRNA levels, which may explain lower OCT3 mRNA in premenopausal vs postmenopausal women. High OCT3 protein levels in adipose tissue may result in increased catecholamine degradation, and this can contribute to the reduction in lipolysis observed in women with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Argyri Mathioudaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vagia Patsoukaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang Z, Wan Q, Xie B, Zhu Z, Xu X, Fu P, Liu R. Integrated network pharmacology and fecal metabolomic analysis of the combinational mechanisms of Shexiang Baoxin Pill against atherosclerosis. Mol Omics 2023; 19:653-667. [PMID: 37357557 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP) has an excellent therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis (AS), but the combinational mechanisms of SBP against AS remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the combinational mechanisms of SBP against AS by comprehensive network pharmacology and fecal metabolomic analysis. Bufonis venenum, one of the adjuvant medicines in SBP, is an animal medicine with a narrow therapeutic window. Considering animal protection, we evaluated the anti-AS effect of SBP without BV (SBP-BV) using ApoE-/- mouse models, culture cells, and metabolomic methods. Our data suggested that SBP showed remarkable anti-atherosclerotic effects through multiple targets and multiple pathways, while each component in SBP played different roles in their synergistic effect. Notably, SBP-BV showed comparable effects with SBP in the treatment of AS. Both SBP and SBP-BV could reduce cholesterol uptake in RAW264.7 cells and prevent the occurrence and development of AS in WD-induced ApoE-/- mice by attenuating the atherosclerotic plaque area, and reducing inflammatory cytokines and cholesterol levels in vivo. Our finding might provide new insights into the research and development of new anti-atherosclerosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qianqian Wan
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Bin Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zifan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xike Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Peng Fu
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Runhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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Sang P, Cai J. Unnatural helical peptidic foldamers as protein segment mimics. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:4843-4877. [PMID: 37401344 PMCID: PMC10389297 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Unnatural helical peptidic foldamers have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique folding behaviours, diverse artificial protein binding mechanisms, and promising applications in chemical, biological, medical, and material fields. Unlike the conventional α-helix consisting of molecular entities of native α-amino acids, unnatural helical peptidic foldamers are generally comprised of well-defined backbone conformers with unique and unnatural structural parameters. Their folded structures usually arise from unnatural amino acids such as N-substituted glycine, N-substituted-β-alanine, β-amino acid, urea, thiourea, α-aminoxy acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, aza-amino acid, aromatic amide, γ-amino acid, as well as sulfono-γ-AA amino acid. They can exhibit intriguing and predictable three-dimensional helical structures, generally featuring superior resistance to proteolytic degradation, enhanced bioavailability, and improved chemodiversity, and are promising in mimicking helical segments of various proteins. Although it is impossible to include every piece of research work, we attempt to highlight the research progress in the past 10 years in exploring unnatural peptidic foldamers as protein helical segment mimics, by giving some representative examples and discussing the current challenges and future perspectives. We expect that this review will help elucidate the principles of structural design and applications of existing unnatural helical peptidic foldamers in protein segment mimicry, thereby attracting more researchers to explore and generate novel unnatural peptidic foldamers with unique structural and functional properties, leading to more unprecedented and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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8
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Morais T, Seabra AL, Patrício BG, Carrageta DF, Guimarães M, Nora M, Oliveira PF, Alves MG, Monteiro MP. Dysglycemia Shapes Visceral Adipose Tissue's Response to GIP, GLP-1 and Glucagon in Individuals with Obesity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050587. [PMID: 37233628 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) metabolic fingerprints differ according to body mass index (BMI) and glycemic status. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon are gut-associated hormones that play an important role in regulating energy and glucose homeostasis, although their metabolic actions in VAT are still poorly characterized. Our aim was to assess whether GLP-1, GIP and glucagon influence the VAT metabolite profile. To achieve this goal, VAT harvested during elective surgical procedures from individuals (N = 19) with different BMIs and glycemic statuses was stimulated with GLP-1, GIP or glucagon, and culture media was analyzed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance. In the VAT of individuals with obesity and prediabetes, GLP-1 shifted its metabolic profile by increasing alanine and lactate production while also decreasing isoleucine consumption, whereas GIP and glucagon decreased lactate and alanine production and increased pyruvate consumption. In summary, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon were shown to distinctively modulate the VAT metabolic profile depending on the subject's BMI and glycemic status. In VAT from patients with obesity and prediabetes, these hormones induced metabolic shifts toward gluconeogenesis suppression and oxidative phosphorylation enhancement, suggesting an overall improvement in AT mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Morais
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre L Seabra
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara G Patrício
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - David F Carrageta
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Imuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Guimarães
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, 4520-220 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Mário Nora
