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Chen K, Zeng C. Negative findings but positive contributions in cardiovascular research. Life Sci 2023:121494. [PMID: 36931498 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have always concluded that results that do not support the hypothesis as unimportant, unworthy, or simply not good enough for publication. However, negative findings are essential for the progress of science and its self-correcting nature. We also believe in the importance and indispensability of negative results. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the factors contributing to the publication bias of negative results and the problems to assess the factuality and validity of negative results. Moreover, we emphasized the importance of reporting negative results in cardiovascular research, including treatments, and suggest that the negative results could clarify previously controversial topics in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and prompt the translation of research on precision cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China.
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2
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Irisin and Bone in Sickness and in Health: A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226863. [PMID: 36431340 PMCID: PMC9699623 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone-like myokine produced by the skeletal muscle in response to exercise. Upon its release into the circulation, it is involved in the browning process and thermogenesis, but recent evidence indicates that this myokine could also regulate the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Most human studies have reported that serum irisin levels decrease with age and in conditions involving bone diseases, including both primary and secondary osteoporosis. However, it should be emphasized that recent findings have called into question the importance of circulating irisin, as well as the validity and reproducibility of current methods of irisin measurement. In this review, we summarize data pertaining to the role of irisin in the bone homeostasis of healthy children and adults, as well as in the context of primary and secondary osteoporosis. Additional research is required to address methodological issues, and functional studies are required to clarify whether muscle and bone damage per se affect circulating levels of irisin or whether the modulation of this myokine is caused by the inherent mechanisms of underlying diseases, such as genetic or inflammatory causes. These investigations would shed further light on the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis and bone disease.
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Nowińska K, Jabłońska K, Ciesielska U, Piotrowska A, Haczkiewicz-Leśniak K, Pawełczyk K, Podhorska-Okołów M, Dzięgiel P. Association of Irisin/FNDC5 with ERRα and PGC-1α Expression in NSCLC. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214204. [PMID: 36430689 PMCID: PMC9694131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth and division of cancer cells are associated with mitochondrial biogenesis or switching to glycolysis. ERRα, PGC-1α and irisin/FNDC5 are some of the proteins that can influence these processes. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of these proteins in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to investigate their association with clinicopathological parameters. Immunohistochemistry reactions were performed on tissue microarrays (860 NSCLC, 140 non-malignant lung tissue). The normal fibroblast cell line (IMR-90) and lung cancer cell lines (NCI-H1703 and NCI-H522) were used as co-cultures. The mRNA levels of FNDC5 and ESRRA (encoding ERRα) were assessed in IMR-90 cells after co-culture with lung cancer cells. We observed a decreased level of ERRα with an increase in tumor size (T), stages of the disease, and lymph node metastases (N). In the adenocarcinoma (AC) subtype, patients with a higher ERRα expression had significantly longer overall survival. A moderate positive correlation was observed between FNDC5 mRNA and ESRRA mRNA in NSCLCs. The expression of FNDC5 mRNA in IMR-90 cells increased after 24 h, and ESRRA gene expression increased after 48 h of co-culture. The ERRα receptor with PGC-1α participates in the control of FNDC5/irisin expression. Normal fibroblasts revealed an upregulation of the FNDC5 and ESRRA genes under the influence of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowińska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Jabłońska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Ciesielska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Konrad Pawełczyk
- Lower Silesian Centre of Oncology, Pulmonology and Haematology, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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Huerta-Delgado AS, Roffe-Vazquez DN, Luna-Ceron E, Gonzalez-Gil AM, Casillas-Fikentscher A, Villarreal-Calderon JR, Enriquez C, de la Peña-Almaguer E, Castillo EC, Silva-Platas C, Garcia-Rivas G, Elizondo-Montemayor L. Association of irisin levels with cardiac magnetic resonance, inflammatory, and biochemical parameters in patients with chronic heart failure versus controls. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 93:62-72. [PMID: 35842196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic heart failure (CHF) represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Metabolic maladaptation has proven to be critical in the progression of this condition. Preclinical studies have shown that irisin, an adipomyokine involved in metabolic regulations, can induce positive cardioprotective effects by improving cardiac remodeling, cardiomyocyte viability, calcium delivery, and reducing inflammatory mediators. However, data on clinical studies identifying the associations between irisin levels and functional imaging parameters are scarce in CHF patients. The objective of this study was to determine the association of irisin levels with cardiac imaging measurements through cardiac magnetic resonance, inflammatory markers, and biochemical parameters in patients with CHF compared with control subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two subjects diagnosed with CHF and thirty-two healthy controls were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Serum irisin levels were significantly lower in patients with CHF than in controls. This is the first study to report a significant positive correlation between irisin levels and cardiac magnetic resonance parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction, fraction shortening, and global radial strain. A negative correlation was demonstrated between irisin levels and brain natriuretic peptide, insulin levels, and Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index. We did not observe significant correlations between irisin levels and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Given the importance of fraction shortening and global radial strain as accurate markers of ventricular wall motion, these results support the hypothesis that irisin may play an essential role in maintaining an adequate myocardial wall architecture, deformation, and thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Huerta-Delgado
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Escuela de Medicina, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Daniel N Roffe-Vazquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Escuela de Medicina, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Eder Luna-Ceron
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Escuela de Medicina, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Adrian M Gonzalez-Gil
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Escuela de Medicina, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Andrea Casillas-Fikentscher
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Escuela de Medicina, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - José R Villarreal-Calderon
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Escuela de Medicina, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Cecilio Enriquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, 66278 San Pedro Garza-Garcia, N.L., Mexico
| | - Erasmo de la Peña-Almaguer
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, 66278 San Pedro Garza-Garcia, N.L., Mexico
| | - Elena C Castillo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, 66278 San Pedro Garza-Garcia, N.L., Mexico
| | - Christian Silva-Platas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, 66278 San Pedro Garza-Garcia, N.L., Mexico
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Rivas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, 66278 San Pedro Garza-Garcia, N.L., Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Cardiovascular Medicine and Metabolomics Research Group, Escuela de Medicina, 66278 San Pedro Garza-Garcia, N.L., Mexico
| | - Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Escuela de Medicina, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Cardiovascular Medicine and Metabolomics Research Group, Escuela de Medicina, 66278 San Pedro Garza-Garcia, N.L., Mexico.
