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Bilgin AG, Ekici B, Ozuynuk-Ertugrul AS, Erkan AF, Coban N. The minor allele of ANGPTL8 rs2278426 has a protective effect against CAD in T2DM patients. Gene 2024; 914:148418. [PMID: 38552749 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide despite advanced treatment and diagnosis strategies. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) mainly functions in the lipid mechanism, which is a dysregulated mechanism during CAD pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to determine the associations between an ANGPTL8 polymorphism rs2278426 and the severity, presence, and risk factors of CAD. METHODS A total of 1367 unrelated Turkish individuals who underwent coronary angiography were recruited for the study and grouped as CAD (n = 736, ≥50 stenosis) and non-CAD (n = 549, ≤30 stenosis). Also, subjects were further divided into groups regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) status. Subjects were genotyped for rs2278426 (C/T) by quantitative real-time PCR. Secondary structure analyses of protein interactions were revealed using I-TASSER and PyMOL. RESULTS Among CAD patients, T allele carriage frequency was lower in the T2DM group (p = 0.046). Moreover, in male non-CAD group, T allele carriage was more prevalent among T2DM patients than non-T2DM (p = 0.033). In logistic regression analysis adjusted for obesity, T allele carrier males had an increased risk for T2DM in non-CAD group (OR = 2.244, 95 % CI: 1.057-4.761, p = 0.035). Also, in T2DM group, stenosis (p = 0.002) and SYNTAX score (p = 0.040) were lower in T allele carrier males than in non-carriers. Analyzes of secondary structure showed that ANGPTL8 could not directly form complexes with ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL4. CONCLUSION In conclusion, T allele carriage of ANGPTL8 rs2278426 has a protective effect on CAD in T2DM patients. Further research should be conducted to explore the association between ANGPTL8 polymorphism (rs2778426) and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Gizem Bilgin
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ekici
- Department of Cardiology, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aybike Sena Ozuynuk-Ertugrul
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aycan Fahri Erkan
- Department of Cardiology, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Coban
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Yang Y, Konrad RJ, Ploug M, Young SG. APOA5 deficiency causes hypertriglyceridemia by reducing amounts of lipoprotein lipase in capillaries. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100578. [PMID: 38880127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein AV (APOA5) deficiency causes hypertriglyceridemia in mice and humans. For years, the cause remained a mystery, but the mechanisms have now come into focus. Here, we review progress in defining APOA5's function in plasma triglyceride metabolism. Biochemical studies revealed that APOA5 binds to the angiopoietin-like protein 3/8 complex (ANGPTL3/8) and suppresses its ability to inhibit the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Thus, APOA5 deficiency is accompanied by increased ANGPTL3/8 activity and lower levels of LPL activity. APOA5 deficiency also reduces amounts of LPL in capillaries of oxidative tissues (e.g., heart, brown adipose tissue). Cell culture experiments revealed the likely explanation: ANGPTL3/8 detaches LPL from its binding sites on the surface of cells, and that effect is blocked by APOA5. Both the low intracapillary LPL levels and the high plasma triglyceride levels in Apoa5-/- mice are normalized by recombinant APOA5. Carboxyl-terminal sequences in APOA5 are crucial for its function; a mutant APOA5 lacking 40-carboxyl-terminal residues cannot bind to ANGPTL3/8 and lacks the ability to change intracapillary LPL levels or plasma triglyceride levels in Apoa5-/- mice. Also, an antibody against the last 26 amino acids of APOA5 reduces intracapillary LPL levels and increases plasma triglyceride levels in wild-type mice. An inhibitory ANGPTL3/8-specific antibody functions as an APOA5-mimetic reagent, increasing intracapillary LPL levels and lowering plasma triglyceride levels in both Apoa5-/- and wild-type mice. That antibody is a potentially attractive strategy for treating elevated plasma lipid levels in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Zhang R, Zhang K. A unified model for regulating lipoprotein lipase activity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:490-504. [PMID: 38521668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of triglyceride (TG) tissue distribution, storage, and utilization, a fundamental process of energy homeostasis, critically depends on lipoprotein lipase (LPL). We review the intricate mechanisms by which LPL activity is regulated by angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL3, 4, 8), apolipoproteins (APOA5, APOC3, APOC2), and the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH). ANGPTL8 functions as a molecular switch, through complex formation, activating ANGPTL3 while deactivating ANGPTL4 in their LPL inhibition. The ANGPTL3-4-8 model integrates the roles of the aforementioned proteins in TG partitioning between white adipose tissue (WAT) and oxidative tissues (heart and skeletal muscles) during the feed/fast cycle. This model offers a unified perspective on LPL regulation, providing insights into TG metabolism, metabolic diseases, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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4
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Gao WY, Chen PY, Hsu HJ, Liou JW, Wu CL, Wu MJ, Yen JH. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone, regulates lipid metabolism by modulating the LXRα/RXR-ANGPTL3-LPL axis in hepatic cell lines and high-fat diet-fed zebrafish models. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116598. [PMID: 38615609 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) acts as an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), impeding the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) in circulation. Targeting ANGPTL3 is considered a novel strategy for improving dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) contain several bioactive prenylflavonoids, including xanthohumol (Xan), isoxanthohumol (Isoxan), 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN), and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), with the potential to manage lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of Xan, the effective prenylated chalcone in attenuating ANGPTL3 transcriptional activity, both in vitro using hepatic cells and in vivo using zebrafish models, along with exploring the underlying mechanisms. Xan (10 and 20 μM) significantly reduced ANGPTL3 mRNA and protein expression in HepG2 and Huh7 cells, leading to a marked decrease in secreted ANGPTL3 proteins via hepatic cells. In animal studies, orally administered Xan significantly alleviated plasma triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels in zebrafish fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, it reduced hepatic ANGPTL3 protein levels and increased LPL activity in zebrafish models, indicating its potential to modulate lipid profiles in circulation. Furthermore, molecular docking results predicted that Xan exhibits a higher binding affinity to interact with liver X receptor α (LXRα) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) than their respective agonists, T0901317 and 9-Cis-retinoic acid (9-Cis-RA). We observed that Xan suppressed hepatic ANGPTL3 expression by antagonizing the LXRα/RXR-mediated transcription. These findings suggest that Xan ameliorates dyslipidemia by modulating the LXRα/RXR-ANGPTL3-LPL axis. Xan represents a novel potential inhibitor of ANGPTL3 for the prevention or treatment of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yun Gao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Genetic Counseling Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970374, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Genetic Counseling Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717301, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan.
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Luo F, Das A, Khetarpal SA, Fang Z, Zelniker TA, Rosenson RS, Qamar A. ANGPTL3 inhibition, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2024; 34:215-222. [PMID: 36746257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimal management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a central tenet in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, significant residual cardiovascular risk remains despite achieving guideline-directed LDL-C levels, in part due to mixed hyperlipidemia with elevated fasting and non-fasting triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels. Advances in human genetics have identified angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) as a promising therapeutic target to lower cardiovascular risk. Evidence accrued from genetic epidemiological studies demonstrate that ANGPTL3 loss of function is strongly associated with lowering of circulating LDL-C, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and concurrent risk reduction in development of coronary artery disease. Pharmacological inhibition of ANGPTL3 with monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides and gene editing are in development with early studies showing their safety and efficacy in lowering in both, LDL-C and TGs, circumventing a key limitation of previous therapies. Monoclonal antibodies targeting ANGPTL3 are approved for clinical use in homozygous familial hypercholesteremia in USA and Europe. Although promising, future studies focusing on long-term beneficial effect in reducing cardiovascular events with inhibition of ANGPTL3 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Avash Das
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- Division of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhenfei Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Thomas A Zelniker
- Division of Cardiology, Vienna General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Metabolism and Lipids Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arman Qamar
- Section of Interventional Cardiology & Vascular Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL, United States.