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, 4520-220 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Imuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Jungnik A, Arrubla Martinez J, Plum-Mörschel L, Kapitza C, Lamers D, Thamer C, Schölch C, Desch M, Hennige AM. Phase I studies of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the dual glucagon receptor/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist BI 456906. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1011-1023. [PMID: 36527386 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report two phase I studies of the novel subcutaneous glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/glucagon receptor (GLP-1R/GCGR) dual agonist BI 456906 versus placebo in healthy volunteers and people with overweight/obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A phase Ia study (NCT03175211) investigated single rising doses (SRDs) of BI 456906 in 24 males with a body mass index (BMI) of 20-<30 kg/m2 . A phase Ib study (NCT03591718) investigated multiple rising doses (MRDs) of BI 456906 (escalated over 6 [Part A] or 16 [Part B] weeks) in 125 adults with a BMI of 27-40 kg/m2 . RESULTS In the SRD study (N = 24), mean body weight decreased with increasing BI 456906 dose. In the MRD study, the maximum decreases in placebo-corrected mean body weight were at week 6 (-5.79%, dosage schedule [DS] 1; Part A) and week 16 (-13.8%, DS7; Part B). BI 456906 reduced plasma amino acids and glucagon, indicating target engagement at GCGRs and GLP-1Rs. Drug-related adverse events (AEs) increased with BI 456906 dose. The most frequent drug-related AE with SRDs was decreased appetite (n = 9, 50.0%), and two subjects (8.3%) did not complete the trial because of AEs (nausea and vomiting). During MRD Part A (N = 80), 10 subjects (12.5%) discontinued BI 456906, most commonly because of a cardiac or vascular AE (n = 6, 7.5%); during Part B (N = 45), eight subjects (17.8%) discontinued BI 456906, mainly because of AEs (n = 6, 13.3%), most commonly gastrointestinal disorders. CONCLUSIONS BI 456906 produced a placebo-corrected body weight loss of 13.8% (week 16), highlighting its potential to promote clinically meaningful body weight loss in people with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christoph Kapitza
- Profil Institute for Metabolic Research, Neuss, Germany
- Profil Mainz GmbH & Co. KG, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Claus Thamer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Biberach, Germany
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10
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Huang W, Xie C, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Wu T. The 'early' postprandial glucagon response is related to the rate of gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2023; 161:170941. [PMID: 36623554 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastric emptying (GE) is a major determinant of the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in health and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the effect of GE on the postprandial glucagon response, which is characteristically augmented in T2D, is unknown. This study examined the relationship between plasma glucagon and GE of a standardized mixed meal in individuals with well-controlled T2D. 89 individuals with T2D (HbA1c 6.6 ± 0.1%) consumed a mashed potato meal labeled with 100 µL 13C-octanoic acid between 0 and 5 min. Venous blood was sampled frequently over 4 h for measurements of blood glucose and plasma glucagon. The gastric half-emptying time (T50) was calculated by quantification of 13C in the breath. Blood glucose peaked at t = 90 min after the meal. Plasma glucagon increased to a peak at t = 30 min and then decreased to a nadir at t = 180 min. The T50 was 68.3 ± 1.6 min. The incremental area under the plasma glucagon curve between t = 0-30 min (glucagon iAUC0-30 min) was related inversely to the T50 (r = -0.23, P = 0.029), while the increase in blood glucose at t = 30 min was related directly to the plasma glucagon iAUC0-30 min (r = 0.25, P = 0.018). Accordingly, individuals with relatively faster GE exhibited higher postprandial glucagon and glucose levels (ANOVA: P<0.01 for each). In well-controlled T2D, the early postprandial glucagon response to a mixed meal is related to the rate of GE, and predictive of the initial glycemic response. These observations suggest that a reduction in plasma glucagon may contribute to the effect of dietary and pharmacological strategies which reduce postprandial glycemia in T2D by slowing GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Huang
- Centre for Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Cong Xie
- Centre for Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | | | - Karen L Jones
- Centre for Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Centre for Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Centre for Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Centre for Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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11
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Scheen AJ, Lefèbvre PJ. Glucagon, from past to present: a century of intensive research and controversies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:129-138. [PMID: 36566754 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2022 corresponds to the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon. This TimeCapsule aims to recall the main steps leading to the discovery, characterisation, and clinical importance of the so-called second pancreatic hormone. We describe the early historical findings in basic research (ie, discovery, purification, structure, α-cell origin, radioimmunoassay, glucagon gene [GCG], and glucagon receptor [GLR]), in which three future Nobel Prize laureates were actively involved. Considered as an anti-insulin hormone, glucagon was rapidly used to treat insulin-induced hypoglycaemic coma episodes in people with type 1 diabetes. A key step in the story of glucagon was the discovery of its role and the role of α cells in the physiology and pathophysiology (ie, paracrinopathy) of type 2 diabetes. This concept led to the design of different strategies targeting glucagon, among which GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists were a major breakthrough, and combination of inhibition of glucagon secretion with stimulation of insulin secretion (both in a glucose-dependent manner). Taking advantage of the glucagon-induced increase in energy metabolism, biased coagonists were developed. Besides the GLP-1 receptor, these coagonists also target the glucagon receptor to further promote weight loss. Thus, the 100-year story of glucagon has most probably not come to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Pierre J Lefèbvre
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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12
