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Zahid A, Tummala S. Cerebral clues: serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) as a novel biomarker for immune check point inhibitor (ICI) mediated seronegative encephalitis. Oxf Med Case Reports 2024; 2024:omae058. [PMID: 38860018 PMCID: PMC11162591 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) mediated encephalitides are increasingly being recognized in the literature, but atypical cases may be missed or misdiagnosed. Recent efforts are directed to identify biomarkers to help elucidate early diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we describe two cases of antibody negative ICI-mediated encephalitis with elevated serum Neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels. Practical Implication: Baseline and longitudinal measurements of serum neurofilament light chains can help determine treatment strategies and prognosis in patients with suspected immune checkpoint inhibitor encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anza Zahid
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sudhakar Tummala
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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2
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Duchniewicz M, Lee JYW, Menon DK, Needham EJ. Candidate Genetic and Molecular Drivers of Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:3-12. [PMID: 37376743 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Neuroinflammation is a significant and modifiable cause of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), driven by both central and peripheral immune responses. A substantial proportion of outcome after TBI is genetically mediated, with an estimated heritability effect of around 26%, but because of the comparatively small datasets currently available, the individual drivers of this genetic effect have not been well delineated. A hypothesis-driven approach to analyzing genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets reduces the burden of multiplicity testing and allows variants with a high prior biological probability of effect to be identified where sample size is insufficient to withstand data-driven approaches. Adaptive immune responses show substantial genetically mediated heterogeneity and are well established as a genetic source of risk for numerous disease states; importantly, HLA class II has been specifically identified as a locus of interest in the largest TBI GWAS study to date, highlighting the importance of genetic variance in adaptive immune responses after TBI. In this review article we identify and discuss adaptive immune system genes that are known to confer strong risk effects for human disease, with the dual intentions of drawing attention to this area of immunobiology, which, despite its importance to the field, remains under-investigated in TBI and presenting high-yield testable hypotheses for application to TBI GWAS datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Duchniewicz
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Y W Lee
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Clarkson BD, Grund EM, Standiford MM, Mirchia K, Westphal MS, Muschler LS, Howe CL. CD8+ T cells recognizing a neuron-restricted antigen injure axons in a model of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162788. [PMID: 37676734 PMCID: PMC10617772 DOI: 10.1172/jci162788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells outnumber CD4+ cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions associated with disease progression, but the pathogenic role and antigenic targets of these clonally expanded effectors are unknown. Based on evidence that demyelination is necessary but not sufficient for disease progression in MS, we previously hypothesized that CNS-infiltrating CD8+ T cells specific for neuronal antigens directly drive the axonal and neuronal injury that leads to cumulative neurologic disability in patients with MS. We now show that demyelination induced expression of MHC class I on neurons and axons and resulted in presentation of a neuron-specific neoantigen (synapsin promoter-driven chicken ovalbumin) to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells (anti-ovalbumin OT-I TCR-transgenic T cells). These neuroantigen-specific effectors surveilled the CNS in the absence of demyelination but were not retained. However, upon induction of demyelination via cuprizone intoxication, neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T cells proliferated, accumulated in the CNS, and damaged neoantigen-expressing neurons and axons. We further report elevated neuronal expression of MHC class I and β2-microglobulin transcripts and protein in gray matter and white matter tracts in tissue from patients with MS. These findings support a pathogenic role for autoreactive anti-axonal and anti-neuronal CD8+ T cells in MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D.S. Clarkson
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles L. Howe
- Department of Neurology
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Li S, Li L. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260663. [PMID: 37841264 PMCID: PMC10570846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well established that aberrant activity of adaptive and innate immune cells plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Several immune cell abnormalities have been described in MS and its animal models, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes, among others. Physical exercise offers a valuable alternative or adjunctive disease-modifying therapy for MS. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise may reduce the autoimmune responses triggered by immune cells in MS. This is partially accomplished by restricting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, curbing hyperactivation of immune cells, and facilitating a transition in the balance of immune cells from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This review provides a succinct overview of the correlation between physical exercise, immune cells, and MS pathology, and highlights the potential benefits of exercise as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shichang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Chylińska M, Komendziński J, Wyszomirski A, Karaszewski B. Brain Atrophy as an Outcome of Disease-Modifying Therapy for Remitting-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2023; 2023:4130557. [PMID: 37693228 PMCID: PMC10484652 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4130557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently, clinical trials of DMTs strive to determine their effect on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We aimed to determine the impact of currently used DMTs on brain atrophy and disability in RRMS. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of MS therapy and assess its impact on disability. Methods We performed a systematic analysis of clinical trials that used brain atrophy as an outcome or performed post hoc analysis of volumetric MRI parameters to assess the neuroprotective potential of applied therapies. Trials between 2008 and 2019 that included published results of brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) change and brain volume loss (BVL) in the period from baseline to week 96 or longer were considered. Results Twelve from 146 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into the analysis. DMTs that presented a large reduction in BVL also exhibited robust effects on clinical disability worsening, e.g., alemtuzumab with a 42% risk reduction in 6-month confirmed disability accumulation (p = 0.0084), ocrelizumab with a 40% risk reduction in 6-month confirmed disability progression (p = 0.003), and other DMTs (cladribine and teriflunomide) with moderate influence on brain atrophy were also associated with a marked impact on disability worsening. Dimethyl fumarate (DEFINE) and fingolimod (FREEDOMS I) initially exhibited significant effect on BVL; however, this effect was not confirmed in further clinical trials: CONFIRM and FREEDOMS II, respectively. Peg-IFN-β1a shows a modest effect on BVL and disability worsening. Conclusion Our results show that BVL in one of the components of clinical disability worsening, together with other variables (lesion volume and annualized relapse rate). Standardization of atrophy measurement technique as well as harmonization of disability worsening and progression criteria in further clinical trials are of utmost importance as they enable a reliable comparison of neuroprotective potential of DMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Komendziński
- Department of Adult Neurology, Gdańsk Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Wyszomirski