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6
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Wen Y, Chen YQ, Konrad RJ. Angiopoietin-like protein 8: a multifaceted protein instrumental in regulating triglyceride metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:58-65. [PMID: 37962908 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 are critical lipoprotein lipase (LPL) inhibitors. This review discusses the unique ability of the insulin-responsive protein ANGPTL8 to regulate triglyceride (TG) metabolism by forming ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 complexes that control tissue-specific LPL activities. RECENT FINDINGS After feeding, ANGPTL4/8 acts locally in adipose tissue, has decreased LPL-inhibitory activity compared to ANGPTL4, and binds tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen to generate plasmin, which cleaves ANGPTL4/8 and other LPL inhibitors. This enables LPL to be fully active postprandially to promote efficient fatty acid (FA) uptake and minimize ectopic fat deposition. In contrast, liver-derived ANGPTL3/8 acts in an endocrine manner, has markedly increased LPL-inhibitory activity compared to ANGPTL3, and potently inhibits LPL in oxidative tissues to direct TG toward adipose tissue for storage. Circulating ANGPTL3/8 levels are strongly correlated with serum TG, and the ANGPTL3/8 LPL-inhibitory epitope is blocked by the TG-lowering protein apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5). SUMMARY ANGPTL8 plays a crucial role in TG metabolism by forming ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 complexes that differentially modulate LPL activities in oxidative and adipose tissues respectively. Selective ANGPTL8 inhibition in the context of the ANGPTL3/8 complex has the potential to be a promising strategy for treating dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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7
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Ghosh A, Leung YH, Yu J, Sladek R, Chénier I, Oppong AK, Peyot ML, Madiraju SRM, Al-Khairi I, Thanaraj TA, Abubaker J, Al-Mulla F, Prentki M, Abu-Farha M. Silencing ANGPTL8 reduces mouse preadipocyte differentiation and insulin signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159461. [PMID: 38272177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
ANGPTL8, expressed mainly in the liver and adipose tissue, regulates the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) present in the extracellular space and triglyceride (TG) metabolism through its interaction with ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4. Whether intracellular ANGPTL8 can also exert effects in tissues where it is expressed is uncertain. ANGPTL8 expression was low in preadipocytes and much increased during differentiation. To better understand the role of intracellular ANGPTL8 in adipocytes and assess whether it may play a role in adipocyte differentiation, we knocked down its expression in normal mouse subcutaneous preadipocytes. ANGPTL8 knockdown reduced adipocyte differentiation, cellular TG accumulation and also isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis at day 7 of differentiation. RNA-Seq analysis of ANGPTL8 siRNA or control siRNA transfected SC preadipocytes on days 0, 2, 4 and 7 of differentiation showed that ANGPTL8 knockdown impeded the early (day 2) expression of adipogenic and insulin signaling genes, PPARγ, as well as genes related to extracellular matrix and NF-κB signaling. Insulin mediated Akt phosphorylation was reduced at an early stage during adipocyte differentiation. This study based on normal primary cells shows that ANGPTL8 has intracellular actions in addition to effects in the extracellular space, like modulating LPL activity. Preadipocyte ANGPTL8 expression modulates their differentiation possibly via changes in insulin signaling gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Ghosh
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yat Hei Leung
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Yu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Sladek
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chénier
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Abel K Oppong
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Line Peyot
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
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8
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Perera SD, Hegele RA. Genetic variation in apolipoprotein A-V in hypertriglyceridemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:66-77. [PMID: 38117614 PMCID: PMC10919278 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While biallelic rare APOA5 pathogenic loss-of-function (LOF) variants cause familial chylomicronemia syndrome, heterozygosity for such variants is associated with highly variable triglyceride phenotypes ranging from normal to severe hypertriglyceridemia, often in the same individual at different time points. Here we provide an updated overview of rare APOA5 variants in hypertriglyceridemia. RECENT FINDINGS Currently, most variants in APOA5 that are considered to be pathogenic according to guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics are those resulting in premature termination codons. There are minimal high quality functional data on the impact of most rare APOA5 missense variants; many are considered as variants of unknown or uncertain significance. Furthermore, particular common polymorphisms of APOA5 , such as p.Ser19Trp and p.Gly185Cys in Caucasian and Asian populations, respectively, are statistically overrepresented in hypertriglyceridemia cohorts and are sometimes misattributed as being causal for chylomicronemia, when they are merely risk alleles for hypertriglyceridemia. SUMMARY Both biallelic and monoallelic LOF variants in APOA5 are associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia, although the biochemical phenotype in the monoallelic state is highly variable and is often exacerbated by secondary factors. Currently, with few exceptions, the principal definitive mechanism for APOA5 pathogenicity is through premature truncation. The pathogenic mechanisms of most missense variants in APOA5 remain unclear and require additional functional experiments or family studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehan D Perera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, Canada
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Meng M, Cao Y, Qiu J, Shan G, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Guo M, Yu J, Ma Y, Xie C, Hu C, Xu L, Mueller E, Ma X. Zinc finger protein ZNF638 regulates triglyceride metabolism via ANGPTL8 in an estrogen dependent manner. Metabolism 2024; 152:155784. [PMID: 38211696 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Triglyceride (TG) levels are closely related to obesity, fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases, while the regulatory factors and mechanism for triglyceride homeostasis are still largely unknown. Zinc Finger Protein 638 (ZNF638) is a newly discovered member of zinc finger protein family for adipocyte function in vitro. The aim of the present work was to investigate the role of ZNF638 in regulating triglyceride metabolism in mice. METHODS We generated ZNF638 adipose tissue specific knockout mice (ZNF638 FKO) by cross-breeding ZNF638 flox to Adiponectin-Cre mice and achieved adipose tissue ZNF638 overexpression via adenoviral mediated ZNF638 delivery in inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) to examined the role and mechanisms of ZNF638 in fat biology and whole-body TG homeostasis. RESULTS Although ZNF638 FKO mice showed similar body weights, body composition, glucose metabolism and serum parameters compared to wild-type mice under chow diet, serum TG levels in ZNF638 FKO mice were increased dramatically after refeeding compared to wild-type mice, accompanied with decreased endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and increased lipid absorption of the small intestine. Conversely, ZNF638 overexpression in iWAT reduced serum TG levels while enhanced LPL activity after refeeding in female C57BL/6J mice and obese ob/ob mice. Specifically, only female mice exhibited altered TG metabolism upon ZNF638 expression changes in fat. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the TG regulator angiopoietin-like protein 8 (Angptl8) was highly expressed in iWAT of female ZNF638 FKO mice. Neutralizing circulating ANGPTL8 in female ZNF638 FKO mice abolished refeeding-induced TG elevation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ZNF638 functions as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting HDAC1 for histone deacetylation and broad lipid metabolic gene suppression, including Angptl8 transcription inhibition. Moreover, we showed that the sexual dimorphism is possibly due to estrogen dependent regulation on ZNF638-ANGPTL8 axis. CONCLUSION We revealed a role of ZNF638 in the regulation of triglyceride metabolism by affecting Angptl8 transcriptional level in adipose tissue with sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyao Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yuxiang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangyu Shan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingwen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingwei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Yuandi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Elisabetta Mueller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department of Medicine New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China.
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10
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Prater MC, Scheurell AR, Paton CM, Cooper JA. Eight weeks of daily cottonseed oil intake attenuates postprandial angiopoietin-like proteins 3 and 4 responses compared to olive oil in adults with hypercholesterolemia: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Res 2024; 123:88-100. [PMID: 38295507 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) -3, -4, and -8 are regulators of lipid metabolism and have been shown to respond to changes in dietary fats. It is unknown how ANGPTLs respond to cottonseed oil (CSO) and olive oil (OO) consumption in a population with hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CSO vs. OO consumption on fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses in adults with hypercholesterolemia. We hypothesized that CSO would have lower fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses compared with OO. Forty-two adults with high cholesterol completed a single-blind, randomized trial comparing CSO (n = 21) vs. OO (n = 21) diet enrichment. An 8-week partial outpatient feeding intervention provided ∼60% of the volunteers' total energy expenditure (∼30% of total energy expenditure as CSO or OO). The remaining 40% was not controlled. Fasting blood draws were taken at pre-, mid-, and postintervention visits. Volunteers consumed a high saturated fat meal followed by 5 hours of blood draws pre- and postvisits. Fasting ANGPTL3 had a marginally significant treatment by visit interaction (P = .06) showing an increase from pre- to postintervention in CSO vs. OO (CSO: 385.1 ± 27.7 to 440.3 ± 33.9 ng/mL; OO: 468.2 ± 38.3 to 449.2 ± 49.5 ng/mL). Both postprandial ANGPTL3 (P = .02) and ANGPTL4 (P < .01) had treatment by visit interactions suggesting increases from pre- to postintervention in OO vs. CSO with no differences between groups in ANGPTL8. These data show a worsening (increase) of postprandial ANGPTLs after the OO, but not CSO, intervention. This aligns with previously reported data in which postprandial triglycerides were protected from increases compared with OO. ANGPTLs may mediate protective effects of CSO consumption on lipid control. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04397055).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catherine Prater
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alex R Scheurell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chad M Paton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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11
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Sylvers-Davie KL, Bierstedt KC, Schnieders MJ, Davies BSJ. Endothelial lipase variant T111I does not alter inhibition by angiopoietin-like proteins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4246. [PMID: 38379026 PMCID: PMC10879187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
High levels of HDL-C are correlated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. HDL-C levels are modulated in part by the secreted phospholipase, endothelial lipase (EL), which hydrolyzes the phospholipids of HDL and decreases circulating HDL-C concentrations. A 584C/T polymorphism in LIPG, the gene which encodes EL, was first identified in individuals with increased HDL levels. This polymorphism results in a T111I point mutation the EL protein. The association between this variant, HDL levels, and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans has been extensively studied, but the findings have been inconsistent. In this study, we took a biochemical approach, investigating how the T111I variant affected EL activity, structure, and stability. Moreover, we tested whether the T111I variant altered the inhibition of phospholipase activity by angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), two known EL inhibitors. We found that neither the stability nor enzymatic activity of EL was altered by the T111I variant. Moreover, we found no difference between wild-type and T111I EL in their ability to be inhibited by ANGPTL proteins. These data suggest that any effect this variant may have on HDL-C levels or cardiovascular disease are not mediated through alterations in these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Sylvers-Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kaleb C Bierstedt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Schnieders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd., PBDB 3326, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA.