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Rodgers RL. A reappraisal of the role of cyclic AMP in the physiological action of glucagon. Peptides 2023; 159:170906. [PMID: 36396082 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the metabolic hormone glucagon can be physiological or supraphysiological, based on agonist concentration and the mediating cellular signal. The threshold concentration (TC) for activating the AC/cAMP signal pathway in liver is ≥ 100 pM. By contrast, mean plasma concentrations are around 20-45 pM, depending on the vascular bed. Accordingly, effects produced at TCs below 100 pM are physiological and mediated by cellular signal pathways other than AC/cAMP. Effects generated at concentrations above 100 pM are supraphysiological, often mediated by simultaneous activation of cAMP-independent and -dependent pathways. Physiological responses, and their established or implicated signal pathways, include stimulation of: glucose mobilization, fatty acid oxidation, and urea synthesis in liver (PLC/IP3/Ca2+/CaM); lipolysis in white and brown adipose tissue and oxygen consumption in brown adipose of the rat but not in humans (PLC/IP3/Ca2+/CaM); renal potassium and phosphate excretion in rodents and GFR in humans (signal undetermined); and glucose utilization in rat heart (PI3K/akt). Supraphysiological responses involve the AC/cAMP pathway and include: enhanced stimulation of glucose mobilization and stimulation of urea synthesis in liver; further stimulation of white and brown adipose lipolysis and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue; stimulation of renal Cl- transport; and increased rat heart contractility. The AC/cAMP pathway is likely recruited when plasma glucagon rises above 100 pM during periods of elevated metabolic stress and systemic glucose demand, such as in the early neonate or strenuously exercising adult. The current cAMP-centered model should therefore be reconsidered and replaced with one that places more emphasis on cAMP-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rodgers
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02935, USA.
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13
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Interleukin-33 inhibits glucose uptake in human adipocytes and its expression in adipose tissue is elevated in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cytokine 2023; 161:156080. [PMID: 36368230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is associated with obesity-related inflammation. We aim to investigate IL-33 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects and its effects on human adipocyte glucose uptake. METHODS Expression of IL-33 was analysed in SAT from cohort studies including subjects with and without obesity and T2D and correlated with insulin resistance and obesity markers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tissue fat volumes was performed. We investigated the effects of IL-33 treatment on ex vivo adipocyte glucose uptake. RESULTS T2D subjects had higher IL-33 gene and protein expression in SAT than the control subjects. IL-33 mRNA expression was positively correlated with markers of dysglycemia (e.g. HbA1c), insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA-IR) and adiposity (BMI, visceral adipose tissue volume, liver and pancreas fat %). In multiple linear regression analyses, insulin resistance and T2D status were the strongest predictors of IL-33, independent of BMI. IL-33 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with expression of genes regulating adipocyte glucose uptake, lipid storage, and adipogenesis (e.g.glucose transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT1/4), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), and PPARG). Additionally, incubation of SAT with IL-33 reduced adipocyte glucose uptake and GLUT4 gene and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that T2D subjects have higher IL-33 gene and protein expressionin SATthan control subjects, which is associated with insulin resistance and reduced gene expression of lipid storage and adipogenesis markers. IL-33 may reduce adipocyte glucose uptake. This opens up a potential pharmacological route for reversing insulin resistance in T2D and prediabetes.
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14
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Galsgaard KD, Elmelund E, Johansen CD, Bomholt AB, Kizilkaya HS, Ceutz F, Hunt JE, Kissow H, Winther-Sørensen M, Sørensen CM, Kruse T, Lau JF, Rosenkilde MM, Ørskov C, Christoffersen C, Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Glucagon receptor antagonism impairs and glucagon receptor agonism enhances triglycerides metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101639. [PMID: 36400402 PMCID: PMC9706156 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment with glucagon receptor antagonists (GRAs) reduces blood glucose but causes dyslipidemia and accumulation of fat in the liver. We investigated the acute and chronic effects of glucagon on lipid metabolism in mice. METHODS Chronic effects of glucagon receptor signaling on lipid metabolism were studied using oral lipid tolerance tests (OLTTs) in overnight fasted glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr-/-) mice, and in C57Bl/6JRj mice treated with a glucagon receptor antibody (GCGR Ab) or a long-acting glucagon analogue (GCGA) for eight weeks. Following treatment, liver tissue was harvested for RNA-sequencing and triglyceride measurements. Acute effects were studied in C57Bl/6JRj mice treated with a GRA or GCGA 1 h or immediately before OLTTs, respectively. Direct effects of glucagon on hepatic lipolysis were studied using isolated perfused mouse liver preparations. To investigate potential effects of GCGA and GRA on gastric emptying, paracetamol was, in separate experiments, administered immediately before OLTTs. RESULTS Plasma triglyceride concentrations increased 2-fold in Gcgr-/- mice compared to their wild-type littermates during the OLTT (P = 0.001). Chronic treatment with GCGR Ab increased, whereas GCGA treatment decreased, plasma triglyceride concentrations during OLTTs (P < 0.05). Genes involved in lipid metabolism were upregulated upon GCGR Ab treatment while GCGA treatment had opposite effects. Acute GRA and GCGA treatment, respectively, increased (P = 0.02) and decreased (P = 0.003) plasma triglyceride concentrations during OLTTs. Glucagon stimulated hepatic lipolysis, evident by an increase in free fatty acid concentrations in the effluent from perfused mouse livers. In line with this, GCGR Ab treatment increased, while GCGA treatment decreased, liver triglyceride concentrations. The effects of glucagon appeared independent of changes in gastric emptying of paracetamol. CONCLUSIONS Glucagon receptor signaling regulates triglyceride metabolism, both chronically and acutely, in mice. These data expand glucagon´s biological role and implicate that intact glucagon signaling is important for lipid metabolism. Glucagon agonism may have beneficial effects on hepatic and peripheral triglyceride metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D. Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Elmelund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Johansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna B. Bomholt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hüsün S. Kizilkaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Ceutz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna E. Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kruse
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jesper F. Lau
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J. Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Bispebjerg, Denmark,Corresponding author. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Bispebjerg, Denmark.