- Department of Adult Neurology, Gdańsk Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland
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Lee D, Yang K, Xie J. Advances in Nerve Injury Models on a Chip. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200227. [PMID: 36709421 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration and functional recovery of the damaged nerve are challenging due to the need for effective therapeutic drugs, biomaterials, and approaches. The poor outcome of the treatment of nerve injury stems from the incomplete understanding of axonal biology and interactions between neurons and the surrounding environment, such as glial cells and extracellular matrix. Microfluidic devices, in combination with various injury techniques, have been applied to test biological hypotheses in nerve injury and nerve regeneration. The microfluidic devices provide multiple advantages over the in vitro cell culture on a petri dish and in vivo animal models because a specific part of the neuronal environment can be manipulated using physical and chemical interventions. In addition, single-cell behavior and interactions between neurons and glial cells can be visualized and quantified on microfluidic platforms. In this article, current in vitro nerve injury models on a chip that mimics in vivo axonal injuries and the regeneration process of axons are summarized. The microfluidic-based nerve injury models could enhance the understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of nerve tissues and simultaneously serve as powerful drug and biomaterial screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Lee
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Surgery-Plastic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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7
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Clarkson BDS, Grund E, David K, Johnson RK, Howe CL. ISGylation is induced in neurons by demyelination driving ISG15-dependent microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:258. [PMID: 36261842 PMCID: PMC9583544 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of grey matter pathology and diffuse neuron injury in MS remain incompletely understood. Axonal stress signals arising from white matter lesions has been suggested to play a role in initiating this diffuse grey matter pathology. Therefore, to identify the most upstream transcriptional responses in neurons arising from demyelinated axons, we analyzed the transcriptome of actively translating neuronal transcripts in mouse models of demyelinating disease. Among the most upregulated genes, we identified transcripts associated with the ISGylation pathway. ISGylation refers to the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like molecule interferon stimulated gene (ISG) 15 to lysine residues on substrates targeted by E1 ISG15-activating enzyme, E2 ISG15-conjugating enzymes and E3 ISG15-protein ligases. We further confirmed that ISG15 expression is increased in MS cortical and deep gray matter. Upon investigating the functional impact of neuronal ISG15 upregulation, we noted that ISG15 expression was associated changes in neuronal extracellular vesicle protein and miRNA cargo. Specifically, extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs were skewed toward increased frequency of proinflammatory and neurotoxic miRNAs and decreased frequency of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective miRNAs. Furthermore, we found that ISG15 directly activated microglia in a CD11b-dependent manner and that microglial activation was potentiated by treatment with EVs from neurons expressing ISG15. Further study of the role of ISG15 and ISGylation in neurons in MS and neurodegenerative diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. S. Clarkson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1521C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ethan Grund
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, MN 55905 Rochester, USA
| | - Kenneth David
- grid.418935.20000 0004 0436 053XConcordia College, Moorhead, MN USA
| | - Renee K. Johnson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Charles L. Howe
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XCenter for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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8
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Bedar M, Saffari TM, Johnson AJ, Shin AY. The effect of mesenchymal stem cells and surgical angiogenesis on immune response and revascularization of acellular nerve allografts in a rat sciatic defect model. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:2809-2820. [PMID: 35383001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence demonstrates an interplay between neoangiogenesis and immune cells. We investigated the immune response and revascularization of acellular nerve allografts (ANA) after combined stem cell delivery and surgical angiogenesis in a rat model. METHODS Unilateral sciatic nerve defects in 60 Lewis rats were repaired with (I) autografts, (II) ANAs, and (III) ANAs wrapped within a pedicled superficial inferior epigastric artery fascial flap to induce surgical angiogenesis, combined with seeding of either (IV) undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (uMSCs) or (V) MSCs differentiated into Schwann cell-like cells. Immune cell phenotyping was performed on days 7 and 14. The vascular volume of nerves was measured by microcomputed tomography at 12 and 16 weeks. RESULTS On day 7, helper T cells (CD4+) were significantly increased in groups IV and V compared to group I. Regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+) were significantly higher in groups III-IV, and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) were significantly reduced in groups IV and V compared to group II, respectively. Group II demonstrated the highest levels of natural killer cells (CD161+) compared to groups III-V. On day 14, group IV demonstrated the highest CD4/CD8 ratio. Vascular volume was significantly higher in groups III-V compared to group II at 12 weeks and groups IV and V compared to group II at 16 weeks. The CD4/CD8 ratio demonstrated a positive correlation to vascular volumes at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION Early favorable immune responses were observed in ANAs treated with surgical angiogenesis with or without stem cell delivery and demonstrated improved vascularity at longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiwand Bedar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Microvascular and Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherland
| | - Tiam M Saffari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Microvascular and Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherland
| | | | - Alexander Y Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Microvascular and Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG. Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:578-600. [PMID: 35668103 PMCID: PMC9169033 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive neurological disability. Fuelled by an evolving understanding of MS immunopathogenesis, the range of available immunotherapies for clinical use has expanded over the past two decades. However, MS remains an incurable disease and even targeted immunotherapies often fail to control insidious disease progression, indicating the need for new and exceptional therapeutic options beyond the established immunological landscape. In this Review, we highlight such non-canonical targets in preclinical MS research with a focus on five highly promising areas: oligodendrocytes; the blood-brain barrier; metabolites and cellular metabolism; the coagulation system; and tolerance induction. Recent findings in these areas may guide the field towards novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bierhansl
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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A Review on Microfluidic Platforms Applied to Nerve Regeneration. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, microfluidics have significantly advanced nerve regeneration research. Microfluidic devices can provide an accurate simulation of in vivo microenvironment for different research purposes such as analyzing myelin growth inhibitory factors, screening drugs, assessing nerve growth factors, and exploring mechanisms of neural injury and regeneration. The microfluidic platform offers technical supports for nerve regeneration that enable precise spatio-temporal control of cells, such as neuron isolation, single-cell manipulation, neural patterning, and axon guidance. In this paper, we review the development and recent advances of microfluidic platforms for nerve regeneration research.