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12
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Hoffmann WG, Chen YQ, Schwartz CS, Barber JL, Dev PK, Reasons RJ, Miranda Maravi JS, Armstrong B, Gerszten RE, Silbernagel G, Konrad RJ, Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA. Effects of exercise training on ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 and their associations with cardiometabolic traits. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100495. [PMID: 38160757 PMCID: PMC10832466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) complexes 3/8 and 4/8 are established inhibitors of LPL and novel therapeutic targets for dyslipidemia. However, the effects of regular exercise on ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 are unknown. We characterized ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 and their relationship with in vivo measurements of lipase activities and cardiometabolic traits before and after a 5-month endurance exercise training intervention in 642 adults from the HERITAGE (HEalth, RIsk factors, exercise Training And GEnetics) Family Study. At baseline, higher levels of both ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 were associated with a worse lipid, lipoprotein, and cardiometabolic profile, with only ANGPTL3/8 associated with postheparin LPL and HL activities. ANGPTL3/8 significantly decreased with exercise training, which corresponded with increases in LPL activity and decreases in HL activity, plasma triglycerides, apoB, visceral fat, and fasting insulin (all P < 5.1 × 10-4). Exercise-induced changes in ANGPTL4/8 were directly correlated to concomitant changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, apoB, and HDL-triglycerides and inversely related to change in insulin sensitivity index (all P < 7.0 × 10-4). In conclusion, exercise-induced decreases in ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 were related to concomitant improvements in lipase activity, lipid profile, and cardiometabolic risk factors. These findings reveal the ANGPTL3-4-8 model as a potential molecular mechanism contributing to adaptations in lipid metabolism in response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Charles S Schwartz
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jacob L Barber
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prasun K Dev
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Riley J Reasons
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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13
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Wheless A, Gunn KH, Neher SB. Macromolecular Interactions of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL). Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:139-179. [PMID: 38963487 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a critical enzyme in humans that provides fuel to peripheral tissues. LPL hydrolyzes triglycerides from the cores of lipoproteins that are circulating in plasma and interacts with receptors to mediate lipoprotein uptake, thus directing lipid distribution via catalytic and non-catalytic functions. Functional losses in LPL or any of its myriad of regulators alter lipid homeostasis and potentially affect the risk of developing cardiovascular disease-either increasing or decreasing the risk depending on the mutated protein. The extensive LPL regulatory network tunes LPL activity to allocate fatty acids according to the energetic needs of the organism and thus is nutritionally responsive and tissue dependent. Multiple pharmaceuticals in development manipulate or mimic these regulators, demonstrating their translational importance. Another facet of LPL biology is that the oligomeric state of the enzyme is also central to its regulation. Recent structural studies have solidified the idea that LPL is regulated not only by interactions with other binding partners but also by self-associations. Here, we review the complexities of the protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that govern LPL structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wheless
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn H Gunn
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Saskia B Neher
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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14
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Jiang S, Ren Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Zhou S, Xiao Y. The GPIHBP1-LPL complex and its role in plasma triglyceride metabolism: Insights into chylomicronemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115874. [PMID: 37951027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1 is a protein found in the endothelial cells of capillaries that is anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol and binds to high-density lipoproteins. GPIHBP1 attaches to lipoprotein lipase (LPL), subsequently carrying the enzyme and anchoring it to the capillary lumen. Enabling lipid metabolism is essential for the marginalization of lipoproteins alongside capillaries. Studies underscore the significance of GPIHBP1 in transporting, stabilizing, and aiding in the marginalization of LPL. The intricate interplay between GPIHBP1 and LPL has provided novel insights into chylomicronemia in recent years. Mutations hindering the formation or reducing the efficiency of the GPIHBP1-LPL complex are central to the onset of chylomicronemia. This review delves into the structural nuances of the GPIHBP1-LPL interaction, the consequences of mutations in the complex leading to chylomicronemia, and cutting-edge advancements in chylomicronemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Zhuoqun Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Yichao Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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15
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Nagai TH, Hartigan C, Mizoguchi T, Yu H, Deik A, Bullock K, Wang Y, Cromley D, Schenone M, Cowan CA, Rader DJ, Clish CB, Carr SA, Xu YX. Chromatin regulator SMARCAL1 modulates cellular lipid metabolism. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1298. [PMID: 38129665 PMCID: PMC10739977 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations of the chromatin regulator SMARCAL1 cause Schimke Immunoosseous Dysplasia (SIOD), characterized by severe growth defects and premature mortality. Atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia are common among SIOD patients, yet their onset and progression are poorly understood. Using an integrative approach involving proteomics, mouse models, and population genetics, we investigated SMARCAL1's role. We found that SmarcAL1 interacts with angiopoietin-like 3 (Angptl3), a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrate SmarcAL1's vital role in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis. The observed translocation of SmarcAL1 to cytoplasmic peroxisomes suggests a potential regulatory role in lipid metabolism through gene expression. SmarcAL1 gene inactivation reduces the expression of key genes in cellular lipid catabolism. Population genetics investigations highlight significant associations between SMARCAL1 genetic variations and body mass index, along with lipid-related traits. This study underscores SMARCAL1's pivotal role in cellular lipid metabolism, likely contributing to the observed lipid phenotypes in SIOD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hanta Nagai
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | | | - Taiji Mizoguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Haojie Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Bullock
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Debra Cromley
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Monica Schenone
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yu-Xin Xu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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16
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Yang Y, Beigneux AP, Song W, Nguyen LP, Jung H, Tu Y, Weston TA, Tran CM, Xie K, Yu RG, Tran AP, Miyashita K, Nakajima K, Murakami M, Chen YQ, Zhen EY, Kim JR, Kim PH, Birrane G, Tontonoz P, Ploug M, Konrad RJ, Fong LG, Young SG. Hypertriglyceridemia in Apoa5-/- mice results from reduced amounts of lipoprotein lipase in the capillary lumen. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e172600. [PMID: 37824203 PMCID: PMC10688983 DOI: 10.1172/jci172600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Why apolipoprotein AV (APOA5) deficiency causes hypertriglyceridemia has remained unclear, but we have suspected that the underlying cause is reduced amounts of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in capillaries. By routine immunohistochemistry, we observed reduced LPL staining of heart and brown adipose tissue (BAT) capillaries in Apoa5-/- mice. Also, after an intravenous injection of LPL-, CD31-, and GPIHBP1-specific mAbs, the binding of LPL Abs to heart and BAT capillaries (relative to CD31 or GPIHBP1 Abs) was reduced in Apoa5-/- mice. LPL levels in the postheparin plasma were also lower in Apoa5-/- mice. We suspected that a recent biochemical observation - that APOA5 binds to the ANGPTL3/8 complex and suppresses its capacity to inhibit LPL catalytic activity - could be related to the low intracapillary LPL levels in Apoa5-/- mice. We showed that an ANGPTL3/8-specific mAb (IBA490) and APOA5 normalized plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and intracapillary LPL levels in Apoa5-/- mice. We also showed that ANGPTL3/8 detached LPL from heparan sulfate proteoglycans and GPIHBP1 on the surface of cells and that the LPL detachment was blocked by IBA490 and APOA5. Our studies explain the hypertriglyceridemia in Apoa5-/- mice and further illuminate the molecular mechanisms that regulate plasma TG metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine and
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazuya Miyashita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yan Q. Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eugene Y. Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Gabriel Birrane
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert J. Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine and
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Lőrincz H, Csiha S, Ratku B, Somodi S, Sztanek F, Seres I, Paragh G, Harangi M. Gender-Dependent Associations between Serum Betatrophin Levels and Lipoprotein Subfractions in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Obese Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16504. [PMID: 38003693 PMCID: PMC10671489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Betatrophin, also known as angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8), mainly plays a role in lipid metabolism. To date, associations between betatrophin and lipoprotein subfractions are poorly investigated. For this study, 50 obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 70 nondiabetic obese (NDO) subjects matched in gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) as well as 49 gender- and age-matched healthy, normal-weight controls were enrolled. Serum betatrophin levels were measured with ELISA, and lipoprotein subfractions were analyzed using Lipoprint gel electrophoresis. Betatrophin concentrations were found to be significantly higher in the T2D and NDO groups compared to the controls in all subjects and in females, but not in males. We found significant positive correlations between triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), large LDL (low density lipoprotein), small LDL, high density lipoprotein (HDL) -6-10 subfractions, and betatrophin, while negative correlations were detected between betatrophin and IDL, mean LDL size, and HDL-1-5. Proportion of small HDL was the best predictor of betatrophin in all subjects. Small LDL and large HDL subfractions were found to be the best predictors in females, while in males, VLDL was found to be the best predictor of betatrophin. Our results underline the significance of serum betatrophin measurement in the cardiovascular risk assessment of obese patients with and without T2D, but gender differences might be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Lőrincz
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sára Csiha
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ratku
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Somodi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sztanek
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Seres
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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18
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Kersten S. ANGPTL4/8 promotes plasmin-mediated cleavage of LPL inhibitors. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100438. [PMID: 37690694 PMCID: PMC10570592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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19
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Zheng Z, Lyu W, Hong Q, Yang H, Li Y, Zhao S, Ren Y, Xiao Y. Phylogenetic and expression analysis of the angiopoietin-like gene family and their role in lipid metabolism in pigs. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1517-1529. [PMID: 37170504 PMCID: PMC10475376 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic and expression analysis of the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) gene family and their role in lipid metabolism in pigs. METHODS In this study, the amino acid sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and chromosome adjacent gene analysis were performed to identify the ANGPTL gene family in pigs. According to the body weight data from 60 Jinhua pigs, different tissues of 6 pigs with average body weight were used to determine the expression profile of ANGPTL1-8. The ileum, subcutaneous fat, and liver of 8 pigs with distinct fatness were selected to analyze the gene expression of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8. RESULTS The sequence length of ANGPTLs in pigs was between 1,186 and 1,991 bp, and the pig ANGPTL family members shared common features with human homologous genes, including the high similarity of the amino acid sequence and chromosome flanking genes. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that ANGPTL1-7 had a highly conserved domain except for ANGPTL8. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each ANGPTL homologous gene shared a common origin. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ANGPTL family members had different expression patterns in different tissues. ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 were mainly expressed in the liver, while ANGPTL4 was expressed in many other tissues, such as the intestine and subcutaneous fat. The expression levels of ANGPTL3 in the liver and ANGPTL4 in the liver, intestine and subcutaneous fat of Jinhua pigs with low propensity for adipogenesis were significantly higher than those of high propensity for adipogenesis. CONCLUSION These results increase our knowledge about the biological role of the ANGPTL family in this important economic species, it will also help to better understand the role of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8 in lipid metabolism of pigs, and provide innovative ideas for developing strategies to improve meat quality of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