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15
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Vasileva A, Marx T, Beaudry JL, Stern JH. Glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue does not regulate lipolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E389-E401. [PMID: 36002172 PMCID: PMC9576180 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological role of glucagon receptor signaling in the liver is well defined, the impact of glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling on white adipose tissue (WAT) continues to be debated. Although numerous studies propose that glucagon stimulates WAT lipolysis, we lack evidence that physiological concentrations of glucagon regulate WAT lipolysis. In turn, we performed studies in both wild-type and WAT Gcgr knockout mice to determine if glucagon regulates lipolysis at WAT in the mouse. We assessed the effects of fasting and acute exogenous glucagon administration in wild-type C57BL/6J and GcgrAdipocyte+/+ versus GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Using an ex vivo lipolysis protocol, we further examined the direct effects of glucagon on physiologically (fasted) and pharmacologically stimulated lipolysis. We found that adipocyte Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced lipolysis or hepatic lipid accumulation in lean or diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Acute glucagon administration did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin, or adiponectin concentration, but did increase serum glucose and FGF21, regardless of genotype. Glucagon did not affect ex vivo lipolysis in explants from either GcgrAdipocyte+/+ or GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced or isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis from WAT explants. Moreover, glucagon receptor signaling at WAT did not affect body weight or glucose homeostasis in lean or DIO mice. Our studies have established that physiological levels of glucagon do not regulate WAT lipolysis, either directly or indirectly. Given that glucagon receptor agonism can improve dyslipidemia and decrease hepatic lipid accumulation, it is critical to understand the tissue-specific effects of glucagon receptor action. Unlike the crucial role of hepatic glucagon receptor signaling in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis, we observed no metabolic consequence of WAT glucagon receptor deletion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has been postulated that glucagon stimulates lipolysis and fatty acid release from white adipose tissue. We observed no metabolic effects of eliminating or activating glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Vasileva
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tyler Marx
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer H Stern
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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16
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Ahmed F, Hetty S, Vranic M, Fanni G, Kullberg J, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. ESR2 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue is related to body fat distribution in women, and knockdown impairs preadipocyte differentiation. Adipocyte 2022; 11:434-447. [PMID: 35856485 PMCID: PMC9387337 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estrogen signaling occurs mainly through estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2). ESR2 expression is higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women. The functional significance of altered ESR2 expression is not fully known. This study investigates the role of ESR2 in adipose tissue lipid and glucose metabolism. METHODS SAT were obtained by needle biopsies from 10 female subjects with T2D and 10 control subjects. Correlation analysis between ESR2 gene expression in SAT and markers of obesity and glucose metabolism. ESR2 knockdown was performed in preadipocytes isolated from SAT of females using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. In vitro differentiated knockdown adipocytes were characterized for differentiation rate, lipid storage, and glucose uptake. RESULTS ESR2 expression in SAT from females was negatively correlated with weight, waist-to-hip ratio, visceral adipose tissue volume, and markers of fatty acid oxidation, and positively correlated with markers related to lipid storage, and glucose transport. In SAT, ESR2 levels were found predominantly in mature adipocytes. In preadipocytes from females, ESR2 knockdown reduced preadipocyte differentiation compared to wild type cultures. This corresponded to reduced expression of markers of differentiation, lipogenesis, and lipolysis. Glucose uptake was reduced in adipocytes in knockdown cultures. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ESR2 deficiency is associated with visceral adiposity and reduced subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage in women. High ESR2 expression, as seen after menopause, could be a contributing factor to SAT expansion. This provides insight into a possible target to promote a healthy obesity phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University
| | - Maria João Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Sang P, Shi Y, Wei L, Cai J. Helical sulfono-γ-AApeptides with predictable functions in protein recognition. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:805-814. [PMID: 35866163 PMCID: PMC9257604 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfono-γ-AApeptides are a subset of possible sequence-specific foldamers that might be considered for the design of biomimetic drug molecular structures. Although they have been studied for a relatively short period of time, a number of structures and functions have been designed or discovered within this class of unnatural peptides. Examples of utilizing these sulfono-γ-AApeptides have demonstrated the potential that sulfono-γ-AApeptides can offer, however, to date, their application in biomedical sciences yet remains unexplored. This review mainly summarizes the helical folding conformations of sulfono-γ-AApeptides and their biological application as helical mimetics in medicinally relevant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and assesses their potential for the mimicry of other α-helices for protein recognition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Ave. Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Ave. Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Lulu Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Ave. Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Ave. Tampa FL 33620 USA
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18