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Abstract
Irisin, a novel hormone like polypeptide, is cleaved and secreted by an unknown protease from a membrane‐spanning protein, FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain‐containing protein 5). The current knowledge on the biological functions of irisin includes browning white adipose tissue, regulating insulin use, and anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Dysfunction of irisin has shown to be involved in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, irisin gene variants are also associated with cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on irisin‐mediated regulatory mechanisms and their roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Fu
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Fangtang Li
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yuanjuan Tang
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury Daping Hospital The Third Military Medical University Chongqing China.,Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing CollegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLA Chengdu China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
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Dos Santos Trombeta JC, Junior RCV, Cavaglieri CR, Bonfante ILP, Prestes J, Tibana RA, Ghayomzadeh M, Souza VC, Seyedalinaghi S, Navalta JW, Voltarelli FA. Combined Physical Training Increases Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Levels, But Not Irisin in People Living with HIV/AIDS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2021; 14:1004-1017. [PMID: 34567363 PMCID: PMC8439702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated plasma levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), irisin, and lactate in people living with HIV/AIDS who completed a combined physical training program. Nineteen HIV+ participants (age: 39.60 ± 10.96 years; carrier time: 7.75 ± 7.88 years; time of ART: 6.41 ± 5.93 years) performed strength/aerobic training (combined physical training) in the same session for 8 weeks and levels of BDNF, irisin, and lactate were assessed. BDNF (pg/mL) was higher post-CPT (Pre: 1258.73 ± 372.30; Post: 1504.17 ± 322.30; p < 0.001). Irisin (ng/mL) showed no change (Pre: 115.61 ± 72.41; Post: 125.87 ± 81.14; p = 0.973). There was positive correlation between irisin and lactate (mmol/L) pre (r = 0.55, p = 0.04), and lactate values were higher in the group with the highest value of irisin (3.65 ± 0.69 × 2.82 ± 0.59, p = 0.02). Combined physical training results in increased basal BDNF in people living with HIV/AIDS, this finding suggests that increased concentration of BDNF may be associated with decreased chances of developing cognitive disorders or HIV-associated dementia. Further studies involving molecular mechanisms on this subject are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Luiz Padilha Bonfante
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Hortolândia campus, Hortolândia, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ramires Alsamir Tibana
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Morteza Ghayomzadeh
- Iranian Research center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vinícius Carolino Souza
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi
- Iranian Research center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - James W Navalta
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Fabrício Azevedo Voltarelli
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MS, Brazil
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Abstract
In recent years, plenty of researches have reported in obese individuals with abnormal brain processes implicated in homeostatic regulation, reward, emotion, memory, attention, and executive function in eating behaviors. Thus, treating obesity cannot remain "brainless." Behavioral and psychological interventions activate the food reward, attention, and motivation system, leading to minimal weight loss and high relapse rates. Pharmacotherapy is an effective weight loss method and regulate brain activity but with concerns about its brain function safety problems. Obesity surgery, the most effective therapy currently available for obesity, shows pronounced effects on brain activity, such as deactivation of reward and attention system, and activation of inhibition control toward food cues. In this review, we present an overview of alterations in the brain after the three common weight loss methods.
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Shirvani H, Arabzadeh E. Metabolic cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training by regulation of PGC-1α. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:17-24. [PMID: 29480414 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An imbalance in the production of adipokines and myokines impairs the energy expenditure, increases adipocyte and develops metabolic pathologies. Physical exercise is able to regulate the secretion of myokines and adipokines. The present study considers the metabolic cross talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training by regulation of PGC-1α. METHODS A sample of 32 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old with mean weight 250 ± 55 g) were divided into four groups randomly: control of base (CO), control of 8 weeks (CO8w), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The rats were fed with standard chow diet. The CO group was killed at the start of the study and the CO8w group was kept alive for the same time as the experimental groups, but did not participate in any exercise. MICT and HIIT groups for 8 weeks were placed under the moderate-intensity continuous training (15-60 min, with speed of 15-30 m/min) and high-intensity interval training (8-4 intense period for 1 min, with speed of 28-55 m/min, with 3-7 slow-intensity period for 1 min, with a speed of 12-30 m/min) for 8 weeks, respectively. To measure the levels of serum irisin, nesfatin, and resistin the ELISA method was used and real-time PCR method was used to evaluate the relative expression of soleus PGC-1α gene mRNA. RESULTS The levels of irisin and nesfatin significantly increased in the HIIT compared with control groups (p = 0.001). Resistin values in both training groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control groups (p = 0.005). The level of PGC-1α gene expression in both HIIT and MICT groups was significantly increased in comparison with the control groups (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION The results showed that HIIT and MICT increase the transcription of the PGC-1α gene and possibly the increased expression of this gene after HIIT and MICT plays a central role in the secretion of skeletal muscle myokines and adipokines of adipose tissue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE No Level of evidence: Animal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Nosrati Alley, Sheikh Bahaei Street, Mollasadra Street, Vanak Square, 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Arabzadeh
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Nosrati Alley, Sheikh Bahaei Street, Mollasadra Street, Vanak Square, 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Esawy MM, Abdel-Samd KM. The diagnostic and prognostic roles of serum irisin in bladder cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2019; 44:100529. [PMID: 32139156 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2019.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egypt is among the countries with the highest incidence of bladder cancer (BC). Adipokines involved in BC development. This study aimed to examine the diagnostic and prognostic roles of irisin in BC through its function as an adipokine. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study included 150 subjects; 75 patients newly diagnosed as BC and 75 apparently healthy subjects. Serum irisin levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum irisin levels exhibited significantly lower levels in BC patients compared to controls (1.07 [0.51-1.96] and 1.8 [0.5-2.44] µg/mL), respectively (P < 0.001). Serum irisin was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.386, P = 0.001) and negatively correlated with serum cholesterol (r = -0.58, P < 0.0001). Irisin had 74.7% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity at a cutoff point of ≤1.2 µg/mL. Serum irisin levels reduction can predict the BC stages, when adjusted for BMI and serum cholesterol level, serum irisin had an adjusted odds ratio of 14 (P = 0.001). Low serum irisin patients had a higher mortality rate when compared to those with high levels (38.2% vs 5%). CONCLUSION BC patients had significantly lower levels of serum irisin. Serum irisin showed acceptable performance criteria in BC diagnosis. It had a limited role in BC grading but showed a decreasing trend in different BC stages. Serum irisin seems to be an excellent diagnostic and prognostic marker for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Esawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
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Expression of Irisin/FNDC5 in Cancer Cells and Stromal Fibroblasts of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101538. [PMID: 31614634 PMCID: PMC6826442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent in vitro studies have indicated that irisin inhibits proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Irisin expression has not been studied in tumour tissues of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients yet. The aim of the study was to determine the irisin expression in NSCLCs in comparison to the clinicopathological factors and expression of TTF-1, p63 and Ki-67. Material and methods: Tissue microarrays with 729 NSCLC and 140 non-malignant lung tissue (NMLT) were used to perform immunohistochemical reactions. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) was used to collect cancer and stromal cells from NSCLCs. FNDC5 expression was tested for LCM samples, 75 NSCLCs and 25 NMLTs with the RT-PCR technique. Western-blot, immunofluorescence reaction and RT-PCR assays were performed on lung cancer cell lines. Results: Irisin expression was observed in NSCLC cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts. In cancer cells, irisin expression was decreased in higher grades (G) of malignancy, tumour size (T) and according to lymph node metastasis. In stromal cells, irisin expression was increased in higher G and advanced T. A shorter overall survival was observed in patients with higher irisin expression in NSCLC stromal cells. Conclusions: Irisin expression in stromal fibroblasts may influence cancer cell proliferation and may be a prognostic factor for survival in NSCLC.