| | - Qihua Hong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000,
China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023,
China
| | - Ying Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023,
China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
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20
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Chen YQ, Zhen EY, Russell AM, Ehsani M, Siegel RW, Qian Y, Konrad RJ. Decoding the role of angiopoietin-like protein 4/8 complex-mediated plasmin generation in the regulation of LPL activity. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100441. [PMID: 37666362 PMCID: PMC10550811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After feeding, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity should be maximized, therefore the potent LPL-inhibitory activity of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) must be blocked by ANGPTL8 through formation of ANGPTL4/8 complexes. ANGPTL4/8 tightly binds and protects LPL but also partially inhibits its activity. Recently, we demonstrated ANGPTL4/8 also binds tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen to generate plasmin that cleaves ANGPTL4/8 to restore LPL activity. Although fully active LPL in the fat postprandially is desirable, ANGPTL4/8 removal could subject LPL to profound inhibition by ANGPTL3/8 (the most potent circulating LPL inhibitor), inhibition by other LPL inhibitors like ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 or interfere with ApoC2-mediated LPL activation. To understand better these potential paradoxes, we examined LPL inhibition by ANGPTL3/8, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 and LPL stimulation by ApoC2 in the presence of ANGPTL4/8 + tPA + plasminogen. Remarkably, ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition was almost completely blocked, with the mechanism being cleavage of fibrinogen-like domain-containing ANGPTL3 present in the ANGPTL3/8 complex. The LPL-inhibitory effects of ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 were also largely reduced in the presence of ANGPTL4/8 + tPA + plasminogen. In contrast, the ability of ApoC2 to stimulate LPL activity was unaffected by ANGPTL4/8-mediated plasmin generation. Together, these results explain how plasmin generated by increased postprandial ANGPTL4/8 levels in adipose tissue enables maximal LPL activity by preventing ANGPTL3/8, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 from inhibiting LPL, while permitting ApoC2-mediated LPL activation to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anna M Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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21
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Brandts J, Ray KK. Novel and future lipid-modulating therapies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:600-616. [PMID: 37055535 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Lowering the levels of LDL cholesterol in the plasma has been shown to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Several other lipoproteins, such as triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, HDL and lipoprotein(a) are associated with atherosclerosis and ASCVD, with strong evidence supporting causality for some. In this Review, we discuss novel and upcoming therapeutic strategies targeting different pathways in lipid metabolism to potentially attenuate the risk of cardiovascular events. Key proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism, such as PCSK9, angiopoietin-related protein 3, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein(a), have been identified as viable targets for therapeutic intervention through observational and genetic studies. These proteins can be targeted using a variety of approaches, such as protein inhibition or interference, inhibition of translation at the mRNA level (with the use of antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering RNA), and the introduction of loss-of-function mutations through base editing. These novel and upcoming strategies are complementary to and could work synergistically with existing therapies, or in some cases could potentially replace therapies, offering unprecedented opportunities to prevent ASCVD. Moreover, a major challenge in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases is how to achieve safe, long-lasting reductions in causal exposures. This challenge might be overcome with approaches such as small interfering RNAs or genome editing, which shows how far the field has advanced from when the burden of achieving this goal was placed upon patients through rigorous adherence to daily small-molecule drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brandts
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (ICCP), Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (ICCP), Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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22
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Abu-Farha M, Alatrach M, Abubaker J, Al-Khairi I, Cherian P, Agyin K, Abdelgani S, Norton L, Adams J, Al-Saeed D, Al-Ozairi E, DeFronzo RA, Al-Mulla F, Abdul-Ghani M. Plasma insulin is required for the increase in plasma angiopoietin-like protein 8 in response to nutrient ingestion. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3643. [PMID: 36988137 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma levels of angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) are regulated by feeding and they increase following glucose ingestion. Because both plasma glucose and insulin increase following food ingestion, we aimed to determine whether the increase in plasma insulin and glucose or both are responsible for the increase in ANGPTL8 levels. METHODS ANGPTL8 levels were measured in 30 subjects, 14 with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and 16 with normal fasting glucose (NFG); the subjects received 75g glucose oral Glucose tolerance test (OGTT), multistep euglycaemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and hyperglycaemic clamp with pancreatic clamp. RESULTS Subjects with IFG had significantly higher ANGPTL8 than NGT subjects during the fasting state (p < 0.05). During the OGTT, plasma ANGPTL8 concentration increased by 62% above the fasting level (p < 0.0001), and the increase above fasting in ANGPTL8 levels was similar in NFG and IFG individuals. During the multistep insulin clamp, there was a dose-dependent increase in plasma ANGPTL8 concentration. During the 2-step hyperglycaemic clamp, the rise in plasma glucose concentration failed to cause any change in the plasma ANGPTL8 concentration from baseline. CONCLUSIONS In response to nutrient ingestion, ANGPTL8 level increased due to increased plasma insulin concentration, not to the rise in plasma glucose. The incremental increase above baseline in plasma ANGLPTL8 during OGTT was comparable between people with normal glucose tolerance and IFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Alatrach
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Irina Al-Khairi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Preethi Cherian
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Krisitn Agyin
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Siham Abdelgani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - John Adams
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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23
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Sylvers-Davie KL, Bierstedt KC, Schnieders MJ, Davies BSJ. Endothelial Lipase Variant, T111I, Does Not Alter Inhibition by Angiopoietin-like Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553740. [PMID: 37693454 PMCID: PMC10491130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
High levels of HDL-C are correlated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. HDL-C levels are modulated in part by the secreted phospholipase, endothelial lipase (EL), which hydrolyzes the phospholipids of HDL and decreases circulating HDL-C concentrations. A 584C/T polymorphism in LIPG, the gene which encodes EL, was first identified in individuals with increased HDL levels. This polymorphism results in a T111I point mutation the EL protein. The association between this variant, HDL levels, and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans has been extensively studied, but the findings have been inconsistent. In this study, we took a biochemical approach, investigating how the T111I variant affected EL activity, structure, and stability. Moreover, we tested whether the T111I variant altered the inhibition of phospholipase activity by angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), two known EL inhibitors. We found that neither the stability nor enzymatic activity of EL was altered by the T111I variant. Moreover, we found no difference between wild-type and T111I EL in their ability to be inhibited by ANGPTL proteins. These data suggest that any effect this variant may have on HDL-C levels or cardiovascular disease are not mediated through alterations in these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L. Sylvers-Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kaleb C. Bierstedt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Michael J. Schnieders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Brandon S. J. Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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24
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Morinaga J, Kashiwabara K, Torigoe D, Okadome Y, Aizawa K, Uemura K, Kurashima A, Matsunaga E, Fukami H, Horiguchi H, Sato M, Sugizaki T, Miyata K, Kadomatsu T, Mukoyama M, Miyauchi K, Hokimoto S, Fukumoto Y, Hiro T, Hibi K, Nakagawa Y, Sakuma I, Ozaki Y, Iwata H, Iimuro S, Daida H, Shimokawa H, Kimura T, Matsuzaki M, Saito Y, Matsuyama Y, Nagai R, Oike Y. Plasma ANGPTL8 Levels and Risk for Secondary Cardiovascular Events in Japanese Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Receiving Statin Therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1549-1559. [PMID: 37259862 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to predict secondary cardiovascular events could improve health of patients undergoing statin treatment. Circulating ANGPTL8 (angiopoietin-like protein 8) levels, which positively correlate with proatherosclerotic lipid profiles, activate the pivotal proatherosclerotic factor ANGPTL3. Here, we assessed potential association between circulating ANGPTL8 levels and risk of secondary cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients. METHODS We conducted a biomarker study with a case-cohort design, using samples from a 2018 randomized control trial known as randomized evaluation of high-dose (4 mg/day) or low-dose (1 mg/day) lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin in coronary artery disease (REAL-CAD [Randomized Evaluation of Aggressive or Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy With Pitavastatin in Coronary Artery Disease])." From that study's full analysis set (n=12 413), we selected 2250 patients with stable coronary artery disease (582 with the primary outcome, 1745 randomly chosen, and 77 overlapping subjects). A composite end point including cardiovascular-related death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke, or unstable angina requiring emergent admission was set as a primary end point. Circulating ANGPTL8 levels were measured at baseline and 6 months after randomization. RESULTS Over a 6-month period, ANGPTL8 level changes significantly decreased in the high-dose pitavastatin group, which showed 19% risk reduction of secondary cardiovascular events compared with the low-dose group in the REAL-CAD [Randomized Evaluation of Aggressive or Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy With Pitavastatin in Coronary Artery Disease] study. In the highest quartiles, relative increases in ANGPTL8 levels were significantly associated with increased risk for secondary cardiovascular events, after adjustment for several cardiovascular disease risk factors and pitavastatin treatment (hazard ratio in Q4, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.17-2.39). Subgroup analyses showed relatively strong relationships between relative ANGPTL8 increases and secondary cardiovascular events in the high-dose pitavastatin group (hazard ratio in Q4, 2.07 [95% CI, 1.21-3.55]) and in the low ANGPTL8 group at baseline (166 CONCLUSIONS Monitoring ANGPTL8 levels over time might be useful to assess residual risk of cardiovascular secondary events in patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Morinaga
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
- Department of Nephrology (J.M., A.K., E.M., H.F., M.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Kumamoto University Hospital, Japan (J.M.)
| | - Kosuke Kashiwabara
- Data Science Office, Clinical Research Promotion Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okadome
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Kohei Uemura
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies (K.U.), The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kurashima
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
- Department of Nephrology (J.M., A.K., E.M., H.F., M.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsunaga
- Department of Nephrology (J.M., A.K., E.M., H.F., M.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Fukami
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
- Department of Nephrology (J.M., A.K., E.M., H.F., M.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Haruki Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Taichi Sugizaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Keishi Miyata
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kadomatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology (J.M., A.K., E.M., H.F., M.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.I., H.D.)
| | | | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Takafumi Hiro
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.)
| | - Kiyoshi Hibi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Japan (K.H.)
| | - Yoshihisa Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan (Y.N.)
| | | | - Yukio Ozaki
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan (Y.O.)
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.I., H.D.)
| | - Satoshi Iimuro
- Innovation and Research Support Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan (S.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.I., H.D.)
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (H.S.)
- International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (T.K.)
| | | | | | - Yutaka Matsuyama
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine (Y.M.), The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan (R.N.)