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11
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Boldrini VO, Marques AM, Quintiliano RPS, Moraes AS, Stella CRAV, Longhini ALF, Santos I, Andrade M, Ferrari B, Damasceno A, Carneiro RPD, Brandão CO, Farias AS, Santos LMB. Cytotoxic B Cells in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:750660. [PMID: 35197967 PMCID: PMC8859463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.750660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence of antibody-independent functions, as well as the clinical efficacy of anti-CD20 depleting therapies, helped to reassess the contribution of B cells during multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Objective To investigate whether CD19+ B cells may share expression of the serine-protease granzyme-B (GzmB), resembling classical cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, in the peripheral blood from relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients. Methods In this study, 104 RRMS patients during different treatments and 58 healthy donors were included. CD8, CD19, Runx3, and GzmB expression was assessed by flow cytometry analyses. Results RRMS patients during fingolimod (FTY) and natalizumab (NTZ) treatment showed increased percentage of circulating CD8+GzmB+ T lymphocytes when compared to healthy volunteers. An increase in circulating CD19+GzmB+ B cells was observed in RRMS patients during FTY and NTZ therapies when compared to glatiramer (GA), untreated RRMS patients, and healthy donors but not when compared to interferon-β (IFN). Moreover, regarding Runx3, the transcriptional factor classically associated with cytotoxicity in CD8+ T lymphocytes, the expression of GzmB was significantly higher in CD19+Runx3+-expressing B cells when compared to CD19+Runx3- counterparts in RRMS patients. Conclusions CD19+ B cells may exhibit cytotoxic behavior resembling CD8+ T lymphocytes in MS patients during different treatments. In the future, monitoring “cytotoxic” subsets might become an accessible marker for investigating MS pathophysiology and even for the development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius O. Boldrini
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vinícius O. Boldrini, ; Alessandro S. Farias, ; Leonilda M. B. Santos,
| | - Ana M. Marques
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raphael P. S. Quintiliano
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriel S. Moraes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla R. A. V. Stella
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Leda F. Longhini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Irene Santos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marília Andrade
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Breno Ferrari
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael P. D. Carneiro
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- MS Clinic of Santa Casa de São Paulo (CATEM), Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Otávio Brandão
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S. Farias
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vinícius O. Boldrini, ; Alessandro S. Farias, ; Leonilda M. B. Santos,
| | - Leonilda M. B. Santos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vinícius O. Boldrini, ; Alessandro S. Farias, ; Leonilda M. B. Santos,
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12
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Hobson BD, Sulzer D. Neuronal Presentation of Antigen and Its Possible Role in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S137-S147. [PMID: 35253783 PMCID: PMC9440948 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies often exhibit autoimmune features, including CD4+ and some CD8+ T lymphocytes that recognize epitopes derived from alpha-synuclein. While neurons have long been considered to not present antigens, recent data indicate that they can be induced to do so, particularly in response to interferons and other forms of stress. Here, we review literature on neuronal antigen presentation and its potential role in PD. Although direct evidence for CD8+ T cell-mediated neuronal death is lacking in PD, neuronal antigen presentation appears central to the pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis, a pediatric neurological disorder driven by cytotoxic T cell infiltration and neuroinflammation. Emerging data suggest that T cells enter the brain in PD and other synucleinopathies, where the majority of neuromelanin-containing substantia nigra and locus coeruleus neurons express MHC Class I molecules. In cell culture, CD8+ T cell recognition of antigen:MHC Class I complexes on neuronal membranes leads to cytotoxic responses and neuronal cell death. Recent animal models suggest the possibility of T cell autoreactivity to mitochondrial antigens in PD. It remains unclear if neuronal antigen presentation plays a role in PD or other neurodegenerative disorders, and efforts are underway to better elucidate the potential impact of autoimmune responses on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hobson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Correspondence to: David Sultzer, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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13
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Harris KM, Clements MA, Kwilasz AJ, Watkins LR. T cell transgressions: Tales of T cell form and function in diverse disease states. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 41:475-516. [PMID: 34152881 PMCID: PMC8752099 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1921764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insights into T cell form, function, and dysfunction are rapidly evolving. T cells have remarkably varied effector functions including protecting the host from infection, activating cells of the innate immune system, releasing cytokines and chemokines, and heavily contributing to immunological memory. Under healthy conditions, T cells orchestrate a finely tuned attack on invading pathogens while minimizing damage to the host. The dark side of T cells is that they also exhibit autoreactivity and inflict harm to host cells, creating autoimmunity. The mechanisms of T cell autoreactivity are complex and dynamic. Emerging research is elucidating the mechanisms leading T cells to become autoreactive and how such responses cause or contribute to diverse disease states, both peripherally and within the central nervous system. This review provides foundational information on T cell development, differentiation, and functions. Key T cell subtypes, cytokines that create their effector roles, and sex differences are highlighted. Pathological T cell contributions to diverse peripheral and central disease states, arising from errors in reactivity, are highlighted, with a focus on multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neuropathic pain, and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linda R. Watkins
- Corresponding author: Ph: 720-387-0304, Fax: 303-735-8290, , Address: 2860 Wilderness Place, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301
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Chauhan P, Sheng WS, Hu S, Prasad S, Lokensgard JR. Differential Cytokine-Induced Responses of Polarized Microglia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111482. [PMID: 34827481 PMCID: PMC8615503 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of select pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in driving microglial cell polarization into classically (M1), or alternatively, (M2) activated states, as well as the subsequent differential responses of these induced phenotypes, was examined. Expression of PD-L1, MHC-II, MHC-I, arginase 1 (Arg-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was assessed using multi-color flow cytometry. We observed that both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators induced PD-L1 expression on non-polarized microglia. Moreover, IFN-γ stimulated significant MHC class I and II expression on these cells. Interestingly, we observed that only IL-4 treatment induced Arg-1 expression, indicating M2 polarization. These M2 cells were refractory to subsequent depolarization and maintained their alternatively activated state. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was significantly induced on these M2-polarized microglia after treatment with pro-inflammatory mediators, but not anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we observed that only LPS induced iNOS expression in microglial cells, indicating M1 polarization. Furthermore, IFN-γ significantly increased the percentage of M1-polarized microglia expressing iNOS. Surprisingly, when these M1-polarized microglia were treated with either IL-6 or other anti-inflammatory cytokines, they returned to their non-polarized state, as demonstrated by significantly reduced expression of iNOS. Taken together, these results demonstrate differential responses of microglial cells to mediators present in dissimilar microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chauhan
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.C.); (W.S.S.); (S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Wen S. Sheng
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.C.); (W.S.S.); (S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.C.); (W.S.S.); (S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Sujata Prasad
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.C.); (W.S.S.); (S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - James R. Lokensgard
- 3-107 Microbiology Research Facility, University of Minnesota, 689 23rd Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(612)-626-9914
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15