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Farr OM, Mantzoros CS. Old and new tools to study human brain physiology: Current state, future directions and implications for metabolic regulation. Metabolism 2019; 99:iii-viii. [PMID: 31400385 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, United States of America
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Seven A, Yalinbas E, Kucur SK, Kocak E, Isiklar O, Yuksel B, Timur H, Erbakirci M, Keskin N. Comprehensive evaluation of irisin levels in fetomaternal circulation of pregnant women with obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus. Ir J Med Sci 2019; 188:1213-1219. [PMID: 31102072 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-019-02020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate maternal and cord blood irisin levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in obese pregnant women without GDM. METHODS The study included 109 patients, with 34 patients in the GDM group, 40 in the obese non-GDM group, and 35 in the control group. Maternal serum irisin levels at the time of delivery were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The correlation of serum irisin levels with metabolic parameters and anthropometric measurements was analyzed. RESULTS There were significant differences between the study groups in terms of cord arterial, cord venous, and maternal serum irisin levels (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). Cord arterial, cord venous, and maternal serum irisin levels were higher in the obese group compared to the control (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively) and the GDM group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Elevation in irisin levels of women who have pregnancies complicated with obesity may be explained as part of the compensation mechanism against disturbed metabolic functions. Pregnant individuals with GDM have lower serum irisin levels in comparison to healthy pregnant women. In this regard, it is possible that the measurement of serum irisin levels may be utilized in the future for prediction, prevention, and treatment of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Seven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kutahya, Dumlupinar University School of Medicine, Kütahya, Turkey.
| | - Esin Yalinbas
- Department of Pediatrics Kutahya, Dumlupinar University School of Medicine, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Suna Kabil Kucur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kutahya, Dumlupinar University School of Medicine, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Emel Kocak
- Department of Biochemistry Kutahya, Dumlupinar University School of Medicine, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Ozben Isiklar
- Department of Biochemistry Kutahya, Dumlupinar University Kutahya Evliya Celebi Training and Research Hospital, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Beril Yuksel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kutahya, Dumlupinar University School of Medicine, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Timur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ankara, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erbakirci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kutahya, Dumlupinar University School of Medicine, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Nadi Keskin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kutahya, Dumlupinar University School of Medicine, Kütahya, Turkey
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Leardini-Tristao M, Charles AL, Lejay A, Pizzimenti M, Meyer A, Estato V, Tibiriçá E, Andres E, Geny B. Beneficial Effect of Exercise on Cognitive Function during Peripheral Arterial Disease: Potential Involvement of Myokines and Microglial Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype Enhancement. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050653. [PMID: 31083472 PMCID: PMC6571759 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), leading to intermittent claudication, critical ischemia with rest pain, and/or tissue damage, is a public health issue associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the link between PAD, cognitive function, and whether exercise might reduce cognitive dysfunction in PAD patients, as previously observed concerning both quality of life and prognosis. This review highlights the fact that patients suffering from PAD often demonstrate cognitive dysfunction characterized by reduced performance in nonverbal reasoning, reduced verbal fluency, and decreased information processing speed and a greater risk for progression toward dementia. Further, the data presented support that physical exercise, likely through myokine secretion and microglial anti-inflammatory phenotype enhancement, might participate in the cognition protection in common clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leardini-Tristao
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil 4365, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Equipe d'accueil 3072, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Anne Lejay
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Equipe d'accueil 3072, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire, Pôle de Pathologie Cardiaque, Hôpitaux Universitaires, CHRU Strasbourg, 67000 CEDEX, France.
| | - Mégane Pizzimenti
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Equipe d'accueil 3072, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alain Meyer
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Equipe d'accueil 3072, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Service de Physiologie et d'explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg CEDEX, France.
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil 4365, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Tibiriçá
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Ministério da Saúde, Rua das lanjeiras 374, 22240-006, Rio de Janeiro 22240-006, Brazil.
| | - Emmanuel Andres
- Service de Médecine Interne, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, Pôle M.I.R.N.E.D., Hôpitaux Universitaires, CHRU Strasbourg, 67000 CEDEX, France.
| | - Bernard Geny
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Equipe d'accueil 3072, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Service de Physiologie et d'explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg CEDEX, France.
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Lee YJ, Heo Y, Choi JH, Park S, Kim KK, Shin DW, Kang JH. Association of Circulating Irisin Concentrations with Weight Loss after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E660. [PMID: 30813469 PMCID: PMC6406479 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine with potential anti-obesity properties that has been suggested to increase energy expenditure in obese patients. However, there is limited clinical information on the biology of irisin in humans, especially in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. We aimed to assess the association of circulating irisin concentrations with weight loss in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. This was a pilot, single-centre, longitudinal observational study. We recruited 25 morbidly obese subjects who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGBP), and blood samples from 12 patients were taken to measure serum irisin concentrations before, and one and nine months after surgery. Their clinical characteristics were measured for one year. The preoperative serum irisin concentration (mean 1.01 ± 0.23 μg/mL, range 0.73⁻1.49) changed bidirectionally one month after RYGBP. The mean concentration at nine months was 1.11 ± 0.15 μg/mL (range 0.92⁻1.35). Eight patients had elevated irisin levels compared with their preoperative values, but four did not. Elevations of irisin levels nine months, but not one month, after surgery, were associated with lower preoperative levels (p = 0.016) and worse weight reduction rates (p = 0.006 for the percentage excess weight loss and p = 0.032 for changes in body mass index). The preoperative serum irisin concentrations were significantly correlated with the percentage of excess weight loss for one year (R² = 0.612; p = 0.04) in our study. Our results suggest that preoperative circulating irisin concentrations may be at least in part associated with a weight loss effect of bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients. Further large-scale clinical studies are needed to ratify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ji Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Center, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.
| | - Yoonseok Heo
- Department of Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.
| | - Ji-Ho Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Center, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Product Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Kon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Gil Hospital, Gachon School of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea.
| | - Dong Wun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do 10380, Korea.
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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The Diagnostic Value of Irisin in Pediatric Patients with Acute Abdominal Pain. Emerg Med Int 2018; 2018:3296535. [PMID: 30345115 PMCID: PMC6174778 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3296535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Diagnosis of pediatric patients presenting to the Emergency Department with acute abdominal pain is not always easy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of irisin, a peptide hormone with reactivity shown in the appendix and neutrophils, in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients with acute abdominal pain. Methods 162 subjects consenting to participate, including 112 patients presenting to the Pediatric Emergency and Pediatric Surgery clinics with acute abdominal pain and 50 controls, were enrolled in the study. Blood was collected from all patients following initial examination for irisin, WBC, and CRP investigation. Results Mean irisin levels in cases of acute appendicitis (AA) and perforated appendicitis (PA) were statistically significantly higher compared to nonspecific abdominal pains and the control group. No statistically significant difference was observed in irisin levels between AA and PA cases. WBC and CRP levels were also significantly higher in cases of AA and PA compared to nonspecific abdominal pains. Conclusions Differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pains in children and deciding on surgery are a difficult and complex process. Our study shows that irisin can be a useful biomarker in differentiating AA and PA from other acute abdominal pains in children.
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Th17 and Treg lymphocytes in obesity and Type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:77-85. [PMID: 30218707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Assumption that the pathogenesis of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2DM) encompasses inflammation and autoimmune aspects is increasingly recognized. In the state of obesity and T2DM, the imbalance of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are observed. These alterations reflect a loss of T cell homeostasis, which may contribute to tissue and systemic inflammation and immunity in T2DM. In this review we will discuss the accumulating data supporting the concept that Th17/Treg mediated immune responses are present in obesity-related T2DM pathogenesis, and provide evidences that restoration of Th17/Treg imbalance may be a possible therapeutic avenue for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.