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Rodgers RL. Glucagon, cyclic AMP, and hepatic glucose mobilization: A half‐century of uncertainty. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15263. [PMID: 35569125 PMCID: PMC9107925 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For at least 50 years, the prevailing view has been that the adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A pathway is the predominant signal mediating the hepatic glucose‐mobilizing actions of glucagon. A wealth of evidence, however, supports the alternative, that the operative signal most of the time is the phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol‐phosphate (IP3)/calcium/calmodulin pathway. The evidence can be summarized as follows: (1) The consensus threshold glucagon concentration for activating AC ex vivo is 100 pM, but the statistical hepatic portal plasma glucagon concentration range, measured by RIA, is between 28 and 60 pM; (2) Within that physiological concentration range, glucagon stimulates the PLC/IP3 pathway and robustly increases glucose output without affecting the AC/cAMP pathway; (3) Activation of a latent, amplified AC/cAMP pathway at concentrations below 60 pM is very unlikely; and (4) Activation of the PLC/IP3 pathway at physiological concentrations produces intracellular effects that are similar to those produced by activation of the AC/cAMP pathway at concentrations above 100 pM, including elevated intracellular calcium and altered activities and expressions of key enzymes involved in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen synthesis. Under metabolically stressful conditions, as in the early neonate or exercising adult, plasma glucagon concentrations often exceed 100 pM, recruiting the AC/cAMP pathway and enhancing the activation of PLC/IP3 pathway to boost glucose output, adaptively meeting the elevated systemic glucose demand. Whether the AC/cAMP pathway is consistently activated in starvation or diabetes is not clear. Because the importance of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes is becoming increasingly evident, it is even more urgent now to resolve lingering uncertainties and definitively establish glucagon’s true mechanism of glycemia regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Rodgers
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
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19
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Ahmed F, Kamble PG, Hetty S, Fanni G, Vranic M, Sarsenbayeva A, Kristófi R, Almby K, Svensson MK, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Role of Estrogen and Its Receptors in Adipose Tissue Glucose Metabolism in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1879-e1889. [PMID: 35084504 PMCID: PMC9016422 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Reduced estrogen levels in postmenopausal women predispose them to metabolic side effects, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; however, the cellular mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to study the expression of estrogen receptors in adipose tissue from pre- and postmenopausal women and the effects of estradiol (E2) on glucose uptake of adipocytes. METHODS Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) obtained from pre- and postmenopausal women (19-51 and 46-75 years old, respectively) were used to measure gene expression of ESR1 and ESR2. SAT tissue was incubated with E2, and glucose uptake and estrogen receptor levels were measured. Polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 were addressed in public databases to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with metabolic traits. RESULTS ESR2 expression was lower in pre- vs postmenopausal women, corresponding to lower ESR1:ESR2 gene expression ratio in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, the expression of ESR1 was higher in VAT than in SAT. In both pre- and postmenopausal women, ESR2 expression was lower in VAT than in SAT. In late, but not pre- or early postmenopausal women, E2 reduced glucose uptake and GLUT4 protein and increased expression of ESR2. ESR1 polymorphisms were associated with weight, body fat distribution, and total cholesterol, and ESR2 polymorphisms were associated with total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and with body fat percentage. CONCLUSION E2 inhibits glucose utilization in human adipocytes in late postmenopausal women. Changes in glucose utilization over time since menopause may be explained by a lower ESR1:ESR2 ratio. This can have clinical implications on the timing of estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria K Svensson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Renal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Pereira MJ, Andersson‐Assarsson JC, Jacobson P, Kamble P, Taube M, Sjöholm K, Carlsson LMS, Svensson P. Human adipose tissue gene expression of solute carrier family 19 member 3 ( SLC19A3); relation to obesity and weight-loss. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:21-31. [PMID: 35127120 PMCID: PMC8804923 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue is a specialized endocrine organ that is involved in modulating whole-body energy homeostasis and expresses a specific subset of genes, which may play a role in adipose tissue metabolism. The aim of this study was to search for novel adipose tissue-specific genes using a tissue panel of RNAseq expression profiles. METHODS RNAseq expression profiles from 53 human tissues were downloaded from the GTex database. SLC19A3 expression was analyzed by microarray or real-time PCR in two sets of paired subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue samples, in two studies with adipose tissue from persons with high or low body mass index (BMI), in adipose tissue from patients who underwent weight loss with a very-low caloric diet and during preadipocyte-adipocyte differentiation. RESULTS The RNAseq-based tissue distribution expression screen identified SLC19A3 (encoding the thiamine transporter 2) as adipose tissue-specific. SLC19A3 expression was higher in subcutaneous compared with omental adipose tissue in both sample sets (p = 0.043 and p < 0.001). Preadipocyte differentiation towards adipocytes resulted in increased SLC19A3 gene expression (p = 0.018 or less at all-time points). Subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of SLC19A3 was lower in persons with high BMI in both cohorts (p = 0.008, and p < 0.001) and increased during a weight-loss intervention (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION The specific adipose tissue expression pattern of SLC19A3, together with its regulation in obesity and during weight loss, indicate that it plays a key role in adipocyte metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical SciencesClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Johanna C. Andersson‐Assarsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Peter Jacobson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Prasad Kamble
- Department of Medical SciencesClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Magdalena Taube
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Kajsa Sjöholm
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lena M. S. Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Per‐Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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21