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Hülskötter K, Jin W, Allnoch L, Hansmann F, Schmidtke D, Rohn K, Flügel A, Lühder F, Baumgärtner W, Herder V. Double-edged effects of tamoxifen-in-oil-gavage on an infectious murine model for multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12994. [PMID: 34137105 PMCID: PMC8549030 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen gavage is a commonly used method to induce genetic modifications in cre-loxP systems. As a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), the compound is known to have immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties in non-infectious central nervous system (CNS) disorders. It can even cause complete prevention of lesion development as seen in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). The effect on infectious brain disorders is scarcely investigated. In this study, susceptible SJL mice were infected intracerebrally with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and treated three times with a tamoxifen-in-oil-gavage (TOG), resembling an application scheme for genetically modified mice, starting at 0, 18, or 38 days post infection (dpi). All mice developed 'TMEV-induced demyelinating disease' (TMEV-IDD) resulting in inflammation, axonal loss, and demyelination of the spinal cord. TOG had a positive effect on the numbers of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, irrespective of the time point of application, whereas late application (starting 38 dpi) was associated with increased demyelination of the spinal cord white matter 85 dpi. Furthermore, TOG had differential effects on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the CNS, especially a long lasting increase of CD8+ cells was detected in the inflamed spinal cord, depending of the time point of TOG application. Number of TMEV-positive cells, astrogliosis, astrocyte phenotype, apoptosis, clinical score, and motor function were not measurably affected. These data indicate that tamoxifen gavage has a double-edged effect on TMEV-IDD with the promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation and proliferation, but also increased demyelination, depending on the time point of application. The data of this study suggest that tamoxifen has also partially protective functions in infectious CNS disease. These effects should be considered in experimental studies using the cre-loxP system, especially in models investigating neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Lisa Allnoch
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute of Veterinary PathologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel Schmidtke
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information ProcessingUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis ResearchUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis ResearchUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
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16
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Veroni C, Aloisi F. The CD8 T Cell-Epstein-Barr Virus-B Cell Trialogue: A Central Issue in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665718. [PMID: 34305896 PMCID: PMC8292956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause and the pathogenic mechanisms leading to multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), are still under scrutiny. During the last decade, awareness has increased that multiple genetic and environmental factors act in concert to modulate MS risk. Likewise, the landscape of cells of the adaptive immune system that are believed to play a role in MS immunopathogenesis has expanded by including not only CD4 T helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8 T cells and B cells. Once the key cellular players are identified, the main challenge is to define precisely how they act and interact to induce neuroinflammation and the neurodegenerative cascade in MS. CD8 T cells have been implicated in MS pathogenesis since the 80's when it was shown that CD8 T cells predominate in MS brain lesions. Interest in the role of CD8 T cells in MS was revived in 2000 and the years thereafter by studies showing that CNS-recruited CD8 T cells are clonally expanded and have a memory effector phenotype indicating in situ antigen-driven reactivation. The association of certain MHC class I alleles with MS genetic risk implicates CD8 T cells in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, experimental studies have highlighted the detrimental effects of CD8 T cell activation on neural cells. While the antigens responsible for T cell recruitment and activation in the CNS remain elusive, the high efficacy of B-cell depleting drugs in MS and a growing number of studies implicate B cells and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus that is strongly associated with MS, in the activation of pathogenic T cells. This article reviews the results of human studies that have contributed to elucidate the role of CD8 T cells in MS immunopathogenesis, and discusses them in light of current understanding of autoreactivity, B-cell and EBV involvement in MS, and mechanism of action of different MS treatments. Based on the available evidences, an immunopathological model of MS is proposed that entails a persistent EBV infection of CNS-infiltrating B cells as the target of a dysregulated cytotoxic CD8 T cell response causing CNS tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Kaddatz H, Joost S, Nedelcu J, Chrzanowski U, Schmitz C, Gingele S, Gudi V, Stangel M, Zhan J, Santrau E, Greiner T, Frenz J, Müller-Hilke B, Müller M, Amor S, van der Valk P, Kipp M. Cuprizone-induced demyelination triggers a CD8-pronounced T cell recruitment. Glia 2020; 69:925-942. [PMID: 33245604 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes is a key characteristic of many neurological diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In progressive MS, where effective treatment options are limited, peripheral immune cells can be found at the site of demyelination and are suggested to play a functional role during disease progression. In this study, we hypothesize that metabolic oligodendrocyte injury, caused by feeding the copper chelator cuprizone, is a potent trigger for peripheral immune cell recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS). We used immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry to evaluate the composition, density, and activation status of infiltrating T lymphocytes in cuprizone-intoxicated mice and post-mortem progressive MS tissues. Our results demonstrate a predominance of CD8+ T cells along with high proliferation rates and cytotoxic granule expression, indicating an antigenic and pro-inflammatory milieu in the CNS of cuprizone-intoxicated mice. Numbers of recruited T cells and the composition of lymphocytic infiltrates in cuprizone-intoxicated mice were found to be comparable to those found in progressive MS lesions. Finally, amelioration of the cuprizone-induced pathology by treating mice with laquinimod significantly reduces the number of recruited T cells. Overall, this study provides strong evidence that toxic demyelination is a sufficient trigger for T cells to infiltrate the demyelinated CNS. Further investigation of the mode of action and functional consequence of T cell recruitment might offer promising new therapeutic approaches for progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sarah Joost
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Nedelcu
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Chrzanowski
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emily Santrau
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Theresa Greiner
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Frenz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Analysing, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Analysing, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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18
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Remyelination-Promoting DNA Aptamer Conjugate Myaptavin-3064 Binds to Adult Oligodendrocytes In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110403. [PMID: 33228043 PMCID: PMC7699424 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously applied Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) technology to identify myelin-specific DNA aptamers, using crude mouse central nervous system myelin as bait. This selection identified a 40-nucleotide aptamer (LJM-3064). Multiple biotinylated LJM-3064 molecules were conjugated to a streptavidin core to mimic a multimeric immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, generating 3064-BS-streptavidin (Myaptavin-3064). We previously showed that Myaptavin-3064 induces remyelination in the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of chronic spinal cord demyelination. While details of target binding and the mechanism of action remain unclear, we hypothesized that Myaptavin-3064 induces remyelination by binding to oligodendrocytes (OLs). We now report the results of binding assays using the human oligodendroglioma (HOG) cell line, applying both flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry (IC) to assay aptamer conjugate binding to cells. IC assays were applied to compare aptamer conjugate binding to primary embryonic mouse mixed cortical cultures and primary adult rat mixed glial cultures. We show that Myaptavin-3064 binds to HOG cells, with increased binding upon differentiation. In contrast, a negative control aptamer conjugate, 3060-BS, which did not promote central nervous system (CNS) remyelination, does not bind to HOG cells. Myaptavin-3064 did not bind to lung (L2) or kidney (BHK) cell lines. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging indicates that Myaptavin-3064 binds at the cell membrane of live cells. In addition to HOG cells, Myaptavin-3064 binds to adult rat OLs, but not to embryonic mouse mixed cortical cultures. These data support the hypothesis that Myaptavin-3064 binds to a surface molecule on both rodent and human OLs in a manner that triggers a remyelination signal pathway.