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Irisin Maternal Plasma and Cord Blood Levels in Mothers with Spontaneous Preterm and Term Delivery. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:7628957. [PMID: 29997715 PMCID: PMC5994565 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7628957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Irisin, an adipomyokine identified in 2012, has been investigated in association with common pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. The objective of this study is to examine the potential role of irisin in preterm birth (PTB) by comparing its level between mothers with term and preterm labor. Maternal peripheral blood and cord blood samples were collected from 30 mothers who delivered prematurely and from 35 mothers who delivered at term. Irisin concentrations were measured in all samples using ELISA, and four common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the irisin gene were determined (rs16835198, rs726344, rs3480, and rs1746661). Univariable and multivariable regression modeling was applied to evaluate maternal and cord blood irisin concentrations in relation to preterm/term labor. Irisin concentration in umbilical cord blood was found to be associated with PTB in the univariable model (p = 0.046). On the other hand, no differences in maternal blood irisin levels between mothers with preterm and term deliveries were established. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study determining irisin levels in term and preterm deliveries in maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. Our study shows a possible association between cord blood irisin concentration and PTB occurrence.
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Fatima SS, Khalid E, Ladak AA, Ali SA. Colostrum and mature breast milk analysis of serum irisin and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2993-2999. [PMID: 29609490 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1454422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: We aimed to evaluate irisin and SREBP-1c levels in serum, colostrum and mature breast milk in women with and without gestational diabetes (GDM); and to relate them with maternal glucose, lipid profile and weight status of babies. Methods: GDM positive women (n = 33) and normal glucose tolerant women (NGT) (n = 33) were recruited. Maternal blood samples were collected at 28th week of gestation and later at 6-week post-partum while breast milk samples of the lactating mothers were collected within 72 hours of birth (colostrum) and at 6 weeks post-partum (mature milk). Irisin and SREBP-1c levels were analyzed by commercially available ELISA kits for all maternal samples. Results: Lower levels of irisin were seen in serum, colostrum and mature breast milk of GDM females (p < .01). SREBP-1c profile showed a similar trend of low serum levels in GDM, however, they were undetectable in colostrum and mature breast milk. Weak to moderate correlations of serum irisin with BMI (r = 0.439; p < .001), GTT 0 hours (r = 0.403; p = .01), HbA1c (r = -0.312; p = .011), Fasting blood glucose (r = 0.992; p = .008), and baby weight at birth (r = 0.486; p < .001). Colostrum and mature breast milk irisin showed positive associations with baby weight at 6 weeks (r = 0.325; p = .017; r = 0.296; p = .022, respectively). Serum SREBP-1c at 6 weeks correlated with random blood glucose (r = 0.318; p = .009), and HbA1c (r= -0.292; p = .011). All correlations were lost once we adjusted for maternal BMI. Conclusions: Low irisin and SREBP1-c levels may favor development of GDM in pregnant subjects. Further, low mature breast milk levels may act as a continued stressor from fetal to infant life as long as breast-feeding is continued. Further studies are required to identify the mechanistic relationship between these biomarkers and GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Sadia Fatima
- a Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences , Aga Khan University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Erum Khalid
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hamdard University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Adnan Ali
- d Department of Statistics , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
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Salem H, Yatchenko Y, Anosov M, Rosenfeld T, Altarescu G, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Birk R. Maternal and neonatal irisin precursor gene FNDC5 polymorphism is associated with preterm birth. Gene 2018; 649:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lack of Adipocyte-Fndc5/Irisin Expression and Secretion Reduces Thermogenesis and Enhances Adipogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16289. [PMID: 29176631 PMCID: PMC5701255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a browning-stimulating molecule secreted from the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 precursor (FNDC5) by muscle tissue upon exercise stimulation. Despite its beneficial role, there is an unmet and clamorous need to discern many essential aspects of this protein and its mechanism of action not only as a myokine but also as an adipokine. Here we contribute to address this topic by revealing the nature and role of FNDC5/irisin in adipose tissue. First, we show that FNDC5/irisin expression and secretion are induced by adipocyte differentiation and confirm its over-secretion by human obese visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues. Second, we show how secreted factors from human obese VAT and SAT decrease PGC1α, FNDC5 and UCP1 gene expression on differentiating adipocytes; this effect over UCP1 is blunted by blocking irisin in obese secretomes. Finally, by stable gene silencing FNDC5 we reveal that FNDC5-KO adipocytes show reduced UCP1 expression and enhanced adipogenesis.
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21
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De Matteo A, Vajro P. Down Syndrome and Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Causal or Casual Relationship? J Pediatr 2017; 189:11-13. [PMID: 28751123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia De Matteo
- Pediatrics Section Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana" University of Salerno Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Pietro Vajro
- Pediatrics Section Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana" University of Salerno Baronissi, SA, Italy.
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22
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Perakakis N, Triantafyllou GA, Fernández-Real JM, Huh JY, Park KH, Seufert J, Mantzoros CS. Physiology and role of irisin in glucose homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:324-337. [PMID: 28211512 PMCID: PMC5878942 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the 'browning' of white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating irisin, which is cleaved from its precursor fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, were associated with improved glucose homeostasis by reducing insulin resistance. Consequently, several studies attempted to characterize the role of irisin in glucose regulation, but contradictory results have been reported, and even the existence of this hormone has been questioned. In this Review, we present the current knowledge on the physiology of irisin and its role in glucose homeostasis. We describe the mechanisms involved in the synthesis, secretion, circulation and regulation of irisin, and the controversies regarding the measurement of irisin. We also discuss the direct effects of irisin on glucose regulatory mechanisms in different organs, the indirect effects and interactions with other hormones, and the important open questions with regard to irisin in those organs. Finally, we present the results from animal interventional studies and from human clinical studies investigating the association of irisin with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Georgios A Triantafyllou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, University of Girona, Emili Grahit Street, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avinguda de França, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Gyeonggi-do 431070, South Korea
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter Street, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
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Perakakis N, Farr OM, Tuccinardi D, Upadhyay J, Mantzoros CS. Research advances in metabolism 2016. Metabolism 2017; 67:41-53. [PMID: 28081777 PMCID: PMC5871911 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jagriti Upadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
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Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Méndez-Giménez L, Frühbeck G. Crosstalk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:362-381. [PMID: 27040995 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ determining whole-body insulin sensitivity and metabolic homoeostasis. Adaptive changes of skeletal muscle in response to physical activity include adjustments in the production and secretion of muscle-derived bioactive factors, known as myokines, such as myostatin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15, myonectin, follistatin-like 1 or leukaemia inhibitory factor. These myokines not only act locally in the muscle in an autocrine/paracrine manner, but also are released to the bloodstream as endocrine factors to regulate physiological processes in other tissues. Irisin, derived from the cleavage of FNDC5 protein, constitutes a myokine that induces myogenesis and fat browning (switch of white adipocytes to brown fat-like cells) together with a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. Besides being a target for irisin actions, the adipose tissue also constitutes a production site of FNDC5. Interestingly, irisin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots is decreased by long-term exercise training and fasting, suggesting a discordant regulation of FNDC5/irisin in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Accordingly, our group has recently reported that the adipokine leptin differentially regulates FNDC5/irisin expression in skeletal muscle and fat, confirming the crosstalk between both tissues. Moreover, irisin secretion and function are regulated by other myokines, such as follistatin or myostatin, as well as by other adipokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21 and leptin. Taken together, myokines have emerged as novel molecular mediators of fat browning and their activity can be modulated by adipokines, confirming the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to regulate thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - L. Méndez-Giménez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - G. Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
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25
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TRPM8 downregulation by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells is involved in hypertension. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1900-1908. [PMID: 28138709 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced injury of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) serves an important role in hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a thermally‑regulated Ca2+‑permeable channel that is activated by reduced body temperature. Although several recent studies have revealed the regulatory effect of TRPM8 in vascular tone and hypertension, the precise role of TRPM8 in dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by Ang II remains elusive. In the present study, the possible function of TRPM8 in Ang II‑induced VSMCs malfunction in vivo and in vitro was investigated. In the aortae from rats that had undergone a two‑kidney one‑clip operation, which is a widely‑used renovascular hypertension model, the mRNA and protein levels of TRPM8 were reduced. In addition, exogenous Ang II treatment decreased TRPM8 mRNA and protein expression levels in primary cultures of rat VSMCs. TRPM8 activation by menthol, a pharmacological agonist, in VSMCs, significantly attenuated the Ang II‑induced increase in reactive oxygen species and H2O2 production. In addition, TRPM8 activation reduced the Ang II‑induced upregulation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 and NOX4 in VSMCs. Furthermore, TRPM8 activation relieved the Ang II‑induced activation of ras homolog gene family, member A‑rho associated protein kinase 2 and janus kinase 2 signaling pathways in VSMCs. In conclusion, the results presented in the current study indicated that TRPM8 downregulation by Ang II in VSMCs may be involved in hypertension.