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Del Prato S, Gallwitz B, Holst JJ, Meier JJ. The incretin/glucagon system as a target for pharmacotherapy of obesity. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13372. [PMID: 34713962 PMCID: PMC9286339 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, relapsing disease. Despite multicomponent lifestyle interventions, including pharmacotherapy, maintaining bodyweight loss is challenging for many people. The pathophysiology of obesity is complex, and currently approved pharmacotherapies only target a few of the many pathways involved; thus, single-targeting agents have limited efficacy. Proglucagon-derived peptides, glucagon, and the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), represent attractive targets for managing obesity and metabolic disorders because they may have direct roles in multiple mechanisms including satiety, energy homeostasis, and lipolytic activity. Unimolecular dual and triple agonists targeting glucagon and incretin hormone receptors have been shown to promote bodyweight loss, lower glucose levels, and reduce food intake in animal models of obesity. Multiple dual receptor agonists are in clinical development for the treatment of obesity, including GLP-1/GIP and GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists. The extent to which glucagon contributes to treatment effects remains to be understood, but it may promote bodyweight loss by reducing food intake, while concomitant GLP-1 receptor agonism ensures normal glucose control. Further research is required to fully understand the molecular mechanisms of action and metabolic effects of both dual and triple receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Baptist Gallwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine IVEberhard Karls UniversityTübingenGermany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center MunichUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Juris J. Meier
- Division of Diabetology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef HospitalRuhr UniversityBochumGermany
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22
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23
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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Impact of Incretin-Based Medications on Lipid Metabolism. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:1815178. [PMID: 35005028 PMCID: PMC8731296 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1815178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological pathways that are induced by chronic hyperglycemia negatively impact lipid metabolism. Thus, diabetes is commonly accompanied by varying degrees of dyslipidemia which is itself a major risk factor for further macro- and microvascular diabetes complications such as atherosclerosis and nephropathy. Therefore, normalizing lipid metabolism is an attractive goal for therapy in patients with diabetes. Incretin-based medications are a novel group of antidiabetic agents with potent hypoglycemic effects. While the impact of incretins on glucose metabolism is clear, recent evidence indicates their positive modulatory roles on various aspects of lipid metabolism. Therefore, incretins may offer additional beneficial effects beyond that of glucose normalization. In the current review, how these antidiabetic medications can regulate lipid homeostasis and the possible cellular pathways involved are discussed, incorporating related clinical evidence about incretin effects on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mina Maleki
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, PO Box 15503, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Sánchez JC, Valencia-Vásquez A, García AM. Role of TRPV4 Channel in Human White Adipocytes Metabolic Activity. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:997-1006. [PMID: 34648704 PMCID: PMC8566118 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis plays an essential role in adipocyte metabolism and its alteration is associated with obesity and related disorders. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are an important Ca2+ pathway in adipocytes and their activity is regulated by metabolic mediators such as insulin. In this study, we evaluated the role of TRPV4 channels in metabolic activity and adipokine secretion in human white adipocytes. METHODS Human white adipocytes were freshly cultured and the effects of the activation and inhibition of TRPV4 channels on lipolysis, glucose uptake, lactate production, and leptin and adiponectin secretion were evaluated. RESULTS Under basal and isoproterenol-stimulated conditions, TRPV4 activation by GSK1016709A decreased lipolysis whereas HC067047, an antagonist, increased lipolysis. The activation of TRPV4 resulted in increased glucose uptake and lactate production under both basal conditions and insulin-stimulated conditions; in contrast HC067047 decreased both parameters. Leptin production was increased, and adiponectin production was diminished by TRPV4 activation and its inhibition had the opposite effect. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that TRPV4 channels are metabolic mediators involved in proadipogenic processes and glucose metabolism in adipocyte biology. TRPV4 channels could be a potential pharmacological target to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Sánchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Technological University of Pereira, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Aníbal Valencia-Vásquez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Technological University of Pereira, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Andrés M García
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Technological University of Pereira, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
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25
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Sang P, Zeng H, Lee C, Shi Y, Wang M, Pan C, Wei L, Huang C, Wu M, Shen W, Li X, Cai J. α/Sulfono-γ-AApeptide Hybrid Analogues of Glucagon with Enhanced Stability and Prolonged In Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13893-13901. [PMID: 34506138 PMCID: PMC8903076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs have the advantages of target specificity and good drugability and have become one of the most increasingly important hotspots in new drug research in biomedical sciences. However, peptide drugs generally have low bioavailability and metabolic stability, and therefore, the modification of existing peptide drugs for the purpose of improving stability and retaining activity is of viable importance. It is known that glucagon is an effective therapy for treating severe hypoglycemia, but its short half-life prevents its wide therapeutic use. Herein, we report that combined unnatural residues and long fatty acid conjugation afford potent α/sulfono-γ-AApeptide hybrid analogues of Glucagon with enhanced stability and prolonged in vivo activity. This strategy could be adopted to develop stabilized analogues of other short-acting bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Hongxiang Zeng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Candy Lee