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics (J.M., D.T., Y. Okadome., A.K., E.M., H.F., H.H., M.S., T.S., K.M., T.K. Y. Oike),, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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25
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Garruti G, Baj J, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giorgino F. Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1154561. [PMID: 37274345 PMCID: PMC10236950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepatocytes. Hepatokines influence metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and mediate the crosstalk between the liver, non-hepatic target tissues, and the brain. The liver also synthetizes bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol and secretes them into the bile. After food consumption, BAs mediate the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids in the duodenum. In recent studies, BAs act not simply as fat emulsifiers but represent endocrine molecules regulating key metabolic pathways. The liver is also the main site of the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In prolonged fasting, the brain utilizes KBs as an alternative to CHO. In the last few years, the ketogenic diet (KD) became a promising dietary intervention. Studies on subjects undergoing KD show that KBs are important mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present review will focus on the role played by hepatokines, BAs, and KBs in obesity, and diabetes prevention and management and analyze the positive effects of BAs, KD, and hepatokine receptor analogs, which might justify their use as new therapeutic approaches for metabolic and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Garruti
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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26
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Burks KH, Basu D, Goldberg IJ, Stitziel NO. Angiopoietin-like 3: An important protein in regulating lipoprotein levels. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101688. [PMID: 35999139 PMCID: PMC9922336 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
ANGPTL3 has emerged as a therapeutic target whose inhibition results in profound reductions of plasma lipids, including atherogenic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The identification of ANGPTL3 deficiency as a cause of familial combined hypolipidemia in humans hastened the development of anti-ANGPTL3 therapeutic agents, including evinacumab (a monoclonal antibody inhibiting circulating ANGPTL3), vupanorsen (an antisense oligonucleotide [ASO] targeting hepatic ANGPTL3 mRNA for degradation), and others. Advances have also been made in ANGPTL3 vaccination and gene editing strategies, with the former still in preclinical phases and the latter in preparation for Phase 1 trials. Here, we review the discovery of ANGPTL3 as an important regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, molecular characteristics of the protein, mechanisms by which it regulates plasma lipids, and the clinical development of anti-ANGPTL3 agents. The clinical success of therapies inhibiting ANGPTL3 highlights the importance of this target as a novel approach in treating refractory hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall H Burks
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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27
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Li X, Bi X. Integrated Control of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Heart Failure. Metabolites 2023; 13:615. [PMID: 37233656 PMCID: PMC10220550 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted fatty acid metabolism is one of the most important metabolic features in heart failure. The heart obtains energy from fatty acids via oxidation. However, heart failure results in markedly decreased fatty acid oxidation and is accompanied by the accumulation of excess lipid moieties that lead to cardiac lipotoxicity. Herein, we summarized and discussed the current understanding of the integrated regulation of fatty acid metabolism (including fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation) in the pathogenesis of heart failure. The functions of many enzymes and regulatory factors in fatty acid homeostasis were characterized. We reviewed their contributions to the development of heart failure and highlighted potential targets that may serve as promising new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xukun Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
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28
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Risti R, Gunn KH, Hiis-Hommuk K, Seeba NN, Karimi H, Villo L, Vendelin M, Neher SB, Lõokene A. Combined action of albumin and heparin regulates lipoprotein lipase oligomerization, stability, and ligand interactions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283358. [PMID: 37043509 PMCID: PMC10096250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a crucial enzyme in the intravascular hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, is a potential drug target for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. The activity and stability of LPL are influenced by a complex ligand network. Previous studies performed in dilute solutions suggest that LPL can appear in various oligomeric states. However, it was not known how the physiological environment, that is blood plasma, affects the action of LPL. In the current study, we demonstrate that albumin, the major protein component in blood plasma, has a significant impact on LPL stability, oligomerization, and ligand interactions. The effects induced by albumin could not solely be reproduced by the macromolecular crowding effect. Stabilization, isothermal titration calorimetry, and surface plasmon resonance studies revealed that albumin binds to LPL with affinity sufficient to form a complex in both the interstitial space and the capillaries. Negative stain transmission electron microscopy and raster image correlation spectroscopy showed that albumin, like heparin, induced reversible oligomerization of LPL. However, the albumin induced oligomers were structurally different from heparin-induced filament-like LPL oligomers. An intriguing observation was that no oligomers of either type were formed in the simultaneous presence of albumin and heparin. Our data also suggested that the oligomer formation protected LPL from the inactivation by its physiological regulator angiopoietin-like protein 4. The concentration of LPL and its environment could influence whether LPL follows irreversible inactivation and aggregation or reversible LPL oligomer formation, which might affect interactions with various ligands and drugs. In conclusion, the interplay between albumin and heparin could provide a mechanism for ensuring the dissociation of heparan sulfate-bound LPL oligomers into active LPL upon secretion into the interstitial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Risti
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kathryn H. Gunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristofer Hiis-Hommuk
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Department of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Natjan-Naatan Seeba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hamed Karimi
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Department of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ly Villo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marko Vendelin
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Department of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Saskia B. Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aivar Lõokene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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Ossoli A, Minicocci I, Turri M, Di Costanzo A, D'Erasmo L, Bini S, Montavoci L, Veglia F, Calabresi L, Arca M. Genetically determined deficiency of ANGPTL3 does not alter HDL ability to preserve endothelial homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159263. [PMID: 36521735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with loss-of-function mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene express a rare lipid phenotype called Familial Combined Hypolipidemia (FHBL2). FHBL2 individuals show reduced plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides as well as of lipoprotein particles, including HDL. This feature is particularly remarkable in homozygotes in whom ANGPTL3 in blood is completely absent. ANGPTL3 acts as a circulating inhibitor of LPL and EL and it is thought that EL hyperactivity is the cause of plasma HDL reduction in FHBL2. Nevertheless, the consequences of ANGTPL3 deficiency on HDL functionality have been poorly explored. In this report, HDL isolated from homozygous and heterozygous FHBL2 individuals were evaluated for their ability to preserve endothelial homeostasis as compared to control HDL. It was found that only the complete absence of ANGPTL3 alters HDL subclass distribution, as homozygous, but not heterozygous, carriers have reduced content of large and increased content of small HDL with no alterations in HDL2 and HDL3 size. The plasma content of preβ-HDL was reduced in carriers and showed a positive correlation with plasma ANGPTL3 levels. Changes in composition did not however alter the functionality of FHBL2 HDL, as particles isolated from carriers retained their capacity to promote NO production and to inhibit VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells. Furthermore, no significant changes in circulating levels of soluble ICAM-1 and E-selectin were detected in carriers. These results indicate that changes in HDL composition associated with the partial or complete absence of ANGPTL3 did not alter some of the potentially anti-atherogenic functions of these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Minicocci
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Turri
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura D'Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Bini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Montavoci
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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30
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Dong R, Wang Z, Zhao Q, Yan Y, Jiang Q. Molecular characterization and immune functions of lipasin in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Involvement in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108549. [PMID: 36646336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipasin, the product of the angiopoietin-like 8 (angptl8) gene, is known as a critical regulator of plasma lipid metabolism. However, its immune function in vertebrates is currently poorly understood. By 5'/3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we established the structural identity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) angptl8. The transcripts of tilapia angptl8 were widely expressed in various tissues, with the highest levels in the liver. Following lipopolysaccharide in vivo challenges, time-dependent angptl8 gene expression was observed in the head kidney and liver. On the basis of the sequence obtained, we produced recombinant lipasin that inhibited lipoprotein lipase activity. Treatment of head kidney leukocytes with lipasin stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion and gene expression. In addition, lipasin-induced TNF-α secretion could be prevented by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Furthermore, lipasin enhanced the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and promoted translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to the nucleus. Collectively, the current findings suggested that lipasin was involved in the immune response of Nile tilapia and stimulated TNF-α secretion by activating the NF-κB pathway in tilapia head kidney leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yisha Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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31
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Kim H, Song Z, Zhang R, Davies BSJ, Zhang K. A hepatokine derived from the ER protein CREBH promotes triglyceride metabolism by stimulating lipoprotein lipase activity. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadd6702. [PMID: 36649378 PMCID: PMC10080946 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-tethered, liver-enriched stress sensor CREBH is processed in response to increased energy demands or hepatic stress to release an amino-terminal fragment that functions as a transcription factor for hepatic genes encoding lipid and glucose metabolic factors. Here, we discovered that the carboxyl-terminal fragment of CREBH (CREBH-C) derived from membrane-bound, full-length CREBH was secreted as a hepatokine in response to fasting or hepatic stress. Phosphorylation of CREBH-C mediated by the kinase CaMKII was required for efficient secretion of CREBH-C through exocytosis. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mediates the lipolysis of circulating triglycerides for tissue uptake and is inhibited by a complex consisting of angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) 3 and ANGPTL8. Secreted CREBH-C blocked the formation of ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complexes, leading to increased LPL activity in plasma and metabolic tissues in mice. CREBH-C administration promoted plasma triglyceride clearance and partitioning into peripheral tissues and mitigated hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Individuals with obesity had higher circulating amounts of CREBH-C than control individuals, and human CREBH loss-of-function variants were associated with dysregulated plasma triglycerides. These results identify a stress-induced, secreted protein fragment derived from CREBH that functions as a hepatokine to stimulate LPL activity and triglyceride homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbae Kim
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Song
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Brandon S. J. Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Shikida R, Kim M, Futohashi M, Nishihara K, Lee H, Suzuki Y, Baek Y, Masaki T, Ikuta K, Iwamoto E, Uemoto Y, Haga S, Terada F, Roh S. Physiological roles and regulation of hepatic angiopoietin-like protein 3 in Japanese Black cattle (Bos taurus) during the fattening period. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad198. [PMID: 37317898 PMCID: PMC10294557 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is expressed predominantly in the liver and plays a major role in regulating the circulating triglyceride and lipoprotein fraction concentrations by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Given these physiological roles, ANGPTL3 may play an important role in metabolic changes related to fat accumulation during the fattening period in Japanese Black. This study aimed to reveal the physiological roles of hepatic ANGPTL3 in Japanese Black steers (Bos taurus) during the fattening period and investigate the regulatory effects of hepatic ANGPTL3. To investigate the gene expression and protein localization of ANGPTL3, 18 tissue samples were collected from tree male Holstein bull calves aged 7 wk. Biopsied liver tissues and blood samples were collected from 21 Japanese Black steers during the early (T1; 13 mo of age), middle (T2; 20 mo), and late fattening phases (T3; 28 mo). Relative mRNA expression, blood metabolite concentrations, hormone concentrations, growth, and carcass traits were analyzed. To identify the regulatory factors of hepatic ANGPTL3, primary bovine hepatocytes collected by two Holstein calves aged 7 wk were incubated with insulin, palmitate, oleate, propionate, acetate, or beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA). The ANGPTL3 gene was most highly expressed in the liver, with minor expression in the renal cortex, lungs, reticulum, and jejunum in Holstein bull calves. In Japanese Black steers, relative ANGPTL3 mRNA expressions were less as fattening progressed, and blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations increased. Relative ANGPTL8 and Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) mRNA expressions decreased in late and middle fattening phases, respectively. Furthermore, relative ANGTPL3 mRNA expression was positively correlated with ANGPTL8 (r = 0.650; P < 0.01) and ANGPTL4 (r = 0.540; P < 0.05) in T3 and T1, respectively, and LXRα showed no correlation with ANGPTL3. Relative ANGTPL3 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with total cholesterol (r = -0.434; P < 0.05) and triglyceride (r = -0.645; P < 0.01) concentrations in T3 and T1, respectively; There was no significant correlation between ANGTPL3 and carcass traits. Relative ANGTPL3 mRNA expression in cultured bovine hepatocytes was downregulated in oleate treatment. Together, these findings suggest that ANGPTL3 downregulation in late fattening phases is associated with the changes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Shikida