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Oh KJ, Lee DS, Kim WK, Han BS, Lee SC, Bae KH. Metabolic Adaptation in Obesity and Type II Diabetes: Myokines, Adipokines and Hepatokines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010008. [PMID: 28025491 PMCID: PMC5297643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes are characterized by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. A high caloric intake combined with a sedentary lifestyle is the leading cause of these conditions. Whole-body insulin resistance and its improvement are the result of the combined actions of each insulin-sensitive organ. Among the fundamental molecular mechanisms by which each organ is able to communicate and engage in cross-talk are cytokines or peptides which stem from secretory organs. Recently, it was reported that several cytokines or peptides are secreted from muscle (myokines), adipose tissue (adipokines) and liver (hepatokines) in response to certain nutrition and/or physical activity conditions. Cytokines exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The present review is focused on the relationship and cross-talk amongst muscle, adipose tissue and the liver as secretory organs in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Da Som Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Baek Soo Han
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Effects of exercise on the circulating concentrations of irisin in healthy adult individuals: A review. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gavrieli A, Mantzoros CS. Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:361-372. [PMID: 27469065 PMCID: PMC5053046 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess energy intake, without a compensatory increase of energy expenditure, leads to obesity. Several molecules are involved in energy homeostasis regulation and new ones are being discovered constantly. Appetite regulating hormones such as ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and amylin or incretins such as the gastric inhibitory polypeptide have been studied extensively while other molecules such as fibroblast growth factor 21, chemerin, irisin, secreted frizzle-related protein-4, total bile acids, and heme oxygenase-1 have been linked to energy homeostasis regulation more recently and the specific role of each one of them has not been fully elucidated. This mini review focuses on the above mentioned molecules and discusses them in relation to their regulation by the macronutrient composition of the diet as well as diet-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gavrieli
- Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: An update. Metabolism 2016; 65:1109-23. [PMID: 27237577 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, progressing from simple steatosis to necroinflammation and fibrosis (leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and in some cases to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance are involved in NAFLD development and progression. NAFLD has been associated with several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension and smoking. NAFLD is also characterized by atherogenic dyslipidemia, postprandial lipemia and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction. Most importantly, NAFLD patients have an increased risk for both liver and CV disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. In this narrative review, the associations between NAFLD, dyslipidemia and vascular disease in NAFLD patients are discussed. NAFLD treatment is also reviewed with a focus on lipid-lowering drugs. Finally, future perspectives in terms of both NAFLD diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics), Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wang C, Wang L, Liu J, Song J, Sun Y, Lin P, Liang K, Liu F, He T, Sun Z, Hou X, Chen L. Irisin modulates the association of interleukin-17A with the presence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2016; 53:459-64. [PMID: 26940815 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is getting increasingly recognized. However, it is unclear whether and how non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is affected by Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and Interleukin-22 (IL-22), two well-known inflammatory factors, and irisin, a novel potential anti-inflammatory factor. Here we recruited 40 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with NPDR, 60 T2DM patients without DR (no-DR), and 20 normal glucose tolerance (NGT) controls. Serum levels of IL-17A, IL-22, and irisin were examined. Compared with NGT and no-DR subjects, NPDR group had significantly higher IL-17A levels. Irisin levels were significantly lower in T2DM patients, while IL-22 levels were not significantly different across all three groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that IL-17A significantly increased the risk of NPDR (OR = 1.22, P < 0.05) before adjusting for irisin. When irisin was included in the model, neither irisin nor IL-17A was associated with NPDR. Further partial correlation analysis showed that irisin was intrinsically correlated with IL-17A even after multiple adjustment (r = -0.252; P = 0.018). These findings suggest that IL-17A is an independent risk factor of NPDR, and irisin could protect against DR through potential anti-IL-17A effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tianyi He
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Li DJ, Fu H, Zhao T, Ni M, Shen FM. Exercise-stimulated FGF23 promotes exercise performance via controlling the excess reactive oxygen species production and enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 2016; 65:747-756. [PMID: 27085781 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical exercise induces many adaptive changes in skeletal muscle and the whole body and improves metabolic characteristics. Fibroblast growth-factor 23 (FGF23) is a unique member of the FGF family that acts as a hormone regulating phosphate metabolism, calcitriol concentration, and kidney functions. The role of FGF23 in exercise and skeletal muscle is largely unknown yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were exercised on a motor treadmill. Mice serum FGF23 levels; FGF23 mRNA expression in various organs including the liver, heart, skeletal muscle tissue, and thyroid; and FGF23 receptor Klotho mRNA expression were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting, respectively, after a single bout of acute exercise (60min), exhaustive exercise, and chronic prolonged exercise (60min every day for one week). C57BL/6J mice were injected with recombinant FGF23 (100mg/kg, twice per day, i.p.) or vehicle control (saline) for 3days, and then the exercise performance, reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2 production, and mitochondrial functional biomarkers in muscle (gene expression of sirtuin 1, PPAR-δ, PGC-1α and mitochondrial transcription factor A [TFAM], and citrate synthase activity) were assayed. RESULTS Three forms of exercise, acute exercise, exhaustive exercise, and chronic exercise, increased serum FGF23 levels. However, only chronic exercise upregulated FGF23 mRNA and protein expression in skeletal muscle. FGF23 mRNA expression in the heart, liver, and thyroid was not affected. FGF23 protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm in skeletal muscle tissue and the localization of FGF23 was not altered by exercise. Exogenous FGF23 treatment significantly extended the time to exhaustion and reduced the exercise-induced ROS and H2O2 production. FGF23 treatment increased the mRNA level of PPAR-δ and citrate synthase activity, but did not influence the mRNA expression of sirtuin 1, PGC-1α, and TFAM in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that exercise-stimulated FGF23 promotes exercise performance via controlling the excess ROS production and enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, which reveals an entirely novel role of FGF23 in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Fu-Ming Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Farr OM, Li CSR, Mantzoros CS. Central nervous system regulation of eating: Insights from human brain imaging. Metabolism 2016; 65:699-713. [PMID: 27085777 PMCID: PMC4834455 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Appetite and body weight regulation are controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) in a rather complicated manner. The human brain plays a central role in integrating internal and external inputs to modulate energy homeostasis. Although homeostatic control by the hypothalamus is currently considered to be primarily responsible for controlling appetite, most of the available evidence derives from experiments in rodents, and the role of this system in regulating appetite in states of hunger/starvation and in the pathogenesis of overeating/obesity remains to be fully elucidated in humans. Further, cognitive and affective processes have been implicated in the dysregulation of eating behavior in humans, but their exact relative contributions as well as the respective underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We briefly review each of these systems here and present the current state of research in an attempt to update clinicians and clinical researchers alike on the status and future directions of obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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Kapilevich LV, Kironenko TA, Zaharova AN, Kotelevtsev YV, Dulin NO, Orlov SN. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: Role of [Na +] i/[K +] i-mediated excitation-transcription coupling. Genes Dis 2015; 2:328-336. [PMID: 27610402 PMCID: PMC5012537 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades numerous research teams demonstrated that skeletal muscles function as an exercise-dependent endocrine organ secreting dozens of myokines. Variety of physiological and pathophysiological implications of skeletal muscle myokines secretion has been described; however, upstream signals and sensing mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. It is well documented that in skeletal muscles intensive exercise triggers dissipation of transmembrane gradient of monovalent cations caused by permanent activation of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. Recently, we demonstrated that sustained elevation of the [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio triggers expression of dozens ubiquitous genes including several canonical myokines, such as interleukin 6 and cyclooxygenase 2, in the presence of intra- and extracellular Ca2+ chelators. These data allowed us to suggest a novel [Na+]i/[K+]i-sensitive, Ca2+i-independent mechanism of excitation-transcription coupling which triggers myokine production. This pathway exists in parallel with canonical signaling mediated by Ca2+i, AMP-activated protein kinase and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). In our mini-review we briefly summarize data supporting this hypothesis as well as unresolved issues aiming to forthcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergei N. Orlov
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Siberian Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Hannah Mathew
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sex-dependent association between circulating irisin levels and insulin resistance in healthy adults. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Joung KE, Park KH, Filippaios A, Dincer F, Christou H, Mantzoros CS. Cord blood irisin levels are positively correlated with birth weight in newborn infants. Metabolism 2015; 64:1507-14. [PMID: 26303870 PMCID: PMC5348079 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin is a novel myokine, secreted from skeletal muscle after exercise. Irisin mediates exercise-related energy expenditure by turning white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). Thus, irisin is considered as a potential biomarker for obesity and metabolic syndrome. Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) have increased risk for metabolic syndrome. However, the physiologic role of irisin in neonates remains to be studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of umbilical cord blood irisin levels with gestational age and birth weight categories in neonates. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 341 newborns, from 26 to 41weeks' gestation. We collected umbilical cord blood and analyzed plasma for irisin by ELISA. RESULTS Plasma irisin levels were positively correlated with gestational age (r=0.21, p<0.001), and birth weight Z-score (r=0.18, p<0.001). SGA infants had significantly lower irisin (median [interquartile range] 55.38 [46.56-65.72]ng/mL) compared to appropriate for gestational age infants (64.41 [53.87-76.76]ng/mL) and large for gestational age infants (68.70 [54.78-79.09]ng/mL, p<0.01). The association between SGA and lower irisin remained significant in multivariate analysis independent of gestational age, maternal age, maternal BMI, and gestational diabetes (p=0.03). In singleton infants, irisin was also significantly negatively associated with maternal preeclampsia (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion that irisin may have a physiologic role in neonates. We speculate that decreased levels of irisin in SGA infants may contribute to the development of catch-up growth and metabolic syndrome later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Eun Joung
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Goryeb Children's Hospital, 100 Madison Ave, Morristown, NJ, 07960, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 300 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kyung-Hee Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 300 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Gyeonggi-do, 431-070, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 300 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Fadime Dincer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 300 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Helen Christou
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 300 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA, 02130, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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38
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Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. An update on the validity of irisin assays and the link between irisin and hepatic metabolism. Metabolism 2015; 64:937-42. [PMID: 26130607 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Brondani LA, Boelter G, Assmann TS, Leitão CB, Canani LH, Crispim D. Irisin-encoding gene (FNDC5) variant is associated with changes in blood pressure and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic women but not in men. Metabolism 2015; 64:952-7. [PMID: 26024756 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irisin has recently been described as a novel myokine, which reduces visceral obesity and improves glucose metabolism in mice. Thus, polymorphisms in the gene encoding irisin, fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), may be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related disorders. However, to date, no study has investigated the association between FNDC5 polymorphisms and susceptibility to T2DM. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of FNDC5 rs3480 (A/G) and rs1746661 (G/T) polymorphisms, alone or in combination, with T2DM and its clinical features. METHODS We analyzed 1006 T2DM patients and 434 nondiabetic subjects. Polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time PCR using TaqMan MGB probes. Haplotypes constructed from the combination of rs1746661 and rs3480 polymorphisms were inferred using the Phase 2.1 program. RESULTS Genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of rs1746661 and rs3480 polymorphisms did not differ significantly between nondiabetic subjects and T2DM patients. Women with T2DM carrying the G allele of rs3480 showed increased HbA1c levels compared with A/A carriers, adjusted for age. The T allele of rs1746661 was associated with increased systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol in women with T2DM, adjusted for covariates. Moreover, prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was higher in women carrying the T allele of rs1746661 than in G/G carriers (72.4% vs. 58.7%, OR=2.010, 95% CI=1.210-3.390), but it was not significantly different in men. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that, although not associated with T2DM, the G allele of rs3480 appears to be associated with increased HbA1c, while the T allele of rs1746661 appears to be associated with higher systolic blood pressure and dyslipidemia in women with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia A Brondani