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Salvioni A, Belloy M, Lebourg A, Bassot E, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Vasseur V, Blanié S, Liblau RS, Suberbielle E, Robey EA, Blanchard N. Robust Control of a Brain-Persisting Parasite through MHC I Presentation by Infected Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3254-3268.e8. [PMID: 31189109 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of CNS pathogens by CD8 T cells is key to avoid fatal neuroinflammation. Yet, the modalities of MHC I presentation in the brain are poorly understood. Here, we analyze the antigen presentation mechanisms underlying CD8 T cell-mediated control of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite in the CNS. We show that MHC I presentation of an efficiently processed model antigen (GRA6-OVA), even when not expressed in the bradyzoite stage, reduces cyst burden and dampens encephalitis in C57BL/6 mice. Antigen presentation assays with infected primary neurons reveal a correlation between lower MHC I presentation of tachyzoite antigens by neurons and poor parasite control in vivo. Using conditional MHC I-deficient mice, we find that neuronal MHC I presentation is required for robust restriction of T. gondii in the CNS during chronic phase, showing the importance of MHC I presentation by CNS neurons in the control of a prevalent brain pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salvioni
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Marcy Belloy
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurore Lebourg
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Bassot
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Cantaloube-Ferrieu
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Blanié
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Elsa Suberbielle
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France.
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Microfluidic Systems in CNS Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32285366 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36588-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Current technological progress facilitates the introduction of micro-devices into biotechnology research including studies on central nervous system. Wide range of micro-chambers with diversity of channel systems and multiple compartments enable users to create models which closely mimic nervous tissue structure which nowadays is often called as brain-on-a-chip technology. Heretofore experiments showing the influence of substance gradients, cell interactions, spatial conditions, neuroinflammation, stem cells migration, drug delivery, mechanisms controlling progression of diseases like Alzheimer, Parkinson, multiple sclerosis or nerve injury were performed in microfluidic devices. Moreover, the integration of bio-sensors and development of dedicated software for microfluidic studies can enable performing high throughput and good quality automated experiments investigating regeneration and degeneration processes in models well emulating central nervous system structures.
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Davies AJ, Rinaldi S, Costigan M, Oh SB. Cytotoxic Immunity in Peripheral Nerve Injury and Pain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:142. [PMID: 32153361 PMCID: PMC7047751 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity and consequent cell death pathways are a critical component of the immune response to infection, disease or injury. While numerous examples of inflammation causing neuronal sensitization and pain have been described, there is a growing appreciation of the role of cytotoxic immunity in response to painful nerve injury. In this review we highlight the functions of cytotoxic immune effector cells, focusing in particular on natural killer (NK) cells, and describe the consequent action of these cells in the injured nerve as well as other chronic pain conditions and peripheral neuropathies. We describe how targeted delivery of cytotoxic factors via the immune synapse operates alongside Wallerian degeneration to allow local axon degeneration in the absence of cell death and is well-placed to support the restoration of homeostasis within the nerve. We also summarize the evidence for the expression of endogenous ligands and receptors on injured nerve targets and infiltrating immune cells that facilitate direct neuro-immune interactions, as well as modulation of the surrounding immune milieu. A number of chronic pain and peripheral neuropathies appear comorbid with a loss of function of cellular cytotoxicity suggesting such mechanisms may actually help to resolve neuropathic pain. Thus while the immune response to peripheral nerve injury is a major driver of maladaptive pain, it is simultaneously capable of directing resolution of injury in part through the pathways of cellular cytotoxicity. Our growing knowledge in tuning immune function away from inflammation toward recovery from nerve injury therefore holds promise for interventions aimed at preventing the transition from acute to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Davies
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Costigan
- Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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A Pilot Study Identifying Brain-Targeting Adaptive Immunity in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients With Acquired Brain Injury. Crit Care Med 2020; 47:e206-e213. [PMID: 30640221 PMCID: PMC6377324 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides short-term cardiopulmonary life support, but is associated with peripheral innate inflammation, disruptions in cerebral autoregulation, and acquired brain injury. We tested the hypothesis that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation also induces CNS-directed adaptive immune responses which may exacerbate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-associated brain injury. Design: A single center prospective observational study. Setting: Pediatric and cardiac ICUs at a single tertiary care, academic center. Patients: Twenty pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients (0–14 yr; 13 females, 7 males) and five nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction score matched patients Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Venous blood samples were collected from the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit at day 1 (10–23 hr), day 3, and day 7 of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Flow cytometry quantified circulating innate and adaptive immune cells, and CNS-directed autoreactivity was detected using an in vitro recall response assay. Disruption of cerebral autoregulation was determined using continuous bedside near-infrared spectroscopy and acquired brain injury confirmed by MRI. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with acquired brain injury (n = 9) presented with a 10-fold increase in interleukin-8 over extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients without brain injury (p < 0.01). Furthermore, brain injury within extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients potentiated an inflammatory phenotype in adaptive immune cells and selective autoreactivity to brain peptides in circulating B cell and cytotoxic T cell populations. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between adaptive immune responses of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with acquired brain injury and loss of cerebral autoregulation. Conclusions: We show that pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with acquired brain injury exhibit an induction of pro-inflammatory cell signaling, a robust activation of adaptive immune cells, and CNS-targeting adaptive immune responses. As these patients experience developmental delays for years after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, it is critical to identify and characterize adaptive immune cell mechanisms that target the developing CNS.
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A Novel Association of Polymorphism in the ITGA4 Gene Encoding the VLA-4 α4 Subunit with Increased Risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7623823. [PMID: 29769839 PMCID: PMC5892238 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7623823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia in elderly people worldwide. Many studies support the hypothesis that the inflammation of the CNS contributes to the neurodegeneration and disease progression. The integrin molecule α4β1, also known as very late antigen 4 (VLA-4), belongs to adhesion molecules that activate the inflammatory process through the migration of immune cells into the CNS. Therefore, the objective of our study was to analyze the association between two polymorphisms located in the ITGA4 gene encoding the α4 subunit of VLA-4 and the risk of AD. 104 late-onset AD patients and 206 control subjects from Slovakia were genotyped for ITGA4 gene SNP polymorphism rs113276800 (-269C/A) and rs1143676 (+3061A/G). The same study cohorts were also genotyped for the APOE-ε4, which is a known genetic factor associated with increased risk of AD developing. ITGA4 polymorphism analysis revealed significantly higher frequency of the +3061AG carriers in AD group compared to the controls (P ≤ 0.05). Following the APOE-ε4 stratification of study groups, the association remained significant only in APOE-ε4 noncarriers. Our study suggests a novel association of ITGA4 +3061A/G polymorphism with AD and its possible contribution to the disease pathology.