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Cong Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Lulu Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Chenglong Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mingjun Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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26
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Wu T, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhao Y, Long H, Muhindo EM, Liu R, Sui W, Li Q, Zhang M. Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 Ameliorate Hyperglycemia through a Regulating Glucagon-Mediated Signaling Pathway and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8797-8806. [PMID: 34340304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the antidiabetic effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 on glucose metabolism and gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. Our data indicated that the fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by 53.5% after treatment with LRa05 at a dose of 109 CFU·day-1. Meanwhile, LRa05 attenuated insulin resistance, relieved hepatic oxidative stress, and alleviated metabolic lipopolysaccharide-related inflammation in T2DM mice. LRa05 promoted the expression of glucose transporter 2, while it inhibited the expression of glucagon receptor, glucose-6-phosphatase, cellular adenosine-3'-5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in diabetic mice. Meanwhile, LRa05 reshaped gut microbiota, resulting in increased short-chain fatty acid bacteria (Alloprevotella and Bacteroides) and decreased proinflammatory bacteria (Odoribacter and Mucispirillum). Thus, LRa05 may be used as a functional food supplement for modulating the disorder glucose metabolism and gut microbiota in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hairong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | | | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjie Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qian Li
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
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27
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Jasaszwili M, Wojciechowicz T, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. The effects of neuronostatin on proliferation and differentiation of rat primary preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159018. [PMID: 34332074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronostatin is a peptide hormone encoded by the somatostatin gene. Biological effects of neuronostatin are mediated through activation of GPR107. There is evidence indicating that neuronostatin modulates energy homeostasis by suppressing food intake and insulin secretion, while stimulating glucagon secretion. While it was found that neuronostatin receptor is expressed in white adipose tissue, the role of neuronostatin in controlling adipose tissue formation is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of neuronostatin on proliferation and differentiation of rat primary preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. We found that neuronostatin receptor GPR107 is expressed in rat preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Neuronostatin promotes proliferation of preadipocytes via AKT activation. Downregulation of GPR107 mRNA expression and protein production results in an attenuation of neuronostatin-induced stimulation of preadipocyte proliferation. Moreover, neuronostatin reduces intracellular lipid content and the expression of adipogenesis-modulating genes C/ebpα, C/ebpβ, Pparγ, and Fabp4. In summary, these results show that neuronostatin, AKT-dependently, stimulates the proliferation of preadipocytes via GPR107. In contrast, neuronostatin inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariami Jasaszwili
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tatiana Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology & Oncology, Park-Klinik Weissensee, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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28
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Santonicola S, Albrizio S, Ferrante MC, Raffaelina M. Study on bisphenol F, a bisphenol A analogue, at a dairy company: Health hazard and risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112334. [PMID: 34118346 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of analogues of bisphenol A (BPA), including bisphenol F(BPF) in milk is still not well known. BPF may enter the milk chain at the farm and during milk processing at the dairy company. This study identified the main BPF contamination pathways using a monitoring model based on the identification of the hazard at three stages along the dairy chain: raw milk from the storage tank, pasteurized milk from the storage tank, and cardboard packaged milk. Quantitative analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection (HPLC/FD) system. BPF was detected in all analysed stages (from <LOQ to 2.686 μg/L). The structural and toxicological similarity between BPF and BPA suggested considering both bisphenols for a more comprehensive risk evaluation. The daily intake of BPF and of the sum of BPF and BPA, and the worst-case scenario through the consumption of packaged milk were calculated. Exposure levels below the temporary daily intake, fixed for only BPA, were detected in all consumer age classes. Nevertheless, the use of BPA substitutes represents a risk to human health because of their potential synergic effects. The application of a monitoring program at each stage of milk processing at the dairy company may represent a useful strategy to ensure food safety in the milk chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Santonicola
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Stefania Albrizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano, 49,80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Ferrante
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mercogliano Raffaelina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy.
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29
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Glucose Metabolism in Burns-What Happens? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105159. [PMID: 34068151 PMCID: PMC8153015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe burns represent an important challenge for patients and medical teams. They lead to profound metabolic alterations, trigger a systemic inflammatory response, crush the immune defense, impair the function of the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, etc. The metabolism is shifted towards a hypermetabolic state, and this situation might persist for years after the burn, having deleterious consequences for the patient's health. Severely burned patients lack energy substrates and react in order to produce and maintain augmented levels of glucose, which is the fuel "ready to use" by cells. In this paper, we discuss biological substances that induce a hyperglycemic response, concur to insulin resistance, and determine cell disturbance after a severe burn. We also focus on the most effective agents that provide pharmacological modulations of the changes in glucose metabolism.