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Boelter
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Taís S Assmann
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane B Leitão
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luís H Canani
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Rahman S, Amer OE, Al-Attas OS, Alfawaz H, Tripathi G, Sabico S, Chrousos GP, McTernan PG, Piya MK. Habitual physical activity is associated with circulating irisin in healthy controls but not in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:775-81. [PMID: 26011590 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a novel myokine, has been shown to increase following vigorous exercise, with studies suggesting that it mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise. Irisin might play a role in 'browning' of white adipocytes, thus increasing energy expenditure. The role of irisin in exercise and energy expenditure in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating irisin and habitual physical activity in subjects with and without DMT2. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 164 Saudi adults: 81 non-DMT2 controls [age: (mean ± SD) 51.6 ± 10.9; BMI: 29.6 ± 4.3 kg/m(2) ] and 83 DMT2 subjects [age: 54.3 ± 10.3 year; BMI: 29.4 ± 4.7 kg/m(2) ] were studied. Anthropometric and fasting serum biochemical data were collected. Circulating irisin was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Frequency intensity time (FIT) index was used to assess the level of habitual physical activity. RESULTS We observed significantly higher levels of irisin in DMT2 subjects than in controls (P < 0.001). FIT index was positively associated (r = 0.20, P = 0.03) with circulating irisin in controls only. Additionally, irisin levels were significantly higher in tertile 3 (0.75 ± 0.07 μg/mL) than tertile 1 (0.49 ± 0.06 μg/mL) of the FIT index in healthy controls, whilst no such relation with physical activity was observed in DMT2 subjects. CONCLUSION This cross-sectional study has shown a weak association of irisin with physical activity levels in healthy controls but not in DMT2 subjects, suggesting the possibility of discordant regulation in the condition of DMT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama E Amer
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Milan K Piya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Low brown adipose tissue activity in endurance-trained compared with lean sedentary men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1696-702. [PMID: 26189600 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Viitasalo A, Atalay M, Pihlajamäki J, Jääskeläinen J, Korkmaz A, Kaminska D, Lindi V, Lakka TA. The 148 M allele of the PNPLA3 is associated with plasma irisin levels in a population sample of Caucasian children: The PANIC Study. Metabolism 2015; 64:793-6. [PMID: 25676803 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no previous data on the association of PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism (rs738409) with circulating adipokines and myokines in children. SUBJECTS/METHODS Subjects were a population sample of 481 Caucasian children aged 6-8 years. We assessed circulating levels of irisin together with IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, high molecular weight (HMW)-adiponectin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) while the subjects were stratified according to PNPLA3 I148M variants. RESULTS The PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism had a linear relationship with plasma levels of irisin after adjustment for age, sex and body height (p=0.007) but it was not associated with circulating levels of interleukin- 6 (IL-6), tumor-necrosis factor α (TNF-α), leptin or HMW-adiponectin. CONCLUSION PNPLA3 148M allele carriers had higher plasma levels of irisin than the non-carriers. This might be due to compensatory mechanism to limit early steatotic and inflammatory changes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Viitasalo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ayhan Korkmaz
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Samy DM, Ismail CA, Nassra RA. Circulating irisin concentrations in rat models of thyroid dysfunction -- effect of exercise. Metabolism 2015; 64:804-13. [PMID: 25720940 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The speculation that the myokine irisin could regulate whole body energy expenditure led to the anticipation that irisin may have therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases. Regulation of irisin under conditions of metabolic derangements in altered thyroid status, and the changes in irisin response to exercise remain to be investigated. METHODS Serum irisin concentration was measured in sixty male Wistar rats subjected to either sedentary life or 8-week chronic swimming exercise after induction of hyper- or hypothyroidism (10 rats/group). The effect of acute exercise on serum irisin was assessed in 10 additional rats subjected once to forced swimming against a load (5% of body weight) and compared to sedentary rats. RESULTS Serum irisin was significantly higher in both sedentary hyper- and hypothyroid rats (by 45%, p<0.001, and 30%, p<0.001, respectively) versus euthyroid controls. Serum irisin also increased after acute exercise (p<0.001 versus sedentary control). Chronic training episodes failed to significantly alter serum irisin in all thyroid hormone profiles. Serum irisin correlated positively with serum creatine kinase (r=0.45, p<0.001) and with muscle and liver concentrations of malondialdehyde (r=0.50 and r=0.47 respectively, p<0.001 for both), and negatively with muscle and liver content of reduced glutathione (r=-0.34, p=0.003 and r=-0.28, p=0.018 respectively) in pooled groups. However, significance of these associations was waived when analyzing each group separately. Serum irisin was not associated with skeletal muscle mass, insulin resistance, blood glucose, lipids or TSH. CONCLUSIONS Both hyper- and hypothyroidism are associated with up-regulation of serum irisin in male rats, possibly as a response to oxidative damage and/or myopathy observed in both conditions. Acute exercise, which is also associated with oxidative stress, increases serum irisin. No obvious association was detected linking serum irisin to metabolic abnormalities in thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Samy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Cherine A Ismail
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Rasha A Nassra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Kalinkovich A, Livshits G. Sarcopenia--The search for emerging biomarkers. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 22:58-71. [PMID: 25962896 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, dramatically affects the life quality of elder people. In view of increasing life expectancy, sarcopenia renders a heavy burden on the health care system. However, although there is a consensus that sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome, its etiology, underlying mechanisms, and even definition remain poorly delineated, thus, preventing development of a precise treatment strategy. The main aim of our review is to critically analyze potential sarcopenia biomarkers in light of the molecular mechanisms of their involvement in sarcopenia pathogenesis. Normal muscle mass and function maintenance are proposed to be dependent on the dynamic balance between the positive regulators of muscle growth such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), follistatin (FST) and irisin, and negative regulators including TGFβ, myostatin, activins A and B, and growth and differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). We hypothesize that the shift in this balance to muscle growth inhibitors, along with increased expression of the C- terminal agrin fragment (CAF) associated with age-dependent neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dysfunction, as well as skeletal muscle-specific troponin T (sTnT), a key component of contractile machinery, is a main mechanism underlying sarcopenia pathogenesis. Thus, this review proposes and emphasizes that these molecules are the emerging sarcopenia biomarkers.