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Shrirao AB, Kung FH, Omelchenko A, Schloss RS, Boustany NN, Zahn JD, Yarmush ML, Firestein BL. Microfluidic platforms for the study of neuronal injury in vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:815-830. [PMID: 29251352 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 5.3 million people in the United States, and there are 12,500 new cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) every year. There is yet a significant need for in vitro models of TBI and SCI in order to understand the biological mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) injury and to identify and test therapeutics to aid in recovery from neuronal injuries. While TBI or SCI studies have been aided with traditional in vivo and in vitro models, the innate limitations in specificity of injury, isolation of neuronal regions, and reproducibility of these models can decrease their usefulness in examining the neurobiology of injury. Microfluidic devices provide several advantages over traditional methods by allowing researchers to (1) examine the effect of injury on specific neural components, (2) fluidically isolate neuronal regions to examine specific effects on subcellular components, and (3) reproducibly create a variety of injuries to model TBI and SCI. These microfluidic devices are adaptable for modeling a wide range of injuries, and in this review, we will examine different methodologies and models recently utilized to examine neuronal injury. Specifically, we will examine vacuum-assisted axotomy, physical injury, chemical injury, and laser-based axotomy. Finally, we will discuss the benefits and downsides to each type of injury model and discuss how researchers can use these parameters to pick a particular microfluidic device to model CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Frank H Kung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Anton Omelchenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Nada N Boustany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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25
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Clarkson BDS, Patel MS, LaFrance-Corey RG, Howe CL. Retrograde interferon-gamma signaling induces major histocompatibility class I expression in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 5:172-185. [PMID: 29468178 PMCID: PMC5817842 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Injury-associated axon-intrinsic signals are thought to underlie pathogenesis and progression in many neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Retrograde interferon gamma (IFN γ) signals are known to induce expression of major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) genes in murine axons, thereby increasing the susceptibility of these axons to attack by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. We sought to determine whether the same is true in human neurons. Methods A novel microisolation chamber design was used to physically isolate and manipulate axons from human skin fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuron-enriched neural aggregates. Fluorescent retrobeads were used to assess the fraction of neurons with projections to the distal chamber. Axons were treated with IFN γ for 72 h and expression of MHC class I and antigen presentation genes were evaluated by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Results Human iPSC-derived neural stem cells maintained as 3D aggregate cultures in the cell body chamber of polymer microisolation chambers extended dense axonal projections into the fluidically isolated distal chamber. Treatment of these axons with IFN γ resulted in upregulation of MHC class I and antigen processing genes in the neuron cell bodies. IFN γ-induced MHC class I molecules were also anterogradely transported into the distal axon. Interpretation These results provide conclusive evidence that human axons are competent to express MHC class I molecules, suggesting that inflammatory factors enriched in demyelinated lesions may render axons vulnerable to attack by autoreactive CD8+ T cells in patients with MS. Future work will be aimed at identifying pathogenic anti-axonal T cells in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misha S Patel
- Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota.,Department of Neuroscience Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota.,Department of Immunology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
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26
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Roth AD, Núñez MT. Oligodendrocytes: Functioning in a Delicate Balance Between High Metabolic Requirements and Oxidative Damage. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 949:167-181. [PMID: 27714689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolic interactions between myelinating glia and the axons they ensheath has blossomed into an area of research much akin to the elucidation of the role of astrocytes in tripartite synapses (Tsacopoulos and Magistretti in J Neurosci 16:877-885, 1996). Still, unlike astrocytes, rich in cytochrome-P450 and other anti-oxidative defense mechanisms (Minn et al. in Brain Res Brain Res Rev 16:65-82, 1991; Wilson in Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 75:1149-1163, 1997), oligodendrocytes can be easily damaged and are particularly sensitive to both hypoxia and oxidative stress, especially during their terminal differentiation phase and while generating myelin sheaths. In the present review, we will focus in the metabolic complexity of oligodendrocytes, particularly during the processes of differentiation and myelin deposition, and with a specific emphasis in the context of oxidative stress and the intricacies of the iron metabolism of the most iron-loaded cells of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro D Roth
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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27
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Clarkson BDS, Kahoud RJ, McCarthy CB, Howe CL. Inflammatory cytokine-induced changes in neural network activity measured by waveform analysis of high-content calcium imaging in murine cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9037. [PMID: 28831096 PMCID: PMC5567248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During acute neuroinflammation, increased levels of cytokines within the brain may contribute to synaptic reorganization that results in long-term changes in network hyperexcitability. Indeed, inflammatory cytokines are implicated in synaptic dysfunction in epilepsy and in an array of degenerative and autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Current tools for studying the impact of inflammatory factors on neural networks are either insufficiently fast and sensitive or require complicated and costly experimental rigs. Calcium imaging offers a reasonable surrogate for direct measurement of neuronal network activity, but traditional imaging paradigms are confounded by cellular heterogeneity and cannot readily distinguish between glial and neuronal calcium transients. While the establishment of pure neuron cultures is possible, the removal of glial cells ignores physiologically relevant cell-cell interactions that may be critical for circuit level disruptions induced by inflammatory factors. To overcome these issues, we provide techniques and algorithms for image processing and waveform feature extraction using automated analysis of spontaneous and evoked calcium transients in primary murine cortical neuron cultures transduced with an adeno-associated viral vector driving the GCaMP6f reporter behind a synapsin promoter. Using this system, we provide evidence of network perturbations induced by the inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β, and IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert J Kahoud
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA.
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA.