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30
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Barroso Oquendo M, Siegel-Axel D, Gerst F, Lorza-Gil E, Moller A, Wagner R, Machann J, Fend F, Königsrainer A, Heni M, Häring HU, Ullrich S, Birkenfeld AL. Pancreatic fat cells of humans with type 2 diabetes display reduced adipogenic and lipolytic activity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C1000-C1012. [PMID: 33788629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00595.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, especially visceral fat accumulation, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of T2D on the pancreatic fat depot. Pancreatic fat pads from 17 partial pancreatectomized patients (PPP) were collected, pancreatic preadipocytes isolated, and in vitro differentiated. Patients were grouped using HbA1c into normal glucose tolerant (NGT), prediabetic (PD), and T2D. Transcriptome profiles of preadipocytes and adipocytes were assessed by RNAseq. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by quantifying AKT phosphorylation on Western blots. Lipogenic capacity was assessed with oil red O staining, lipolytic activity via fatty acid release. Secreted factors were measured using ELISA. Comparative transcriptome analysis of preadipocytes and adipocytes indicates defective upregulation of genes governing adipogenesis (NR1H3), lipogenesis (FASN, SCD, ELOVL6, and FADS1), and lipolysis (LIPE) during differentiation of cells from T2D-PPP. In addition, the ratio of leptin/adiponectin mRNA was higher in T2D than in NGT-PPP. Preadipocytes and adipocytes of NGT-PPP were more insulin sensitive than T2D-PPP cells in regard to AKT phosphorylation. Triglyceride accumulation was similar in NGT and T2D adipocytes. Despite a high expression of the receptors NPR1 and NPR2 in NGT and T2D adipocytes, lipolysis was stimulated by ANP 1.74-fold in NGT cells only. This stimulation was further increased by the PDE5 inhibitor dipyridamole (3.09-fold). Dipyridamole and forskolin increased lipolysis receptor independently 1.88-fold and 1.48-fold, respectively, solely in NGT cells. In conclusion, the metabolic status persistently affects differentiation and lipolysis of pancreatic adipocytes. These alterations could aggravate the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Barroso Oquendo
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Siegel-Axel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felicia Gerst
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Estela Lorza-Gil
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Moller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ahmed F, Sarsenbayeva A, Katsogiannos P, Aguer C, Pereira MJ. The effects of bisphenol A and bisphenol S on adipokine expression and glucose metabolism in human adipose tissue. Toxicology 2020; 445:152600. [PMID: 32976960 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The environmental endocrine disruptors, bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. We aim to study the effects of BPA or BPS exposure on adipokine expression in human adipose tissue and on adipocyte glucose uptake. METHODS Human subcutaneous adipose tissue was treated for 24 or 72 h with environmentally-relevant and supraphysiological concentrations of BPA or BPS (1-104 nM). Following exposure, gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and estrogen receptors was measured in adipose tissue. Glucose uptake and the insulin signalling pathway were analyzed in isolated adipocytes following adipose tissue culture with BPA for 24 h. RESULTS Adipose tissue treated with BPA for 24 h had reduced expression of the proinflammatory genes (IL6, IL1B, TNFA) and adipokines (ADIPOQ, FABP4). BPA and BPS had no effect on the expression of other proinflammatory genes (IL33), adipokines (LEP), or receptors (ESR1, ESR2) after 72-h exposure. Adipose tissue treated with environmentally-relevant concentrations of BPA for 24 h had reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, without altered gene and protein levels of key insulin signalling pathway markers. CONCLUSIONS We found that human adipose tissue treated with environmentally-relevant concentrations of BPA for 24 h, but not BPS, reduced expression of proinflammatory genes and adipokines. Furthermore, BPA reduced glucose uptake in adipocytes independently of insulin signalling. Such mechanisms can contribute to the development of insulin resistance associated with BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Institut du Savoir Montfort-recherche, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet hus R3, våning 2, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petros Katsogiannos
- Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet hus R3, våning 2, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Céline Aguer
- Institut du Savoir Montfort-recherche, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada; Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet hus R3, våning 2, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Stemmer K, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Insights into incretin-based therapies for treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:34-53. [PMID: 32485206 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Derangements in triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism (dyslipidemia) are major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in obese and type-2 diabetic (T2D) patients. An emerging class of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and next generation peptide dual-agonists such as GLP-1/glucagon or GLP-1/GIP could provide effective therapeutic options for T2D patients. In addition to their role in glucose and energy homeostasis, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon serve as regulators of lipid metabolism. This review summarizes the current knowledge in GLP-1, glucagon and GIP effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and frames the emerging therapeutic benefits of GLP-1 analogs and GLP-1-based multiagonists as add-on treatment options for diabetes associated dyslipidemia.
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