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Minji Kim
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Makoto Futohashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Koki Nishihara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Huseong Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yeolchang Baek
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tatsunori Masaki
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasai, Hyogo 679-0198, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikuta
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasai, Hyogo 679-0198, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwamoto
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasai, Hyogo 679-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Uemoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Satoshi Haga
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Fuminori Terada
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Kim JY, Kim NH. New Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Dyslipidemia 1: ApoC-III and ANGPTL3. J Lipid Atheroscler 2023; 12:23-36. [PMID: 36761060 PMCID: PMC9884553 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering therapy that increases LDL receptor expression in several ways robustly reduces the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, a substantial risk of CVD still remains after intensive LDL-C reduction, which requires new treatment modalities for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk management. Triglycerides (TGs) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) have received attention as indicators of residual cardiovascular risk and as direct causal factors for atherosclerosis and CVDs. Advances in understanding TG and TRL metabolism and their association with clinically evident CVDs have led to the development of novel therapeutic targets, including apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3). Genetic association studies have indicated that both apoC-III and ANGPTL3 play a causal role in the development of atherosclerotic CVD. Both molecules contribute to lipid dysregulation and atherosclerosis primarily by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase; however, recent evidence has shown that novel pathways exist in relation to their lipid-modifying activities. Notably, recent progress in therapeutic approaches, such as monoclonal antibodies or antisense oligonucleotides, has led to several novel therapeutics targeting apoC-III and ANGPTL3. This review summarized the recent updates and discussions related to apoC-III and ANGPTL3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Genetic Mimicry Analysis Reveals the Specific Lipases Targeted by the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 Complex and ANGPTL4. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100313. [PMID: 36372100 PMCID: PMC9852701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, are involved in regulating plasma lipids. In vitro and animal-based studies point to LPL and endothelial lipase (EL, LIPG) as key targets of ANGPTLs. To examine the ANGPTL mechanisms for plasma lipid modulation in humans, we pursued a genetic mimicry analysis of enhancing or suppressing variants in the LPL, LIPG, lipase C hepatic type (LIPC), ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8 genes using data on 248 metabolic parameters derived from over 110,000 nonfasted individuals in the UK Biobank and validated in over 13,000 overnight fasted individuals from 11 other European populations. ANGPTL4 suppression was highly concordant with LPL enhancement but not HL or EL, suggesting ANGPTL4 impacts plasma metabolic parameters exclusively via LPL. The LPL-independent effects of ANGPTL3 suppression on plasma metabolic parameters showed a striking inverse resemblance with EL suppression, suggesting ANGPTL3 not only targets LPL but also targets EL. Investigation of the impact of the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex on plasma metabolite traits via the ANGPTL8 R59W substitution as an instrumental variable showed a much higher concordance between R59W and EL activity than between R59W and LPL activity, suggesting the R59W substitution more strongly affects EL inhibition than LPL inhibition. Meanwhile, when using a rare and deleterious protein-truncating ANGPTL8 variant as an instrumental variable, the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex was very LPL specific. In conclusion, our analysis provides strong human genetic evidence that the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex regulates plasma metabolic parameters, which is achieved by impacting LPL and EL. By contrast, ANGPTL4 influences plasma metabolic parameters exclusively via LPL.
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Wen Y, Chen YQ, Konrad RJ. The Regulation of Triacylglycerol Metabolism and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200093. [PMID: 35676229 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain a pool of TG within circulating lipoproteins that can be hydrolyzed in a tissue-specific manner by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to enable the delivery of fatty acids to adipose or oxidative tissues as needed. Elevated serum TG concentrations, which result from a deficiency of LPL activity or, more commonly, an imbalance in the regulation of tissue-specific LPL activities, have been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through multiple studies. Among the most critical LPL regulators are the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, and a number of different apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), apolipoprotein C2 (ApoC2), and apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3). These ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins work together to orchestrate LPL activity and therefore play pivotal roles in TG partitioning, hydrolysis, and utilization. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, epidemiological findings, and genetic data most relevant to these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins. The interplay between these important regulators of TG metabolism in both fasted and fed states is highlighted with a holistic view toward understanding key concepts and interactions. Strategies for developing safe and effective therapeutics to reduce circulating TG by selectively targeting these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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Zhang Z, Yuan Y, Hu L, Tang J, Meng Z, Dai L, Gao Y, Ma S, Wang X, Yuan Y, Zhang Q, Cai W, Ruan X, Guo X. ANGPTL8 accelerates liver fibrosis mediated by HFD-induced inflammatory activity via LILRB2/ERK signaling pathways. J Adv Res 2022; 47:41-56. [PMID: 36031141 PMCID: PMC10173191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High calorie intake is known to induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by promoting chronic inflammation. However, the mechanisms are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES This study examined the roles of ANGPTL8 in the regulation of NAFLD-associated liver fibrosis progression induced by high fat diet (HFD)-mediated inflammation. METHODS The ANGPTL8 concentration was measured in serum samples from liver cancer and liver cirrhosis patients. ANGPTL8 knockout mice were used to induce disease models (HFD, HFHC and CCL4) followed by pathological staining, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Hydrodynamic injection of an adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) was used to establish a model for restoring ANGPTL8 expression specifically in ANGPTL8 KO mice livers. RNA-sequencing, protein array, Co-IP, etc. were used to study ANGPTL8's mechanisms in regulating liver fibrosis progression, and drug screening was used to identify an effective inhibitor of ANGPTL8 expression. RESULTS ANGPTL8 level is associated with liver fibrogenesis in both cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Mouse studies demonstrated that ANGPTL8 deficiency suppresses HFD-stimulated inflammatory activity, hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis. The AAV-mediated restoration of liver ANGPTL8 expression indicated that liver-derived ANGPTL8 accelerates HFD-induced liver fibrosis. Liver-derived ANGPTL8, as a proinflammatory factor, activates HSCs (hepatic stellate cells) by interacting with the LILRB2 receptor to induce ERK signaling and increase the expression of genes that promote liver fibrosis. The FDA-approved drug metformin, an ANGPTL8 inhibitor, inhibited HFD-induced liver fibrosis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data support that ANGPTL8 is a proinflammatory factor that accelerates NAFLD-associated liver fibrosis induced by HFD. The serum ANGPTL8 level may be a potential and specific diagnostic marker for liver fibrosis, and targeting ANGPTL8 holds great promise for developing innovative therapies to treat NAFLD-associated liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongli Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongji Meng
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Longjun Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Yujiu Gao
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Shinan Ma
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Qiufang Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Weibin Cai
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xingrong Guo
- Institute of Pediatric Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
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Kosmas CE, Bousvarou MD, Sourlas A, Papakonstantinou EJ, Peña Genao E, Echavarria Uceta R, Guzman E. Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 (ANGPTL3) Inhibitors in the Management of Refractory Hypercholesterolemia. Clin Pharmacol 2022; 14:49-59. [PMID: 35873366 PMCID: PMC9300746 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s345072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in a global scale and significantly depends on the elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the subsequent formation of atherosclerotic plaques. While physicians have several LDL-C-lowering agents with diverse mechanisms of action, including statins, ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and inclisiran, angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibitors have recently emerged as a powerful addition in the armamentarium of lipid-lowering strategies, especially for patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia, as in the case of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). ANGPTL3 protein is a glycoprotein secreted by liver cells that is implicated in the metabolism of lipids along with other ANGPTL proteins. These proteins inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and endothelial lipase (EL) in tissues. Loss-of-function mutations affecting the gene encoding ANGPTL3 are linked with lower total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride (TG) levels. Evinacumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets, binds to, and pharmacologically inhibits ANGPTL3, which was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a complementary agent to other LDL-C lowering regimens for patients aged 12 or older with HoFH, based on clinical trial evidence that confirmed its safety and efficacy in those patients. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) also represent an interesting class of agents that target and inhibit the mRNA derived from the transcription of ANGPTL3 gene. This review aims to present and discuss the current clinical and scientific data pertaining to the role of ANGPTL3 inhibitors, a novel lipid-modifying class of agents capable of reducing LDL-C levels via a mechanism independent of LDL receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine E Kosmas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY, USA
- Correspondence: Constantine E Kosmas, Email
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eliscer Guzman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY, USA
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Serum ANGPTL8 and ANGPTL3 as Predictors of Triglyceride Elevation in Adult Women. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060539. [PMID: 35736472 PMCID: PMC9228451 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 have been shown to inhibit lipoprotein lipase, and thus regulate triglyceride level in the circulation. Whether the regulation of lipid metabolism by ANGPTLs is affected by the menopausal status remains unclear. We aimed to assess the relationships between serum ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 and atherogenic biomarkers in presumably healthy women during ageing. The study group included 94 women of whom 31 were premenopausal (PRE ≤ 40 years) and 37 were postmenopausal (POST ≥ 52 years). Atherogenic lipid and non-lipid biomarkers and ANGPTLs (ANGPTL3, ANGPTL8) were assayed in serum samples. TG/HDL-C index, non-HDL-cholesterol, remnant cholesterol concentrations, and BMI were calculated. Median levels of ANGPTL3 and concentrations of lipid biomarkers were significantly higher in POST comparing to PRE but ANGPTL8 levels were not different. In PRE, ANGPTL8 levels correlated significantly with TG and TG/HDL-C index while there were no correlations between ANGPTL3 and these biomarkers. In POST both ANGPTLs correlated with TG, sdLDL-C, and TG/HDL-C. ANGPTL8 and sd-LDL-C were the most significant predictors of early triglyceride elevation > 100 mg/dL (1.13 mmol/L) in the whole group and POST whereas the prediction power of ANGPTL3 was negligible in the whole group and non-significant in the subgroups. We demonstrated a significant positive correlation of ANGPTL3 with age category which predisposes to postmenopause. Despite the increase in ANGPTL3 level with ageing the ANGPTL3/ANGPL8 ratio was maintained. In conclusion, ANGPTL8 predicts the early triglyceride elevation better than ANGPTL3, especially in postmenopausal women. The association of ANGPTL3 with triglyceride levels is weaker than ANGPTL8 and depends on menopausal status. We suggest that the choice for the best efficient treatment of dyslipidemia with new inhibitors of angiopoietin-like proteins may depend on the menopausal status.