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Huh JY, Mantzoros CS. Irisin physiology, oxidative stress, and thyroid dysfunction: What next? Metabolism 2015; 64:765-7. [PMID: 25916681 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Wang C, Wang L, Li W, Yan F, Tian M, Wu C, Qi L, Wang X, Song J, Hou X, Chen L. Irisin has no effect on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes or fatty acid metabolism in HepG2 hepatocytes. Endocrine 2015; 49:90-6. [PMID: 25326905 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, a newly identified myokine responsible for browning of white or beige adipocytes, has been reported to be present at reduced levels in diabetic patients and associated with obesity, serum triglyceride (TG) levels, and intrahepatic TG levels. We wondered whether irisin could directly affect fatty acid and TG metabolism in adipocytes and hepatocytes. We examined the effects of various concentrations of irisin on lipolysis (according to Oil Red O staining, free fatty acid release, and glycerol release), protein expression of HSL and ATGL, and mRNA expression of other lipid-related genes (UCP-1, PPARγ, FABP-4, HSL, ATGL, PPARα, and CPT-1) in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as well as mRNA levels of genes involved in the synthesis (SREBP-1C and FAS) and β-oxidation (PPARα and CPT-1) of fatty acids in HepG2 hepatocytes under physiological or hyperglycemic conditions. Our results revealed that although irisin significantly increased the mRNA levels of UCP-1 and PPARα, it failed to show detectable effects on lipolysis, HSL or ATGL protein levels, or the mRNA expression of other lipid-related genes in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In HepG2 hepatocytes, high glucose induced the upregulation of SREBP-1C and FAS and the downregulation of PPARα; however, no significant effect of irisin on gene expression was observed under either physiological or hyperglycemic conditions. We therefore conclude that irisin has no significant direct effect on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes or on fatty acid metabolism in HepG2 hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
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Association between serum irisin levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in health screen examinees. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110680. [PMID: 25343462 PMCID: PMC4208808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a recently found myokine that aids obesity control and improves glucose homeostasis by acting on white adipose tissue cells and increases total energy consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum irisin levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to compare these levels with those of normal controls. Among 595 health screen examinees who had visited our institute between January 2013 to March 2013, 355 patients (84 NAFLD patients and 271 normal controls) were enrolled depending on whether they gave written informed consents and their history of alcohol intake, blood tests, and abdominal ultrasonographic findings. Age; sex; laboratory test parameters; homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; and levels of leptin, adiponectin, and irisin were assessed. Serum irisin levels (ng/ml) were significantly higher in the NAFLD group than in normal controls (63.4±32.6 vs. 43.0±29.7, p<0.001) and higher in the mild fatty liver group than in the moderate-to-severe fatty liver group (68.3±38.2 vs. 56.6±21.2, p<0.001). Additionally, serum irisin levels were not different between the non-obese and obese groups (48.4±34.2 vs. 45.8±22.9, p = 0.492); however, the levels were significantly lowest in normal controls and highest in the mild fatty liver group in the non-obese (44.9±31.7 vs. 73.1±48.5 vs 59.7±18.0, p<0.001) and obese groups (35.0±17.0 vs. 62.9±21.2 vs. 54.6±23.3, p<0.001). Serum irisin levels were significantly higher in NAFLD patients, which is not consistent with the results of previously published studies. Therefore, more studies are needed to confirm the role of irisin in NAFLD.
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Panagiotou G, Mu L, Na B, Mukamal KJ, Mantzoros CS. Circulating irisin, omentin-1, and lipoprotein subparticles in adults at higher cardiovascular risk. Metabolism 2014; 63:1265-71. [PMID: 25060690 PMCID: PMC4175146 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle and fat are now recognized as metabolism-regulating endocrine organs. However, muscle and adipocyte-derived novel cytokines such as irisin and omentin-1 remain understudied in relation to metabolic biomarkers that are associated with cardiovascular risk. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-nine subjects with mean (± SD) BMI of 29.2 ± 5.4 kg/m(2) and either diabetes or two other cardiovascular risk factors were enrolled in a 6-month randomized trial of low-dose ethanol. We examined cross-sectional data at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month visits to assess (1) within-person stability of novel cytokines (irisin, omentin-1, visfatin, resistin, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II) and (2) their associations with metabolic parameters, particularly lipoprotein subparticle profile. RESULTS Repeated measures of irisin and omentin-1 were highly correlated, with intra-class correlations of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.91; P < 0.001) and 0.81 (0.70, 0.89; P < 0.001), respectively. Irisin was negatively correlated with omentin-1 (7.4% irisin decrease per a 1-SD increment in omentin-1; 95% CI: 0.5%, 13.9%; P = 0.04). In models adjusted for age, sex, and race, irisin was negatively associated with HDL cholesterol (7.3% decrease per a 10mg/dL increment; 1.0%, 13.3%; P = 0.02) and large HDL particles (15.5% decrease per a 1-SD or 3.5-μmol/L increment; 5.2%, 24.7%; P=0.005). Omentin-1 was positively associated with mean VLDL size (3.8% increase per a 1-SD increment; 0.06%, 7.8%; P = 0.05). Adjustment for alcohol intervention, BMI, and other cytokines did not materially affect these associations. CONCLUSIONS Irisin and omentin-1 are stable within-person, inversely associated with each other, and closely related to lipoprotein profile. These molecules may be promising markers for cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Panagiotou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lin Mu
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian Na
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
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Yang X, Bi P, Kuang S. Fighting obesity: When muscle meets fat. Adipocyte 2014; 3:280-9. [PMID: 26317052 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.964075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has risen to an unprecedented level. According to World Health Organization, over 500 million adults, equivalent to 10%-14% of the world population, were obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m(2) or greater in 2008.(1) This rising prevalence and earlier onset of obesity is believed to be resulted from an interplay of genetic factors, over-nutrition and physical inactivity in modern lifestyles. Obesity also increases the susceptibility to metabolic syndromes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer.(2-4) The global obesity epidemic has sparked substantial interests in the biology of adipose tissue (fat). In addition, the skeletal muscle and its secretive factors (myokines) have also been shown to play a critical role in controlling body energy balance, adipose homeostasis and inflammation status.(5) Interestingly, skeletal muscle cells share a common developmental origin with brown adipocytes,(6,7) which breaks down lipids to generate heat - thus reducing obesity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the basics and recent progress in muscle-fat crosstalk in the context of body energy metabolism, obesity, and diabetes. We summarize the different types of adipocytes, their developmental origins and implications in body composition. We highlight the role of several novel myokines in regulating fat mass and systemic energy balance, and evaluate the potential of skeletal muscles as a therapeutic target to treat obesity.
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50
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Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Saridakis ZG, Kynigopoulos G, Skouvaklidou EC, Molyvas D, Vasiloglou MF, Apostolou A, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Siopi A, Mougios V, Chatzistavridis P, Panagiotou G, Filippaios A, Delaroudis S, Mantzoros CS. Circulating irisin in healthy, young individuals: day-night rhythm, effects of food intake and exercise, and associations with gender, physical activity, diet, and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3247-55. [PMID: 24915120 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The myokine irisin may increase energy expenditure and affect metabolism. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to elucidate predictors of irisin and study whether circulating irisin may have day-night rhythm in humans. DESIGN This was an observational, cross-sectional study with an additional 24-hour prospective observational arm (day-night rhythm substudy) and two prospective interventional arms (mixed meal substudy and exercise substudy). SETTING The study was conducted at the Hellenic Military School of Medicine (Thessaloniki, Greece). PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS One hundred twenty-two healthy, young individuals were subjected to anthropometric and body composition measurements, and their eating and exercise behavior profiles were assessed with validated questionnaires. Subgroups were subjected to day-night rhythm, standardized meal ingestion, and 30-minute aerobic exercise studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Circulating irisin levels were measured. RESULTS Ιrisin levels were lower in males than females (P = .02) after adjustment for lean body mass, which was its major determinant. Irisin levels followed a day-night rhythm (P < .001) with peak at 9:00 pm. Irisin levels were increased at the end of exercise (84.1 ± 10.0 vs 105.8 ± 14.3 ng/mL; P < .001). Irisin levels were not affected by intake of a standardized meal and were not associated with caloric intake or diet quality. CONCLUSIONS In healthy, young individuals, circulating irisin displays a day-night rhythm, is correlated with lean body mass, and increases acutely after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios D Anastasilakis
- Department of Endocrinology (A.D.A., S.D.), 424 General Military Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; Second Medical Clinic (S.A.P.), Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; Hellenic Military School of Medicine (Z.G.S., G.K., E.C.S., D.M.), 54638 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Nutrition-Dietetics (M.F.V., A.A., T.K.-L.), Alexander Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; School of Physical Education and Sports Science (A.S., V.M.) and Medical School (P.C.), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (G.P., A.F., C.S.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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