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28
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Laurent C, Dorothée G, Hunot S, Martin E, Monnet Y, Duchamp M, Dong Y, Légeron FP, Leboucher A, Burnouf S, Faivre E, Carvalho K, Caillierez R, Zommer N, Demeyer D, Jouy N, Sazdovitch V, Schraen-Maschke S, Delarasse C, Buée L, Blum D. Hippocampal T cell infiltration promotes neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a mouse model of tauopathy. Brain 2016; 140:184-200. [PMID: 27818384 PMCID: PMC5382942 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the combined presence of amyloid plaques and tau pathology, the latter being correlated with the progression of clinical symptoms. Neuroinflammatory changes are thought to be major contributors to Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology, even if their precise role still remains largely debated. Notably, to what extent immune responses contribute to cognitive impairments promoted by tau pathology remains poorly understood. To address this question, we took advantage of the THY-Tau22 mouse model that progressively develops hippocampal tau pathology paralleling cognitive deficits and reappraised the interrelationship between tau pathology and brain immune responses. In addition to conventional astroglial and microglial responses, we identified a CD8-positive T cell infiltration in the hippocampus of tau transgenic mice associated with an early chemokine response, notably involving CCL3. Interestingly, CD8-positive lymphocyte infiltration was also observed in the cortex of patients exhibiting frontemporal dementia with P301L tau mutation. To gain insights into the functional involvement of T cell infiltration in the pathophysiological development of tauopathy in THY-Tau22 mice, we chronically depleted T cells using anti-CD3 antibody. Such anti-CD3 treatment prevented hippocampal T cell infiltration in tau transgenic animals and reverted spatial memory deficits, in absence of tau pathology modulation. Altogether, these data support an instrumental role of hippocampal T cell infiltration in tau-driven pathophysiology and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Laurent
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Dorothée
- 2 INSERM, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Laboratory Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hôpital St-Antoine, Paris, France.,3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Hunot
- 4 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,5 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,6 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,7 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Martin
- 4 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,5 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,6 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,7 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Yann Monnet
- 4 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,5 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,6 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,7 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie Duchamp
- 2 INSERM, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Laboratory Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hôpital St-Antoine, Paris, France.,3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Yuan Dong
- 2 INSERM, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Laboratory Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hôpital St-Antoine, Paris, France.,3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - François-Pierre Légeron
- 4 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,5 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,6 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,7 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Leboucher
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Burnouf
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Faivre
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Kévin Carvalho
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Raphaëlle Caillierez
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Nadège Zommer
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Demeyer
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Jouy
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France.,8 BioImaging center of Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Veronique Sazdovitch
- 4 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,5 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,9 Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Escourolle, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Cécile Delarasse
- 4 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,5 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,6 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,7 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Luc Buée
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Lille, France
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29
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Fu Q, Shi D, Zhou Y, Zheng H, Xiang H, Tian X, Gao F, Manyande A, Cao F, Tian Y, Ye D. MHC-I promotes apoptosis of GABAergic interneurons in the spinal dorsal horn and contributes to cancer induced bone pain. Exp Neurol 2016; 286:12-20. [PMID: 27619625 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer induced bone pain (CIBP) remains one of the most intractable clinical problems due to poor understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrate the decline of inhibitory interneurons, especially GABAergic interneurons in the spinal cord, can evoke generation of chronic pain. It has also been reported that neuronal MHC-I expression renders neurons vulnerable to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and finally lead to neurons apoptosis in a variety neurological disorders. However, whether MHC-I could induce the apoptosis of GABAergic interneurons in spinal cord and contribute to the development of CIBP remains unknown. In this study, we investigated roles of MHC-I and underlying mechanisms in CIBP on a rat model. Our results showed that increased MHC-I expression on GABAergic interneurons could deplete GABAergic interneurons by inducing their apoptosis in the spinal dorsal horn of tumor-bearing rats. Pretreatment of MHC-I RNAi-lentivirus could prevent the apoptosis of GABAergic interneurons and therefore alleviated mechanical allodynia induced by tumor cells intratibial injection. Additionally, we also found that CD8+ T cells were colocalized with MHC-I and GABAergic neurons and presented a significant and persistent increase in the spinal cord of tumor-bearing rats. Taken together, these findings indicated that MHC-I could evoke CIBP by promoting apoptosis of GABAergic interneurons in the dorsal horn, and this apoptosis was closely related to local CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dai Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yaqun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongbing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Human Sciences, University of West London, London, UK
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Dawei Ye
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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30
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Nardo G, Trolese MC, Bendotti C. Major Histocompatibility Complex I Expression by Motor Neurons and Its Implication in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27379008 PMCID: PMC4904147 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI)-related molecules in adults and during CNS diseases is involved in the synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration with mechanisms either dependent or independent of their immune functions. Motor neurons are highly responsive in triggering the expression of MHCI molecules during normal aging or following insults and diseases, and this has implications in the synaptic controls, axonal regeneration, and neuromuscular junction stability of these neurons. We recently reported that MHCI and immunoproteasome are strongly activated in spinal motor neurons and their peripheral motor axon in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) during the course of the disease. This response was prominent in ALS mice with slower disease progression in which the axonal structure and function was better preserved than in fast-progressing mice. This review summarizes and discusses our observations in the light of knowledge about the possible role of MHCI in motor neurons providing additional insight into the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Trolese
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
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31
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Sinha S, Boyden AW, Itani FR, Crawford MP, Karandikar NJ. CD8(+) T-Cells as Immune Regulators of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:619. [PMID: 26697014 PMCID: PMC4674574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies regarding the immune basis of MS (and its animal model, EAE) have largely focused on CD4(+) T-cells as mediators and regulators of disease. Interestingly, CD8(+) T-cells represent the predominant T-cell population in human MS lesions and are oligoclonally expanded at the site of pathology. However, their role in the autoimmune pathologic process has been both understudied and controversial. Several animal models and MS patient studies support a pathogenic role for CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, whereas we and others have demonstrated a regulatory role for these cells in disease. In this review, we describe studies that have investigated the role of CD8(+) T-cells in MS and EAE, presenting evidence for both pathogenic and regulatory functions. In our studies, we have shown that cytotoxic/suppressor CD8(+) T-cells are CNS antigen-specific, MHC class I-restricted, IFNγ- and perforin-dependent, and are able to inhibit disease. The clinical relevance for CD8(+) T-cell suppressive function is best described by a lack of their function during MS relapse, and importantly, restoration of their suppressive function during quiescence. Furthermore, CD8(+) T-cells with immunosuppressive functions can be therapeutically induced in MS patients by glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment. Unlike CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, these immunosuppressive GA-induced CD8(+) T-cells appear to be HLA-E restricted. These studies have provided greater fundamental insight into the role of autoreactive as well as therapeutically induced CD8(+) T-cells in disease amelioration. The clinical implications for these findings are immense and we propose that this natural process can be harnessed toward the development of an effective immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | | | - Farah R Itani
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
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32