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Bini S, Pecce V, Di Costanzo A, Polito L, Ghadiri A, Minicocci I, Tambaro F, Covino S, Arca M, D’Erasmo L. The Fibrinogen-like Domain of ANGPTL3 Facilitates Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Cells by Activating the Intracellular Erk Pathway. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040585. [PMID: 35454174 PMCID: PMC9028860 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: ANGPTL3 stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes, but the underlying molecular mechanism is yet unknown. The C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain of ANGPTL3 (ANGPTL3-Fld) activates the AKT pathway in endothelial cells. Hence, we evaluated whether ANGPTL3-Fld stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes through the MAPK kinase pathway. Materials and Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with isoproterenol (ISO), ANGPTL3-Fld, or both. Lipolysis was evaluated through the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the culture medium. The activation status of intracellular kinases was evaluated with and without the inhibition of the BRAF–ERK arm of the MAPK pathway. Results: ANGPTL3-Fld alone was not able to activate lipolysis, while the combination of ANGPTL3-Fld and ISO determined a 10-fold enrichment of the FFA concentration in the culture medium with an incremental effect (twofold) when compared with ISO alone. ANGPTL3-Fld alone inhibited hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), whereas the treatment with ISO induced the activation of HSL. The net balance of ANGPTL3-Fld and ISO cotreatment resulted in HSL activation. The results indicate that ANGPTL3-Fld generated an intracellular activation signal involving the MAPK–ERK pathway, possibly through the PDGFRβ—PLCγ-AMPK axis. Conclusion: ANGPTL3-Fld appears to act as a facilitator of lipolysis in adipocytes, and this effect was driven by a signal mediated by a pathway that is different from the canonical β-adrenergic stimulus.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for intravascular processing of circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). One emerging strategy for therapeutic lowering of plasma triglyceride levels aims at increasing the longevity of LPL activity by attenuating its inhibition from angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL) 3, 4 and 8. This mini-review focuses on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of LPL activity in the intravascular unit by ANGPTLs with special emphasis on ANGPTL4. RECENT FINDINGS Our knowledge on the molecular interplays between LPL, its endothelial transporter GPIHBP1, and its inhibitor(s) ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 have advanced considerably in the last 2 years and provides an outlined on how these proteins regulate the activity and compartmentalization of LPL. A decisive determinant instigating this control is the inherent protein instability of LPL at normal body temperature, a property that is reciprocally impacted by the binding of GPIHBP1 and ANGPTLs. Additional layers in this complex LPL regulation is provided by the different modulation of ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3 activities by ANGPTL8 and the inhibition of ANGPTL3/8 complexes by apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5). SUMMARY Posttranslational regulation of LPL activity in the intravascular space is essential for the differential partitioning of TRLs across tissues and their lipolytic processing in response to nutritional cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rejeki PS, Baskara PG, Herawati L, Pranoto A, Setiawan HK, Lesmana R, Halim S. Moderate-intensity exercise decreases the circulating level of betatrophin and its correlation among markers of obesity in women. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 33:769-777. [PMID: 35286051 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Positive energy homeostasis due to overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle triggers obesity. Obesity has a close relationship with elevated levels of betatrophin and may increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Therefore, lifestyle modification through a nonpharmacological approach based on physical exercise is the right strategy in lowering betatrophin levels. This study aimed to analyze the effect of moderate-intensity interval and continuous exercises on decreased betatrophin levels and the association between betatrophin levels and obesity markers in women. METHODS A total of 30 women aged 20-24 years old were randomly divided into three groups. Measurement of betatrophin levels using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data analysis techniques used were one-way ANOVA and parametric linear correlation. RESULTS The results showed that the average levels of betatrophin pre-exercise were 200.40 ± 11.03 pg/mL at CON, 203.07 ± 42.48 pg/mL at MIE, 196.62 ± 21.29 pg/mL at MCE, and p=0.978. Average levels of betatrophin post-exercise were 226.65 ± 18.96 pg/mL at CON, 109.31 ± 11.23 pg/mL at MIE, 52.38 ± 8.18 pg/mL at MCE, and p=0.000. Pre-exercise betatrophin levels were positively correlated with age, BMI, FM, WHR, FBG, and PBF (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that betatrophin levels are decreased by 10 min post-MIE and post-MCE. However, moderate-intensity continuous exercise is more effective in lowering betatrophin levels than moderate-intensity interval exercise. In addition, pre-exercise betatrophin levels also have a positive correlation with obesity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purwo Sri Rejeki
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Pradika Gita Baskara
- Sport Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lilik Herawati
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Adi Pranoto
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hayuris Kinandita Setiawan
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Shariff Halim
- Clinical Research Centre, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Qin L, Rehemuding R, Ainiwaer A, Ma X. Correlation between betatrophin/angiogenin-likeprotein3/lipoprotein lipase pathway and severity of coronary artery disease in Kazakh patients with coronary heart disease. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:2095-2105. [PMID: 35321188 PMCID: PMC8895170 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i7.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of previous animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that there is a correlation between expression of betatrophin and blood lipid levels. However, there are still differences studies on the correlation and interaction mechanism between betatrophin, angiogenin-likeprotein3 (ANGPTL3) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In our previous studies, we found an increase in serum ANGPTL3 Levels in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we retrospectively studied Kazakh CHD patients.
AIM To explore the correlation between the betatrophin/ANGPTL3/LPL pathway and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with CHD.
METHODS Nondiabetic patients diagnosed with CHD were selected as the case group; 79 were of Kazakh descent and 72 were of Han descent. The control groups comprised of 61 Kazakh and 65 Han individuals. The serum levels of betatrophin and LPL were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the double antibody sandwich ELISA was used to detect serum level of ANGPTL3. The levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose in each group were determined by an automatic biochemical analyzer. At the same time, the clinical baseline data of patients in each group were included.
RESULTS Betatrophin, ANGPTL3 and LPL levels of Kazakh patients were significantly higher than those of Han patients (P = 0.031, 0.038, 0.021 respectively). There was a positive correlation between the Gensini score and total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), betatrophin, and LPL in Kazakh patients (r = 0.204, 0.453, 0.352, 0.471, and 0.382 respectively), (P = 0.043, 0.009, 0.048, 0.001, and P < 0.001 respectively). A positive correlation was found between the Gensini score and body mass index (BMI), TC, TG, LDL-C, LPL, betatrophin in Han patients (r = 0.438, 0.195, 0.296, 0.357, 0.328, and 0.446 respectively), (P = 0.044, 0.026, 0.003, 0.20, 0.004, and P < 0.001). TG and betatrophin were the risk factors of coronary artery disease in Kazakh patients, while BMI and betatrophin were the risk factors in Han patients.