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Lee JY, Biemond M, Petratos S. Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: defining therapeutic targets by identifying the causes of pathology. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:527-48. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics in multiple sclerosis (MS) target the putative inflammation and immune attack on CNS myelin. Despite their effectiveness in blunting the relapse rate in MS patients, such therapeutics do not prevent MS disease progression. Importantly, specific clinical dilemma arises through inability to predict MS progression and thereby therapeutically target axonal injury during MS, limiting permanent disability. The current review identifies immune and neurobiological principles that govern the sequelae of axonal degeneration during MS disease progression. Defining the specific disease arbiters, inflammatory and autoimmune, oligodendrocyte dystrophy and degenerative myelin, we discuss a basis for a molecular mechanism in axons that may be targeted therapeutically, in spatial and temporal manner to limit axonal degeneration and thereby halt progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa Biemond
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
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33
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Bernardes D, Brambilla R, Bracchi-Ricard V, Karmally S, Dellarole A, Carvalho-Tavares J, Bethea JR. Prior regular exercise improves clinical outcome and reduces demyelination and axonal injury in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2015; 136 Suppl 1:63-73. [PMID: 26364732 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have shown that forced exercise modulates inflammation and is therapeutic acutely for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the long-term benefits have not been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effects of preconditioning exercise on the clinical and pathological progression of EAE. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to either an exercised (Ex) or unexercised (UEx) group and all of them were induced for EAE. Mice in the Ex group had an attenuated clinical score relative to UEx mice throughout the study. At 42 dpi, flow cytometry analysis showed a significant reduction in B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells infiltrating into the spinal cord in the Ex group compared to UEx. Ex mice also had a significant reduction in myelin damage with a corresponding increase in proteolipid protein expression. Finally, Ex mice had a significant reduction in axonal damage. Collectively, our study demonstrates for the first time that a prolonged and forced preconditioning protocol of exercise improves clinical outcome and attenuates pathological hallmarks of EAE at chronic disease. In this study, we show that a program of 6 weeks of preconditioning exercise promoted a significant reduction of cells infiltrating into the spinal cord, a significant reduction in myelin damage and a significant reduction in axonal damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice at 42 dpi. Collectively, our study demonstrates for the first time that a preconditioning protocol of exercise improves clinical outcome and attenuates pathological hallmarks of EAE at chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bernardes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Valerie Bracchi-Ricard
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Shaffiat Karmally
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anna Dellarole
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juliana Carvalho-Tavares
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
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34
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Riedhammer C, Weissert R. Antigen Presentation, Autoantigens, and Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:322. [PMID: 26136751 PMCID: PMC4470263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is in the center of the immune system, both in host defense against pathogens, but also when the system is unbalanced and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) develop. It is not just by chance that a major histocompatibility complex gene is the major genetic susceptibility locus in MS; a feature that MS shares with other autoimmune diseases. The exact etiology of the disease, however, has not been fully understood yet. T cells are regarded as the major players in the disease, but most probably a complex interplay of altered central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, T-cell and B-cell functions, characteristics of putative autoantigens, and a possible interference of environmental factors like microorganisms are at work. In this review, new data on all these different aspects of antigen presentation and their role in MS will be discussed, probable autoantigens will be summarized, and comparisons to other autoimmune diseases will be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Riedhammer
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Abstract
Type 1 narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness with unintentional sleep attacks and cataplexy. The disorder is caused by a loss of hypocretinergic neurons in the brain. The specific loss of these neurons in narcolepsy is thought to result from an autoimmune attack, and this is supported by evidence of both environmental and genetic factors pointing toward an involvement of the immune system. However, definitive proof of an autoimmune etiology is still missing. Several different immune-mediated disorders targeting neurons are known, and many of these are believed to be caused by autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on CD8(+) T cell-mediated neuronal damage on the basis of our understanding of other autoimmune disorders and experimental studies. We identify major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of autoantigens on neurons as a possible mechanism in the development of the disease, and propose T cell-mediated pathogenesis, with cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells targeting the hypocretinergic neurons, as a central element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Degn
- Department of Diagnostics, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Rahbek Kornum
- Department of Diagnostics, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Multiple Sclerosis and T Lymphocytes: An Entangled Story. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:528-46. [PMID: 25946987 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination, axonal damage, activation of glial cells, and immune cell infiltration. Despite intensive years of research, the etiology of this neurological disorder remains elusive. Nevertheless, the abundance of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and their products in CNS lesions of MS patients supports the notion that MS is an immune-mediated disorder. An important body of evidence gathered from MS animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), points to the central contribution of CD4 T lymphocytes in disease pathogenesis. Both Th1 (producing interferon-γ) and Th17 (producing interleukin 17) CD4 T lymphocytes targeting CNS self-antigens have been implicated in MS and EAE pathobiology. Moreover, several publications suggest that CD8 T lymphocytes also participate in the development of MS lesions. The migration of activated T lymphocytes from the periphery into the CNS has been identified as a crucial step in the formation of MS lesions. Several factors promote such T cell extravasation including: molecules (e.g., cell adhesion molecules) implicated in the T cell-blood brain barrier interaction, and chemokines produced by neural cells. Finally, once in the CNS, T lymphocytes need to be reactivated by local antigen presenting cells prior to enter the parenchyma where they can initiate damage. Further investigations will be necessary to elucidate the impact of environmental factors (e.g., gut microbiota) and CNS intrinsic properties (e.g., microglial activation) on this inflammatory neurological disease.
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Landrith TA, Harris TH, Wilson EH. Characteristics and critical function of CD8+ T cells in the Toxoplasma-infected brain. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:261-70. [PMID: 25898888 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rise of the AIDS epidemic made the requirement for T cells in our continuous protection from pathogens critically apparent. The striking frequency with which AIDS patients exhibited profound neurological pathologies brought attention to many chronic infections that are latent within the immune-privileged CNS. One of the most common lethal opportunistic infections of these patients was with the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. Reactivation of Toxoplasma cysts within the brain causes massive tissue destruction evidenced as multiple ring-enhancing lesions on MRI and is called toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). TE is not limited to AIDS patients, but rather is a risk for all severely immunocompromised patients, including recipients of chemotherapy or transplant recipients. The lessons learned from these patient populations are supported by T cell depletion studies in mice. Such experiments have demonstrated that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required for protection against TE. Although it is clear that these T cell subsets work synergistically to fight infection, much evidence has been generated that suggests CD8+ T cells play a dominant role in protection during chronic toxoplasmosis. In other models of CNS inflammation, such as intracerebral infection with LCMV and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), infiltration of T cells into the brain is harmful and even fatal. In the brain of the immunocompetent host, the well-regulated T cell response to T. gondii is therefore an ideal model to understand a controlled inflammatory response to CNS infection. This review will examine our current understanding of CD8+ T cells in the CNS during T. gondii infection in regards to the (1) mechanisms governing entry into the brain, (2) cues that dictate behavior within the brain, and (3) the functional and phenotypic properties exhibited by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Landrith
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Cebrián C, Loike JD, Sulzer D. Neuronal MHC-I expression and its implications in synaptic function, axonal regeneration and Parkinson's and other brain diseases. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:114. [PMID: 25352786 PMCID: PMC4195363 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) has been implicated in developmental synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), but recent findings demonstrate that constitutive neuronal MHC-I can also be involved in neurodegenerative diseases by playing a neuroinflammtory role. Recent reports demonstrate its expression in vitro and in human postmortem samples and support a role in neurodegeneration involving proinflammatory cytokines, activated microglia and increased cytosolic oxidative stress. Major histocompatibility complex I may be important for both normal development and pathogenesis of some CNS diseases including Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cebrián
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - John D. Loike
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
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Minagar A. Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4199/c00116ed1v01y201408isp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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