CONCLUSION There was a correlation between the betatrophin/ANGPTL3/LPL pathway and severity of CAD in patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Qin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, China
| | - Rena Rehemuding
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, China
| | - Aikeliyaer Ainiwaer
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, China
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Balasubramaniam D, Schroeder O, Russell AM, Fitchett JR, Austin AK, Beyer TP, Chen YQ, Day JW, Ehsani M, Heng AR, Zhen EY, Davies J, Glaesner W, Jones BE, Siegel RW, Qian YW, Konrad RJ. An anti-ANGPTL3/8 antibody decreases circulating triglycerides by binding to a LPL-inhibitory leucine zipper-like motif. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100198. [PMID: 35307397 PMCID: PMC9036128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides (TG) are required for fatty acid transport and storage and are essential for human health. Angiopoietin-like-protein 8 (ANGPTL8) has previously been shown to form a complex with ANGPTL3 that increases circulating TG by potently inhibiting LPL. We also recently showed that the TG-lowering apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) decreases TG levels by suppressing ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition. To understand how LPL binds ANGPTL3/8 and ApoA5 blocks this interaction, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass-spectrometry and molecular modeling to map binding sites of LPL and ApoA5 on ANGPTL3/8. Remarkably, we found that LPL and ApoA5 both bound a unique ANGPTL3/8 epitope consisting of N-terminal regions of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 that are unmasked upon formation of the ANGPTL3/8 complex. We further used ANGPTL3/8 as an immunogen to develop an antibody targeting this same epitope. After refocusing on antibodies that bound ANGPTL3/8, as opposed to ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL8 alone, we utilized bio-layer interferometry to select an antibody exhibiting high-affinity binding to the desired epitope. We revealed an ANGPTL3/8 leucine zipper-like motif within the anti-ANGPTL3/8 epitope, the LPL-inhibitory region, and the ApoA5-interacting region, suggesting the mechanism by which ApoA5 lowers TG is via competition with LPL for the same ANGPTL3/8-binding site. Supporting this hypothesis, we demonstrate that the anti-ANGPTL3/8 antibody potently blocked ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition in vitro and dramatically lowered TG levels in vivo. Together, these data show that an anti-ANGPTL3/8 antibody targeting the same leucine zipper-containing epitope recognized by LPL and ApoA5 markedly decreases TG by suppressing ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Schroeder
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anna M Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Aaron K Austin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas P Beyer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan W Day
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aik Roy Heng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julian Davies
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wolfgang Glaesner
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bryan E Jones
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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44
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Paragh G, Németh Á, Harangi M, Banach M, Fülöp P. Causes, clinical findings and therapeutic options in chylomicronemia syndrome, a special form of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:21. [PMID: 35144640 PMCID: PMC8832680 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia has been increasing worldwide. Attention is drawn to the fact that the frequency of a special hypertriglyceridemia entity, named chylomicronemia syndrome, is variable among its different forms. The monogenic form, termed familial chylomicronemia syndrome, is rare, occuring in 1 in every 1 million persons. On the other hand, the prevalence of the polygenic form of chylomicronemia syndrome is around 1:600. On the basis of the genetical alterations, other factors, such as obesity, alcohol consumption, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and certain drugs may significantly contribute to the development of the multifactorial form. In this review, we aimed to highlight the recent findings about the clinical and laboratory features, differential diagnosis, as well as the epidemiology of the monogenic and polygenic forms of chylomicronemias. Regarding the therapy, differentiation between the two types of the chylomicronemia syndrome is essential, as well. Thus, proper treatment options of chylomicronemia and hypertriglyceridemia will be also summarized, emphasizing the newest therapeutic approaches, as novel agents may offer solution for the effective treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Paragh
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
| | - Ákos Németh
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Péter Fülöp
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
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45
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Liu H, Peng D. Update on dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism: the mechanism of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210002. [PMID: 35015703 PMCID: PMC8859969 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is often associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides. Thyroid hormone (TH) affects the production, clearance and transformation of cholesterol, but current research shows that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also participates in lipid metabolism independently of TH. Therefore, the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia is associated with the decrease of TH and the increase of TSH levels. Some newly identified regulatory factors, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, angiogenin-like proteins and fibroblast growth factors are the underlying causes of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. HDL serum concentration changes were not consistent, and its function was reportedly impaired. The current review focuses on the updated understanding of the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Peng:
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46
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last two decades, evolving discoveries around angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins, particularly ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, have generated significant interest in understanding their roles in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Until recently, exactly how this protein family regulates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in a tissue-specific manner to control FA partitioning has remained elusive. This review summarizes the latest insights into mechanisms by which ANGPTL3/4/8 proteins regulate postprandial FA partitioning. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidence suggests that ANGPTL8 is an insulin-responsive protein that regulates ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 by forming complexes with them to increase or decrease markedly their respective LPL-inhibitory activities. After feeding, when insulin levels are high, ANGPTL3/8 secreted by hepatocytes acts in an endocrine manner to inhibit LPL in skeletal muscle, whereas ANGPTL4/8 secreted by adipocytes acts locally to preserve adipose tissue LPL activity, thus shifting FA toward the fat for storage. Insulin also decreases hepatic secretion of the endogenous ANGPTL3/8 inhibitor, apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), to accentuate ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition in skeletal muscle. SUMMARY The ANGPTL3/4/8 protein family and ApoA5 play critical roles in directing FA toward adipose tissue postprandially. Selective targeting of these proteins holds significant promise for the treatment of dyslipidemias, metabolic syndrome, and their related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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47
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Zhang R, Zhang K. An updated ANGPTL3-4-8 model as a mechanism of triglyceride partitioning between fat and oxidative tissues. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 85:101140. [PMID: 34793860 PMCID: PMC8760165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, triglyceride (TG), the main form of lipids for storing and providing energy, is stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) after food intake, while during fasting it is routed to oxidative tissues (heart and skeletal muscle) for energy production, a process referred to as TG partitioning. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a rate-limiting enzyme in this fundamental physiological process, hydrolyzes circulating TG to generate free fatty acids that are taken up by peripheral tissues. The postprandial activity of LPL declines in oxidative tissues but rises in WAT, directing TG to WAT; the reverse is true during fasting. However, the molecular mechanism in regulating tissue-specific LPL activity during the fed-fast cycle has not been completely understood. Research on angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins (A3, A4, and A8) has resulted in an ANGPTL3-4-8 model to explain the TG partitioning between WAT and oxidative tissues. Food intake induces A8 expression in the liver and WAT. Liver A8 activates A3 by forming the A3-8 complex, which is then secreted into the circulation. The A3-8 complex acts in an endocrine manner to inhibit LPL in oxidative tissues. WAT A8 forms the A4-8 complex, which acts locally to block A4's LPL-inhibiting activity. Therefore, the postprandial activity of LPL is low in oxidative tissues but high in WAT, directing circulating TG to WAT. Conversely, during fasting, reduced A8 expression in the liver and WAT disables A3 from inhibiting oxidative-tissue LPL and restores WAT A4's LPL-inhibiting activity, respectively. Thus, the fasting LPL activity is high in oxidative tissues but low in WAT, directing TG to the former. According to the model, we hypothesize that A8 antagonism has the potential to simultaneously reduce TG and increase HDL-cholesterol plasma levels. Future research on A3, A4, and A8 can hopefully provide more insights into human health, disease, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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48
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Zhao Z, Deng X, Jia J, Zhao L, Wang C, Cai Z, Guo C, Yang L, Wang D, Ma S, Deng J, Li H, Zhou L, Tu Z, Yuan G. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (betatrophin) inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in diabetic mice. Metabolism 2022; 126:154921. [PMID: 34715116 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) is a 198 amino-acid long, novel secreted protein that is mainly expressed in the liver and brown adipose tissues. At present, evidence supporting the involvement of ANGPTL8 in the regulation of glucose metabolism is inconclusive, along with its function in the liver. Previous studies mainly focused on the effect of ANGPTL8 on glucose metabolism in non-diabetic mice, and few relevant studies in diabetic mice exist. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of ANGPTL8 on glucose homeostasis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms in diabetic mice. METHODS db/db diabetic and high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were injected with adenovirus expressing ANGPTL8 through the tail vein. Blood glucose levels were measured and glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance tests were performed. To explore the molecular mechanism by which ANGPTL8 regulates hepatic glucose metabolism and manipulate mouse ANGPTL8 expression levels both in vivo and in vitro based on adenoviral transduction, gain- and loss-of-function strategies were adopted. RESULTS Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of ANGPTL8 decreased fasting blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in db/db and high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. ANGPTL8 knockdown yielded the opposite effects. ANGPTL8 was upregulated in the cAMP/Dex-induced hepatocyte gluconeogenesis model. Moreover, ANGPTL8 overexpression in primary hepatocytes and diabetic mouse livers inhibited the expression of gluconeogenesis-related genes, including PEPCK and G6PC, by activating the AKT signaling pathway and, thereby, reducing glucose production. Therefore, the results demonstrated that ANGPTL8 improved glucose metabolism via inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Current findings highlight a critical role of hepatic ANGPTL8 in glucose homeostasis, suggesting that increased ANGPTL8 expression could be an underlying factor for the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, which could be targeted for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Zhensheng Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Suxian Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, China
| | - Jialiang Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Haoxiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zhigang Tu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212031, China.
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Zhang S, Hong F, Ma C, Yang S. Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Atherosclerosis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:590-600. [PMID: 34931971 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666211220110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism disorder plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. As the largest metabolic organ of the human body, liver has a key role in lipid metabolism by influencing fat production, fat decomposition, and the intake and secretion of serum lipoproteins. Numerous clinical and experimental studies have indicated that the dysfunction of hepatic lipid metabolism is closely tied to the onset of atherosclerosis. However, the identity and functional role of hepatic lipid metabolism responsible for these associations remain unknown. This review presented that cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol transport, and the metabolism of triglyceride, lipoproteins, and fatty acids are all associated with hepatic lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Moreover, we also discussed the roles of gut microbiota, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in the pathological association between hepatic lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. These significant evidences support strongly that hepatic lipid metabolism disorders may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fenfang Hong
- Experimental Center of Pathogen Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shulong Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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50
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Kim TH, Hong DG, Yang YM. Hepatokines and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Linking Liver Pathophysiology to Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121903. [PMID: 34944728 PMCID: PMC8698516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis by sensing and responding to changes in nutrient status under various metabolic conditions. Recently highlighted as a major endocrine organ, the contribution of the liver to systemic glucose and lipid metabolism is primarily attributed to signaling crosstalk between multiple organs via hepatic hormones, cytokines, and hepatokines. Hepatokines are hormone-like proteins secreted by hepatocytes, and a number of these have been associated with extra-hepatic metabolic regulation. Mounting evidence has revealed that the secretory profiles of hepatokines are significantly altered in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common hepatic manifestation, which frequently precedes other metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, deciphering the mechanism of hepatokine-mediated inter-organ communication is essential for understanding the complex metabolic network between tissues, as well as for the identification of novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in metabolic disease. In this review, we describe the hepatokine-driven inter-organ crosstalk in the context of liver pathophysiology, with a particular focus on NAFLD progression. Moreover, we summarize key hepatokines and their molecular mechanisms of metabolic control in non-hepatic tissues, discussing their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gyun Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- KNU Researcher Training Program for Developing Anti-Viral Innovative Drugs, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yoon Mee Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- KNU Researcher Training Program for Developing Anti-Viral Innovative Drugs, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6909
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